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The kingdom of Bithynia arose during the age 47 of Alexander and his successors, and, thanks to Centro Ricerche e Documentazione sull’Antichità Classica MONOGRAFIE its ambitious and charismatic kings, became the C.E.R.D.A.C. dominant power in the Propontic area within a few decades. This book explores its emergence through Monografie 47 an in-depth analysis of the surviving sources in order to reassess its role in the Hellenistic political 1. Piana Agostinetti P., Documenti per la protostoria della 28. Galimberti A., Adriano e l’ideologia del principato. landscape. Val d’Ossola S. Bernardo di Ornavasso e le altre necropoli 29. Bearzot C., Vivere da democratici. Studi su Lisia e la preromane. democrazia ateniese. 2. Ianovitz O., Il culto solare nella «X Regio Augustea». 30. Carsana C.-Schettino M.T. (a cura di), Utopia e Utopie 3. Letta C., I Marsi e il Fucino nell’antichità. nel pensiero storico antico. 4. Cebeillac M., Les «quaestores principis et candidati» aux Ier 31. Rohr Vio F., Publio Ventidio Basso. Fautor Caesaris, tra et IIeme siècle de l’empire. storia e memoria. 5. Poggio T., Ceramica e vernice nera di Spina: le oinochoi 32. Lo Cascio E., Crescita e declino. Studi di storia dell’eco- ELOISA PAGANONI was awarded her doctorate trilobate. nomia romana. from the University of Padua in 2017 and is 6. Gambetti C., I coperchi di urne con figurazioni femminili nel 33. Migliario E.-Troiani L.-Zecchini G. (a cura di), So- Museo Archeologico di Volterra. cietà indigene e cultura greco-romana. Atti del Convegno currently a post-doctoral fellow at Ca’ Foscari 7. Letta C.-D’Amato S., Epigrafia della regione dei Marsi. Internazionale Trento, 7-8 giugno 2007. University of Venice. Her research interests focus 8. Zecchini G., Aezio: l’ultima difesa dell’Occidente Romano. 34. Zecchini G., Ricerche di storiografia latina tardoantica II. on the history of Hellenistic Asia Minor, Greek 9. Gillis D., Eros and Death in the Aeneid. Dall’Historia Augusta a Paolo Diacono. epigraphy, and local historiography. She has 10. Gallotta B., Germanico. 35. Raimondi M., Imerio e il suo tempo. published several articles on these topics. 11. Traina G., Paludi e Bonifiche nel mondo antico. Saggio di 36. Cristofoli R.-Galimberti A.-Rohr Vio F. (a cura di), archeologia geografica. Lo spazio del non-allineamento a Roma fra tarda Repubbli- 12. Rocchi G.D., Frontiera e confini nella Grecia Antica. ca e primo principato. 13. Levi M.A., I Nomadi alla frontiera. 37. Zecchini G. (a cura di), L’Augusteum di Narona. 14. Zecchini G., Ricerche di storiografia latina tardoantica. 38. Hölkeskamp K.-J., Modelli per una Repubblica. 15. Agostinetti A.S., Flavio Arriano. Gli eventi dopo Alessandro. 39. Bearzot C. Landucci F. (a cura di), Alexader’s Legacy. 16. Levi M.A., Adriano Augusto. 40. Bianchi E., 17. Levi M.A., Ercole e Roma. Vulci. Storia della città e dei suoi rapporti con 18. Landucci Gattinoni F., Duride di Samo. Greci e Romani. 19. AA.VV., L’Ecumenismo politico nella coscienza dell’Occi- 41. Cristofoli R.-Galimberti A.-Rohr Vio F. (a cura di), dente. Alle radici della casa comune europea. Costruire la Memoria. Uso e abuso della storia fra tarda 20. AA.VV., L’ultimo Cesare. Scritti riforme progetti poteri repubblica e primo principato. congiure. 42. Pellizzari A., Maestro di retorica, maestro di vita: le lettere 21. AA.VV., Identità e valori. Fattori di aggregazione e fattori teodosiane di Libanio di Antiochia. di crisi nell’esperienza politica antica. 43. Casella M., Galerio. Il tetrarca infine tollerante. 22. AA.VV., Integrazione mescolanza rifiuto. Incontri di popoli, 44. Schettino M.T. - Zecchini G. (a cura di), L’età di Silla. lingue e culture in Europa dall’Antichità all’Umanesimo. Atti del Convegno “Istituto italiano per la storia antica” - FORGING THE CROWN 23. AA.VV., Modelli eroici dall’antichità alla cultura europea. Roma, 23-24 marzo 2017. 24. AA.VV., La cultura storica nei primi due secoli dell’Impero 45. Schettino M.T., Prospettive interculturali e confronto poli- Romano. tico da Augusto ai Severi. A HISTORY OF THE KINGDOM OF BITHYNIA 25. Prandi L., Memorie storiche dei Greci in Claudio Eliano. 46. Prandi L. (a cura di), ESTOVEST. Confini e conflitti tra 26. Chausson F., Stemmata aurea: Constantin, Justine, Théodose. Vicino Oriente e mondo Greco-Romano. 27. Colonnese C., Le scelte di Plutarco. Le vite non scritte di 47. Paganoni E., Forging the Crown. A history of the Kingdom FROM ITS ORIGIN TO PRUSIAS I greci illustri. of Bithynia from its origin to Prusias I. Eloisa Paganoni E. PAGANONI - FORGING THE CROWN ISBN 978-88-913-1895-4 On the Front cover: Statuette of satyr from Nicomedia, 2nd century B.C. Eloisa Paganoni Eloisa Paganoni di BRETSCHNEIDER «L’ERMA» FORGING THE CROWN A HISTORY OF THE KINGDOM BITHYNIA FROM ITS ORIGIN TO PRUSIAS I «L’ERMA» di BRETSCHNEIDER Archaeological Museum of Istanbul, inventory 5985. Paganoni cope Moncerdac 47.indd 1 15/01/20 11:04 CENTRO RICERCHE E DOCUMENTAZIONE SULL’ANTICHITÀ CLASSICA MONOGRAFIE 47 ELOISA PAGANONI Forging the Crown A History of the Kingdom of Bithynia from its Origin to Prusias I «L’ERMA» di BRETSCHNEIDER Roma - Bristol ELOISA PAGANONI Forging the Crown A History of the Kingdom of Bithynia from its Origin to Prusias I © Copyright 2019 «L’ERMA» di BRETSCHNEIDER Via Marianna Dionigi, 57 70 Enterprise Drive, Suite 2 00193, Roma - Italia Bristol CT, 06010 - USA www.lerma.it No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission of the publisher. Il volume è stato sottoposto a procedura di Peer-Review Sistemi di garanzia della qualità UNI EN ISO 9001:2015 Sistemi di gestione ambientale ISO 14001:2015 Eloisa Paganoni Forging the Crown A History of the Kingdom of Bithynia from its Origin to Prusias I: «L’ERMA» di BRETSCHNEIDER, 2019 - 280 p. 24 cm. - ISBN (BROSSURA) 978-88-913-1895-4 ISBN (PDF) 978-88-913-1898-5 CDD 930 1. Ancient History This Volume has been made possible with the Contribution of the Dipartimento di Culture e Civiltà dell’Università degli Studi di Verona TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ................................................................................................ VII Introduction ........................................................................................ IX CHAPTER ONE. BITHYNIA BEFORE THE KINGDOM OF BITHYNIA ................. 1 1. The Origin of the Bithynians ................................................... 1 2. Bithynia and the Bithynians in the Archaic and Classical Ages . 10 CHAPTER TWO. THE BIRTH OF A NEW KINGDOM. BITHYNIA IN THE AGE OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND THE DIADOCHS (334-280 BC) .......... 23 1. The Turning-Point. Bas and Zipoites in the Late 4th Centu- ry BC ........................................................................................ 23 2. Troubled Years 301-280 BC. Zipoites’ Politics between Ex- pansion and Defence ................................................................ 29 3. Zipoites: from Ruler to King .................................................... 37 4. Independence ........................................................................... 43 CHAPTER THREE. BUILDING THE HEGEMONY. THE KINGDOM OF BITHYNIA UNDER NICOMEDES I AND ZIAELAS (279-229 BC) ............................. 45 1. 279-277 BC Nicomedes I’s Wars ............................................. 45 2. Fragments of Nicomedes I’s Politics ....................................... 58 3. International Recognition ......................................................... 68 4. The Traditional Portrayal of Nicomedes I, Hellenisation and Peer Polity Interaction .............................................................. 70 5. From Nicomedes I to Ziaelas ................................................... 76 6. Ziaelas in His Father’s Footsteps ............................................. 81 7. An Appraisal of the Reigns of Nicomedes I and Ziaelas ......... 95 CHAPTER FOUR. BITHYNIA AND THE RISE OF ROME IN THE EAST (229-182 BC) ................................................................................ 97 1. The Early Years of Prusias I ..................................................... 97 2. Great Expansion in a Changing World. Prusias I’s Politics in the Turn of the 2nd Century BC ................................................ 110 3. Prusias I’s Last Years. Deescalation to West and Escalation to East ........................................................................................... 129 4. Prusias I’s Politics between Economy and Propaganda, Hel- lenising and National Claims ................................................... 140 5. A Final Assessment of Prusias I ............................................... 148 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 151 Appendix. Epigraphic Evidence ........................................................ 157 Abbreviations ..................................................................................... 191 Bibliography ...................................................................................... 195 Kings of Bithynia ............................................................................... 239 Tables ................................................................................................. 241 Index .................................................................................................. 251 PREFACE This work originates from my PhD dissertation Bithynia. Politics of a Hellenistic Kingdom, which I submitted to the University of Padua
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    Thales of Miletus Sources and Interpretations Miletli Thales Kaynaklar ve Yorumlar David Pierce October , Matematics Department Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University Istanbul http://mat.msgsu.edu.tr/~dpierce/ Preface Here are notes of what I have been able to find or figure out about Thales of Miletus. They may be useful for anybody interested in Thales. They are not an essay, though they may lead to one. I focus mainly on the ancient sources that we have, and on the mathematics of Thales. I began this work in preparation to give one of several - minute talks at the Thales Meeting (Thales Buluşması) at the ruins of Miletus, now Milet, September , . The talks were in Turkish; the audience were from the general popu- lation. I chose for my title “Thales as the originator of the concept of proof” (Kanıt kavramının öncüsü olarak Thales). An English draft is in an appendix. The Thales Meeting was arranged by the Tourism Research Society (Turizm Araştırmaları Derneği, TURAD) and the office of the mayor of Didim. Part of Aydın province, the district of Didim encompasses the ancient cities of Priene and Miletus, along with the temple of Didyma. The temple was linked to Miletus, and Herodotus refers to it under the name of the family of priests, the Branchidae. I first visited Priene, Didyma, and Miletus in , when teaching at the Nesin Mathematics Village in Şirince, Selçuk, İzmir. The district of Selçuk contains also the ruins of Eph- esus, home town of Heraclitus. In , I drafted my Miletus talk in the Math Village. Since then, I have edited and added to these notes.
  • THE GEOGRAPHY of GALATIA Gal 1:2; Act 18:23; 1 Cor 16:1

    THE GEOGRAPHY of GALATIA Gal 1:2; Act 18:23; 1 Cor 16:1

    CHAPTER 38 THE GEOGRAPHY OF GALATIA Gal 1:2; Act 18:23; 1 Cor 16:1 Mark Wilson KEY POINTS • Galatia is both a region and a province in central Asia Minor. • The main cities of north Galatia were settled by the Gauls in the third cen- tury bc. • The main cities of south Galatia were founded by the Greeks starting in the third century bc. • Galatia became a Roman province in 25 bc, and the Romans established colonies in many of its cities. • Pamphylia was part of Galatia in Paul’s day, so Perga and Attalia were cities in south Galatia. GALATIA AS A REGION and their families who migrated from Galatia is located in a basin in north-cen- Thrace in 278 bc. They had been invited tral Asia Minor that is largely flat and by Nicomedes I of Bithynia to serve as treeless. Within it are the headwaters of mercenaries in his army. The Galatians the Sangarius River (mode rn Sakarya) were notorious for their destructive and the middle course of the Halys River forays, and in 241 bc the Pergamenes led (modern Kızılırmak). The capital of the by Attalus I defeated them at the battle Hittite Empire—Hattusha (modern of the Caicus. The statue of the dying Boğazköy)—was in eastern Galatia near Gaul, one of antiquity’s most noted the later site of Tavium. The name Galatia works of art, commemorates that victo- derives from the twenty thousand Gauls ry. 1 The three Galatian tribes settled in 1 . For the motif of dying Gauls, see Brigitte Kahl, Galatians Re-imagined: Reading with the Eyes of the Vanquished (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2010), 77–127.

  • The American Herbal, Or Materia Medica

    ARMED FORCES MEDICAL LIBRARY Washington, D. C. \V'ii.LiA>i DiiFoRKi^T Thomson T. Diicri^:^AUX 7 American Herbal, MATERIA MEDIC A. WHEREIN The virtues of the MINERAL, VEGETA- BLE, and ANIMAL PRODUCTIONS of North AND South America are lajd open, so far as THSY A»?« KNOWN ; AND THEIR USES IN THE PRACTICE OF PHYSICand SURGERY exhibi- CO MPRE II ENDING An account of a large number of New Medical Difccv^. Ties and Improvements, zohich are compiled from the hejl authorities with much care and allemion, and promulgated for the purpofe ofJpreading medical light and information in ylmcrica. By SAMUEL STEARNS, L. l. d. Solatium Affliais. -^ (^ 9 f- F' THI COPY R.CHT OF THIS BOOK ,5 ^OUR.DA. THI ACT MRECT,.' fV A L P L E, Printed bv DAVID CARLISLE For THOMAS i3 THOMAS, akd the AUTHOR. iKoi. PREF A CE. ^ TO PHYSICIANS, SURGEONS. AND APOTHECARIES, Gentlemtn, THE auibsr is a native of the common- wealth of Maffdchufetis, where he was inllru6led in the medical art, according to the methods that were in vogue in the younger part of his life ; but as there was no regular fyftem of pharmacy, phyfic, or furgery to be found, he foon difcovered that both the theory and practice of medicine, flood in great need of reformation and amendment in our Ameri- can borders. He obferved that the medical books had been compiled by different aa/;&arj, in differ- ent periods of time, as the medical artwajrif- ing to higher and higher degrees of perfeSion ; and that, although they had been judicioufly written, and contained fome things which ought to be publiQied from generation to generation, y«t they frequently gave different accounis concerning the virtues, operations and efftfts.