T C Publisher’s Note v Contributors xix Editor’s Introduction ix List of Maps liii Key to Pronunciation xvii
V 1
A N E O Ancient Near East Government 5 The Ancient Warka (Uruk) 67 Ancient Near East Literature 10 Ancient Near East Trade 72 Ancient Near East Science 17 Ancient Near East Warfare 77 Ancient Near East City Life 24 Ancient Near East Women 84 Ancient Near East Country Life 29 Ancient Near East Royals 89 Ancient Near East Food & Agriculture 34 Ancient Near East Artists 93 Ancient Near East Family Life 39 Egyptian Soldiers 97 The Hurrian People 44 Near Eastern Soldiers 101 The Mamluks 50 Ancient Near East Tradesmen 105 The Sāsānid Empire 54 Ancient Near East Scribes 109 The Kassites 61 Ancient Near East Slaves 113 P , P E ‘Abd Allāh ibn al-’Abbās 119 Arameans 131 ‘Abd Allāh ibn az-Zubayr 119 Ardashīr I 132 ‘Abd Allāh ibn Sa‘d ibn Abī Sarḥ 120 Argishti I 133 ‘Abd al-Malik 120 Armenia 133 Abraha 121 Arsacid dynasty 135 Abū Bakr 121 Artabanus I-V 135 Achaemenian dynasty 122 Artavasdes II of Armenia 136 Ahab 123 Artemisia I 136 ‘Ā’ishah bint Abī Bakr 124 Artemisia II 137 Akiba ben Joseph 124 Astyages 137 ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭ ālib 125 Atossa 138 Amos 125 Attalid dynasty 139 ‘Amr ibn al-‘Āṣ Mosque 126 Avesta 140 Anatolia 126 Bar Kokhba 141 Aqhat epic 128 Bathsheba 141 Arabia 129 Ben-Hadad I 142
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Bible: Jewish 142 Kaska 184 Canaanites 144 Labarnas I 185 Christianity 145 Luwians 185 Croesus 148 Lycia 186 Cyaxares 148 Lydia 187 Cyrus the Great 149 Maccabees 189 Damascus document 151 Manichaeanism 189 Darius III 151 Mary 190 Darius the Great 152 Masada, Battle of 191 David 153 Mausolus 191 Dead Sea Scrolls 154 Midas 192 Elijah 155 Mithradates I 192 Essenes 156 Mithradates II 193 Exodus 156 Mithradates VI Eupator 193 Ezekiel 157 Mithrism 194 Ezra 157 Moabites 195 Greco-Persian Wars 159 Montanism 196 Gyges 160 Moses 196 Hattusilis I 161 Mu‘allaqāt, Al- 197 Henotheism 161 Muḥammad 197 Herodian dynasty 162 Muwatallis 199 Hezekiah 162 Narses (Sāsānian emperor) 200 Hittites 163 Parthia 201 Hosea 166 Paul, Saint 202 Ḥusayn 166 Persia 203 Isaiah 168 Peter, Saint 206 Islam 168 Philistines 207 Israel 170 Phineas 207 James the Apostle 175 Phoenicia 208 Jehu 175 Phrygia 212 Jeremiah 176 Qur’ān 213 Jeroboam I 176 Samson 215 Jerusalem, temple of 177 Samuel 216 Jesus Christ 178 Saracen conquest 216 Jewish diaspora 178 Sarduri I 217 Johanan ben Zakkai 179 Sarduri II 217 John the Baptist, Saint 179 Sarduri III 217 John the Evangelist, Saint 180 Sāsānian Empire 218 Josiah 181 Saul 219 Judaism 182 Scylax of Caryanda 219 Kadesh, Battle of 184 Shāpūr I 220
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Shāpūr II 220 ‘Uthmān ibn ‘Aff ān 228 Solomon 221 Xerxes I 230 Suppiluliumas I 222 Yannai 231 Talmud 223 Yose ben Yose 231 Telipinus 224 Zealots 232 Tigranes the Great 225 Zenobia 232 Umayyad Dynasty 226 Zoroaster 233 ‘Umar ibn al-Khaṭtāb 226 Zoroastrianism 233 Urartu 227 Zurvanism 234 Uruk 228
A I O The Harappan Civilization 239 Ancient India Family Life 275 Mohenjo-Daro 243 Ancient India Food & Agriculture 278 The Maurya Empire 247 Ancient India Women 283 Ancient India Art & Architecture 251 Ancient India Trade 287 Ancient India Religion 255 Ancient India Warfare 293 Ancient India Literature 259 Ancient India Brahmans 297 Ancient India Government 263 Ancient India Soldiers 301 Ancient India City Life 267 Ancient India Artists 305 Ancient India Country Life 271 Ancient India Untoucables 309 P , P E Advaita 315 Bhagavadgītā 325 Aiṅ kururnūru 316 Bharata Muni 326 Ājīvikas 316 Bhāravi 326 Akanāṉ ūṟ u 316 Bhartṛhari 327 Amaravātī school 317 Bhāsa 327 Amaru 318 Bhavabhūti 328 Ānanda 318 Bodhidharma 328 Andhradesha school 319 Brāhmaṇas 329 Appar 319 Brahmanism 329 Āraṇ yakas 320 Buddha 330 Āryabhaṭ a 320 Buddhism 331 Asaṅ ga 321 Buddhist cave temples 334 Ashvaghosa 321 Budhasvāmin 334 Aśoka 322 Campantar 336 Āśvalāyana 323 Caṅkam 336 Bāṇa 325 Cātanār 337
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Chandragupta Maurya 337 Pārvatī Devī temple 372 Daṇḍin 339 Patiṉeṇkīḻkkaṇakku 373 Dhammapada 339 Patirruppattu 373 Gandhāra art 341 Peruṅkatai 374 Gaudapāda 341 Peyar 374 Gośāla Maskarīputra 342 Poykai 375 Guṇāḍhya 342 Puṟanāṉūru 375 Gupta emperors 343 Purāṇ as 376 Harivaṃśa 345 Pūtān 377 Harṣa 345 Rāmāyaṇa 378 Hinduism 346 Sātavāhana dynasty 380 Hydaspes, Battle of 347 Sri Lanka 380 Iḷaṅkō Aṭikaḷ 349 Śūdraka 382 India 349 Śuṅga dynasty 383 Indian temple architecture 355 Sūtras 383 Indus Valley civilization 357 Suttanipāta 384 Jainism 359 Śyāmilaka 385 Jātakas 360 Tantras 386 Kālidāsa 361 Tipiṭaka 387 Kalittokai 361 Tiruttakkatevar 388 Kaniṣka 362 Tiruvaḷḷuvar 388 Karaikkal Ammaiyar 363 Tissa, Dēvānaṃpiya 389 Kauṭilya 363 Tōlāmoḻittēvar 389 Kuruntokai 364 Tolkāppiyam 390 Mahābhārata 365 Upaniṣads 391 Mahābodhi Temple 365 Vākāṭaka dynasty 392 Mahendravarman I 366 Vālmīki 392 Mauryan dynasty 367 Vardhamāna 393 Milinda-pañha 367 Vasubandhu 393 Nārāyaṇa 369 Vātsyāyana 394 Naṟṟiṇai 369 Vaṭṭagāmaṇi 395 Nāṭya-śāstra 370 Vedas 395 Pallava dynasty 371 Vedism 396 Pāṇ ini 371 Viśākhadatta 397 Paripāṭal 372
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A F E O Ancient Far East Art & Architecture 403 Ancient Far East Trade 432 Ancient Far East Literature 406 Ancient Far East Warfare 436 Ancient Japanese Literature 410 Ancient Far East Royals 441 Ancient Far East City Life 414 Ancient Far East Priests 445 Ancient Far East Country Life 418 Ancient Far East Intellectuals 447 Ancient Far East Food & Agriculture 422 Ancient Far East Artists 451 Ancient Far East Family Life 425 Ancient Far East Tradesmen 455 Ancient Far East Women 428 Ancient Far East Soldiers 458 P , P E Ainu 465 Huainanzi 492 Angkor 466 Huangdi 492 Ban Gu 467 Hui Shi 492 Banpocun culture 467 Huiyuan 493 Black Pottery culture 468 Japan 494 Bodhidharma 468 Jimmu Tennō 498 Cai Lun 470 Jingū 499 Cao Cao 470 Jōmon 499 Cao Zhi 471 Kofun period 501 China 471 Koguryŏ style 502 Chūnqiū 477 Korea 502 Confucianism 477 Laos 506 Confucius 480 Laozi 506 Daoism 482 Legalists 507 Dong Zhongshu 483 Liangzhu culture 508 Faxian 484 Ling Lun 509 Fu Hao’s tomb 484 Liu Xie 509 Funan 485 Liu Yiqing 510 Ge Hong 486 Longshan culture 510 Gigaku 486 Lü Buwei 511 Great Wall of China 487 Lu Ji 511 Gu Kaizhi 488 Mao Shan revelations 513 Guang Wudi 488 Mencius 513 Han dynasty 489 Mimaji 514 Han Feizi 490 Mon-Khmer 514 Haniwa 490 Mozi 515 He Yan 491 Mulanshi 515 Himiko 491 Nihon shoki 517
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Nintoku 517 Tao Hongjing 535 Northern Wei dynasty 518 Tao Qian 535 Ōjin Tennō 519 Three Kingdoms 536 Pak Hyŏkkŏse 520 Tibet 536 Pyu 520 Vietnam 539 Qijia culture 522 Wang Bi 540 Qin dynasty 522 Wang Chong 540 Qin tomb 523 Wang Xizhi 541 Qu Yuan 524 Weiyang palace 541 Shang dynasty 525 Wendi 542 Shang Yang 525 Yamato court 543 Shi Huangdi 526 Yayoi culture 543 Shintō 526 Yue 544 Shōtoku Taishi 528 Yue ware 545 Silk Road 528 Yuezhi culture 545 Sima Qian 530 Zengzi 546 Sima Xiangru 530 Zhangdi 546 Six Dynasties 531 Zhiyi 547 Srong-brtsan-sgam-po 531 Zhou dynasty 547 Sui dynasty 532 Zhou style 548 Tai 533 Zhuangzi 548 Taizong 533 Zhuge Liang 549 Tang dynasty 534 Zi Si 549
V 2
A R O The Decline & Fall of the Science & Engineering in Roman Empire 555 Ancient Rome 604 Art and Architecture in Ancient Rome 560 Trade in Ancient Rome 610 City Life in Ancient Rome 565 Transportation in Ancient Rome 614 Country Life in Ancient Rome 570 Warfare in Ancient Rome 619 Culture in Ancient Rome 575 Women in Ancient Rome 623 Family Life in Ancient Rome 579 Intellectuals in Ancient Rome 628 Food & Agriculture in Ancient Rome 583 Gladiators in Ancient Rome 632 Law in Ancient Rome 587 Patricians (Nobles) in Ancient Rome 636 Literature in Ancient Rome 593 Plebeians in Ancient Rome 640 Religion & Mythology in Priests in Ancient Rome 645 Ancient Rome 598 Royals in Ancient Rome 650
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Slaves in Ancient Rome 655 Artists in Ancient Rome 666 Soldiers in Ancient Rome 661 P , P E Accius, Lucius 675 Avitus, Eparchius 696 Achilles Tatius 675 Basil of Cappadocia, Saint 698 Acte, Claudia 676 Bible: New Testament 698 Actium, Battle of 676 Boethius 699 Adrianople, Battle of 677 Brutus 700 Aemilius Paullus, Lucius 677 Caesar, Julius 701 Aeneas 678 Caligula 702 Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius 679 Calpurnius Siculus, Titus 702 Agrippina the Elder 679 Camillus, Marcus Furius 703 Agrippina the Younger 680 Cannae, Battle of 703 Alesia, Battle of 681 Capella, Martianus 704 Alexander Polyhistor, Lucius Cornelius 682 Caracalla 704 Ambrose 682 Carrhae, Battle of 705 Ammianus Marcellinus 683 Carthage 705 Antipater of Idumaea 683 Cassian 708 Antonia the Elder 684 Cassius 708 Antonia the Younger 684 Catiline 709 Antoninus Pius 685 Cato the Censor 709 Antony, Marc 685 Cato the Younger 710 Apollodorus the Architect 686 Catullus 711 Apollonius of Tyana 686 Celsus 711 Appian 687 Celsus, Aulus Cornelius 712 Appian Way 687 Chalcedon, Council of 713 Apuleius, Lucius 688 Châlons, Battle of 714 Ara Pacis 688 Cicero 714 Arausio, Battle of 689 Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius 715 Aretaeus of Cappadocia 689 Claudian 716 Arianism 690 Claudius Caecus, Appius 716 Aristides 691 Claudius 717 Arminius 691 Clement I 717 Arria the Elder 692 Clodia 718 Arrian 692 Clodius Pulcher, Publius 718 Atticus, Titus Pomponius 693 Columella 719 Augustine, Saint 693 Commius 719 Augustus 695 Constans I 720 Aurelianus, Lucius Domitius 695 Constantine the Great 720 Ausonius, Decimus Magnus 696 Constantius I-III 721
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Corbulo, Gnaeus Domitius 722 Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius 748 Coriolanus, Gnaeus Marcius 723 Gratian 749 Cornelia 723 Gregory of Nazianzus 749 Crassus, Marcus Licinius 724 Gregory the Great 750 Curtius Rufus, Quintus 724 Hadrian 751 Cynoscephalae, Battle of 725 Hadrian’s villa 752 Cyprian of Carthage, Saint 725 Hannibal 752 Denis, Saint 727 Helena, Saint 753 Dido 727 Herodian 753 Dio Cassius 728 Heron 754 Dio Chrysostom 728 Hilary of Poitiers, Saint 754 Diocletian 729 Horace 755 Domitian 729 Hortensia 755 Donatism 730 Hyginus 756 Donatus, Aelius 731 Hyginus, Gaius Julius 756 Ennius, Quintus 732 Ignatius of Antioch 758 Epictetus 732 Irenaeus, Saint 758 Eudocia 733 Isidore of Seville, Saint 759 Eudoxia, Aelia 733 Jerome, Saint 760 Eusebius of Caesarea 734 John Chrysostom, Saint 760 Eutropius 735 Josephus, Flavius 761 Fabius 736 Julia (daughter of Augustus) 761 Fabius Maximus, Quintus 736 Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar) 762 Fabius Pictor, Quintus 737 Julia Domna 763 Faustina I 737 Julia Mamaea 763 Faustina II 738 Julian the Apostate 764 Figulus, Publius Nigidius 738 Junius Brutus, Lucius 765 Flamininus, Titus Quinctius 739 Justin Martyr, Saint 765 Flavian Amphitheater 739 Juvenal 766 Fortunatus, Venantius 740 Lactantius, Lucius Caelius Firmianus 767 Four Emperors, Year of the 740 Latin League and War 767 Frontinus, Sextus Julius 741 Leo I (emperor) 768 Fronto, Marcus Cornelius 742 Leo I, Saint 768 Fulgentius, Fabius Planciades 742 Licinius Lucullus, Lucius 769 Fulvia 743 Licinius, Valerius Licinianus 769 Galen 744 Livia Drusilla 770 Galerius Valerius Maximianus, Gaius 744 Livius Andronicus, Lucius 770 Gallic Wars 745 Livy 771 Gallienus 746 Longinus 772 Gellius, Aulus 747 Longus 772 Gnosticism 747 Lucan 773
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Lucilius, Gaius (poet) 773 Phaedrus 797 Lucilius, Gaius (satirist) 774 Pharsalus, Battle of 798 Lucretia 774 Philippi, Battle of 798 Lucretius 775 Philodemus 799 Macrobius, Aurelius Theodosius 776 Philostratus, Flavius 799 Maecenas, Gaius 776 Plautus 800 Magnesia ad Sipylum, Battle of 777 Plebeian secession 800 Manilius, Marcus 777 Pliny the Elder 801 Marcus Aurelius’s Column 778 Pliny the Younger 801 Marcus Aurelius 778 Pompeii and Herculaneum 802 Marius, Gaius 779 Pompey the Great 803 Martial 779 Poppaea Sabina 803 Maxentius 780 Porphyry 804 Maximian 780 Priscian 805 Mela, Pomponius 781 Priscillian 805 Messallina, Valeria 782 Propertius 806 Milan, Edict of 782 Prudentius, Aurelius Clemens 806 Milvian Bridge, Battle of 783 Publilius Syrus 807 Minucius Felix, Marcus 784 Punic Wars 807 Mummius, Lucius 784 Pytheas 808 Naevius, Gnaeus 785 Quinctilius Varus, Publius 810 Nemesianus 785 Quintilian 810 Neoplatonism 786 Quintus Smyrnaeus 811 Nepos, Cornelius 786 Res Gestae Divi Augusti 812 Nero 787 Roman arch 812 Nerva, Marcus Cocceius 787 Roman Forum 813 Nestorius 788 Rome, Imperial 814 Nicaea, Council of 788 Rome, Prerepublican 821 Nonnus of Panopolis 789 Rome, Republican 822 Octavia 790 Romulus and Remus 829 Odoacer 790 Romulus Augustulus 830 Origen 791 Rutilius Claudius Namatianus 830 Ovid 791 Sabina, Vibia 831 Pachomius, Saint 793 Sallust 831 Pacuvius, Marcus 793 Scaevola, Quintus Mucius (Auger) 832 Palladius, Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus 794 Scaevola, Quintus Mucius (Pontifex) 832 Pantheon 794 Scipio Aemilianus 833 Paulinus of Nola, Saint 795 Scipio Africanus 833 Pelagianism 796 Scribonia 834 Persius Flaccus, Aulus 796 Second Sophistic 835 Petronius Arbiter 797 Sempronia 835
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Seneca the Elder 836 Twelve Tables, The 847 Seneca the Younger 836 Ulpian 848 Severus, Lucius Septimius 837 Valens 849 Severus, Sulpicius 837 Valentinian I 849 Sibylline Books 838 Valentinian III 850 Sidonius Apollinaris 839 Valerian 850 Simon Magus 839 Valerius Flaccus, Gaius 851 Social War 840 Valerius Maximus 851 Soranus of Ephesus 840 Valerius Probus, Marcus 852 Spartacus 841 Varro, Marcus Terentius 852 Tiro, Marcus Tullius 842 Vegetius Renatus, Flavius 853 Theodosius the Great 842 Velleius Paterculus, Marcus 853 Tiberius 843 Vergil 854 Tibullus, Albius 844 Verginia 855 Titus 844 Vespasian 856 Trajan 845 Villanovan culture 856 Trajan’s column 845 Vitruvius Pollio, Marcus 857 Triumvirate 846
A A O Ancient Africa Prehistoric Peoples 867 Ancient Africa Family 920 Ancient Africa Art & Architecture 875 Ancient Africa Women 924 Ancient Africa Religion & Mythology 881 Ancient Africa The Acholi People 928 Ancient Africa Folklore 886 Ancient Africa The Afar People 933 Ancient Africa Literature 890 Ancient Africa The Agaw People 938 Ancient Africa Government 896 Ancient Africa The Ashanti People 942 Ancient Africa Trade 901 Ancient Africa The Dinka People 948 Ancient Africa Warfare 906 Ancient Africa The Dyula People 953 Ancient Africa Country Life 912 Ancient Africa The Edo People 959 Food & Agriculture in Ancient Africa The Ganwa People 964 Prehistoric Africa 916 P , P E Afrasans 971 Alwa 981 Africa, East and South 972 Apedemak 982 Africa, North 975 Arkamani 982 Africa, West 977 Axum 983 African rock art, southern and eastern 980 Bantu, Congo Basin 986 Agaw 981 Bantu, Mashariki 987
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BaTwa 988 Madagascar 1011 Beja 989 Makouria 1012 Berbers 989 Mande 1013 Chadic peoples 991 Napata and Meroe 1015 Chifumbaze culture 991 Niger-Congo 1018 Copper Belt 992 Nilo-Saharans 1021 Cushites 993 Nilotes 1022 Divinity 995 Nine Saints 1023 Eastern African Nobatae 1023 Microlithic/Khoisan Peoples 996 Nok culture 1024 Ethiopia 996 Nubia 1025 Ezana 999 Omotic peoples 1029 Frumentius, Saint 1000 Piye 1030 Garamantes 1001 Rift Valley system 1031 Gash civilization 1001 Saharan rock art 1032 Ghana 1002 Shabaka 1032 Henotheism 1003 Sheba, Queen of 1033 Juba I of Numidia 1004 Sophonisba of Numidia 1034 Juba II of Mauretania 1004 Taharqa 1036 Jugurtha 1005 Ta-Seti 1037 Kaleb 1006 Tibu 1037 Kerma 1006 Yam 1039 Khoikhoi 1008 Zama, Battle of 1040 Khoisan 1009 Znaga 1040
C A O Overview of the Scythians 1045 Overview of Hun Warfare 1059 Overview of the Kushan Empire 1052 P , P E Afanasievo culture 1067 Bactria 1075 Anatolia 1067 Cimmerians 1077 Andronovo culture 1069 Croesus 1077 Antae 1070 Gyges 1079 Argishti I 1070 Hattusilis I 1080 Armenia 1071 Hittites 1080 Artavasdes II of Armenia 1072 Huns 1083 Attalid Dynasty 1073 Karasuk culture 1085 Attila 1074 Kaska 1085
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Kelteminar culture 1086 Muwatallis 1096 Kitoi culture 1086 Phrygia 1097 Kushān Dynasty 1087 Sarduri I 1099 Labarnas I 1088 Sarduri II 1099 Luwians 1088 Sarduri III 1099 Lycia 1089 Sarmatians 1100 Lydia 1090 Scythia 1100 Menander (Greco-Bactrian king) 1092 Suppiluliumas I 1102 Midas 1093 Telipinus 1103 Mongolia 1093 Tigranes the Great 1104 Montanism 1095 Urartu 1105
V 3
A O O Indigenous Peoples in Family Life in Ancient Australia & Ancient Australia 1111 New Zealand 1158 Indigenous Peoples in Ancient Family Life on Ancient Pacifi c Islands 1163 New Zealand 1116 Food & Agriculture in Ancient Colonization of Ancient Australia & New Zealand 1167 Pacifi c Islands 1121 Food & Agriculture in Ancient Settlement of Ancient Australia & Pacifi c Islands 1173 New Zealand 1126 Trade in Ancient Australia & Government in Ancient Australia New Zealand 1177 & New Zealand 1132 Trade on Ancient Pacifi c Islands 1181 Government in the Ancient Warfare in Ancient Australia & Pacifi c Islands 1138 New Zealand 1185 Religion in Ancient Australia & Warfare on Ancient Pacifi c Islands 1190 New Zealand 1142 Women in Ancient Australia & Religion & Mythology on Ancient New Zealand 1196 Pacifi c Islands 1147 Women in Ancient Pacifi c Islands 1201 Art & Architecture in Ancient Priests on Ancient Pacifi c Islands 1207 Australia & New Zealand 1152 Soldiers on Ancient Pacifi c Islands 1211 P , P E Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand 1217 Java 1224 Djanggawul cycle 1221 Malay 1225 Dreaming 1222 Melanesia 1226 Hawaii 1223 Micronesia 1228
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Polynesia 1232 Sea Peoples 1235
E B I O The Neolithic Period in Celtic Mythology 1304 Ancient Europe 1239 Frankish Mythology 1309 The Copper Age in Europe 1246 Art & Architecture in Ancient Europe 1313 The Bronze Age in Europe 1252 Family Life in Ancient Europe 1319 The Celts of Ancient Europe 1258 Women in Ancient Europe 1323 The Angles 1269 Food & Agriculture in Ancient Europe 1330 The Anglo-Saxons 1276 Warfare in Ancient Europe 1335 Barbarian Tribes in Ancient Europe 1284 Trade in Ancient Europe 1341 The Lombards 1290 Government in Ancient Europe 1347 Religion in Ancient Europe 1295 P , P E Agapetus, Saint 1355 Constantinople 1374 Agathias 1355 Columba, Saint 1375 Alani 1356 Cunobelinus 1376 Alaric I 1356 Cyprus 1376 Alaric II 1357 Dallán Forgaill 1380 Alboin 1358 Edwin 1381 Allemanni 1358 Etruscans 1381 Anastasius I 1359 Finnic peoples 1386 Anthemius of Tralles 1359 France 1387 Aristides of Miletus 1360 Franks 1390 Augustine of Canterbury, Saint 1361 Gauls 1392 Beaker people 1362 Germany 1393 Belisarius 1362 Goths 1395 Benedict Biscop, Saint 1363 Haghia Sophia 1397 Benedict of Nursia, Saint 1363 Hallstatt culture 1398 Boudicca 1364 Ireland 1400 Britain 1364 Jordanes 1403 Byzantine Empire 1367 Justinian I 1403 Caratacus 1371 Justinian’s codes 1404 Cartimandua 1371 La Tène culture 1406 Cassiodorus 1372 Langobards 1407 Cassivellaunus 1373 Malalas, John 1408 Chlotar I 1373 Maroboduus 1408 Clovis 1374 Merovingian Dynasty 1409
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Narses (Byzantine military leader) 1410 Sutton Hoo 1425 Neolithic Europe 1410 Taliesin 1426 Patrick, Saint 1414 Theoderic the Great 1426 Paulinus, Saint 1414 Theodora 1427 Picts 1415 Theodosius II 1427 Procopius 1415 Theodosius of Alexandria 1428 Radegunda, Saint 1417 Totila 1429 Salvianus 1418 Vandals 1430 Slavs 1418 Vendae 1430 Spain 1420 Vercingetorix 1431 Stonehenge 1423 Vindolanda tablets 1431 Suebi 1424 Wallia 1433
T A A O Human Colonization of the The Monte Albán Civilization 1480 Ancient Americas 1439 The Chavín Civilization 1486 Art & Architecture of the The Lamar Culture 1491 Ancient Mayas 1446 The Moche Civilization 1497 Government in the Aztec Empire 1452 The Nazca Civilization 1501 Religion & Mythology in the Mystery Hill Aztec Empire 1457 (“America’s Stonehenge”) 1506 Religion & Mythology in the Trade in Ancient Americas 1510 Mayan Empire 1463 Warfare in Ancient Americas 1517 The Aztec Empire 1468 Women in Ancient Americas 1523 The Mayan Empire 1473 P , P E Abipón 1529 Archaic South American culture 1541 Adena culture 1529 Archaic tradition, northern 1542 Akapana pyramid 1530 Arctic Small Tool tradition 1543 Aleutian tradition 1531 Atlatl 1543 Altar de Sacrifi cios 1532 Aztec culture 1544 Amazonia 1532 Ball game, Mesoamerican 1545 American Paleo-Arctic tradition 1534 Boylston Street weir 1546 Anasazi 1535 Brazil, eastern 1546 Andes, central 1536 Cajamarca pottery 1549 Andes, south 1538 California peoples 1549 Arawak 1539 Caribbean 1551 Archaic North American culture 1541 Chaco culture 1552
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Chavín de Huántar 1553 Moche culture 1593 Chan Chan 1553 Moctezuma (II) 1594 Chimú culture 1554 Mogollon culture 1595 Cuzco 1555 Monte Albán 1596 Chichén Itzá 1555 Mimbres culture 1598 Chinchorro mummies 1556 Mound Builders 1598 Cholula 1557 Nasca culture 1600 Clovis technological complex 1558 Norton tradition 1601 Cobá 1559 Northwest Coast peoples 1602 Cochise culture 1560 Old Copper complex 1603 Copán 1561 Olmecs 1603 Dalton tradition 1562 Palenque 1607 Deptford culture 1562 Paleo-Indians in North America 1608 Dorset phase 1563 Paleo-Indians in South America 1609 Dzibilchaltún 1564 Plains peoples 1610 Eastern peoples 1565 Plateau peoples 1611 El Tajín 1567 Poverty Point 1613 Folsom technological complex 1568 Pueblo peoples 1614 Fremont culture 1569 Pyramid of the Moon 1614 Great Basin peoples 1570 Raimondi stone 1616 Helton phase 1572 Recuay 1616 Hohokam culture 1572 Saint Mungo phase 1618 Hopewell culture 1573 Sonota culture 1618 Huaca de la Luna 1574 South American Intermediate Area 1619 Huaca del Sol 1574 South America, southern 1621 Inca 1576 Southwest peoples 1623 Ipiutak 1576 Subarctic peoples 1624 Kachemak tradition 1578 Tarascan (state) 1627 La Florida pyramid 1579 Teotihuacán 1627 Laurel culture 1579 Thom’s Creek 1628 Leyden plate 1580 Thule culture 1629 Lima culture 1580 Tikal 1630 Locarno Beach 1581 Tiwanaku 1631 Machu Picchu 1582 Toltec culture 1632 Maritime Archaic 1582 Tula 1632 Marpole phase 1583 Tulum 1633 Maya 1583 Uxmal 1634 Mayapan 1587 Wari 1635 Microblade tradition, Northwest 1588 Xochicalco 1636 Middle Woodland tradition 1588 Zapotecs 1637 Mixtecs 1590
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V 4
E A O The Ancient Egyptian Pharaohs 1645 Food & Agriculture in Ancient Egypt 1695 Government in Ancient Egypt 1650 Women in Ancient Egypt 1701 Religion & Mythology in Life as a Royal & Noble in Ancient Egypt 1655 Ancient Egypt 1709 Art & Architecture in Ancient Egypt 1664 Life as a Priest in Ancient Egypt 1714 Trade in Ancient Egypt 1670 Life as an Artist in Ancient Egypt 1718 Literature in Ancient Egypt 1675 Life as a Scribe in Ancient Egypt 1723 City Life in Ancient Egypt 1681 Life as a Tradesman in Ancient Egypt 1727 Country Life in Ancient Egypt 1685 Life as a Peasant or Slave in Family Life in Ancient Egypt 1690 Ancient Egypt 1732
P , P E Akhenaton 1739 Imhotep 1765 Alexandrian library 1739 Isis, cult of 1765 Alexandrian patriarchs 1740 Menelaus of Alexandria 1768 Ankhesenamen 1741 Merenptah 1768 Anthony of Egypt, Saint 1741 Monophysitism 1769 Apollonius of Perga 1742 Montuhotep II 1769 Apollonius Rhodius 1742 Nefertiti 1771 Aristarchus of Samos 1743 Palermo stone 1772 Athanasius of Alexandria, Saint 1743 Pharos of Alexandria 1772 Book of the Dead 1745 Philo of Alexandria 1773 Callimachus of Cyrene 1746 Ptolemaic Dynasty 1773 Clement of Alexandria 1746 Ptolemy 1775 Cleopatra VII 1747 Pyramids and the Sphinx 1775 Cyril of Alexandria, Saint 1747 Rameses II 1777 Egypt, Pharaonic 1749 Rameses III 1778 Egypt, Prepharaonic 1754 Rosetta stone 1778 Egypt, Ptolemaic and Roman 1757 Saite Dynasty 1779 Harkhuf 1761 Saracen conquest 1779 Hatshepsut 1761 Septuagint 1780 Herophilus 1762 Sesostris III 1780 Hesychius of Alexandria 1762 Seti I 1781 Hyksos 1763 Snefru 1781 Hypatia 1764 Tale of the Two Brothers, The 1783
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Thutmose III 1783 Tutankhamen 1784
G O Ancient Greek City-States 1789 Literature & Theatre in Ancient Athens 1794 Ancient Greece 1862 Ancient Sparta 1800 Philosophy in Ancient Greece 1868 The Mycenaean Civilization 1805 Religion & Mythology in Government in Ancient Greece 1809 Ancient Greece 1873 City Life in Ancient Greece 1814 Science in Ancient Greece 1879 Country Life in Ancient Greece 1819 Sport in Ancient Greece 1885 Family Life in Ancient Greece 1824 Nobles or Royals in Ancient Greece 1891 Food & Agriculture in Ancient Greece 1829 Priests or Priestesses in Women in Ancient Greece 1835 Ancient Greece 1896 Transportation in Ancient Greece 1840 Intellectuals in Ancient Greece 1900 Warfare in Ancient Greece 1845 Artists in Ancient Greece 1905 Trade in Ancient Greece 1851 Tradesmen or Merchants in Art & Architecture in Ancient Greece 1855 Ancient Greece 1909 Skilled Craftsmen in Ancient Greece 1913 Soldiers in Ancient Greece 1917 Slaves in Ancient Greece 1922 P , P E Achaean League 1929 Andocides 1941 Achaean War 1930 Antigonid Dynasty 1942 Achilles Painter 1930 Antiochus the Great 1943 Aegospotami, Battle of 1931 Antipater 1943 Aeschines 1932 Antiphon 1944 Aeschylus 1933 Anyte of Tegea 1944 Aesop 1934 Apollodorus of Athens (artist) 1944 Aetolian League 1935 Apollodorus of Athens (scholar) 1945 Agariste 1935 Apuleius, Lucius 1946 Agathon 1936 Aratus 1946 Agesilaus II of Sparta 1936 Archidamian War 1947 Alcaeus of Lesbos 1937 Archidamus II of Sparta 1947 Alcibiades of Athens 1938 Archidamus III of Sparta 1948 Alcman 1939 Archilochus of Paros 1948 Alexander the Great 1939 Archimedes 1949 Amasis Painter 1940 Archytas of Tarentum 1950 Anacreon 1941 Argead Dynasty 1950
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Aristarchus of Samothrace 1951 Eratosthenes of Cyrene 1985 Aristides of Athens 1951 Erinna 1985 Aristophanes 1952 Euclid 1986 Aristotle 1953 Eudoxus 1987 Artemis, temple of, at Ephesus 1953 Eumenes II 1987 Aspasia of Miletus 1954 Eupalinus of Megara 1988 Athens 1955 Eupolis 1988 Bacchylides 1958 Euripides 1989 Brasidas of Sparta 1958 Four Hundred 1990 Callicrates 1960 Gaugamela, Battle of 1991 Cassander 1960 Gelon of Syracuse 1991 Chaeronea, Battle of 1961 Gorgias 1992 Cimon 1961 Gortyn, law code of 1992 Cleisthenes of Athens 1962 Granicus, Battle of 1993 Cleisthenes of Sicyon 1962 Greco-Persian Wars 1993 Cleon of Athens 1963 Greece, Archaic 1994 Colossus of Rhodes 1963 Greece, Classical 1998 Corinthian War 1964 Greece, Hellenistic and Roman 2005 Crates of Athens 1964 Greece, Mycenaean 2010 Cratinus 1965 Halicarnassus mausoleum 2014 Crete 1965 Harmodius and Aristogiton 2015 Critias of Athens 1971 Hecataeus of Miletus 2015 Cunaxa, Battle of 1971 Heliodorus of Emesa 2016 Cyclades 1972 Herodas 2017 Cypselus of Corinth 1973 Herodotus 2017 Delphi 1974 Hesiod 2018 Demetrius Phalereus 1975 Hieron I of Syracuse 2019 Demetrius Poliorcetes 1975 Hieron II of Syracuse 2019 Democritus 1976 Hipparchus 2020 Demosthenes 1976 Hippias of Athens 2021 Diadochi 1977 Hippocrates 2021 Diocles of Carystus 1978 Histiaeus of Miletus 2022 Diogenes of Sinope 1979 Homer 2022 Dionysius I the Elder of Syracuse 1980 Hydaspes, Battle of 2023 Dionysius the Younger 1980 Iamblichus of Syria 2025 Draco 1981 Ibycus 2025 Eleusinian mysteries 1982 Ictinus 2026 Epaminondas 1982 Ion of Chios 2026 Ephialtes of Athens 1983 Ionian Revolt 2027 Epicurus 1984 Isaeus 2027 Erasistratus 1984 Isocrates 2028
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Issus, Battle of 2028 Pericles 2059 King’s Peace 2030 Phidias 2060 Leonidas 2031 Philip II 2060 Leucippus 2031 Philip V 2061 Leuctra, Battle of 2032 Philochorus 2061 Linear B 2032 Pindar 2062 Lucian 2033 Pisistratus 2062 Lycurgus of Sparta 2034 Pittacus of Mytilene 2063 Lysander of Sparta 2034 Plataea, Battle of 2064 Lysias 2035 Plato 2064 Lysimachus 2035 Plotinus 2065 Lysippus 2036 Plutarch 2066 Macedonia 2037 Polybius 2066 Magna Graecia 2040 Polyclitus 2067 Mantinea, Battles of 2042 Polycrates of Samos 2067 Marathon, Battle of 2043 Polygnotus 2068 Meleager of Gadara 2043 Posidonius 2068 Menander (playwright) 2044 Praxiteles 2069 Menippus of Gadara 2044 Pre-Socratic philosophers 2069 Messenian Wars 2045 Protagoras 2070 Miltiades the Younger 2045 Pyrrhon of Elis 2071 Mimnermus 2046 Pythagoras 2071 Moschus of Syracuse 2046 Sacred Wars 2073 Mycenae, palace of 2047 Salamis, Battle of 2073 Myron 2048 Sappho 2074 Nicander of Colophon 2049 Scopas 2075 Nicias of Athens 2049 Scylax of Caryanda 2075 Nicolaus of Damascus 2050 Semonides 2076 Nicomachus of Gerasa 2050 Simonides 2076 Olympias 2051 Socrates 2076 Olympic Games 2051 Solon 2078 Oribasius 2052 Sophocles 2078 Orphism 2053 Speusippus 2079 Paeonius 2054 Stesichorus 2079 Panaetius of Rhodes 2054 Strabo 2080 Parmenides 2055 Terpander of Lesbos 2082 Parthenon 2055 Themistocles 2082 Pausanias of Sparta 2056 Theocritus of Syracuse 2083 Pausanias the Traveler 2057 Theognis 2083 Peloponnesian War 2057 Theophrastus 2084 Periander of Corinth 2059 Thera 2084
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Thermopylae, Battle of 2086 Tyrtaeus 2092 Theron of Acragas 2087 Xenophanes 2093 Thespis 2087 Xenophon 2093 Thirty Tyrants 2088 Zeno of Citium 2094 Thucydides 2088 Zeno of Elea 2095 Timoleon of Corinth 2089 Zeus at Pergamum, Great Altar of 2095 Troy 2090 Zeuxis of Heraclea 2096 A Glossary 2097 The Systems of Months in Time Line 2105 Selected Calendrical Systems 2175 Chronology of People, Bibliography 2177 Places, and Events 2137 Subject Index 2205 Selected Important Calendrical Systems 2173
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The Ancient World, 200-500 xv Byzantium 1368 Map of Athens at its height, about Goths 1397 450 159 Selected Sites in the Chavín Culture Indian Kingdoms and Empires, and the Central Andes 1537 400 bce-500 350 Ancient North American Sites China during the Warring and Areas 1566 States Period 473 Ancient Mesoamerican Cities Centers of Power in Ancient and Areas 1585 Southeast Asia 484 Eighteenth Dynasty Egypt, China during the Han Dynasty 489 circa 1550-1352 1750 Imperial Rome, circa 200 815 Old Kingdom Egypt, Africa, East and South 973 circa 2700-2200 1755 Africa, West 978 Classical Greece, Fifth Century 1999 Australia, Tasmania & New Zealand 1218 The Alliances of the Distribution of Melanesians 1227 Pellopensian Wars 2058 Celts 1259 Battle of Amphipolis 2088 Anglo-Saxons in Britain 1277
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