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Technology Transfer: Innovative Solutions in Medicine TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY TRANSFER: TRANSFER:INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS INNOVATIVE IN SOCIAL SOLUTIONS SCIENCES INAND MEDICINE HUMANITIES, 2019 1. Introduction UKRAINIAN VERSIONS OF CLASSIC PLOTS context of “the search” for the In the globalization era with AND CHARACTERS: ANENT THE QUESTION OF European canon. its tendency to unification of cul- THE EUROPEAN CANON tures, the interest in in-depth 2. Methods study of peculiarities of national Olga Teterina Achievements of historical literatures [1] is growing, and it PhD and comparative analysis, tech- permeates greatly the value of Department of Ukrainian Literature History, niques of culture-historical and comparative literary studies [2]. Theory of Literature and Literary Art receptive-aesthetic schools are In this context, analyzing from Institute of Philology of used in the paper. this perspective of traditional Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv plots and characters becomes 14 Shevchenko blvd., Kyiv, Ukraine, 10030 3. Results important too, it is one of the [email protected] Analyzing Ukrainian inter- top-priority problems of modern Abstract: The article focuses on the interpretation by pretations (T. Shevchenko, “The comparative studies [3, 4], which Y. Boyko-Blokhin, Ukrainian emigre literary critic, of Ukrain- Caucasus”; I. Franko, “The Death has long been investigating “his- ian versions of traditional plots and characters, his thoughts of Cain”; Lesya Ukrainka, “The torical patterns of functioning of are actualized with reflections of other researchers about the Stone Host”) of traditional for so-called universal characters … problem of European identity, and in particular with a vari- the world literature plots and in particular their structural ety of views on the European cultural heritage. An approach of characters (Prometheus, Cain, changes, semantic transforma- the Ukrainian scholar to investigation of the outlined problem Don Juan) in the context of the tions and evolution of cultural precedent literary tradition, from (with special attention to peculiarities of the national literature, functions, experienced by them the perspective of literary style and an emphasis on clarifying "mechanisms" of creative trans- when “crossing the borders” of di- development, the scholar sub- formation of traditional material) is conceptualized from the verse national literatures, genres, stantiates their originality, which, perspective of the literary studies of the 20th century and be- style epochs” [5]. In this context, accordingly, reveals also national ginning of the 21st century. Arguments of the scholar concern- it is important to take into ac- specifics of Ukrainian literature ing authenticity of Ukrainian versions of traditional characters, count achievements of archetypal as an integral component of the namely Prometheus (T. Shevchenko "The Caucasus"), Cain critics [6–8]. European cultural space. (I. Franko "The Death of Cain") and Don Juan (Lesia Ukrain- Modern researchers empha- The emigre scholar, who ad- ka "The Stone Host"), are analyzed and comprehended in the size the importance of under- vocated peculiarity of Ukrainian European context, with due consideration for previous tradi- standing “dialectic of national Romanticism within Slavic and tion, from the standpoint of the problem of style. Conclusions and universal in national variants West European contexts, and of the scholar are construed as representational for Ukrainian of traditional structures, prevent- emphasized a specific role of T. literature as an integral part of the European cultural space. ing mechanical subordination of Shevchenko, considers that the An important role of conceptual ideas of the scholar, which the first to the second,” noting artist’s deepening into the well- remain relevant even for contemporary comparative literature that “just national peculiarity of known romantic character of studies, not only by contributing to continuous development certain version of traditional ma- Prometheus is very meaningful. of national comparative literature (given the impossibility of terial reveals more deeply its uni- J. Hall, author of “Dictio- their full-fledged progress throughout several decades under versal subtext, allows us to see nary of Subjects and Symbols in universal features in specific ones the ideological pressure), but also regarding the forthcoming Art” (2004), notes that “every and vice versa” [9]. of "reformatting" of the global Slavic studies, is substantiated epoch introduced its symbolic These ideas are also supported in view of the question of searching for the European canon. interpretation of the figure of by Y. Boyko-Blokhin (Ukrainian Keywords: traditional plots and characters, archetype, Slavic Prometheus, adapting the myth emigre literary scholar, specialist literatures, European context, Romanticism, national identity. to its own purpose” [10]. Other in Slavic studies, professor at the researchers, whose attention was Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich), multidimensional drawn to functioning of this traditional character in literature nature of whose literary activity was often pointed out by schol- [3, 11], are of the same opinion. Very remarkable is consider- ars. German philologists highly appreciate the contribution ation of C. G. Jung: “Every age has its own unilateralism, its of the researcher, inter alia, to the international Slavic studies. prejudice and its spiritual pain … a poet or a prophet gives a In this context, Y. Boyko-Blokhin’s views on the problem verbal expression to something that was not outspoken by that of creative reinterpretation of traditional plots and characters moment of time, and whether through characters or by bringing in Ukrainian literature (from the perspective of the European to the stage shows the awaited by incomprehensible desire of all canon), consideration of which is the purpose of the proposed men ... for the sake of salvation of the epoch or its destruction” paper, are of particular relevance. [12]. Just “the romantic impulse of the 19th century made Pro- Following problems were set up in the furtherance of this metheus a symbol of freedom, defeater of tyranny” [10]. This purpose: is in line with the opinion of Y. Boyko-Blokhin on Shevchen- 1. Consideration of the views of Y. Boyko-Blokhin on cre- ko’s version of the character of Prometheus (“The Caucasus”). ative reinterpretation of traditional characters of Prometheus, Y. Boyko-Blokhin, substantiating peculiarity of the Uk- Cain and Don Juan in Ukrainian literature from the perspective rainian poet’s interpretation, conceptualizes it in a broad liter- of the problem of style. ary context (given the previous tradition and its actualization). 2. Clarification of significance of the scholar’s conclusions Y. Boyko-Blokhin emphasizes distinctive features of Shevchen- regarding functioning of the traditional material (with an ko’s Prometheus in comparison with versions that belong to emphasis on specific features of national interpretations) in another nations, he observes disassociation of the Ukrainian further development of comparative literary criticism, taking poet from the ancient myth (“Shevchenko does not reconcile into account “reformatting” of the world Slavic studies in the Prometheus with Zeus”), absence in Shevchenko’s poem of both 30 SOCIAL SCIENCE “Voltaire-specific detronization of Promethean heroism, lower- The researcher states: “Franko responded with his poem ing of his figure”, and “pessimistic notes, typical for Goethe”. to the problems that tormented Byron ... high ideologic level of At the same time, the researcher argues that Shevchenko’s Franko’s work provided a profound response and its universal character “becomes a concise symbol (italics – O. T.) alongside character.”The Death of Cain” is an outstanding masterpiece in optimistic through figures of Prometheus”, described by Byron the world literature” [14], which convincingly confirms the phe- (for whom “Prometheus personifies sublime resilience of an nomenon of “dialogics of cultures”, according to M. Bakhtin, individual human spirit raised to the heights with the strength i. e. when these cultures “neither merge nor mix, each preserves of mind”) and Shelley (“majestic personification of the human its consistency and open integrity, but they are noticeably en- identity defeats eternal evil forces and heads to the kingdom of riched” [16]. beauty and harmony”). According to the scholar, Shevchenko’s With the poem “The Death of Cain” Y. Boyko-Blokhin as- Prometheus “is not an individual but an invincible nation”. sociates “great stylistic leap” to the “realistic” period of creative Y. Boyko-Blokhin points out that precisely in this idea “pe- activity of I. Franko, who “covered thorny way in his search for culiarity of the Ukrainian artist is seen at once” [13], since he a style” (from Romanticism to Modernism). Emphasizing the makes singular interpretation of the character that is a main- transformation of artistic and aesthetic achievements of the stream for Romantic literature. British romanticist in our own land, Y. Boyko-Blokhin comes Creative transformation of the character of Prometheus in to the conceptual conclusion: I. Franko “launched Neo-Ro- the poem “The Caucasus” explicitly testifies, according to the manticism in our literature. Lesya Ukrainka followed in his scholar, “deep penetration of Shevchenko into the world of Ro- tracks ...” [17]. manticism and peculiarity of his status in it” [13]. Researchers associate with creative legacy of the woman The scholar expanded an opinion
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