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This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. An investigation into the wild meat trade in Malaysia and its implications for zoonotic disease Jennifer Cantlay Matriculation number: S9526302 Supervisors: Prof. Anna Meredith Dr. Alessandro Seguino Dr. Chris R Shepherd Master of Veterinary Science Conservation Medicine May 2015 Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 3 2. Analysis of TRAFFIC Report Data ................................................................. 9 2.1 Methodology .............................................................................................. 9 2.2 Results ...................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Discussion ................................................................................................ 14 2.3.1 Wild pigs and deer ............................................................................ 14 2.3.2 Sumatran serow ................................................................................. 17 2.3.3 Squirrels and Civets .......................................................................... 18 2.3.4 Reptiles .............................................................................................. 19 2.3.5 Flying-Foxes ..................................................................................... 22 2.3.6 Pangolins ........................................................................................... 23 2.3.7 Sun bears, Tigers and Asian Elephants ............................................. 24 2.3.8 Red Junglefowl ................................................................................. 26 2.4 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................ 27 3. Zoonotic Diseases Literature Review ............................................................ 29 3.1 Identification of zoonotic pathogens ........................................................ 29 3.1.1 Methodology ..................................................................................... 29 3.2 Overview of results .................................................................................. 30 3.3 Disease Transmission Risks ..................................................................... 35 3.3.1 Hunting .............................................................................................. 35 3.3.2 Meat Processing ................................................................................ 35 3.3.3 Consumption ..................................................................................... 35 3.3.4 Presentation of information ............................................................... 36 3.4 Zoonotic Infection Risks From Selected Taxa ......................................... 44 3.4.1 Wild Pig Species ............................................................................... 44 3.4.2 Deer Species ...................................................................................... 49 3.4.3 Reptile Species .................................................................................. 53 3.4.4 Flying-Fox Species ........................................................................... 56 3.5 Summary .................................................................................................. 58 4. Proposal for a Microbial Food Safety Risk Assessment ................................ 59 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 59 4.2 Qualitative risk assessment approach....................................................... 59 4.2.1 Objective ........................................................................................... 59 4.2.2 Context .............................................................................................. 59 4.2.3 Method .............................................................................................. 61 4.3 Stage 1: Hazard Identification .................................................................. 62 4.4 Stage 2: Hazard Characterisation ............................................................. 65 4.4.1 Microbial pathogen effects ................................................................ 65 4.4.2 Host effects ....................................................................................... 67 4.4.3 Food matrix effects ........................................................................... 67 4.5 Stage 3: Exposure Assessment ................................................................. 67 4.5.1 Pathogen characteristics .................................................................... 68 4.5.2 The wild venison production chain ................................................... 68 4.5.3 Consumption patterns ....................................................................... 70 4.5.4 Exposure assessment model .............................................................. 70 4.6 Stage 4: Risk Characterisation ................................................................. 71 4.7 Stage 5: Risk Estimate ............................................................................. 71 I 4.8 Summary ................................................................................................... 72 5. Conclusions .................................................................................................... 75 5.1 Overall summary ...................................................................................... 75 5.2 Summary of conclusions .......................................................................... 76 5.2.1 Analysis of TRAFFIC report data ..................................................... 76 5.2.2 Zoonotic diseases literature review ................................................... 78 5.3 Further research ........................................................................................ 79 Appendix ............................................................................................................... 81 References ........................................................................................................... 130 II List of Figures Figure 1: Wild meat availability in surveyed establishments across Malaysia shown in species groupings ........................................................................... 11 Figure 2: Sus barbatus .......................................................................................... 14 Figure 3: Capricornis sumatraensis ...................................................................... 17 Figure 4: Paradoxurus hermaphroditus ................................................................ 18 Figure 5: Python reticulatus .................................................................................. 19 Figure 6: Juvenile Amyda cartilaginea ................................................................. 20 Figure 7: Pteropus vampyrus ................................................................................ 22 Figure 8: Manis javanica ...................................................................................... 23 Figure 9: Helarctos malayanus ............................................................................. 24 Figure 10: Gallus gallus ........................................................................................ 26 Figure 11: Steps in the qualitative risk assessment ............................................... 61 Figure 12: Microbial risk factors for STEC in the wild venison production chain ....................................................................................................................... 69 List of Tables Table 1: Wild meat availability in surveyed establishments across Malaysia ...... 10 Table 2: IUCN Red List information about the status, geographic range and hunting threat of species identified as wild meat .......................................... 13 Table 3: Potential zoonotic viral pathogens from wildlife involved in the wild meat trade ...................................................................................................... 32 Table 4: Potential zoonotic bacterial pathogens from wildlife involved in the wild meat ............................................................................................................... 33 Table 5: Potential parasitic pathogens from wildlife involved in the wild meat .. 34 Table 6: Transmission risks from the potential zoonotic pathogens
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