The Three Schools of Medicine

Appendix 2: The Three Schools of Medicine

Greek names, especially those of more obscure figures, are often cor- rupted in Arabic translations from Greek, the Arabic texts citing those translations, and the Hebrew and Latin texts dependent upon Arabic sources. The list of prominent Greek adherents of the Empiricist, Rationalist (or Dogmatist), and Methodist schools of medicine as found in the introduction to the epitome of The Medical Sects has not escaped this fate; I have not bothered to record all the variations of dotting and the like found in my six manuscripts. These lists obviously represent a Late Antique trope preserved with more or less fidelity in various Greek, Latin, and Arabic texts. The list of members of the three schools as found in our text is essentially identical to that of two other works: Yaḥyā al-Naḥwī’s talkhīṣ of The Medical Sects and a set of Latin lectures on The Medical Sects by one Agnellus of Ravenna (see table 4). Closely related is the list of names from the pseudo-Galenic Introduction to Medicine (Eisagōgē Iātros), which I have translated below. Another commentary on The Medical Sects by one John of Alexandria gives a somewhat different list, as does the list of Empiricists in Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿah, most of whose names are indecipher- able. The one major textual difficulty with regard to these lists involves the list of Methodists, where MSS A and M, which were both copied around 1240 from an exemplar originating in the circle of Ibn al-Tilmīdh, add two names, Menodotus and Mnesitheus, and give the names in a slightly different order. This variant list can safely be disregarded since the version I give is supported by all the other MSS and by the versions of Yaḥyā and Agnellus. Moreover, Menedotus was an Empiricist who actively opposed the Methodists, and Mnesitheus a Hippocratic of the fourth century BCE, well before the founding of the Methodist school.

– 203 – 204 Lectures Lectures De Sectis De

Alexandria 5. Apollonius Agnellus of Ravenna, on 1. Acron Acron 1. Cacrantinus 2. Philon de Cho 1. Serapion1. de Seraphion 3. Afer Sextus 10. Sextus 4. 2–3. Apollonius senior Apollonius et junior John of Alexandria

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de Cho Agnellus of Ravenna, on 4. Philotemus 1. Ypocras1. Diocles3. Ypocrates 1. Praxagoras2. Diocles 2. Praxegoras 3. 6. Eraclitus 6. 7. Nicomachus Glaucias 8. 9. Menedotus John of Alexandria

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Ą Ċ The Medical Sects ą = J f f ð g g xz 2. Diocles of Carystus 3. Praxagoras of Cos 4. Philotimus of Cos Alexandrian Epitome of para. 4 1. Hippocrates 206 Lectures Lectures De Sectis De

de Laodicia de 7. Gallienus 7. Agnellus of Ravenna, on 4. Erasistratus4. Erasistratus 5. Asclipiades8. Asclepiades 6. 1. Themison 1. Fimision 5. Crisippus 6. Erofilus 7. Leufastus Galienus 9. John of Alexandria

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Ἐρασίστρατος Χῖος Ἐρασίστρατος Θεμίσων ὁ Λαυδικεύς Θεμίσων Ἀσκληπιάδης τῆς Συρίας 4. Herophilus Χαλκηδόνιος Ἡρόφιλος Mnesitheus 6. Ἀθηναῖος Μνησίθεος ps.-Galen: ps.-Galen: to Introduction Medicine 5. 7. Βιθυνός 1. , + | *

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Agnellus of Ravenna, on 2. Thesalus8. Menemachus 2. Tessalus de Roma 3. Mimomachus Soranus7. Soranus 4. 3. Dionysius 5. Philon Olimpicus 6. 9. Avidianus John of Alexandria 4. Manaseus

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Translation of Pseudo-Galen. Introductio seu medicus, K 14:683–84, on the medical sects

4. [Who led the three sects?]

The Rationalist sect was led by Hippocrates of Cos, who was also its founder and the one who first established the Rationalist sect, then after him Diocles of Carystus, Praxagoras of Cos, Herophilus of Chalcedon, Erasistratus of Chios, Mnesitheus of Athens, and Asclepiades of Cian in Bithynia, which is also called Prusias. The Empiricist sect was led by Philinus of Cos, who breaking first with the Rationalist sect sought occasions to dispute with Herophilus, whose student he had been. Wishing to lead their own sect that would nonetheless be older than the Rationalist sect, they claimed that it had been founded by Acron of Agrigentum. After Philinus there was Serapion of Alexandria, then the two Apolloniuses, father and son, of Antioch. After them was Menodotus and Sextus, who brought it to perfection. Methodism was founded by Themison of Syrian Laodicea, who had acquired from Asclepiades the Rationalist what he needed to devise the Methodist sect. It was then perfected by Thessalus of Tralles. After them were Mnaseas, Dionysius, Proclus, and Antipatrus. Forming their own faction w ithin it were Oly mpiacus of M ilesia, Menemachus of Aphrodisias, and Soranus of Ephesus. Moreover, some, like Leonidas of Alexandria, combined the sects, while others were eclectics, such as Archigenes of Syrian Apamea.