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Diplomarbeit Gesamt DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit ‘Being Young, Being a Politician.’ Konzepte und Handlungsspielräume junger PolitikerInnen in Afrika (Fallbeispiel Tanzania) Verfasserin Jannike Jo Herlinghaus angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra (Mag.) Wien, Februar 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 057 390 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Internationale Entwicklung Betreuerin: Mag. Dr. Birgit Englert „Nicht das Bestehende muss verändert werden, sondern das Verkehrte.“ (Joachim Fest zit. n. Seitz: 2009, S.5) Danke! Mein besonderer Dank gilt allen InterviewpartnerInnen, dass sie sich die Zeit genommen ha- ben mit mir zu sprechen und für ihre Offenheit in den Gesprächen. Außerdem bedanke ich mich bei den drei politischen Stiftungen Friedrich Naumann Stiftung , Konrad Adenauer Stif- tung und Friedrich Ebert Stiftung , die mir durch ihre tatkräftige Unterstützung die Kontakt- aufnahme zu den InterviewpartnerInnen erst ermöglichten. Bedanken möchte ich mich auch bei Nginjai Moreto, der mir bei meinem Forschungsaufent- halt kompetent und hilfsbereit zur Seite stand und bei Birgit Englert für ihre stets nette und kompetente Betreuung. Last but not least, gilt mein Dank Claudia, Julian und Matthias, die beim Korrekturlesen viel Energie und Zeit investiert haben. Außerdem möchte ich mich bei meinen Eltern, Claudia und Martin, bedanken, die mich immer unterstützen und ermutigen meinen Weg zu gehen. Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis ..................................................................................................................... 1 Abbildungsverzeichnis ........................................................................................................... 5 Abkürzungsverzeichnis .......................................................................................................... 6 1. Einleitung .............................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Problemstellung ................................................................................................................ 9 1.1.1 Relevanz der Thematik ............................................................................................ 10 1.1.2 Erkenntnisinteresse & Forschungsfragen................................................................. 10 1.2 Begriffliche Abgrenzungen ............................................................................................ 12 1.3 Aufbau der Arbeit ........................................................................................................... 13 I Theoretischer Rahmen ........................................................................................................ 14 2. Verankerung in der Theorie .............................................................................................. 14 2.1 Die Bedeutung von Jugend und jungen Menschen in Afrika ......................................... 14 2.2 Generationen(verhältnisse) ............................................................................................. 18 2.3 Politische Ideologien: Sozialismus, Konservatismus, Liberalismus .............................. 22 2.4 Definition Demokratie .................................................................................................... 25 2.5 Das Demokratieverständnis im afrikanischen Kontext .................................................. 31 2.6 Und wie geht es weiter? Demokratisierungswellen in Afrika ........................................ 34 2.7 Evolutionstheoretischer Ansatz: Misstrauen und Entwicklung ...................................... 38 3. Politischer Alltag in Afrika ................................................................................................ 39 3.1 Vorbemerkungen – Kein Afrika-Pessimismus ............................................................... 40 3.2 Charakteristika von Politik im afrikanischen Kontext ................................................... 41 3.2.1 Big Man Rule – Das „Chefproblem“ ....................................................................... 43 3.2.2 Neopatrimonialismus / Patron-Client System .......................................................... 45 3.2.3 Korruption ................................................................................................................ 48 3.2.4 Orientierung entlang ethnischer Zugehörigkeiten.................................................... 51 1 3.3 Voraussetzungen für Demokratie: Entwicklung vs. Machtverteilung ............................ 52 3.4 Das Generationenverhältnis in der Politik ...................................................................... 55 4. Jugend und Politik in Afrika ............................................................................................. 59 4.1 Motivationen zu politischem Engagement ..................................................................... 60 4.2 Möglichkeiten des Engagements .................................................................................... 62 4.2.1 Zivilgesellschaftliche Organisationen ...................................................................... 62 4.2.2 Populärkulturen/Jugendkulturen .............................................................................. 66 4.2.3 Parteien/Jugendflügel politischer Parteien ............................................................... 68 4.3 Die Jugend als Wählerschaft .......................................................................................... 70 5. Exkurs: Drei Wege junger PolitikerInnen ....................................................................... 72 5.1 Thomas Joseph Odhiambo Mboya (Kenya) ................................................................... 72 5.2 Julius Sello Malema (Südafrika) .................................................................................... 74 5.3 Amina Chifupa (Tanzania) ............................................................................................. 76 5.4 Vergleich der Fallbeispiele ............................................................................................. 78 6. Fallbeispiel Tanzania ......................................................................................................... 80 6.1 Politik seit der Unabhängigkeit (insbesondere seit Ujamaa) .......................................... 81 6.2 Aktuelle politische Situation / Grad der Demokratisierung in Tanzania ........................ 90 II Empirischer Teil ................................................................................................................. 99 7. Methodenbeschreibung ...................................................................................................... 99 7.1 Die Erhebungsmethode: Qualitative problemzentrierte Leitfadeninterviews .............. 100 7.2 Das Auswertungsverfahren: Qualitative strukturierende Inhaltsanalyse ...................... 103 7.3 Gütekriterien ................................................................................................................. 104 7.4 Methodische Stärken und Schwächen .......................................................................... 105 7.5 Begründung der Methodenwahl ................................................................................... 107 8. Auswertung ....................................................................................................................... 107 8.1 Festlegung des Materials & Analyse der Entstehungssituation .................................... 107 2 8.2 Formale Charakteristika des Materials ......................................................................... 108 8.3 Richtung der Analyse & theoriegeleitete Differenzierung der Fragestellung .............. 109 8.4 Bestimmung der Analyseeinheit & Auswertung soziodemografischer Struktur .......... 110 8.5 Das Kategoriensystem .................................................................................................. 112 8.6 Auffälligkeiten bei der Untersuchung .......................................................................... 115 8.7 Auswertung nach Kategorien ....................................................................................... 116 8.7.1 Auswertung Kategorie 1.1 (Politikverständnis) ..................................................... 116 8.7.2 Auswertung Kategorie 1.2 (Zusammenhang Politik und Lebensalltag) ................ 118 8.7.3 Auswertung Kategorie 2.1 (Definition Demokratie) ............................................. 119 8.7.4 Auswertung Kategorie 2.2 (Skala Demokratie) ..................................................... 120 8.7.5 Auswertung Kategorie 3 (Familiärer Hintergrund) ............................................... 121 8.7.6 Auswertung Kategorie 4 (Motivation für Engagement) ........................................ 122 8.7.7 Auswertung Kategorie 5.1 (Attribute junge PolitikerInnen) ................................. 124 8.7.8 Auswertung Kategorie 5.2 (Attribute älterer PolitikerInnen) ................................ 125 8.7.9 Auswertung Kategorie 6 (Chancen / Grenzen der Partizipation) .......................... 125 8.7.10 Auswertung Kategorie 7 (Generationenverhältnis) ............................................. 128 8.7.11 Auswertung Kategorie 8 (Weitere Themen) ........................................................ 130 9. Beantwortung der Forschungsfragen ............................................................................. 131 9.1 Forschungsfrage 1.1 .....................................................................................................
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