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Home , Belarusian ruble, Bronius Kazys Balutis, Kopek, Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, Lesya Ukrainka, Pahonia

Siarhei Kuzniatsou Symbolism of money: finances and historical consciousness of , and Belarus1

Abstract

Images on banknotes are one of the ways of visualizing and distributing knowledge about a certain historical period and fixing it in a nation’s consciousness, thus in- fluencing the national identity. The author analyses the images on the banknotes of the three neighboring countries: Lithuania, Ukraine and , studying the common features and differences in their design. The author draws a conclusion about the closeness of the Lithuanian and Ukrainian approaches that influenced their national identities through the banknotes’ images, while Belarusian identity engineers ignored this approach.

Key words: political symbols, symbolism of Belarus, Lithuania and Ukraine, histori- cal memory, identity construction, finances, money.

While forming or strengthening a rials, museums and historical memory chosen variant of the national identity, places, monuments’ erection, designa- every nation tries to highlight some tion of streets in honor of great people historical facts and to avoid or “forget” or events, sometimes a State Coat of some other ones. Thus, the “recon- Arms, National Anthem and Flag. struction” of the national memory and This article analyses one more history chooses some periods from the method of spreading a chosen histori- nation’s history and intensifies them cal orientation, i.e. through the images (Snyder, 2003). Various methods are on banknotes. Bearing in mind the fact used in order to visualize and distribute that the majority of the population uses knowledge about certain historical pe- money, this method seems to be quite riods and to fix them in a nation’s con- justified. Prior to analyzing the Belaru- sciousness, such as creation of memo- sian banknotes’ semantic load, let’s first

1 The source for is: Сяргей Кузняцоў Сімволіка грошаў: фінансы і гістарычная свядомасць Украіны, Літвы і Беларусі // “Палiтычная сфера” №7, 2006 с.54-62.

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take a close look at the images on the desire of the authorities to stabilize the banknotes of Ukraine and Lithuania. economy first, thus transferring the major blows of inflation to the coupons. Ukraine The name of the Ukrainian- cur rency, the hryvnia, dates back to the After the disintegration of the USSR times of the Old Rus (Ruthenia). At in 1991, the Presidium of the Supreme those times, a “hryvnia” (“grivna”) most Council (Rada) passed a decree con- likely meant something valuable worn cerning the introduction of a “kar- around the neck, usually made of silver bovanets” (a coupon) from the 10th of or gold. Later on the word was used to January 1992 on the territory of Ukraine describe silver or golden ingots of a cer- (Decree, 1991). In the beginning of tain weight. 1992, these coupons circulated together On 18 July 1917 the creation of with the old Soviet however as the Ukrainian People’s Republic was early as May the Rubles were withdrawn announced and started immediate and in November it became possible to emission of its own , the kar- carry out coupon non-cash transac- bovanets. The banknotes’ designer tions. At the same time the work on Heorhiy Narbut addressed to the Ru- the creation of the Ukrainian currency, thenian times and pictured the Fam- hryvnia, was ongoing. Regardless of the ily of Prince Volodymyr fact that the new Ukrainian currency (Vladimir), which can be found on the

was ready to be introduced already at old Ruthenian coins. This idea led to the the end of 1992, the currency reform new name of the Ukrainian currency. was implemented only in August 1996. On March 1st, 1918, the UPR Central During 15 days both coupons and hryv- Rada introduced its new currency, the nias were in circulation however start- hryvnia (Chernoivanenko, 2001). ing from September 16th, 1996, the Therefore the name of the pres- only currency accepted for payments ent Ukrainian currency emphasizes in the territory of Ukraine became the the connection between the history of hryvnia. This delay was caused by the Ruthenia with its center in (Kiev)

№11/2008 Siarhei Kuzniatsou. Symbolism of money... 91 where the hryvnias were used, and the Rahnieda (Rogneda) and killed her fa- contemporary Ukrainian state. In the ther Rahvalod (Rogvolod), the Prince light of this concept, the name of the of Polatsk (), in Ukraine he is subunit, “kopiyka” (the Ukrainian vari- praised for the Baptizsng of Ruthenia ant of the Russian “kopeyka”) does not and being a wise commander and states- quite fit in. The word , kopeck man. The son of Vladimir and Rogneda, or copeck (kopeyka) derives from the Kyivan Prince (about Russian word “kop’yo”, i.e. a spear. The 983–1054) is one of the most powerful first kopek coins, minted at Novgorod warriors of his time, in the course of his and since around 1535 onwards, ruling the state with its center in Kyiv contained an image of a horseman with reached its blossom. Yaroslav the Wise a spear. From the 1540’s onwards the is believed to be the founder of many horseman bears a crown and undoubt- cities, including those which are be- edly represented the intention was to yond the borders of Ukraine, e.g. refer to Ivan the Terrible. There is a in , in , and even theory that the word “” has de- a former capital of the Grand Duchy of rived from the Russian verb “rubit”, i.e. Lithuania, Navahradak. to chop. Historically, “ruble” was a piece The banknotes with the images of of a certain weight chopped off a silver the hetmans ingot (grivna), hence the name. and refer to the period The images on banknotes are rather of the Ukrainian history when there detailed. The Ukrainian banknotes’ de- were attempts of reviving the state. The signers did not highlight a certain his- Ukrainian historiography considers B. torical period however put emphasis on Khmelnytsky (1595–1657) as a leader the concept of the common historical of the national liberation movement, past of Ruthenia and Ukraine and fill- when some Ukrainian lands were freed ing Ruthenia with a Ukrainian content. from Rzecz Pospolita (Kingdom of Po- Each of the value’s obverse has an im- land) and joined Muscovy, remaining age of Ukraine’s outstanding persons, its autonomy. I. Mazepa (1639–1709) e.g. Princes Volodymyr (Vladimir) the is known for his attempts of liberat- Great and Yaroslav the Wise (1 and 2 ing the Ukrainian lands from Muscovy UAH), hetmans Bohdan Khmelnytsky with the assistance of the Swedish King and Ivan Mazepa (5 and 10 UAH), Charles XII. Neither Russian, nor Sovi- (20 UAH), Mykhailo Hru- et historiography forgave Mazepa, con- shevsky (50 UAH), sidering him a betrayer. It is interest- (100 UAH) and – 200 ing that there are two hetmans on the UAH (). banknotes, who are thought to be an- The images of tagonists from the Soviet point of view and Yaroslav the Wise represent the pe- however this is the way the designers riod of Old Ruthenia as the first Ukrai- highlighted the independence of the nian state. Unlike in Belarus, where Ukrainian state interests. Prince Vladimir the Great (958? - 1015) The period of the Ukrainian People’s is remembered as the ruler who raped Republic is represented by the image of

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Mykhailo Hrushevsky (1866–1934), the the political forces that controlled the first UPR President, Chairman of the National Bank at that time of presenting Central Rada, an outstanding scientist, their own attitute to the identity, based historian and academician. on the Soviet and Russian cultural and On the reverses of the Ukrainian historical stereotypes. banknotes there are images of archi- The new banknote has no- Cher tectural monuments connected to the sonese’s ruins, it was replaced with an persons on the obverses, i.e. ruins of image of Kyiv of Vladimir’s times in- Chersonese (1 UAH), the St. Sophia Ca- stead, which indeed does not have the thedral in Kyiv (2 UAH), the Church in semantic load the previous image had. Subotiv where B. Khmelnytsky is bur- According to Ukrainian historians, a re- ied (5 UAH), the Kyiv Pechersk view of the roles played by the persons (10 and 100 UAH), Opera Theater in pictured on the banknotes (i.e. changes (20 UAH), the building of the Su- in their appearance and adding of new preme Rada (50 UAH), a tower of elements) blasted the concept (Star- Castle – 200 UAH (National Bank of odub). From artistic point of view, the Ukraine). new banknotes look more refined. Still, The image of Chersonese’s ruins is together with B. Khmelnytsky’s image, the most apposite. The authors meant now there is a quiver and arrows, which to reach several goals simultaneously. is probably supposed to stress that he Firstly, they emphasized the Ukraine was a soldier. The banknote dedicated connection with the Byzantine culture to the poet I. Franko has a facsimile and entire Roman civilization (Cher- with his verse written in accordance sonese was founded by the in with the orthography used in the West- the 7th century B.C., then it passed to ern Ukraine at his times, “Земле, моja both Roman and Byzantine Empires), всеплодьучаjа мати!..” (My Land, my secondly, a reminder of the Christian dear kind mother!..) One can only roots (Vladimir accepted Christianity imagine the effect such “not-tradition- in Chersonese, which he seized in 988) ally-Russian” orthography might have and, thirdly, underlined the fact that on the ‘Russified’ population of the East the belonged to Ukraine (Star- Ukraine. It can be compared with the odub). effect of K. Kalinouski or F. Bahuszevicz In 2004, the National Bank of original orthography, which might have Ukraine issued banknotes with new had on the modern Belarusian read- images, which resulted in accusations ers, who would not believe it was not of the Bank in destruction of the im- written in the . Let us ages concept. The fact is that back then remind that we are talking about the the Head of the National Bank Serhiy banknotes used by everybody, not just Tyhipko was a supporter of Viktor Ya- academicians. The banknote with M. nukovych, a well-known supporter of Hrushevsky’s image has now a title of the pro-Russian policy, contributed to his scientific work which is now sup- it. While studying this issue, it is really posed to put accent on his academic possible to find the grounds to blame background rather than his political ac-

№11/2008 Siarhei Kuzniatsou. Symbolism of money... 93 tivity as the first president of the inde- ly diadems. As a matter of fact, the pendent Ukraine. Russian and Ukrainian historians have I. Mazepa, “the betrayer of Russia”, been quarreling for a long time. There has suffered most of all. Instead of an is no data concerning Prince Vladimir’s experienced political figure, now there appearance, but there is a description is an image of a young Cossack with a of his father Svyatoslav, a portrait of his frivolous face. Maybe, the designers son Yaroslav on a coin and an image of wanted to underline his early period his grand-son Svyatoslav Yaroslavich in of life, when due to his love affairs he the bookof Svyatoslav’s Corpus. Ac- had to flee the royal household of Jan cording to the Byzantine historian Leo Kazimierz. Books, a quill and a musi- Deacon who met Svyatoslav person-

cal instrument also contrast with the ally, the latter had long handlebars. On hetman’s image. A historian Andriy a coin of his times, Yaroslav the Wise Starodub calls these changes of Maze- is also smooth-faced with a moustache. pa banknote cynical, given that the Yaroslav’s son Svyatoslav looks like a banknote’s semantic load and effect typical Ukrainian, has no beard, but were also decreased due to the fact that only handlebars. The Ukrainian publi- today instead of being monuments, the cist Oleksandr (Alexander) Paliy writes way they look their historical appear- in his article, “the first Russian histori- ance is unknown to the majority of the ans, who studied Svyatoslav’s Corpus population (Starodub). were perplexed, “If the son of Yaroslav Some Ukrainian intellectuals were the Wise was a “khokhol” (a derogative resentful with regard to the changes in name of a Ukrainian used by Russians), the Kyivan princes’ appearance – now where were the Russians then?” (Palii). they have zibeline hats and beards, i.e. At the Soviet times, a well-known the Russian czars’ usual attributes, in- Soviet scientist Mikhail Gerasimov stead of smooth-faced chins and prince- made a reconstruction of the appear-

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ance of Yaroslav the Wise based on his of Ukraine, the symbol of the Kyivan skull and added a beard to the way he princes, the Trident, popularizing it this looked, making Yaroslav look alike with way among the population. the Moscow czars. His perception cor- responded completely to the Soviet his- Lithuania torical concept. It seems that it is Gera- simov’s reconstruction that is rejected The name of the Lithuanian curren- today by the majority of scientists and cy, Litas, was invented during the times was used on the banknote. of the independent Lithuanian Republic between the two World Wars. Indeed, it is a newly designed concept, which has nothing to do with the reconstruction of the historical memory. The name of the subunit, “centų”,can be understood as a reference to the all-European heri- tage, while still without relevant evi- dence. The Litas was introduced in 1922 and replaced “auksinas” (the Lithuanian name of the Ostmark). On 25 March 1941, it was replaced by the Soviet Ru- ble. The first money of the post-Soviet Lithuania was introduced on August 5th, 1991. They replaced the “talonas”, It is worth mentioning that regard- also called the “vagnorkas” after the less the Ukrainian historians’ nega- Lithuanian prime-minister Gedimin tive remarks, the new banknotes have Vagnoris of that time. Like in the other the image of the State Coat of Arms countries of the former USSR at the

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printed, and introduced on June 25th, 1993, and on August 1st, they became the only means of payment in the terri- tory of Lithuania. Regardless the fact that the Lithu- anian historiography considers Lithu- ania at the times of heathendom to be the country’s “Golden Age”, and the period of the Grand Duchy of Lithu- ania is also thought to belong to the present-day Lithuania, the currency of Lithuania does not represent that era. The only exception is the image of the State Coat of Arms of the Grand , the (called “Vytis” in Lithuanian), and the pictures of the Grand Dukes’ castles in Troki (Trakai) and Vilnia (). The way the symbols are presented is the same as the Ukrainian one: a his- torical figure on the one side, archi- tectural monuments are on the other. However unlike the Ukrainian design- ers, the Lithuanian ones did not try to show any continuity of the tradition. All the images belong to two historical pe- riods, i.e. the 19th – early 20th century, first stage of independence, the talo- when the new Lithuanian nation was nas were used together with the Soviet born, and the independent Lithuania Rubles however after the 1st October between the two World Wars. 1992 the vagnorkas became the only The One Litas banknote has Ze- valid currency. Same as in Ukraine the maite (Julija Benesevic-Zemantene, authorities were prepared to introduce 1845–1921), a Lithuanian folk writer, the real currency at the same time. public and cultural figure. The 2 Li- However, the introduction of Litas was tas banknote has Matejus Valancius delayed due to the fact that the printed (1801–1875), a historian, interpreter banknotes were of extremely low quality (one could easily counterfeit them with a simple color printer; especially the 10, 20, and 50 Litas banknotes). The Chair- man of the , Vilius Baldisis, was dismissed. The new issue of Litas banknotes was redesigned, re-

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and enlightener (Lietuvos...). The 5 anian heroes-pilots Steponas Darius Litas banknote has Jonas Jablonskis (1896–1933) and Stasys Girenas (1893– (1860–1930), a linguist, interpreter, 1933). In 1933 they flew from New York founder of the Lithuanian literary lan- over the Atlantic Ocean on a small guage. The 20 Litas banknote features a plane called Lituanica. However, the portrait of a Lithuanian romantic poet plane mysteriously crashed in Maironis (Jonas Maciulis, 1862–1932). (now ). The duo did not survive The 100 Litas banknote features Simo- (Lithuanian Aviation…). nas Daukantas (1793–1864), a historian The 500 Litas banknote depicts a who wrote the first history of Lithu- portrait of (1858–1899), ania in the . The a Lithuanian writer, participant of the 200 Litas banknote features a portrait national Revival Movement and au- of Vydunas (Vilhelmas Storosta, 1868- 1953), a prominent Lithuanian philoso- pher, writer, poet, playwright, musician, pedagogue and culture educator. The 50 Litas banknote pictures the national patriarch, scholar, statesman and signa- tory of Lithuania‘s Declaration of Inde- pendence of February 16th, 1918, Dr. Jonas Basanavicius (1851–1927). Some- times he is nicknamed as the “father of independence” as he was the chairman of the when the declaration was signed (Lietuvos...).

thor of the National Anthem. The back of the note shows the Bell of Freedom in the background of the Nioman (Ne- man, Nemunas) loops, a well-known scenery. The bell is inscribed in Lithu- anian, “Thou shall ring through the centuries to the children of Lithuania: he who does not defend freedom is not worthy of it”. This four-line poem was created by Bronius Kazys Balutis (1879- 1967) and became the motto of the Bell of Freedom. Analyzing the banknotes’ reverses, Among the above-mentioned list the tendency which is similar to the of the cultural and national figures, the Ukrainian Chersonese should be noted. image on the 10 Litas banknote looks The fact that the cities of Vilnia (Vilni- rather strange as it features two Lithu- us) and Klaipeda now belong to Lithu-

№11/2008 Siarhei Kuzniatsou. Symbolism of money... 97 ania is represented by three banknotes considered to be an additional means of (50, 100 and 200 Litas). payment which were used without the Rubles. One cash banknote was equal Belarus to 10 Rubles (Almazov, 2001). The cash banknotes were introduced in denomi- The beginning of the Belarusian nations of 0,5; 1; 3; 5; 10; 25; 50; and 100 monetary system during the USSR Rubles which, according to the instruc- disintegration period differed from tion of the Council of Ministers dated the similar processes in Lithuania and May 20th, 1992, corresponded to 5; 10; Ukraine. Unlike the neighbors who de- 30; 50; 100; 250; 500 and 1000 Rubles. cided to introduce their own curren- Nevertheless all the prices were given cies, Belarus expressed its desire to stay in Rubles. in the Ruble zone. Therefore on the ter- As Ukraine, Lithuania, and ritory of Belarus, there were the Soviet Estonia finally left the Ruble zone, on Rubles and the banknotes issued by the November 9th, 1992, the National Bank of Russia in circulation. ordered to carry out all payments in the However on April 29th, 1992, the Na- Belarusian Rubles only. On July 24th, tional Bank of Belarus said that there 1993, the National Bank ordered to stop were lots of problems with the cash de- the circulation of the Russian Rubles on liveries from the Russian Federation and the territory of Belarus. it introduced the so-called “razlikovy The cash banknotes did not have a bilets” (cash banknotes) of the National status of the national currency. There Bank of the Republic of Belarus. Unlike also was a funny situation when all the its predecessor, the “kartka-coupons” prices were given in Rubles however which were in use together with the Ru- it was only possible to pay in the cash bles (when one was buying something, banknotes which differed from the Ru-

it was necessary to cut off the number bles by 10 times. In particular if some- of “kupons” equivalent to the sum paid thing cost 1,000 Rubles, one had to pay in the Rubles), the cash banknotes were 100 cash banknotes. The local popula-

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tion got used to it, while foreigners had the ancient cultural tradition) and the some difficulties with it. On August State Coat of Arms of the Grand Duchy 12th, 1994, a denomination was made, of Lithuania, Pahonia which showed which settled this matter. the continuity between the GDL and In 1994 the started the Belarusian Democratic Republic. its history as an independent currency. The 200 and 500 Rubles banknotes In May 1994, the National Bank start- were issued in December 1992; 1,000 ed elaboraing a real Rubles – in December 1993; 5,000 and Belarusian currency 20,000 Rubles – in 1994. Soon fauna and introduced an was replaced by the examples of exchange rate, etc. architecture, including the Towers near As Stanislau Bah- the Railway Station, Victory Square, the dankevich said later, building of the Academy of Sciences, it was not legal as it was not up to the River Svislach, Upper Town and Trin- National Bank to decide however to the ity Suburb. The banknotes’ small format Supreme Council and the government, and their style looked like tourist post- but the latter did not want to do it. Only cards rather than a tool of creating the 5 months later the Supreme Council national memory. passed the decree and left the Ruble After the state symbols were zone (Belarusian ruble’s…). changed, the banknotes’ obverses were There are several concepts concern- left blank, they had no new State Coat ing the Belarusian money. The first cash of Arms. The solar cross disappeared banknotes of the independent Belarus at all. The only thing left was architec- were neutral, representing the Belaru- ture. sian fauna which gave grounds for their The 50,000 Rubles banknote is in- unofficial name “zaichyki” (“hares”). teresting because it features the Brest The designers themselves prove that Fortress, thus somehow referring to the they borrowed the idea from the Lithu- national memory. The other banknotes

anian talons (Khareuski, 2002). At the had the buildings of the National Bank, same time, there were two important Opera and Ballet Theater and State Mu- elements: the solar cross (referring to seum of Arts.

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One more interesting banknote is both stress that some places belong 1,000 Rubles one as it had the State Mu- now to their territories. seum of Arts and a detail of a painting The Belarusian currency’s name, by Ivan Khrutsky (1810—1885) which the Belarusian Ruble, has nothing to do can be perceived as an attempt to re- with the national history. In the early mind to the world that the painter is a 1990’s there was a proposal to name Belarusian national, not a Russian one it the “” or the “Belarusian Tha- (Belarus National Fine Art…). However ler” because it was the currency of the

the detail does not mention the author Grand Duchy of Lithuania however the and as a result, the majority of the pop- pro-Soviet Supreme Council supported ulation considers it just as a decoration. the “Ruble” idea. Most of the first banknotes’ archi- The present Belarusian banknotes’ tecture belongs to the period of the design proves that there is no concept Soviet Belarus. An example of a new at all. The fact that the mechanism of tendency can be the 20,000; 50,000 and influencing the national consciousness 100,000 Rubles banknotes which refer and historical memory is not applied to the pre-Soviet , e.g. means that the state is passive in terms the Palace of the Rumyantsev-Paskev- of forming the Belarusian people’s na- ichs in Homiel, the Mir Castle and the tional identity. Belarus needs a devel- Palace of the Radzivils in Niasvizh. oped model of the national identity and While comparing the images of the the money symbolism can play its vital three countries’ banknotes, one can role in it. conclude that the banknotes’ design as It is not important who is pictured an instrument of influence on the na- on the banknotes, the Prince of Polatsk, tional consciousness is used quite well the Grand Duke of the Grand Duchy in Lithuania and Ukraine. Moreover, of Lithuania or a liberation movement the national idea can be found rather hero, the very fact of their presence is easily. Even though the Lithuanian and important given that it is a way of influ- Ukrainian concepts differ highlighting encing the national identity, its forma- different periods of their national his- tion and strengthening. tories the common feature is that they

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References

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