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Candidature UNESCO World Heritage | Rhaetian Railway in the Albula/Bernina Cultural Landscape | D g o r m e n l i b e d n s a c e g h z n g e n r i e t e n H e y a V a l l U Thusis l b u l a l A n t r e I C n n Kesch- und Ducangebiet e r s A n l b o u h l a c O S b V a l e l a r l h e V y n a i / l d b a s s g t n m e E a i Parc Ela r h n e c p S / p U S u ) r I s ( é s o n g i v i L St. Moritz A v e r s i n d a g n E r e p p U Oberengadiner Seenlandschaft und Berninagruppe l e l r g B e 0 1 2 3 4 5 km V a l P ) I o ) #() &,#() !&,#( ! &, ! ( s c o h c i n a e v l o a GRAUBÜNDEN M l a Thusis (CH) V St. Moritz (CH) ) l l i n a ( I Tirano (I) V a l t e ) #( &, ! 2. Description > 2.a Description of property > 2.a.7 Cultural landscapes 167 D g o r m e n l i b e d n s a c e g h z n g e n r i e t Cultural landscapes along the Albula and e n H e y a V a l l U l b u l Bernina line a l A n t r e I C n n e Landscapes and natural monuments r Schweizerischer Nationalpark und Randgebiete s A n l of national importance b o u h l a c O S b V a Parc Ela l e l a r l h e V y n a i / l d b a s s g t n m e E a i r h n e c p S / p U S u ) r I s ( é s o n g i v i L A v e r s i n d a g n E r e p p U Oberengadiner Seenlandschaft und Berninagruppe Val di Campo Core zone l Core zone with railway and e l r g cultural landscape B e Buffer zone V a Buffer zone in the near area l P ) Buffer zone in the distant area (backdrop) I o ( s c o h Horizon line c i a n e v l o a Other contents M l Other stretches of the Rhaetian Railway a V Sources: Basic map: PK 200’000 swisstopo, Wabern Geo-data: Amt für Raumentwicklung Graubünden i n a ( I ) Thematic data: RIP 2000 a l t e l l V Tirano Design: Süsskind, SGD, Chur Reproduced by permission of swisstopo (BM062220) 168 Candidature UNESCO World Heritage | Rhaetian Railway in the Albula/Bernina Cultural Landscape | www.rhb-unesco.ch 2.a.7 Cultural landscapes along the Albula and Bernina line The cultural landscapes along the Albula / Bernina railway line differ considerably both in appearance and in the way they are used. If exploitation in the Heinzenberg /Domleschg region is moderate to intensive, the Albula valley is characterised rather by utilisation that is close-to- nature and principally agrarian. In the Upper Engadin, cultural landscapes largely determined by tourism alternate with virtually intact natural environments, whereas Val Poschiavo and the Veltlin Valley, with its southern ambience, juxtapose the greatest contrasts within a very small area. On its way from Thusis to Tirano, the railway runs through several altitude levels as well as differing climatic and tectonic-geological zones; what is more, it passes through three different cultural areas that are refl ected in completely disparate building styles. The railway installations have had a strong impact on the landscapes in the regions traversed and have given important impulses to settlement and economic development. Some structures built for the railway have in fact become “landmarks” or even “trademarks” for that particular region. A cultural landscape is a natural landscape that landmark for the whole Domleschg/Heinzen- has been changed by man. Its development is berg valley community. The mountain is par- determined by natural conditions such as topog- ticularly impressive in spring and early summer raphy, climate, geology, soil, water resources when - still in purest winter white – it stands out and vegetation and by the type of settlement against the lush green meadows and the blos- pattern and exploitation of the land as well as som of the fruit trees down in the valley. essential infrastructure systems such as traffi c Thusis, an old market town, is situated slightly routes and power lines. There are several differ- higher, above the upper reaches of the Rhine. ent cultural landscapes along the Albula/Berni- The line forks behind Thusis: the once so im- na railway line. These can be named after the portant north – south transit route continues various valley communities: in Switzerland the through the Viamala gorge and on across the Domleschg/Heinzenberg, Albula, Upper Enga- Splügen or San Bernardino Pass. Towards the din and Poschiavo valleys, in Italy the Veltlin. east, through the Schin gorge, the track climbs The cultural landscapes cannot be considered to the Albula Pass before descending into the apart from their surrounding natural environ- Engadin. The way through the sinister Viama- ments, which are either intact or hardly touched. la, a deep gorge cut by the Hinterrhein (Upper These “backdrops” are extremely important for Rhine) that pierces the almost insurmountable the overall perception of the cultural landscape; rock barrier behind Thusis is still impressive they are the backgrounds on the postcards and today; it is hardly surprising that the uncanny are frequently a landmark for the entire region. mystery of the Viamala is sung in numerous legends and stories. Domleschg/Heinzenberg The cross section of the Domleschg and Hein- High above Thusis, the starting point for the zenberg is an asymmetric transverse valley. Albula Railway, is Piz Beverin – effectively the The form of the flanks of the valley is defined 2. Description > 2.a Description of Property > 2.a.7 Cultural landscapes 169 Candidature UNESCO World Heritage | Rhaetian Railway in the Albula/Bernina Cultural Landscape | www.rhb-unesco.ch Heinzenberg/Domleschg > Monu- mental secular buildings, like Orten- stein castle, are a striking feature of the Domleschg cultural landscape. On the right, the gently sloping Heinzen- berg with the snow covered Piz Bev- erin in the background. M. Kunfermann Sils i.D. > The Holy Sepulchre church of St. Cassian in the Domleschg valley stands isolated on a hilltop. A. Badrutt 2. Description > 2.a Description of Property > 2.a.7 Cultural landscapes 170 Candidature UNESCO World Heritage | Rhaetian Railway in the Albula/Bernina Cultural Landscape | www.rhb-unesco.ch by the tectonics of the underlying rock, or its from the Nollabach, that flows down from rather their formation by glaciers and ero- Piz Beverin carrying a great deal of fine ma- sion. The gradient of the rock (Graubünden terial. The fertile land created by this project slate), runs from west to east and the western is still farmed intensively today. New roads flank of the Heinzenberg is gently inclined in were built from the mid 19th century onwards the same direction whereas the eastern flank, and the Chur – Thusis railway line was opened the Domleschg, is characterised by the pre- in 1896. The beginning of the power station cipitous mountain slopes, ridges of rock and and road-building boom attracted trade to the the peaks of the Stäzerhorn chain. The particu- Thusis – Sils i.D. region. The siliceous lime- lar cultural landscape of the Domleschg – on stone quarried in Sils i.D. is used, among other a national comparison it is classed as “im- things, as ballast for the rail track, and is still portant” – is characterised by small lakes loaded on to the rail trucks at Sils i.D. station. and wetlands nestling between moraines, by The former Rhätische Werke below Thusis sta- meadows, hedgerows, fields and fruit trees tion is one of the oldest industrial buildings in as well as compact villages surmounted by Graubünden and once produced the carbide forts perched on striking outcrops of rock or for the station lighting. The power plants in the hills. The “Domleschg apples”, once highly Thusis – Sils i.D. area still make a major contri- prized at aristocratic tables throughout Eu- bution to the present day power supply for the rope, are a particularly interesting feature of Rhaetian Railway (cf. 2.b.7). High-voltage ca- farming history in the Domleschg. Today the bles from the Albula valley and from the south cultivation of this rare, old variety of apple is link up here before being led to the north and again being promoted. In the Domleschg, the the major agglomerations. From 1960 the settle- villages and the previously only temporarily ments expanded as a consequence of the rapid occupied Maiensässe (cf. 2.b.4), cling to the growth in population. The building of the A13 terraces like swallows’ nests. The sunny situ- motorway in the 1970s had an incisive impact ation and relative dryness made tillage possi- on the Heinzenberg/Domleschg cultural land- ble up to a high altitude; the old field terraces scape. It follows the canalised Rhine; the en- are still clearly visible. Cereals are no longer gineers opted for a tunnel to solve the Viamala cultivated in the Domleschg today. problem. The cultural landscape on the Heinzenberg is very different to that of the Domleschg.
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