DOCSLIB.ORG

Jonathan D. Balcer Department of Anthropology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Jonathan D. Balcer Department of Anthropology See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271645715 Animal Remains From the Midway Site (21BL37), Beltrami County, Minnesota Article · January 2005 CITATIONS READS 0 102 2 authors, including: James L Theler University of Wisconsin - La Crosse 47 PUBLICATIONS 426 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Mill Coulee View project All content following this page was uploaded by James L Theler on 01 February 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. ,ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE MIDWAY SITE (2lBL37), BEI:fRAMI COUNTY, MINNESOTA Jonathan D. Balcer Department ofAnthropology The University ofTennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 [email protected] James L. Theler Department of Sociology and Archaeology University ofWisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wl 54601 . [email protected] Excavations at the Midway Site, located in the city ofBemidji, Minnesota produced an extensive vertebrate faunal assemblage, with over 23,000 remains representing a minimum of 116 individual animals from 55 different taxa. Despite the lack ofa detailed analysis ofthe cultural remains, the faunal data provide impor­ tant information on Woodland subsistence strategies in northern Minnesota. Although fish are numerically most abundant, large mammals, including moose, white-tailed deer, elk, black bear, and caribou, likely provided the bulk of the animal protein in the local diet. Evidence indicates a multi-season use ofthe site, with a fall-winter deer harvest, use ofmoose (probably along with wild rice) during the winter, and spring harvest of riparian animals, spawning fish, and turtles. The representation of large mammal skeletal ele­ ments suggests an off-site processing of the animal carcasses, with the retention of only specific elements. Overall, the species represented at the Midway Site indicate that the Bemidji area, with its lakes, marshes, and deciduous forest margin located at the southern margin of Beltrami County, may have fUrnished an optimal ecotonal niche to be exploited by prehistoric peoples. Introduction was recommended as eligible for listing on the Na­ tional Register of Historic Places. The Midway Site (21BL37) is multi-component pre­ The parameters of the proposed construction historic occupation located in the city of Bemidji in activities made avoidance of the site infeasible. Ac­ Beltrami County, Minnesota. The site is situated on cordingly, an extensive Phase III data recovery plan a narrow isthmus between Lalce Bemidji and Lake was implemented to mitigate impacts to the archae­ Irving, both flowages of the upper Mississippi Riv­ ological deposits (Kluth and Kluth 2000; LLHSP er (Fig. I). The area surrounding the site has been 2002). This involved the excavation of 48 one-me­ heavily developed, and construction associated with ter units in three discrete portions of the site. Phase the expansion of Minnesota Trunk Highway 197 III excavations commenced in the fall of 2000 and provided a substantial threat to the archaeological were completed in the summer of 2001. A final re­ deposits. port was produced on these investigations (LLHSP In order to evaluate the site's integrity and ar­ 2002), and a version of this paper was included as chaeological potential, Phase II excavations were partofthatreport (Theler and Balcer 2002). Unfortu­ conducted during the fall of 1999 by the Leech Lake nately, the analysis of the cultural material from the Heritage Sites Program (LLHSP) of the Leech Lake site has remained preliminary. Certainly, this faunal Band of Ojibwe (Kluth and Kluth 2000). These analysis will be much more meaningful if a detailed investigations revealed substantial archaeological stndy of the cultural data is conducted at some point deposits, including evidence of seven culturally in the future. However, by itself this analysis does distinct groups: Late Archaic, Brainerd, Laurel, St. provide some important information on Woodland Croix, Blackduck, Sandy Lake, and Oneota-like subsistence strategies in the Headwater Lakes re­ components (Kluth and Kluth 2000). Given the ex­ gion and adds to the limited, yet growing, database tent and integrity of the cultural deposits, the site p 106 THE MINNESOTA ARCHAEOLOGIST- VOLUME 64 • 2005 Figure 1. USGS quad map showing the location of the Midway site (21BL37). of prehistoric faunal remains from northern Minne­ from 19 flotation samples also were analyzed. The sota. flotation material came from a variety of contexts and was processed through 1/16-inch screen. Methods Faunal materials from the 1999 Phase II exca­ vations had been inventoried earlier by personnel Most of the analyzed faunal materials were from the from the LLHSP (Kluth and Kluth 2000). For the Phase III excavation. A total of22,983 fragments of current analysis, they were reexamined only to find animal bone were recovered from the 48 one-meter any identifiable elements. Excavation and initial units. The units were excavated in arbitrary 3-cm processing methods for the Phase II materials were levels, with each level divided horizontally into four similar to those for Phase III, although all of the 50-cm quadrants and each quadrant excavated sepa­ Phase II soil was screened through 1/4-inch mesh. ''' rately. Soil from the northeast, southeast, and south­ The animal remains were identified through west quadrants was screened through 1/4-inch mesh, comparison to modern skeletal collections housed and soil from the northwest quadrant was screened at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. Several through 1/8-inch mesh. Many units contained an bird elements were sent for identification to Dr. Paul upper level of redeposited A horizon material exca­ W. Parmalee at the McClung Museum of the Uni­ vated as a single level, processed through 1/4-inch versity of Tennessee. Dr. Hohnes A. Semken, Jr. at screen, and analyzed separately. Heavy fractions BAKER I THELER- ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE MIDWAY SITE 107 the University of Iowa identified the vole and shrew After identification, the animal remains were remains. placed in polyethylene bags, with a tag on white Prior to analysis, all ofthe bone fragments were acid-free paper identifying the acquisition numbers screened again through 1/4-inch mesh. Fragments and the appropriate provenience and taxonomic smaller than 1/4 inch were scanned for identifiable information. With completion of the analysis, the material and counted, but not identified to class. remains were returned to LLHSP for curation at Fragments larger than 1/4 inch were sorted by class the Minnesota History Center through a repository and identified to the most specific taxonomic des­ agreement with the Minnesota Historical Society. ignation possible, with element, portion, and side recorded as appropriate. Each fragment larger than Results .1/4 inch was also examined for burning, rodent/car­ nivore gnawing, ingestion, fracturing, cut marks, Of the 22,983 tabulated fragments from the Phase and other signs of human or natural modification. III excavations, 11,158 were identified to class, and Provenience, taxonomic, and attribute information 892 were further identified to the family, genus, or was recorded on a paper datasheet and entered into species level. The Phase II materials contributed a Microsoft Access database (Stevenson eta!. n.d.). another 328 specimens identified to family, genus, Taxonomic names for manunals follow Haz­ or species. The following sections summarize the ard (1982), with the exception of the American elk analyzed remains by taxonomic category. Elements ( Cervus canadensis), which is after Thomas and To­ from the redeposited A horizon or other contexts la­ weill (1982). Bird terminology comes from Green beled as disturbed are noted as appropriate. and Janssen (1975), with the "true duck" subfamily (Anatinae) after Kaufman (1996). Terminology for Mammals fish comes from Becker (1983), reptiles and am­ phibians are from Oldfield and Moriarty (1994), and Manunal bones dominate the faunal assemblage. In the single freshwater mussel follows Turgeon et a!. all, 8,869 mammal bones/fragments were tabulated, (1998). with 826 (9.3%) identified to the species, genus, or To understand the dietary significance of the family level, representing at least 46 individuals of species and classes of animals, usable meat weights 28 native and 2 introduced mammal species. As a were estimated for animals identified to the genus or class, manunals contributed 1,096 kg (95%) of the species level. Manunals the size of a Plains pock­ usable meat (Table 1). et gopher (Geomys bursarius) or smaller, as well as toads (Bufo sp.), were excluded from the meat Even-Toed Ungulates (Artiodactyla) weight estimates because their occurrence at the site was probably natural. Variation in animal size was Deer Family (Cervidae) accommodated through the use of conservative es­ timates for usable meat: for mammals, 50 percent In terms of both usable meat and hides, the most im­ of the live weight; for birds, 70 percent of the live portant mammals were four members of the Cervi­ weight, following White (1953:398); and for fish dae or deer family: deer, moose, elk, and woodland and reptiles, 50 percent of the live weight. caribou. A fifth large manunal species, black bear, Live weights for ungulates come from Banfield will be discussed below with other carnivores. (1974), and those for other mammals come from Deer (Odocoileus sp.): Deer elements were by The1er (1987), with the exception of the porcupine far the most numerous ofthe large mammal remains, (Erethizon dorsatum) and the snowshoe hare (Lepus with 354 elements positively identified and another americanus), which are derived from Hazard (1982). 38 identified as probable deer. 1\vo deer species oc­ Live weight estimates for fishes and turtles are based cur in Minnesota, the mule deer ( Odocoileus hernia­ on individual comparisons to modern specimens of nus) and the white-tailed deer (0. virginianus). The known size. Live weights for birds come from sev­ Midway deer remains could not be separated by eral different sources, listed for each species as ap­ species based on their osteological characteristics.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Many-Storied Place
    A Many-storied Place Historic Resource Study Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas Theodore Catton Principal Investigator Midwest Region National Park Service Omaha, Nebraska 2017 A Many-Storied Place Historic Resource Study Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas Theodore Catton Principal Investigator 2017 Recommended: {){ Superintendent, Arkansas Post AihV'j Concurred: Associate Regional Director, Cultural Resources, Midwest Region Date Approved: Date Remove not the ancient landmark which thy fathers have set. Proverbs 22:28 Words spoken by Regional Director Elbert Cox Arkansas Post National Memorial dedication June 23, 1964 Table of Contents List of Figures vii Introduction 1 1 – Geography and the River 4 2 – The Site in Antiquity and Quapaw Ethnogenesis 38 3 – A French and Spanish Outpost in Colonial America 72 4 – Osotouy and the Changing Native World 115 5 – Arkansas Post from the Louisiana Purchase to the Trail of Tears 141 6 – The River Port from Arkansas Statehood to the Civil War 179 7 – The Village and Environs from Reconstruction to Recent Times 209 Conclusion 237 Appendices 241 1 – Cultural Resource Base Map: Eight exhibits from the Memorial Unit CLR (a) Pre-1673 / Pre-Contact Period Contributing Features (b) 1673-1803 / Colonial and Revolutionary Period Contributing Features (c) 1804-1855 / Settlement and Early Statehood Period Contributing Features (d) 1856-1865 / Civil War Period Contributing Features (e) 1866-1928 / Late 19th and Early 20th Century Period Contributing Features (f) 1929-1963 / Early 20th Century Period
    [Show full text]
  • Narratives of the Career of Hernando De Soto in the Conquest of Florida
    iâratrforír ©Iuí> feries. NUMBER FIVE. ***Or*n ' i j DE 3DT0. wed for the Bradford Club NewYork L365 NARRATIVES OF THE CAREER OF HERNANDO DE SOTO CONQUEST OF FLORIDA AS TOLD Bf A KNIGHT OF ELYAS ANJ) IN A RELATION BY FACTOll OF THE EXPEDITION TRANSLATED BY BUCKINGHAM SMITH N E W Y O R K M DCCC LXVI ^/éz+cyti (í? / ,S 7^5-7 copy & SUBSCRIBERS COPY, Ao. _C^, Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, By John B. Moreau, FOE THE BRADFORD CLUB, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. IP ^hi> SEVENTY-FIVE COPIES PRINTED. TO JOHN EARL WILLIAMS, A MEMENTO OF A FRIENDSHIP WHICH, BEGUN IN YOUTH, HAS STRENGTHENED WITH ADVANCING TEARS. — THE BRADFORD CLUB. Under this designation, a few gentlemen, interested in the study of American History and Literature, propose occasionally to print limited editions of such manuscripts and scarce pamphlets as may be deemed of value towards illustrating these subjects. They will seek to obtain for this purpose unpublished journals or corre- spondence containing matter worthy of record, and which may not properly be included in the Historical Collections or Documentary Histories of the several States. Such unpretending contemporary chronicles often throw precious light upon the motives of action and the imperfectly narrated events of bygone days; perhaps briefly touched upon in dry official documents. The Club may also issue fac-similes of curious manuscripts, or documents worthy of notice, which, like, the printed issues, will bear its imprint.
    [Show full text]
  • An Oneota Manifestation in the Central Des Moines River Valley Nancy Mae Osborn Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1976 The lC arkson site (13WA2): an Oneota manifestation in the Central Des Moines River Valley Nancy Mae Osborn Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Osborn, Nancy Mae, "The lC arkson site (13WA2): an Oneota manifestation in the Central Des Moines River Valley" (1976). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 16714. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/16714 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Clarkson site (13WA2): An Oneota manifestation in the Central Des Moines River Valley by Nancy Mae Osborn A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department: Sociology and Anthropology Major: Sociology (Anthropology) Signatures have been redacted for privacy Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1976 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • · . · . 1 General Background • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 Statement of Purpose • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 Methodology • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • · . , . 5 Plan of Presentation • • • • • • • • • • • · . 7 CHAPTER 2. THE ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING • • • • • • • · . 8 The Central Des Moines River Region · . 8 The Clarkson-Carlisle Locale • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10 CHAPTER 3. THE CULTURE-HISTORICAL SETTING • • • • • • • • • • • 13 Prehistoric and Protohistoric Occupations within the Central Des Moines Valley • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .
    [Show full text]
  • University of Wisconsin Radiocarbon Dates Ii Margaret M
    [RADiocAI Bon, VOL. 8, 1966, P. 522-533] UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN RADIOCARBON DATES II MARGARET M. BENDER, REID A. BRYSON, and DAVID A. BAERREIS Department of Meteorology, University of Wisconsin, Madison This report summarizes the radiocarbon dates obtained at the Uni- versity of Wisconsin since November 1964; the procedures followed have been described previously (Wisconsin I, 1965) . The counting equipment has been supplemented with a second de- tector of 500 ml volume for which the nominal background at 1 std atm, 298.2° K, is 2.1 cpm as determined with petroleum methane (Phillips Petroleum Co.). The corresponding standard count for contemporary methane derived from NBS oxalic acid 95% Aox, is nominally 2.8 cpm at 1 std atm, 298.2° K. The additional counting equipment was also ob- tained from the Sharp Division of Beckman Instrument Co. The dates reported have been calculated on the assumption of a half-life of 5568 yr for C14, with 1950 as the reference year. Samples have normally been run at 3 atm pressure for a minimum of 15,000 counts. The standard deviation quoted includes only the 1Q of the counting statistics of background, sample, and standard counts. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research is supported by the Atmospheric Sciences Division, National Science Foundation, under grant GP-444, and Social Sciences Division, Grant GS-433. We are indebted to Dr. J. B. Griffin of the Uni- versity of Michigan and Robert Stuckenrath, Jr. of the University of Pennsylvania for supplying previously-dated samples. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. Mill Creek Series, Iowa Witrock site, Iowa 130B4 Samples from Witrock village site (43° 0' N Lat, 95° 30' W Long), coll, in 1963 by A.
    [Show full text]
  • Narratives of the Career of Hernando De Soto In
    / Braííforti €íuí) írcrics. NUMBER FIVE. **'»»»*pè Víè*»*' L|£p_>.T..;..Tr,Q ^£ 3 OTO. X Ali RATI YES OF THE CAREER OF HEIIXAXDO l)i: SOTO CONQUEST OF FLO EI I) A AS TOLU BY A KNIGHT ciK ELVAS AMJ IS A KKLAlHiN ItV ILiUjs iíicrnaníif^ íic Bífírma FACTOU liK THK EXIMOUITION TliAXSLATKD HV BUCKINÍTlIA^r S.MrJMI NEW VoliK M liCCC I.XVl ^'" '1 ,S 7 ^5-7 Copy Í SUBSCRIBERS COPY. Ao. S^ Kntered according to Act of Congress, in the year ISfítí. By John B. Moreau, FUR THE BRADFOKD CLUB, In tlie C'leik's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New \orli. 1 P "^ly 6- SEVENTY-FIVE COl'IES FEINTED. TO JUUN EAUL 'WILLIAMS, A MK\IENT(.I UK A FRIEND SHIP WlllOlI, liEííClN IN YOUTH. HAS STRENGTHENED WITH ADVANilXa YEARS. — THE "BRADFOKD CLUB. Under this desiirnation, a few gentleinon, intevesteil in tlie study print of Amerioiin Ilistm-y ami Literature, proixise occasionally to limited editions of siu-h niannseriiits and scarce paniplilets as may will be deemed of value towanls illnstratin;? these snlijects. They or corre- seek to obtain for thi-< purpose uiipnblisljed jouiMuds spondence containing matter worthy of record, aud u hiidi may not properly be included in the Historical Collections or Documentary Histories of the several States. Such unpretendini; contemporary of action chronicles often throw precious light upon the motives and the imperfectly narrated events of liyuone days; ijerhai)S briefly touelied uiiiu) in ilry otiicial doc\nnents. The dull nniy also issue fac-similes of curious manus<-ripts, or documents worthy of notice, which, like the printed issues, will bear its imiirint.
    [Show full text]
  • Prehistoric Humans and Elk (Cervus Canadensis) in the Western Great Lakes: a Zooarchaeological Perspective
    University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations May 2020 Prehistoric Humans and Elk (cervus Canadensis) in the Western Great Lakes: A Zooarchaeological Perspective Rebekah Ann Ernat University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Ernat, Rebekah Ann, "Prehistoric Humans and Elk (cervus Canadensis) in the Western Great Lakes: A Zooarchaeological Perspective" (2020). Theses and Dissertations. 2372. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/2372 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PREHISTORIC HUMANS AND ELK (CERVUS CANADENSIS) IN THE WESTERN GREAT LAKES: A ZOOARCHAEOLGOCIAL PERSPECTIVE by Rebekah Ann Ernat A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Anthropology at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee May 2020 ABSTRACT PREHISTORIC HUMANS AND ELK (CERVUS CANADENSIS) IN THE WESTERN GREAT LAKES: A ZOOARCHAEOLGOCIAL PERSPECTIVE by Rebekah Ann Ernat The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2020 Under the Supervision of Professor Jean Hudson This thesis examines the relationship between humans and elk (Cervus canadensis) in the western Great Lakes region from prehistoric through early historic times, with a focus on Wisconsin archaeological sites. It takes a social zooarchaeological perspective, drawing from archaeological, ecological, biological, historical, and ethnographic sources. I also use optimal foraging theory to examine subsistence-related decisions.
    [Show full text]
  • National Register of Historic Places Registration Form
    NPS Form 10400 OMBNo. 1024-0018 (R«v. M6) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations of eligibility for individual properties or districts. See instructions in Guidelines for Completing National Register Forms (National Register Bulletin 16). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the requested information. If an item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, styles, materials, and areas of significance, enter only the categories and subcategories listed in the instructions. For additional space use continuation sheets (Form 10-900a). Type all entries. 1. Name of Property_________________________________________________ historic name Grand Village of the Natchez Site other names/site number Fatherland Plantation Site (22-Ad-501) 2. Location street & number 400 Jefferson Davis Boulevard I I not for publication city, town Natchez T I vicinity state Mississippi code MS county Adams code 001 zip code 3, Classification Ownership of Property Category of Property Number of Resources within Property I I private I I building(s) Contributing Noncontributing I I public-local I I district ____ ____ buildings fx"l public-State Uclsite 1 1 sites I I public-Federal I I structure 3 2 structures I I object ______ _____ objects A 3 Total Name of related multiple property listing: Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register _______ 4. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this LI nomination LI request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60.
    [Show full text]
  • Midway—Big Sandy Thermal Upgrade Project
    Briggs Road to La Crosse Tap (Q-1D South) 161 kV Transmission Line Rebuild Project La Crosse County, Wisconsin RUS Project Number 1060 Environmental Assessment Prepared for Rural Utilities Service United States Department of Agriculture Submitted by: Dairyland Power Cooperative May 2016 Briggs Road to La Crosse Tap (Q-1D South) 161 kV Transmission Line Rebuild Project Contents Page 1.0 Project Description ...................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Proposed Project .............................................................................................................. 1-1 1.2 Project History .................................................................................................................. 1-2 1.3 Schedule .......................................................................................................................... 1-2 1.4 Project Location ................................................................................................................ 1-3 1.5 Project Design and Construction ...................................................................................... 1-3 1.5.1 Access Routes and Material Staging ................................................................................ 1-3 1.5.2 Transmission Structures ................................................................................................... 1-4 2.0 Purpose and Need for the Project .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography of the Minnesota Archaeologist
    Bibliography of The Minnesota Archaeologist This list of all authors and titles published in our journal, The Minnesota Archaeologist, since its inception was prepared by MAS member and volunteer extraordinaire Randy Blasus. Our many thanks for such a useful effort. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Adams, Z. G. (ed.) 1951 Indian Village at Fort Berthold (reprint) 17(1, January):3-9 Anderson, Dean 1985 Book Review: "A Toast to the Fur Trade: A Picture Essay on its Material Culture" By Robert C. Wheeler 44(1, Spring/Summer):47-48 Anfinson, John O. 1987 Book Review: "Fort Snelling: Colossus of the Wilderness" by Steve Hall 46(2):67-68 Anfinson, Scott F. 1982 A Bibliography of Lloyd Wilford 41(1, Spring/Summer):75-78 1982 Faunal Remains from the Big Slough Site (21 MU 1) and Woodland Cultural Stability in Southwestern Minnesota 41(1, Spring/Summer):53-71 1984 Cultural and Natural Aspects of Mound Distribution in Minnesota 43(1, Spring/Summer):3-30 1987 Investigations at Two Oneota Sites in the Center Creek Locality 46(1):31-45 1988 Editorial 47(2):2-3 1989 Archaeology of the Central Minneapolis Riverfront Part 1: Historical Overview and Archaeological Potentials 48(1 & 2):1-160 1990 Archaeology of the Central Minneapolis Riverfront Part 2: Archaeological Explorations and Interpretive Potentials 49(1 & 2):i-143 Anfinson, Scott F. & Leslie D. Peterson 1979 Minnesota's Highway Archaeological Programs 38(2, May):86-104 Anonymous 1935 Investigating Mound Builders (reprint) 1(3, August):4-5 1935 The Hardening of Copper (excerpt reprint) 1(6, November):9 1936 Forgotten Coppersmiths (excerpt reprint from Skillings Mining Review) 2:(3, March)9-10 1936 La Verendrye's Journal (excerpt reprint) 2(10, October):7-10 1942 The Migration Routes Of the Cheyenne 8(3, July):124-125 1942 In Memoriam - M.
    [Show full text]
  • The Distribution of Eastern Woodlands and Historic Interface
    For the Eastern Woodlands as much as for the rest of the Americas, Columbus's landfall heralded the beginning of an era of Old and New World contact that ultimately dev- astated Native American peoples and their cultures (Cronon The Distribution of 1983; Crosby 1972; Dobyns 1983, 1993; Milanich 1992; Mil- ner 1980; Ramenohky 1987; M.Smith 1987, 1994; Thorn- Eastern Woodlands ton 1987). Despite a large body of scholarship on the post- contact period, there remains considerable uncertaintv about the magnitude, timing, and causes of profound transfor- Peoples at the Prehistoric mations in sociopolitical systems and population sizes. BY A.D. I 700, the loss of people in eastern North America was and Historic Interface so great that it was apparent to contemporary ob&wers.' A more precise understanding of postcontact changes in indigenous societies requires much work on two scales of analysis. First, fine-grained assessments of particular groups of people are essential for comparative studies of Native American responses to new political, economic, demo- graphic, and ecological settings. Examples of such work, the focus of most archaeologistsand historians, include the other chapters in this volume. Second, broader geographi- cal perspectives are also necessary, because postcontact transformations in Native American societies-cultural up- heaval, societal dissolution and realignment, and popula- tion loss and displacement-were played out across vast regions. As an initial step toward the second goal, we present three maps (Figs. 2.1-2.3) that summarize what is known from archaeological remains about the distribution of East- ern Woodlands peoples. Regions where information is plentiful are apparent, as are those where data are limited or absent.
    [Show full text]
  • Prehistoric Sites in La Crosse County, Wisconsin
    587 |. L14 p5 1990 PrehistoriC Sites In La CrOSSC COunty |||||||||||I|| SITY or 10 3 1855-632"##"g; PREHISTORIC SITES IN LACROSSE COUNTY, WISCONSIN by John T. Penman and Kelly Hamilton State Historical Society of Wisconsin October 1990 Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Archaeological Report 17 Madison, Wisconsin *~~ £27. .////-5 TABLE OF CONTENTS / ??0 Acknowledgments List of Tables List of Figures p al 3 e Prehistoric Sites on the LaCrosse County Expressway Introduction . Fieldwork in 1987 and 1988 . Fieldwork in 1989 . Excavations at the Tremaine Site . Excavation Methods . Excavated Areas . Artifacts from Tremaine . Artifact Analysis . Lithic Source Identification . Area D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ll Area E . 12 Area F . 12 Area G . e e e e e o e º e e o e o e e e e e 14 Pipestone and Native Metal . 16 Historic Component . 17 Artifact Summary . 17 Cultural Chronology At Tremaine . 19 Paleoindian . 19 Early Archaic . 20 Middle Archaic and the Altithermal . 22 Late Archaic - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 31 Early Woodland . 34 Middle Woodland e - e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. 35 Late Woodland e - © e - e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. 38 Oneota . © e. Excavations at the Filler Site . 42 Testing in 1987 . 42 Excavations in 1988 . 44 Surface Survey at the 0t Site . 48 Excavations at the Firesign Site . 50 Fieldwork in 1988 . 50 Fieldwork in 1989 . 52 Summary . Archaeological Sites on S.T.H 35, shelty township . ; Tables . 58 Figures . 157 Bibliography .
    [Show full text]
  • How to View the Solar Eclipse
    Aug. 18 - Aug. 31, 2017 Volume 8 // Issue #17 How to view the solar eclipse A Billion Dollar Bet Big Sky’s development history, part 5 Local Troy Downing vies for Tester’s Senate seat Bear break-ins on the rise ‘A River Runs Through It’ turns 25 #explorebigsky explorebigsky explorebigsky @explorebigsky ON THE COVER: Cascading from a nearly 600,000-year-old rhyolite lava flow, Lower Yellowstone Falls in the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone is the largest volume waterfall in the Rocky Mountains of the United States. The National Park Service turns 101 on Aug. 25. PHOTO BY MERLIN GRANT Aug. 18 – Aug. 31, 2017 Volume 8, Issue No. 17 TABLE OF CONTENTS Owned and published in Big Sky, Montana Section 1: News PUBLISHER How to view the Eric Ladd Opinion.............................................................................6 EDITORIAL Local.................................................................................9 56 solar eclipse MANAGING EDITOR Tyler Allen Montana.........................................................................14 SENIOR EDITOR Amanda Eggert ASSOCIATE EDITOR Section 2: Environment, Sports & Dining A Billion Dollar Bet Sarah Gianelli Big Sky’s development Environment..................................................................17 EDITORIAL ASSISTANT history, part 5 33 Liam Keshishian Sports.............................................................................23 EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Sydney MacDonald Dining.............................................................................26 CREATIVE Local
    [Show full text]