587 |. L14 p5 1990 PrehistoriC Sites In La CrOSSC COunty |||||||||||I|| SITY or 10 3 1855-632"##"g;

PREHISTORIC SITES IN LACROSSE COUNTY, WISCONSIN

by

John T. Penman and Kelly Hamilton State Historical Society of Wisconsin

October 1990

Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Archaeological Report 17

Madison, Wisconsin *~~ £27.

.////-5 TABLE OF CONTENTS / ??0

Acknowledgments List of Tables List of Figures p al 3 e

Prehistoric Sites on the LaCrosse County Expressway Introduction ...... Fieldwork in 1987 and 1988 ...... Fieldwork in 1989 ...... Excavations at the Tremaine Site ...... Excavation Methods ...... Excavated Areas ...... Artifacts from Tremaine ...... Artifact Analysis ...... Lithic Source Identification ......

Area D ------ll Area E ...... 12 Area F ...... 12

Area G . . . e e e e e o e º e e o e o e e e e e 14 Pipestone and Native Metal ...... 16 Historic Component ...... 17 Artifact Summary ...... 17 Cultural Chronology At Tremaine ...... 19 Paleoindian ...... 19 Early Archaic ...... 20 Middle Archaic and the Altithermal ...... 22 Late Archaic ------31 Early Woodland ...... 34

Middle Woodland e - e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. 35

Late Woodland e - © e - e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. 38

Oneota ...... © e. Excavations at the Filler Site ...... 42 Testing in 1987 ...... 42 Excavations in 1988 ...... 44 Surface Survey at the 0t Site ...... 48 Excavations at the Firesign Site ...... 50 Fieldwork in 1988 ...... 50 Fieldwork in 1989 ...... 52 Summary ...... Archaeological Sites on S.T.H 35, shelty township ...... ;

Tables ...... 58

Figures ...... 157

Bibliography ...... 188

Analysis of Floral Remains from the 1987 Excavations at Tremaine . 198

List of Publications ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Mary Galneder of the University of Wisconsin Geography Department provided access to aerial photographs of LaCrosse County. Jeff Anderson conducted the soil acidity testing at the Tremaine site. Ken Klose of the County Highway Department expertly graded the site in 1988. William C. Jung (Deputy County Surveyor) provided maps of the site area. During the 1989 excavations Myles Johnson, Derald E. Kading, Tom Kratt, Tim Maedke, Rich Schrader and Jack Stoffel of the DOT office in LaCrosse were most helpful. Grading of Area E was conducted by a GTE Telephone Company Crew in 1989. Art Bialkowsky, Kevin Day, Tom Elias, Tim Hunter, and Dave Wendorf of that cable crew are most appreciated. Additional grading at the sites east of Tremaine was acomplished by John Bader, Al Wan Gunde, and Bob Schroeder who are with Hoffman Construction Company. Robert A. Birmingham, Jeff Groethe, Diane Y. Holliday, Ken Karstens, and Rodney E. Riggs assisted in the artifact analysis. The pottery drawings are by Peter Nepokroeff. Some of the animal remains were identified by James L. Theler (University of Wisconsin, LaCrosse). Particular appreciation is due to James B. Stoltman (University of Wisconsin) for his aid in identification of the Middle Woodland pottery. G. Ian Brace (Saskatchewan Museum of Natural History) provided valuable information on Archaic projectile points. Mike Kolb (U.W. M.) and Marge Winkler (C.C. R. ) provided information for the hydrology study. Dave Berwick (Corps of Engineers, St. Paul) provided information on the geomorphology of the region as did Dennis G. Althaus and Robert A. Patenaude. The majority of the radiocarbon dates reported herein are from the Center for Climatic Research (C.C.R.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; which is supported by the National Science Foundation.

The following individuals deserve particular mention for their participation in the fieldwork:

Patricia Brooks 1987, 1988 Gregory A. Brubaker 1990 Tonya S. Droessler 1989 Sheryl Dowden 1990 John A. Evanson 1987, 1988, 1989 Joan L. Gerthoffer 1988, 1989 Daniel B. Goatley 1989 Holly P. Halverson 1989 Lorna Haubrich 1990 Matt G. Hill 1988, 1989 R. Eric Hollinger 1987, 1988, 1989 Alison Kadlec 1990 T. Cregg Madrigal 1990 Lidia Migacz 1990 Mark O'Malley 1987, 1988, 1989 Jon R. Paulson 1987, 1988, 1989 Mike Scott 1988, 1989 Kate J. Kachel 1987, 1988, 1989 Jodie A. O'Gorman 1987, 1988, 1989 Margot S. Neverett 1990 Sannie K. Osborn 1987 Tristine E. Perkins 1990 Robert A. Pope 1987, 1988 Rebecca A. Schneider 1990 Shari M. Silverman 1990 Laura R. Stiver 1990 Ron Smith 1989 Elizabeth Sobel 1989 Joseph A. Wradenburg 1988, 1989 Duane Witkowski 1987

COVER PHOTOGRAPH: Archaeological Excavations and Geomorphic Coring at Tremaine, June 1987. The University of Iowa Libraries TABLES

page

Reference Points for Excavation Grid at the Tremaine 58 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, Excavations in Ar ea 59 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, Excavations in Area 61 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, Excavations in Area 63 Cerami cs from the Tremaine Site, Excavations in Ar ea 64 Cerami cs from the Tremaine Site, Excavations in Ar ea 69 Cerami cs from the Tremaine Site, Excavations in Ar ea 72 Cerami cs from the Tremaine Site, Excavations in Ar ea 80

Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, Excavations in Area AN 83 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, Excavations in Area AS 86 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, Excavations in Area B 89 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, Excavations in Area D 90 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, Excavations in Area E 97 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, Excavations in Area F 102 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, Excavations in Area G 111

Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, Excavations in Area 116 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, Excavations in Area 118 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, Excavations in Area 120 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, Excavations in Area 121 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, Excavations in Area 125 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, Excavations in Area 127 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, Excavations in Area 134

Stone Tools from the Tremaine Si te, Area AN and AS 137 Stone Tools from the Tremaine Site, Area B . . . 138 Stone Tools from the Tremaine Si te, Area D . . . 139 Stone Tools from the Tremaine Si te, Area F . . . 140 Miscellaneous Lithics from the Tremaine Site, Area G 141 Artifact Comparison for Area D and Area G, Tremaine Site 142 Radiocarbon Dates for Sites on the LaCrosse Expressway . 143 Corrected Radiocarbon Dates for LaCrosse County Oneota Sites 144

Artifacts from the Filler Site, Test Excavations, 1987 . 146 Ceramics from the Filler Site, Graded Area, 1988 147 Local Lithics from the Filler Site, Graded Area, 1988 . . . 148 Cerami cs from the Firesign Site, Excavations in 1988, 1989 149 Local Lithics from the Firesign Site, 1988 Excavations . 150 Local Lithics from the Firesign Site, 1989 Excavations . 151 Exotic Lithics from the Filler Site . 152 Exotic Lithics from the Firesign Site ...... 152

Fauna From LaCrosse County sites e e 153 Artifacts from Sites in Shelby Township ...... 154 Litnics from Excavations at the Young Kitty Site 155 Artifacts from Excavations at the Young Kitty Site 156 FIGURES page

Prehistoric Sites in the Vicinity of the LaCrosse Expressway 157 The Tremaine Site Complex ...... 158

Excavation Plan for the Tremaine Site, western area . . . . 159 Excavation Plan for the Tremaine Site, eastern area . . . . 160

Excavation Plan for Area AN and Area G, Tremaine Site . . . 161 Excavation Plan for Area AS and Area F, Tremaine Site . . . 162

Excavation Plan for Area D ...... 163 Tremaine Site, Excavation Plan for Area E ...... 164

Tremaine Site, Area E, Detail of 1988 Graded Area . . . . . 165 Artifacts from Area A at the Tremaine Site ...... 166

ll Oneota Ceramics from Area AS at the Tremaine Site . . . . . 167 12 Artifacts from Area AS and Area B at the Tremaine Site . . . 168

13 Oneota Ceramics from Area B, Area D, and Area E at Tremaine 169 14 Lithics from Area D and Area E at the Tremaine Site . . . . 170

15 Oneota Ceramics from Area E and Area F at the Tremaine Site 171 16 Artifacts from Area F at the Tremaine Site ...... 172

17 Oneota Ceramics from Area F at the Tremaine Site ...... 173 18 Artifacts from Area F at the Tremaine Site ...... 174

19 Artifacts from Area G at the Tremaine Site ...... 175 20 Cultural Chronology for LaCrosse County ...... 176

21 Tremaine Site, Feature 8, Profile Along N 142 Line . . . . . 177 22 Tremaine Site, Area F, Profile Along N 30 Line ...... 178

23 Location of the Filler and 0t Sites ...... 179 24 Filler Site E77 Profile, East Wall ...... 180

25 Filler Site, North Field Graded Area ...... 181 26 Excavation Plan for the Firesign Site (47–Lc-359) . . . . . 182

27 Ceramics from the Firesign Site ...... 183 28 Archaeological Sites in Shelby Township ...... 184

29 Excavation Plan for the Young Kitty Site (47-Lc-244) . . . . 185 30 The Stellzig Site (47-Lc-190) and Vicinity ...... 186 31 Artifacts from Shelby Township Sites and the Firesign Site . 187 PREHISTORIC SITES ON THE LACROSSE COUNTY EXPRESSWAY

Introduction

The proposed U.S. Highway 53 expressway will connect to Interstate Highway 90 and run northward along the bluff base, curve westward between Onalaska and Holmen, and terminate at State Trunk Highway (S.T.H.) 95 in northwestern LaCrosse County. The majority of this 17 kilometer (10.57 mile) long route is along Amsterdam Prairie, a high Late Pleistocene outwash terrace above the Mississippi River. Various archaeological surveys on Amsterdam Prairie have recorded a total of nine prehistoric sites that are within the proposed expressway right of way. The two northernmost sites are Lc-98 and Lc-103 which were surface collected and shovel tested in 1986 as part of a resurvey along the expressway. Also during that survey, test excavations were conducted at Lc-46 and Lc-249. This most recent survey also located sites Lc-247, and Lc-248. A sewer line survey in 1989 resulted in the recording of the Kloppenburg site (Barth 1989). Artifacts recovered from Lc-98, Lc-103, Lc-248, and Lc-249 indicate that these are Oneota sites which date from approximately AD 1200 to 1550. Area C at Kloppenburg (Lc-397), which covers 2.4 hectares (6 acres), is also Oneota. Site Lc-247 is much earlier at approximately 1000 bc. Test excavations were conducted at Lc-262 during the 1986 field season, and shovel tests were placed in Lc-149 which is due south of Lc-262. This initial subsurface reconnaissance indicated that cultural deposits may be intact below the limits of modern plowing. Since these two sites could provide significant information were they excavated, additional fieldwork was recommended for both. Various subsurface explorations have indicated that the context at Lc-46, Lc-98, Lc-103, Lc-247, Lc-248, and Lc-249 has been completely destroyed. During the 1987 and 1988 field seasons additional field research was conducted at the Filler site (Lc-149), the 0t site (Lc-262), and the Tremaine village (Lc-95). Tremaine, Midway, and a complex of sites in Sand Lake Coulee are the largest prehistoric sites on Amsterdam Prairie. This "Prairie" overlooks Brice Prairie which has a maximum elevation of 206.4 meters elevation above mean sea level. The Olson site (Lc-76) and adjacent sites (LC-74, Lc-75, and Lc-77) are the 1argest Oneota habitation areas on Brice Prairie. The Halfway Creek channel through Brice Prairie has been altered by twentieth century channelization. The course shown here (Figure 1) is as it was in 1846 when the township was first mapped. The Halfway Creek outlet to the Black River is only 7 kilometers east of the main Mississippi River channel. Amsterdam Prairie is bordered on the east by a series of sandstone bluffs. The base of these is approximately the 232 meter contour line and the flat upland areas begin above 275 meters. The uplands at the upper reach of Halfway Creek are high and rugged. The highest point on these bluffs is 372 meters (1221 feet).

-1 Fieldwork in 1987 and 1988

The 1987 and 1988 field seasons involved the most extensive archaeological fieldwork yet conducted on the LaCrosse County expressway. Survey of four of the proposed borrow pits produced negative results in the three southern locations in 1987. A small site was found in the fourth location which is due west of the Midway site (Lc-19). The Unitrust site (Lc-322) produced a small assemblage of lithic debris and no pottery or diagnostic stone artifacts (Figure 1). At this time the location of the borrow sources is preliminary. However if borrow pit four is used in the construction of the expressway, additional investigations will be necessary at Unitrust. Due to time limitations and poor field conditions, the northern borrow pits could not be surveyed during the 1987 field season. All of Borrow Pit 5 and the western portion of Borrow Pit 6 were surveyed in 1988. No cultural material was found in either of these northern borrow pits. Borrow Pit 5 and the surveyed portions of borrow pits l, 2, 3, and 6 are approved as sources of fill for the expressway. The major objectives in 1987 were to conduct test excavations at the Filler site (Lc-149), determine the site boundaries for the habitation area at the 0t site (LC-262), and to conduct initial tests in the highway corridor at the Tremaine site (Lc-95). These three goals were realized and form the basis of this report. The excavations which began at the 0t site in 1987 (0'Gorman 1989) were concluded in 1989. Surface survey and limited test excavations were conducted at the Firesign site (Lc-359) in 1988, and since a feature Was recovered excavations were recommended.

Fieldwork in 1989

By the advent of the 1989 field season, construction had begun on the south end of the expressway. As the summer progressed, the construction moved northward; and by July grading had commenced at the Ot site. Grading was monitored at 0t, and features were excavated before construction was allowed to proceed. Similarly, features were found at Filler and Firesign after the topsoil was stripped, and all features were recovered. The most intense occupation at Filler, Firesign, and 0t was during the latest prehistoric period. Numerous features were recovered from all three sites are the results of the Oneota activity which occured shortly before European explorations. At this writing analysis of the Oneota collections is incomplete as is the field work at Tremaine. Therefore the emphasis of this report is on the groups that inhabited the area prior to the Oneota invasion. Fieldwork for the season concluded at Filler, Firesign, and 0t in August. The excavation crew then turned its attention to the Young Kitty site in southern LaCrosse County where excavation and additional survey was conducted. The results of this work have been included here since the time of occupation is similar to the components discussed for the Tremaine site. EXCAVATIONS AT THE TREMAINE SITE

The Tremaine site (Lc-95) was recorded by the Great River Road archaeological survey on 12 June 1981. During this initial visit, five artifact concentrations were noted and each area was collected. These areas of densest surface concentrations are Area A and D at the northern end of the site and Area E which is on the eastern boundary of Tremaine adjacent to the 0t site. Area B, which spatialy is the smallest concentration, is between areas A and D. Part of each of these areas are within the corridor of the proposed USH 53 expressway. Including these aforementioned areas, Area C, and the limited scatters between each, the site was determined to cover a minimum of 24 hectares (60 acres). This portion of Tremaine is in Section 18 of Township 17 North Range 7 West. The original survey party could not define the southern limit of the site since they were unable to survey the fields south of Area C. Although adequate reconaissance was not acomplished in this Section 18 tract, a small area south of the school house in Section 19 was collected later that same year. Cultural material, particularly chert flakes, is extremely dense at this location and represents yet another artifact cluster for Tremaine (Figure 2). Inclusion of a portion of Section 19 as part of the Tremaine site indicated that the site covered a minimum area of 30 hectares (75 acres). Additional surveys since 1981 have indicated that Tremaine does not extend to the extreme southern tip of Amsterdam Prairie (Silha 1983). In 1986 Tremaine and three other sites were proposed nominees for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. Tremaine, Lc-l9, Lc-ll3, and Lc-147 constitute the Midway Archaeological District The southern boundary of this District is at the southern limit of the Tremaine site. That portion of Amsterdam Prairie in the northeast quarter of the northwest quarter of Section 19 is within the National Register District. A 1988 survey of the alfalfa field between the southern site limit defined by Silha (1983) and the boundary demarked by the 1981 survey (Penman 1984) produced a small collection of stone tools. Due to poor collecting conditions in this hay field, the modest lithic sample is assumed to be the byproduct of intense activiy similar to that represented in the excavated area. Inclusion of this field as part of the Tremaine site increases the site area to 32.8 hectares (81 acres). Since a proposed sewer line for the City of Holmen would cut through the western part of Tremaine, test excavations were conducted along the proposed pipe route by the University of Wisconsin, LaCrosse. A combination of soil probing and excavation of test units during this September 1981 investigation resulted in the location of a significant cultural deposit. This deposit is a small midden which is situated between manhole #5 and #6 at the terrace edge west of Area B. The bottom layer of the midden extends from 90 to approximately 170 centimeters below surface. The upper midden, which has been disturbed by modern plowing, is separated from the lower midden by a sterile aeoloin sand layer. Oneota artifacts were recovered from both these cultural strata (Hayes, et al. 1981).

-3 The 1987 excavations at Tremaine were conducted at the western edge of the site which is within the proposed highway corridor. This part of the site is entirely contained within the northern half of the southwest quarter of Section 18; and includes portions of Areas A, B, and D which were surface collected when the site was first reported. Oneota artifacts were recovered from all these areas when the site was first collected. In addition to the characteristic Oneota shell tempered pottery and small triangular arrow points, artifacts dating to earlier periods were found as well. Area A produced a Waubesa projectile point, a Spring Hollow Plain and Madison Cordmarked body sherd. These artifacts indicate that there is a Late Woodland and possibly Middle Woodland component in that part of the site. Kramer points, which are from a Late Archaic or Early Woodland occupation, were found in Areas C and D (Penman 1984). The grassy area west of the fence was not surface collected during the initial survey. It is distinguished here as Area F since extensive excavations were conducted on this part of the site in 1987. The 1987 excavations commenced on the first of June, and prior to that date a grid was established. The datum point or zero-zero coordinate for this grid is on the quarter section line that divides Area A from Area F (Figure 3). The datum is an iron pipe that has an assumed elevation of 216.0 meters which is accurate to within + 0.03 meters elevation above mean sea level. A secondary datum is the power pole south of Area F. The prime datum point has known physical relationships to the permanent highway stations at the edge of the site and other modern features in the immediate vicinity (Table 1). Grid north is 2 degrees east of true north and 50' east of the meridian line. Grid lines that are all related to the datum were established over the entire site. Excavations were conducted in Areas A, B, D, and F (Figures 3 and 4). Due to time limitations and the simultaneous excavations at the Ot site (LC-262), no excavations were conducted in Area E during the 1987 field season. Area E is adjacent to County Trunk Highway "OT", and this road is at S213 E397 on the site grid. Excavations in Area E began in 1988 and were completed the following year.

Excavation Methods

In general excavation units measure two meters to the side. If these large squares produced few artifacts, the units excavated in adjacent areas were smaller one meter squares. This method provided for maximum horizontal coverage for the least amount of excavaton time. The southeast corner of each unit is used to identify that particular square. All dirt excavated from each unit was sifted through quarter inch square hardware cloth to recover small artifacts. Soil samples were taken from Level 3 and lower levels in each of the larger units. These soil samples were then processed through number 30 geological sieve in order to recover seeds and other plant remains. A total of 99 large (4 liter) and some smaller samples from Tremaine were processed in the field. When features were encountered, soil samples were taken from these in 10 cm arbitrary levels. The soil samples from the features were processed through floatation methods by the Archaeology Division at the University of Missouri. In addition to hickory nuts and other wild plant foods, corn and squash have been identified in the Tremaine feature samples

–4– (see the following report by A. A. Hunter). Corn, beans, and squash; which are the staple domesticated plants; were recovered from 0t as well (Hunter and Umlauf 1989). On 18 June 1987 Jim Knox, Rick Dunning, and David Leigh brought their drilling rig from Madison and conducted soil tests across the west part of Tremaine. A total of seven drill holes were dug. They identified a red clay layer at approximately 120 cm below the surface in Area F. This Beta horizon is underlain by fluvial deposits that are either Late Pleistocene or Early Holocene in origin. The presence of these water borne sediments at such a shallow depth indicates that the sand dunes which are above the clayey soil are of no great depth on any portion of the site.

Excavated Areas

Area A is one of the larger artifact concentrations, but is at a lower elevation than Area E which is of comparable size. No portion of Area A extends as high as 220 meters in elevation. During the initial 1981 survey, the dense artifact concentration in the northwest corner of Tremaine was designated Area A. Corresponding to the excavation plan map (Figure 3), the northern edge would be parallel to the highway right of way boundary. Thus, Drill Hole (DH) 7 and 10 would be approximately at the north limit of Area A. The East 50 grid line is the eastern boundary, and the southern tip is where Man Hole (MH) #6 was constructed. Feature 6 is in Area A, due east of Area F. Feature 8 was encountered in Unit N140W50 which is in Area A north of Area F. During the 1988 grading operation a post mold was found in Area A on the boundary with Area G. This appears to be a burned out fence post; and although charcoal samples were taken, it will not be radiocarbon dated. The part of Tremaine designated "Area A" during the initial survey was subdivided due to the differing cultural complexes found during excavation. While shell tempered Oneota ceramics exceed 88% of the total pottery assemblage in most of the areas, Woodland activity was intense in Area A as evidenced by the amount of grit tempered sherds (Tables 2 through 8). Woodland activity was most intense in the northern part of Area A where a preceramic and nineteenth century component were also found. Woodland ceramics represent almost half (46.28%) of the total pottery collection from the northern part of Area A. Oneota activity was most intense in the southern part of Area A where 93.99% of the pottery wares are shell tempered. Thus, Area A was divided in two parts with the N70 grid line being the boundary. Area "AN" is north of that line, and Area "AS" is south of N70 (Figures 5 and 6). Area B is the smallest artifact concentration collected in 1981. This area is a low rise south of Area AS and west of Area D. The highest point at Area B is 217.89 meters (714.9 feet) above mean sea level. Area D extends from an elevation of 217 meters to the highest point at Tremaine which is 223.8 meters above mean sea level. The Area D knoll extends from the phone pole near the highest point, downslope and south to the base of the 217 meter contour line. Area D north of the highway corridor is above the 219 meter contour line (Figures 3 and 4). The only radiocarbon dated refuse pit found in this area is Feature 9 (Figure 7).

–5– The 1981 survey party designated the artifact concentration nearest to C.T.H "OT" as Area E. Artifact density was greatest above the 218 meter contour line. Area E is the northeastern corner of the Tremaine site. During the excavations, the limits for Area E were slightly expanded. Area E is now the high ground between the 217 meter contour and old CTH "0T." The highest point, which is a knoll at 221.7 meters (727.6 feet), is east of the E375 S310 grid point (Figure 4). A drainage ditch, which runs parallel to the E305 grid line, forms the western edge of Area E (Figure 8). This ditch, and the others further west, is approximately two meters wide. Since Area F had been unplowed for many years, it appeared to hold high potential for undisturbed prehistoric deposits. Thus the most extensive excavations undertaken at Tremaine in 1987 were conducted here. The high sandy knoll west of Drill Hole 1 is a terrace remnant that was almost entirely washed away when Halfway Creek shifted its course in 1964. A test trench was excavated through this hill remnant and a stratagraphic cut was made at the terrace edge. The soil pH in Area F is 5.5. Features 1 through 5 were found in this area, and three of these have been radiocarbon dated (Table 29). In 1988 the topsoil was stripped from the southern portion of Area F. This part of Area F was given particular attention since features had been recovered during the 1987 hand excavations (Figure 6). The profile of the trench which had been excavated by hand along the N30 line between W24 and W35 also indicated that undisturbed deposits may be intact at the base of the hill remnant (Figure 22). No features had been observed in the units north of this trench. Therefore, the northern edge of the undisturbed portion of Area F was assumed to be near the elevation hub. Since features were found further south, the southern limit was ascribed at the Datum. The entire undisturbed portion of Area F that is within the highway construction limits was graded. This stripping operation exposed a 732 square meter area, and four additional features (Figure 6). During the grading operation at Area F, the topsoil was also stripped from Area AS. Including the hand excavated units and the graded portion, excavation coverage in Area F totals 43%. Hand Excavation was conducted in all of the areas at Tremaine prior to the utilization of heavy equipment to expose features. The areas targeted for grading were determined through inspection of soil profiles in excavation unit walls and the clustering of features at particular locations. These criteria were applied to Area F where the graded part extends from the Area A boundary to the terrace edge, and between the N 7 grid line and the elevation hub. This amounts to 43% of Area F, and coverage is assumed to be total over the undisturbed portion. Excavation coverage is even higher in all of the other areas at Tremaine. Area G is the wooded area in the extreme northwestern corner of the site. It is separated from Area A by a barbed wire fence that runs north-south. Excavations did not commence in the low ground between Area D and Area E until 1989. This depression is bordred on the north by a sculptured ridge which is part of Area D. The slope was feathered during the 1966 land alterations. Presumably, the three drainage ditchs that cut north to south were constructed at that time. Graded strips were made in the low area in 1988 and due to the numerous fire pits and postmolds that were discovered, the low ground is designated Area H. The Area H boundaries are at E305 on the site grid and the base of the Area D spur (at Sl'70 E205).

–6– ARTIFACTS FROM TREMAINE

Artifact Analysis

While the majority of the ceramics are Oneota wares that have been tempered with crushed shell, several pieces of grit tempered pottery which were manufactured in earlier Woodland periods was also recovered (Tables 2-8). Typology for Oneota ceramics is from Hall (1962) and Henning (1961). Logan (1976) and Stoltman (1979) are the authorities for Woodland pottery types. Several studies have attempted a chronological reconstruction of Oneota ceramics based on design elements. These have met with only modest sucess, and since the Oneota wares analyzed here are small fragments, design elements cannot be reconstructed with any reliability. Since rim treatment may be as temporally sensitive as changes in design patterns, each rim was subjected to great scruteny to determine the type of decoration involved. All of the Oneota rims have been studied in this manner, and since many are extremely small, the number of unmodified or plain lips may be artifically high. Decoration or modification on the lips varies from shallow notches to deep crenelations which give the lip a "pie crust" appearance. Terminology for the types of lithic debris is adapted from White (1963: 5-18), and the Wentworth scale is used where size is noted for various stone (see Krumbein and Sloss 1963: 96).

Lithic Source Identification

Identification of stone utilized at Tremaine will further a reconstruction of trade patterns or exchange networks. Since there are numerous chert deposits in the bluffs only a kilometer east of Tremaine, the coarse grained light gray chert found at the site is considered to be of local origin. Such is the case for Alma Quartzite as well. This coarse grained silicified sandstone was first identified at deposits in Buffalo County (Penman 1981). Unlike the Buffalo County variety, the material from LaCrosse County is tan to light brown in color. The LaCrosse variety is as coarse as the Alma Quartzite from Buffalo County which is off white in color. There is a fleeting reference to LaCrosse County quartzite deposits in the Charles E. Brown manuscripts, which are housed at the State Historical Society. While survey in 1981 failed to relocate this source, it is no more than three kilometers from Tremaine. Thus, Alma Quartzite is also considered a local stone. Area G produced 11 flakes of a coarse grained quartzite, similar to Alma, but purple in color. This material was originaly identified as Alma Quartzite that had probably changed color during heat treatment. However, a large cobble of Alma found in Area H during more recent excavations exhibits thick veins of both the light brown and purple color. Therefore, all of the purple quartzite is considered Alma Quartzite that was unmodified by heat treatment (Tables 9-15). Hixton Quartzite, Cedar Valley Chert ("C.V."), and Grand Meadow Chert do not occur naturally within the Mississippi River Trench. These three materials have been recovered from all of the excavated areas, and the quantity of Hixton Quartzite is most significant (Tables 16-22). Hixton "Quartzite" is actually a fine grained silicified sandstone present at two outcrops in Jackson County, Wisconsin. The material from Tremaine can be traced to the southern outcrop which is at Silver Mound (Ja-21). The quartzite from Silver Mound was most desirable to the prehistoric inhabitants of the western Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi Valley regions (Porter 1961). Grand Meadow Chert is in extensive deposits along the Root River in Mower County, Minnesota (Trow 1981). The quarry pits (21-Mw-8) into the Grand Meadow Chert deposits cover a 68 hectare area attesting to the desirability of this material. Chert samples in the University of Wisconsin collection at Madison contain specimens of Grand Meadow Chert from Howard County, Iowa. While the Iowa material is of the highest quality, the flakes found at Tremaine are most likely from Mw-8 since this source is easily accessable via the Root River. Cedar Valley chert is found at site 21-Fl-60 in Fillmore County, Minnesota (Ready 1981). As is the case with Grand Meadow Chert from Mw-8, access to the source at F1-60 would be by way of the Root River. Cedar Valley Chert is in an extensive Devonian deposit that extends as far south as the Mississippi-Illinois River confluence (Meyers 1970). Although workable cobbles have been observed in the central Mississippi River basin (39 degrees North), the Minnesota material is presumed to be the source utilized by the Tremaine inhabitants. Other exotics; which occur in lower frequency; are Burlington Chert, Knife River Flint, and quartz. Knife River Flint is a translucent brown chalcedony that outcrops in North Dakota (Clayton, et al. 1970), but is found in glacial till as far east as central Minnesota (Bleed 1969). While there are Burlington Chert exposures throughout much of the central Mississippi River basin, the most desired material is "Crescent chert" from Jefferson County, Missouri (Ives 1975). The Crescent Hills quarries, from which Burlington Chert was mined, are 857 km (533 miles) south of Tremaine. Large quartz cobbles are present in the glacial outwash plain in Buffalo County (44 degrees 15' N). While it is possible that quartz of workable size occurs further downstream, the Buffalo County location is the only Verified source at this time. The Cochrane terrace that contains these large quartz crystals is 68 kilometers (42 miles) north of Tremaine.

Area AN All of the ceramics recovered from the excavation units and in non-feature areas are tabulated (Table 2). The horizontal clustering of the shell tempered versus grit tempered wares was the rational for the division of Area A into two parts. Only 53.72% of the ceramics recovered from Area AN are Oneota. The ceramics include a small Levsen Stamped rim from Level 6 of N90W50. A small cordmarked sherd which has the characteristics of Linn Ware was found in N110W22L-6. The fragment of a large (12 mm diameter) bead was recovered from the top level of N90W60 (Figure 10b).

–8– A Spring Hollow Plain rim was found in Level 6 of N98W30. Level 6 of N90W50 produced a small Levsen Stamped rim, and Level 4 of N98W50 contained a body sherd that has a combed stamp. The decoration on this latter sherd is rocker stamping indicative of the type Hummel Stamped (Figure 10a). The majority of the lithic debris has been tabulated. Additional pieces of debitage are a thinning flake of unidentified quartzite from N84W50L-2, and thinning flakes of Knife River Flint from N84W50L-2, N90W30L-3, and N90W60L-2. The greatest concentration of chalcedony is in Levels 1-5 of N98W30 which produced 11 thinning flakes. Stone artifacts manufactured from local gray chert are a Klunk projectile point from Level 4 of N100W50 (Figure 10c); and two side notched specimens that have been heat treated from N84W56L-6, and N90W50L-7 (Figure 10d.,e). Artifacts of Alma quartzite (Table 23) include the base of a side notched point from N84W56 Level 4 (Figure 10f) that is similar to the two side notched chert points. A Klunk projectile point is from N120W22L-4 (Figure 10g); and projectile point tips from the top level of N90W60, and N98W50L-4. The Klunk projectile point is typical of Late Woodland styles found in the Mississippi basin further south (Perino 1971: 100). A Madison point of Hixton quartzite was found in N140W72L-2. Other tools of Hixton are retouched flakes from N130W42L-1, N140W52L-1, and N142W50L-2. A single retouched flake of Knife River Flint was found in N100W40L-6. A small sandstone abrader was found in N90W40L-2, and N90W54L-4 produced a fragmentary groundstone object. A jasper pendant fragment (Figure 10h) is from the top level of N90W60. The only Woodland feature recovered during the 1987-1988 excavations at Tremaine was found in this area. Feature 8 is a large shallow basin shaped pit that had a high content of burned rock and wood (Figure 5). Charcoal was abundant, and thus four radiocarbon dates were obtained (Table 29). A single cordmarked body sherd was recovered from Level 2 of N140W50 in this feature. This sherd is too badly exfoliated to identify; however the paste is similar to Middle Woodland wares. The entire chipped stone inventory is as follows:

provenience Alma Quartzite Hixton Quartzite Thinning Flake Thinning Flake Total N142 W52 L-1 l 2 3 N142 W52 L-2 2 0 2 N140 W50 L-2 0 l 1. N142 W52 L-4 l 0 l N140 W52 L-7 0 l l

A coal clinker, which was recovered from Level 2 of N142W52, indicates that Feature 8 has been subjected to modern disturbance in the upper levels. The large quantity (1616 pieces of burned sandstone which have a total weight of 15,590 grams) of burned rock indicate some specialized processing which is not witnessed in the later, Oneota pits.

Area AS In contrast to Area AN, over 93% of the ceramics found in Area AS are Oneota (Table 3). The small number of Woodland wares include a Levsen Stamped rim from Level 8 of N8E2. Level 5 of that same unit produced a rim that has interior decorations that were made with a

–9– cord wrapped stick. The lip is also covered with cord impressions (Figure 10i). The Level 5 rim is most similar to ceramics in the Prairie series. This sherd is, however, the only piece of pottery that may indicate an Early Woodland occupation. A rim from N14E12 Level 5 has a rocker stamped field on a smoothed surface below a single row of punctations (Figure 10.j). These punctations are deep and have produced bosses on the interior. A small Madison Plain rim

sherd found in the top level of N8E2 is indicative of a Late Woodland $. component. Only one of the plain Oneota rims is notched (Figure lla, b), while six have deep crenelations (Figure llc-f), and ten are plain. These are common lip modifications for the Oneota ceramics found in both Area AS and F. However two rims from N7E14L-4 and N16E4L-4 have slight downward impressions on the exterior near the lip (Figure 11g). The majority of the lithic debris is the by product of stone tool manufacture (Table 10). Only one flake appears to have been intentionally struck into a tabular shape. This block of gray chert is from N8E12L-2 (Figure 12a). A total of three primary decortication flakes of local chert were found in Level 4 of N14E12. Hixton Quartzite primary decortication flakes were found in N8E2L-4, N14E12L-3, and N20E10L-2. A thinning flake of Knife River Flint was recovered from N16E4L-2. Stone tools include Madsion points of local chert from N7E14L-4 and N16E4L-3. End scrapers made from local gray chert were found in N0E18L-2, NbF12L-4 N8E2L-3, and N16E4L-4 (Figure 12b). N7E14L-4 produced two chert endscrapers. A drill (or awl) was found in N6E12L-2, and N8E12L-2 (Figure 12c.). A fragment of a side notched projectile point of local chert was found in the top level of N16E4. Hixton quartzite artifacts include two Madison points from the top level of N8E2, a Madison point from Level 6 of that same unit (Figure 12d), and an end scraper from N8E2L-2. Worked flakes of Hixton quartzite were found in N8E12L-3, N16E4L-3, and S10E16L-6. Hixton Quartzite bifaces were found in NOE18L-1 and N8E2L-3. Other exotic lithics include a Madison point of Grand Meadow chert and an awl (Figure 12f) from N15E20L-2. Grand Meadow Chert end scrapers were found in N6E12L-4, N8E12L-1, N16E4L-4, N34E10L-3, and S10E16L-l (Figure 12g,h). A flake of Cedar Valley Chert from N7E14L-2 has unifacial retouch on one edge. A large sandstone abrader was found in N16E4L-4 (Figure 12i). Chipped stone tools of an unidentified quartzite are a Madison point from N8E2L-6 and a biface from N14E12L-2.

Area B Fewer than 1% of the ceramics recovered from Area B are grit tempered wares. Thus the debris from this knoll is assumed to represent a nearly pure Oneota component. The grit tempered Woodland ceramics (Table 4) include a small Spring Hollow Cordmarked rim sherd from S58E82L-2 and a combed body sherd from Level 4 of S58E68. The Oneota pottery includes a shell tempered loop handle from S69E82L-6 (Figure 13a). Only two rims from decorated pots were recovered from this area, and both have a plain, unmodified lip. Eight of the plain rims have no lip modification, while three have slight dimples (Figure 13b, c), four are notched, and four have deep crenelations.

-10– Rough stone tools (cores, bifaces, and retouched flakes) of local gray chert and Hixton Quartzite have been tabulated (Table 24). Additionally, other tools made from local chert were recovered. These are a drill (Figure 12.j) from the top level of S58E68, Madison points, and end scrapers. The projectile points are from S54E62L-1, and S55E18L-2. End scrapers were found in S55E78L-1, S63E74L-1, S69E82L-2, and L-3. Level 3 of S54E62 produced three chert end scrapers (Figure 12k, 1). A Kramer projectile point that has been reworked into an end scraper was found in S58E68L-4 (Figure 12m). Artifacts made from Alma Quartzite include an end scraper (S46E68L-1), a biface (S54E62L-1), a Madison point (S69E82L-1), a wedge (S58E82L-6), and a worked or retouched flake (S54E62L-3). Artifacts made from exotic stone include an end scraper made from Burlington Chert from Level 3 of S58E68. Hixton Quartzite artifacts are a projectile point tip from S54E62L-2 and a wedge from the top level of S58E68. Madison points made of Hixton Quartzite are from S67E78L-1 and S69E82L-3. End scrapers made from Grand Meadow Chert are from S54E62L-3 (Figure 12n) and S67E78L-2. Level 2 of S54E62 produced two Grand Meadow Chert end scrapers. A wedge was found in the top level of S58E68 (Figure 12o). The cortex is smooth on two of the Grand Meadow Chert retouched flakes, indicating that these were procured from stream gravel. Cedar Valley Chert flakes which have been retouched were found in S54E62L-3 and S69E82L-3. A small abrader made of sandstone is from the top level of S67E78 (Figure 12p).

Area D Over 97% of the ceramics from Area D are shell tempered Oneota wares (Table 5). The only diagnostic grit tempered sherd is a Spring Hollow Plain rim from S53E166L-3. A shell tempered strap handle was found in S35E154L-4. Other Oneota ceramics are a Perrot Punctate body sherd from S52E173L-4, and a plain rim from S52E166L-3. This rim has a single finger impression at the lip similar to the two found in Area AS. Only one of the trailed vessels has a notched rim, while the other is plain. Nine of the plain vessels have an unmodified lip, while two are dimpled, three are crenelate, and three are notched (Figure 13d,e). Considering the limited excavations conducted in Area D, this ridge produced a high number of end scrapers. End scrapers made from local chert were found in S25E172L-4; S26E151L-4; S29E168L-1 and L-2; S31E170L-1; S33E164L-3; S33E168L-1, L-3, and L-5; S36E152L-1; S37E172L-1 and L-2; S41E171L-2 and L-6; S44E153L-2; S52E172L-2; and S56E169L-1 (Figure 14a). End scrapers of heat treated chert are from S43E166L-3, and S52E172L-3 (Figure 14b). A chert awl was found in S59E170L-1 (Figure 14d), and a drill or awl was recovered from S25E172L-2 (Figure 14e). Chert wedges were in S37E172L-2 and S41E171L-2. A retouched flake was found in Level 3 of S52E172 (Figure 14f), and a Madison projectile point is from S41E162L-4 (Figure 14c). A Madison projectile point of heat treated chert is from S36E152L-2. In addition to the tabulated artifacts (Table 25) stone tools made from Alma Quartzite are a Madison point from S36E152L-5, and a wedge from S36E152L-7. Madison projectile points made from Hixton Quartzite were found in S62E162L-2, and S121E182L-1. Level 3 of S33E164 contained two Madison points. An end scraper was found in S65E163L-1, and a retouched Hixton Quartzite flake is from S33E164L-1.

-11 End scrapers made from Grand Meadow Chert were found in S25E164L–5, S25E168L-5, S31E168L-1, S33E164L-1, and S59E166L-2. A drill is from S62E162L-3. Of the artifacts where the cortex is present three have a smooth surface, and the cortex is rough on only one. An awl is from S62E161L-3 (Figure 14g). End scrapers made from Cedar Valley Chert were found in S26E151L-4, S33E172L-1, and S52E172L-3 (Figure 14h, i.). Worked flakes were in S25E172L-3, S41E171L-1, and S60E173L-2 (Figure 14.j). A side notched projectile point is from S33E164L-1, and a projectile point tip is from S37E172L-2. The cortex is smooth on two of these artifacts made of Cedar Valley Chert and rough on one. The smooth cortex indicates that the cobble was stream transported. It appears that many of the cobbles of Grand Meadow and Cedar Walley chert were procured from the bed of the Root River and not the geological deposit. A Madison point made of Knife River Flint was found in the top level of S25E164 (Figure 14k). A granite hammerstone was recovered from S52E172L-7, and a small sandstone abrader was in S44E153L-2.

Area E After the topsoil had been stripped, the excavations in Area E were concentrated over the features. Thus, the excavations were limited in areas that did not produce features. None of the excavation units between grid point E370 and the eastern end of the site at County Highway "0T." produced features, and artifact density was lower here than in the western part of Area E (Tables 6, 13, and 20). No diagnostic Woodland pottery was recovered and a strap from S203E326L-4 is the only handle from an Oneota vessel (Figure 13f,g). Only one trailed vessel with a crenelate lip was found (Figure 15a). Only one of the plain vessels has a dimpled lip, and two are crenelate (Figure 15b). All of the stone tools are made from local gray chert. These are an end scraper from S221E316L-1, a biface from S220E325L-3, , and a core from S265E375L-3. Worked flakes were found in S221E316L-1 and S240E290L-2. Level 6 of S250E372 produced the base of an Agate Basin projectile point (Figure 14m).

Area F Approximately 10% of the ceramics from Area F are Woodland. A rim from N14W6 Level 8 has a stamped lip and is bossed on the interior. The single row of bosses is above a series of weak, horizontal incised lines (Figure 16a). The exterior is exfoliated; and, thus decorative elements cannot be reconstructed. A rim from Level 8 of N28W24 also has interior bosses. The bosses were formed by deep punctations that were pressed from the outside of the vessel. Below these punctations are three horizontal lines that were applied to a smooth surface (Figure 16b). Another rim (N34W30L-3) has a sandier paste and fingernail notching at the lip indicative of Spring Hollow Cordmarked. A small Levsen Punctate rim was found in Level 7 of N22W16 and another is from N38W34L-6. Several sherds have a sandy paste and coarse rock included as temper. These are best classified as Linn Ware (Logan 1976: 110), and are indicative of a Middle Woodland component. Cordmarked sherds which are too fragmentary for identification that have a Linn paste are from N12W12L-7, N14W6L-6, and N32W22L-8. A cross-hatched incised sherd from N32W22L-8 should also be included under the Linn Ware classification.

-12– The depth at which the majority of the Linn wares were recovered is not indicative of an undisturbed Woodland strata. The Woodland sherds described above are all from deeper portions of the excavations. However Levsen Punctate body sherds were found in Level 4 of N32W22 and Level 2 of N28W26. A plain sherd with a single boss was in Level 3 of N8W4. A Naples Stamped rim with fingernail impressions on both the interior and exterior was recovered from N28W26L-4. This rim along with a body sherd from N28W34L-9 are indicative of an earlier component. The body sherd is too small for proper identification, but has limestone temper. Both the Naples rim and this limestone tempered sherd date to a Middle Woodland occupation (possibly Trempealeau Phase) that precedes the Linn Ware ceramics. A Madison Cordmarked body sherd from Level 8 of N24W24 and a Madison Plain rim from N28W18L-2 are indicative of a Late Woodland occupation. A punctate rim sherd found in Level 2 of N14W14 conjoins with a rim fragment from Level 7 of that same unit (Figure 16c). These two fitted sherds are indicative of the severe mixing in Area F. The shell tempered wares include a Perrot Punctate body sherd from N16W6L-5 (Figure 16d), and an Allamakee Trailed rim sherd which is also decorated with punctations which was found in N18W8L-2. The fragment of a miniature vessel which has an incised chevron design (Figure 16e) found in N28W32L-9 matches to a piece found at that same level in N28W34. A shell tempered strap handle which is channeled is from N16W6L-8 (Figure 17c), and a trailed vessel from the top level of N28W26 has a weakly notched lip and a lug (loop) handle (Figure 17a, b). Lip treatment on the Oneota pots from Area F (Figure 15c., d) is as follows:

COunt percent

Plain (undecorated) Wessel - Plain, unmodified Lip 9 23 Dimpled Lip 5 12 Crenelate Lip 13 32 Notched Lip 9 23 Trailed (decorated) Wessel Crenelate Lip l 2 Notched Lip 3 8 TOTAL 40 100

The vertical placement of many of the diagnostic stone tools is also indicative of the severity of disturbance. Area F produced an eclectic assemblage of projectile points including Waubesas, Kramers, and a single Durst (Figure 16f). While Durst points may have been manufactured as late as the Early Woodland Period (Goldstein and Osborn 1988: 36), their popularity may not extend as late in time as Kramer points which also have a Late Archaic to Early Woodland range (Goldstein and Osborn 1988: 38). Even though the Durst point was recovered from the lowest level of N36W6, shell tempered sherds were also recovered from that depth (Table 7). A Kramer point was found in Level 2 of N31W6 (Figure 16g) which is above the greatest concentration of shell tempered Oneota sherds.

–13– The Waubesa points are probably part of the Middle Woodland assemblage. These points, which are also termed "Gary" in some typologies (Figure 18a-e), are from N8W4L-2, N14W16L-5, N31W6L-2, and N32W16L-2 which are all levels above concentrations of Oneota ceramics found in those particular units. Honey Creek projectile points (Figure 16h) were recovered from N14W8L-2 and N32W22L-5. While these points have been found in deposits dating to the Middle Woodland Period and transitional Late Woodland (Mead 1979: 145-149), the specimens from Area F are not in their original placement. Due to the severity of mixing in the cultural deposits, provenience is not provided for the majority of the stone tools found in Area F (Table 26). Two worked flakes of an unidentified quartzite are not in the tabulation. In addition to the tabulated lithic debitage (Tables 14 and 21), Knife River Flint thinning flakes were found in N12W12L-6 and N34W30L-3. A primary decortication flake of gray chert was found in N28W34L-9, and a chert primary flake from that same provenience is heat threated. A secondary decortication flake of Cedar Valley Chert was recovered from the top level of N34W30. A single primary decortication flake of Grand Meadow Chert, which has a smooth cortex, was found in NllW16L-3. The only pieces of quartz from Area F are a thinning flake from N12W8L-4 and a worked flake found in N32W16L-6. A fragmentary basalt artifact was found in N22W16L-5, and a small sandstone abrader is from N16W6L-6.

Area G The ceramics from Area G are almost exclusively Woodland wares. Only 13 shell tempered sherds representing 2.2% of the ceramic collection indicate minimal Oneota activity in this area (Table 8). A Madison Cord Impressed rim sherd was found in Level 4 of N190W140 (Figure 192). Two rims from levels 4 and 5 of N140W90 are too small to be identified, but also appear to be Late Woodland. Middle Woodland ceramics are a Naples Stamped rim from N170W110L-7 and a Levsen Stamped rim sherd from N156W96L-4 (Figure 196). Rim sherds from N160W100L-7 (Figure 19c.) and N200W140L-4 (Figure 19d, e) have stamped designs and vessel shapes similar to "Hopewell" wares. However, these two vessels differ slightly from those found in Trempealeau County, and thus they have not been assigned to specific types. Their similarity to vessels from Trempealeau Phase sites, does indicate an occupation that predates the Millville Phase. A Levsen Stamped variety dentate body sherd was recovered from N138W84L-5 (Figure 19t). A sherd from Level 2 of unit N140 W90 and three body sherds from the next lower level in that unit have rows of punctations over a cordmarked surface. This is a vatiation of Madison Cordmarked identified as var. Beef (Penman 1980: 19). Madison Cordmarked var. Beef is most common at the Deer Creek site (Bf-54) in Buffalo County. A plain rim from Level 7 of N170W110 has coarse cordmarked impressions in a diagonal pattern near the lip. It may represent a minor type that was in use in the transitional Middle to Late Woodland period (Figure 199).

-14– Diagnostic stone artifacts made from local chert are a Klunk projectile point base from N164W96L-5 and a Waubesa point from N160W98L-2. The Waubesa was manufactured from heat treated material. A Waubesa made from Alma quartzite was found in N160W100L-4 (Figure 19h). Other stone tools are a worked flake of local chert from N144W90L-4, and the tip of a projectile point made from Hixton Quartzite found in N160W100L-6. The only tool made from Cedar Valley Chert is a worked flake from N190W130L-4. While the majority of the lithic debris has been tabulated (Tables 15 and 22), additional specimens are three unidentified chert flakes from N190W130L-2, and one from N190W130L-5. A primary decortication flake of local chert is from N180W102L-4. Three primary decortication flakes of Hixton Quartzite were found in N180W110L-4. A fragment of granite is from N170W110L-5, and basalt flakes were found in N156W90L-2, N180W102L-5. A sandstone bead (Figure 191) is from Level 8 of N160W.90. The highest artifact concentrations are found in the units along the W90 line; particularly Nlj6, N160, and N164 W90. However, there is not apparent vertical separation of Woodland components, and Oneota ceramics are found throughout the eastern part of Area G as well. Vertical mixing is apparent as far west as the unit at N180W120 where a Madison Cordmarked body sherd is in Level 6 which is ten centimeters below two sherds that have properties of Middle Woodland ceramics. While there is no evidence of an Oneota presence north and west of N180W120 there is a significant ceramic sample from which the amount of disturbance can be determined. Most notable in the five units between N180 W120 and the terrace edge are the concentrations of burned sandstone in N190 W130 and N210 W140. The vertical placement of ceramics indicate some mixing in this part of Area G as well. While units N190 W120 and N190 W140 contained only Madison wares, the other three units are extremely disturbed. Levels 1-3 of N200W140 contained a mix of Madison wares and modern artifacts, and Levels 4 and 5 of that unit are a mixture of Late Woodland Madison wares and Middle Woodland pottery. Madsion ware ceramics extend to a depth of 20 cm below the Middle Woodland pottery in N210 W140 which is the northern extent of the excavations at Tremaine. Although the Area G 11thic assemblage is smaller that that recovered from some of the Oneota areas, interpretations are possible with regard to stone procurement and utilization. Area G produced the greatest quantity of quartz (Table 27). Although two quartz thinning flakes were found in Area F, this material was utilized only infrequently by Oneota groups. Only three pieces of Hixton Quartzite debitage are primary decortication flakes, and a single primary flake of local chert was recovered. The incidence of primary flakes is low in Area G, representing less than 0.2% of all lithic debris, indicating that primary reduction of cobbles took place at the stone source before transport to the site. No secondary decortication flakes of either Grand Meadow or Cedar Valley chert were found. Eventhough Alma Quartzite thinning flakes represent the majority (80%) of the Area G lithic assemblage, secondary decortication flakes are absent. This indicates that Alma Quartzite was fashioned into preforms or tool blanks at the stone source. Secondary flakes represent 6% of the total amount of Hixton Quartzite, indicating that this material was

-15 brought to Area G in less than finished form. By comparison, 11% of the local gray cherts are decortication flakes. The use of heat treatment to make chert more knappable is lower in Area G than in any of the other parts of the site. Whereas only 0.3% of the Area G lithic aggregate is heat treated chert, over 13% of the lithic total for Area D is chert that has been heat altered. While the incidence of heat treated chert is extreme in Area D, the percentages are similarly high in Area A, B, and F where the range is 2.7 to 6.3%. The technique of heat treating cherts was used more frequently during the later Oneota period.

The Area G artifact assemblage is compared to the sample from Area D, which is presumed to represent a "pure" Oneota component. Only 74 grit tempered sherds, which represent 2.9% of the Area D ceramics are Woodland. Both lithic assemblages are approximately equal in size, and while they are smaller than the stone samples from Areas A, B, and F; they are comparable to one another (Table 28). Stone from local sources (chert and Alma Quartzite) comprise 88% of the Area G lithics. In contrast only 77% of the Area D stone assemblage is from local sources. The percentage of Hixton Quartzite found in both Area D and G indicate that this material was the preferred exotic stone in both the Oneota and earlier Woodland periods. Reliance on such imported materials as Grand Meadow and Cedar Valley cherts is low in Area G, indicating that these sources were not extensively exploited during the Woodland periods. Indeed all of the exotics, excluding Hixton Quartzite, amount to only l.3% of the Area G asemblage. In contrast, 9.6% of the Area D asemblage is Grand Meadow and Cedar Walley chert. A greater number of tools was recovered from Area D than Area G. While 2.7% of the Area D lithic asemblage is composed of tools, stone artifacts comprise less than 1% of the Area G sample. Although end scrapers constitute 26% of the Area D tool assemblage, no end scrapers were found in Area G. End scrapers are found at Woodland sites; for example, the Young Kitty site in Shelby Township. However, these appear to be an innovation that occurs late in the sequence, and end scrapers are not part of the Middle Woodland tool kit.

Pipestone and Native Metal

All of the metal recovered from features at Tremaine is indigenous to the region. None of the metal items found in association with the aboriginal component is European in origin. The top level of S58E82 in Area B and Level 3 of S33 E168 (Area D) each contained the fragment of a rolled bead made of sheet copper. A small copper nugget was found during the Great River Road survey on the Wind River in Pierce County. Nuggets of similar size would be adequate for the manufacture of beads. These nuggets are glacially transported and would be exotic south of the Buffalo River. A galena cube was found in Level 2 of N32W22 (Figure 18p). Natural lead cubes are not uncommon at Oneota sites. Since lead bearing deposits are south of the Wisconsin River (Walthall 1981), galena recovered from LaCrosse County represents trade or exchange with more southerly groups.

—16 Fine red stone used to manufacture smoking pipes, tablets, and plaques is commonly referred to as pipestone. Pipestone deposits are numerous in Barron County and at other locations in northwestern Wisconsin (see West 1910). Analysis of the pipestone artifacts from Tremaine is being undertaken by James N. Gundersen of Wichita State University. Gundersen defines the pipestone from Pipestone National Monument as "catlinite" (see Gundersen and Tiffany 1986). At this stage of his analysis, Gundersen (1989) has identified two pieces of catlinite from Area A, one piece from Area D, and one piece recovered from the surface in Section 19. The excavations in Area F produced two objects manufactured from siltstone. A pipe from the surface of Area E is Kansas pipestone. Thusfar, none of the objects analyzed from Tremaine or the 0t site were manufactured from Wisconsin pipestone.

Historic Component

None of the metal items found in clear association with the aboriginal component are of European origin. The historic items recovered from Tremaine include lead shot, a square nail, and white paste earthenware. The "ironstone" ceramics cluster in Area AN. A lead shot fragment was found in Level 3 of N8E12 and an expended 22 caliber bullet is from Level 3 of N8E2 which also contained a square nail. These items date to the last quarter of the nineteenth century. The only historic specimen that can be used to better estimate the time frame for the assemblage is a sleigh bell from S55 E58 Level 3 in Area B (Figure 12q). This brass bell bears the patent dates "Oct. 24 76 & May 14. 78." The only historic feature found during the excavations is the burned fence post in Area AN near Area G.

Artifact Summary

Due to the small sample reported here, interpretations of the Oneota ceramics must await analysis of the pottery from the features. The ceramics are used, however, to identify the areas where Oneota activity was most intense at Tremaine. As stated previously, Oneota activity was minimal in Area G where shell tempered sherds account for only 2.22% of the entire ceramic sample. Comparisons have been drawn between Area G, which is considered a Woodland component, and Area D which represents an Oneota occupation almost exclusively (see Table 28). Excluding Area G, 93.15% of the ceramics are Oneota, and the most intense Woodland activity is in Area AN where 46.28% of the pottery is grit tempered. Although Area AN is multicomponent, the majority of the lithics are assumed to be Oneota since most of the features date to that period. Further discussion excludes Area G, but Area AN is included. Perhaps the most striking pattern with regard to lithic selection is the preference for certain types of tools manufactured from exotic stone. Less than 2% of the lithic debris is Grand Meadow Chert. However 28% of the end scrapers were made from this material. Whereas only 13.28% of the stone debitage is Hixton Quartzite, 40% of the

-17 triangular projectile points were made of material imported from Silver Mound. Only half of the awls are local chert, with the other 50% being manufactured from imported material. The proportions are similarly high for worked flakes. Retouched flakes of Hixton Quartzite, Grand Meadow Chert, and Knife River Flint account for 39% of all worked flakes. Only 5% of the retouched flakes are Alma Quartzite. The frequency of worked quartzites may be deceptively low since edge ware or retouching is difficult to discern due to the nature of the material. The majority of the bifaces and cores are of local chert or Alma Quartzite, and those fashioned from exotic materials is commensurate with the amount of debris for each stone type. There were only 16 cores recovered and 11 of these are local chert, three are from Alma Quartzite, one is Hixton, and one is Grand Meadow Chert. The number of cores recovered during two seasons of excavations at Tremaine is low in relation to the Firesign site where 16 cores were collected from the surface in a one week period.

-18– CULTURAL CHRONLOLGY AT TREMAINE

The Agate Basin base from S250 E372 in Area E is the oldest artifact recovered from Tremaine. This single point may represent a Paleoindian occupation or could be a curio brought to the site by a later inhabitant. Its physiographic placement suggests an actual Paleoindian occupation. This part of Area E has an elevation of 219 to 220 meters above mean sea level. The Krakul site (Tr–69) in Trempealeau County is on a knoll south of Tamarack Creek. The elevation of Krakul is approximately 219 meters, and there is no indication of occupations other that Paleoindian (Penman 1984: 48). The similar physiographic placement of these two sites is not, however, due to exclusive selection of higher land for campsites. Paleo points have been recovered from Lc-128, which is briefly described later in this report, and at the LaFleur site (Lc-143) in downtown LaCrosse. Neither of these sites is more than 208 meters in elevation (see Penman 1984). Unlike Amsterdam Prairie, the terraces adjacent to the Mississippi River in southern LaCrosse County are relatively level. The geomorphic work at Tremaine has shown that the ridges, such as Area D are terrace remnants capped by dune sand. Thus, the higher hills such as Area D are older land surfaces. The timing for the sequence of erosion and vertical deflation is uncertain at this time. However, the severity is without question. The terrace surface on Area D is at the 219 meter contour approximately; while Area AN which is on the younger surface has some elevations as low as 215 meters. Feature 8, which is the earliest dated pit, is in Area AN at an elevation of 217.6 to 218.3 meters msl. Since none of the other early components are within a datable context, the assumption is made that the surface stabilized prior to the construction of Feature 8 which is Middle Woodland. The surface was probably stable long before Feature 8 was dug. Early Archaic projectile points were recovered from the low ground south of Feature 8. This part of Area AN has elevations ranging from 215.6 to 217.0 meters. From the location of radiocarbon dated Feature 8 it is determined that portions of Amsterdam Prairie had eroded down to an elevation of 218 meters by AD 300. However, the surface was probably stable well prior to that time. A more accurate temporal placement of the side notched Early Archaic points will provide a more reliable estimation of the end date for the erosion at Amsterdam Prairie.

Paleoindian

The Paleoindian points recovered from Krakul and Tremaine are on surfaces higher than 218 meters in elevation above sea level (msl). The geomorphic work at Tremaine has shown that the ridges that extend from 219 meters msl down to 218 meters are the fluvial terrace remnant. These are the oldest surfaces on Amsterdam Prairie that were formed by Pleistocene outwash sediments during the retreat of the last (Wisconsin) glaciers. The presence of Paleoindian points at LaFleur and Lc-128 indicates that lower terraces in LaCrosse County were also chosen occupation areas. The Agate Basin point from Area E is assumed to represent a Paleoindian occupation since is is an unaltered specimen recovered from the oldest part of Amsterdam Prairie. The most liberal range for radiocarbon dated Agate Basin components in the western United States is from 8540 to 7400 bc. (see Haynes 1967).

-19 Based on analysis of artifact styles, particularly at stratified sites, Vance Haynes (1967: 284) believes that Folsom points and similar unfluted forms represent an evolution in manufacturing technique derived from the Llano complex. Agate Basin and other Plano complex projectile points could be representative of post glacial migrations. Haynes places Clovis sites of the Llano complex between 10,050 and 9050 bc. At this writing, no Clovis points have been recovered from the Mississippi Trench in LaCrosse County. The nearest Folsom find is a single point made of jasper taconite from the Brommer site (Bf-13) in Buffalo County. Brommer is on the Buffalo River at the northern edge of the unglaciated area (see Penman 1984). Thus far, all of the Paleoindian points recovered from the Wisconsin portion of the Mississippi River Trench are surface finds. With the exception of the Folsom from Brommer and a few fragmentary fluted points, the majority are unfluted specimens most similar to Agate Basin or Plainview. The presence of Paleoindian points at two sites on Amsterdam Prairie and at an equal number of sites further downriver indicates that the Paleoindian groups were probably equally distributed though the Mississippi River trench in LaCrosse County. While only four sites that have produced one Paleoindian point each have been recorded for the Mississippi Trench portion of LaCrosse County, no artifacts that can be dated to the subsequent Middle Archaic Period have been recovered from Amsterdam Prairie.

Early Archaic

The side notched points from Area AN have been alluded to previously. Since two are from N84 W56 and the third was found in N90 W50 they are from a restricted area. Although none of the three are in datable context; they are probably representative of a single, short term occupation. The two complete points are made from local chert that was intensely heat treated. The third specimen, which is made from Hixton Quartzite, is a proximal fragment. Although it is difficult to discern fine knapping on quartzites, the fragment does not appear to have a ground base. All three have been subjected to basal thinning giving them a fluted appearance (Figure 10d-f). This technique has produced a thin base (3 to 4 mm) that is half as thick as the body (5 to 6 mm). The complete specimens are 42 to 43 mm long and 26 to 27 mm wide, and both have serrated blades. Side notched points are ubiquitous throughout the Plains during the preceramic periods. Those of greatest antiquity have deeply concave bases that were ground after final knapping. Brazos and San Patrice points from north Texas are similar in size and basal treatment to the Tremaine specimens. The San Patrice varieties generally have beveled but unserriated blades (Duffield 1963) which seperates them typologically from the Tremaine specimens. Brazos points differ from San Patrice in the nature of the fluting and the tangs are more finely knapped on the former. There are, however, few radiocarbon dates in direct association with either of these Texas types. Stratified deposits at the Horn site have been radiocarbon dated, and thus, relative placement is possible for Brazos points. The charcoal dates for the level overlying Brazos range from 8030 to 7.550 bc. (Redder 1985: 41). The points from the Cherokee site in western Iowa that are most similar to the Tremaine finds are in strata that have been radiocarbon dated between 6550 and 5195 be (see Anderson 1980).

–20– The closest site to Tremaine that has produced similar points is the Itasca Bison kill at the headwaters of the Mississippi River in northern Minnesota. In his analysis of the points from Itasca, Shay 1971: 56) notes that side notched points have great longevity on the Plains. He was unable to obtain radiocarbon dates for the specimens that have ground concave bases, but suspected that they dated between 6550 and 5050 bc. The telling characteristics for the antiquity of such points is the deeply concave base that has been thinned and ground. These techniques were employed in the manufacture of Hardaway points which also have serrated blades. Based on the stratagraphic placement at the Hardaway site in North Carolina, Coe (1964: 64–67) placed these and similar types in a 10,000 to 6000 bc. time frame. Points such as Big Sandy, LeCroy, and Pine Tree are somewhat similar to the Tremaine specimens. These three types have been found in datable context (6550 to 5615 be) at Russell Cave, Alabama (Griffin 1974). The points from Tremaine are similar in method of manufacture to the above mentioned forms. However, the tangs on the Tremaine specimens are quite distinctive seperating them typologicaly from Hardaway, Big Sandy, LeCroy, and Pine Tree. Kessell side notched points, which are found at the St. Albans site, are most similar in size and shape to the points from Tremaine. Kessell points differ in that the blades are not serrated and bases are not heavily ground (Broyles 1971: 60-61). A single Kessell point was found at a depth of 16 feet in the St. Albans site (West Virginia). The point was recovered from the top of a hearth that has been radiocarbon dated to 7900 +500 bc. By comparing the St. Albans assemblage to other dated Archaic sites in the southeast, Broyles (1971) determined that Kessell points are temporally placed between Hardaway and LeCroy points. Using the dates for the LeCroy level at Russel Cave, a date of 6550 bc or earlier is the terminus for Kessel point manufacture. Although no other radiocarbon dates are available for the earliest St. Albans strata, Broyles places the inception of Kessel points at circa 8500 bc. Since the specimens from Tremaine are most similar to Kessell points from West Virginia, they are considered a variation of the Kessell type. The similarity in the forms does not, however, indicate migration of southern groups into LaCrosse County. All of the Tremaine specimens are manufactured from local stone indicating that their makers were an indigenous population. A rather liberal time range is assigned to the Kessell points from Tremaine. The Kirk strata that dates 6980 to 6850 bc. at St. Albans dose not contain Kessell points. However, there are no diagnostic artifacts in the lower strata; and only one well dated Kessell point at the site. There are inconsistancies between the Kirk and later strata, also. While it might be argued that Kessell falls into disuse prior to 6980 bc., Kessell appears to be a minor type in the southeast. We use the Russell Cave data as an estimation for the demise of Kessell to allow a considerable time lag for defusion of the form. Therefore, the Kessell points found in Area AN at Tremaine are placed between 8500 and 6550 bc.

–21– Projectile points that are readily assignable to the Early Archaic Period occur in lower frequency throughout the Wisconsin portion of the Mississippi Trench than do Paleoindian artifacts. Although Kessell points were recovered through excavation, they are not in datable context. Similar forms found in this part of the Mississippi Valley are from surface collections. A side notched point from Lc-78 is probably an Early Archaic artifact (Penman 1984: 30) and an isolated Quad point that was assigned site number Bf-60 is equally early (Penman 1980: 23). Lc-78 is in Mormon Coulee (Figure 28), and the single projectile point is the only artifact recovered. The Quad point (Bf-60) is in a similar physiographic setting on Spring Creek two kilometers from the main channel of the Mississippi River. The Quad point (Bf-60) may respresent a specimen transported by erosion from a higher site. Such a process could have buried Paleoindian occupations within the immediate vicinity of Bf-60. From the placement of Early Archaic artifacts at Lc-78, Lc-95, and Bf-60; the settlement pattern is a preference for ridges above low order streams (Bf-60 and Lc-78) and second terraces such as Amsterdam Prairie. The Kessell points from Tremaine are at an elevation of 215.6 to 217.0 meters msl in Area AN. These points are representative of an Early Archaic occupation of short duration. Although charcoal for radiocarbon dating is not available, relative dating places the Kessell points at 8500 to 6550 bc. This time frame is within the Early Archaic and indicates that the land surfaces at elevations of 215 meters or higher were stable prior to the Early Archaic Period.

Middle Archaic and the Altithermal

There is an apparent gap in what would otherwise be a 10,000 year long sequence of occupation at Tremaine. Neither the surface collection nor the excavated sample from Tremaine contain Middle Archaic artifacts. The absence of Middle Archaic artifacts is not unique to Tremaine. Survey coverage exceeds 20% on the southern part of Amsterdam Prairie; and while artifacts representing various other time periods have been recovered, Middle Archaic material is conspicously absent (Penman 1984). Indeed, throughout the Mississippi Trench in LaCrosse County only a single point that would suggest a Middle Archaic presence has been recovered. This is a large side notched chert point from Lc-128 in Shelby Township (Penman 1984: 125). The lower terrace, on which Lc-128 is situated, is only ten meters above the Mississippi River which would provide easier access to water than would any location on Amsterdam Prairie which is 21 meters above the surface of the river. However, ease of acessability to the Mississippi River was probably not the most important criterion for site selection during the Middle Archaic. Brice Prairie which is below Amsterdalm Prairie, is only ten meters above the waters of the Mississippi and Black rivers (Figure 1). Although survey coverage on Brice Prairie exceeds 58%, it is devoid of Middle Archaic sites. The large side notched point from Lc-128 is similar to the "miscellaneous Late Archaic" types found at the Range site in the American Bottom (Kelly, et al. 1987: Plate 7e). The temporal placement of these Illinois points is conjectural, however since neither point was found in clear context (Kelly, et al. 1987: 90).

–22– The two points from Range are probably Early or Middle Archaic forms since both have beveled blades as does the point from Lc-128. Even if these points are found in unrefutable Middle Archaic context, Lc-128 would be the only site occupied during the period within the Mississippi Trench portion of LaCrosse County. The absence of Middle Archaic points at Amsterdam Prairie sites indicates a cultural hiatus that may have been caused by the Atlantic climatic episode. On a global scale the Atlantic Climatic Episode is dated to 6000 bc for its inception and extending to 3000 bc. or perhaps as late as 2900 bc. (Bryson and Padoch 1980). This period of warmer temperatures and drier conditions has been variously referred to as the Hypsithermal, Altithermal, or Climatic Optimum. The temperatures during this episode were the warmest of the Holocene Epoch, and while thay may have been "Optimum" for Europe, high evaporation rates retarded growth of tall grass and expansion of prairies in central North America. Buchner (1980: 201) places this peak aridity from 5200 to 4600 bc; and while much of the Great Plains became uninhabitable, there were refuge areas that supported small human populations. If the term "Altithermal" retains any usefulness; it most properly should be used to identify the period of severe aridity from 5200 to 4600 bc. Alpine glaciers receeded during the Altithermal and there was a corresponding, though slight, upward shift of the tree line in the Rocky Mountains. The High Country of Colorado (Benedict and Olson 1978) and Wyoming (Wedel, et al. 1968) was occupied during this period, probably by groups displaced from the High Plains. Human populations were also reduced in the plains of southern Alberta. These groups shifted upward into the mountainous areas of Alberta and British Columbia where they developed McKean and Oxbow style projectile points. As the climate ameliorated at ca. 3000 bc, the McKean-Oxbow groups migrated into southern Alberta (Reeves 1969: 27). The sparse number of bison kill sites in the Southern Plains lead Dillehay (1974) to the conclusion that bison had migrated out of the region due to the scarcity of food. As a result of this drought, the short grass prairie expanded eastward, but according to Buchner (1980: 22) this expansion did not extend east of the Mississippi River. Buchner has plotted the grassland maximum of 4600 bc, which is based on pollen records, against the modern boundary. Were a severity index based on the distance between these two isopleths, it would indicate that the vegetational changes at the eastern margin of the tall grass prairie were least severe in LaCrosse County and the surrounding area. As viewed from the Koster site, the Middle Archaic was a time of transition from frequent seasonal moves toward sedentary occupation. Brown and Vierra (1983) interpret the Koster sequence as indicating intensive utilization of resource rich river valleys. The lack of Middle Archaic sites in the uplands may be due to a shift to more reliable resources at lower elevations rather than due to a deterioration of the climate. Based on information not available to Buchner in 1980, Brown and Vierra (1983: 167) note that the prairies did expand into Illinois during the Altithermal. Although the grasslands expanded eastward, the shifts in animal communities were minor. Several mammals, particularly deer, had lower body weights during the Altithermal; a condition probably caused by poor forage

–23– conditions (Purdue 1989, Purdue and Styles 1987). The peak dryness of the Altithermal is dated at 5050 bc. for the central Mississippi Walley. Radiocarbon dates indicate that Koster was occupied during the Altithermal. While Koster is the best dated Middle Archaic site in the lower Illinois valley, sites such as Napoleon Hollow were probably occupied as well. There is a gap in the radiocarbon sequence for the Middle Archaic in this region. This apparent hiatus at 3000

to 2050 bc is, however, apparently due to the lack of datable charcoal 2. in cultural strata that span this period (see Brown and Vierra 1983, Stafford 1985: 24). The Middle Archaic settlement pattern in the lower Tennessee River valley is similar to the lower Illinois River and American Bottom situation. Only large, deep Middle Archaic sites are close to the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers. Late Archaic sites are present in the uplands indicating a more diverse exploitation of the Lower Plateau Region during this period. Conaty and Leach (1987) believe this shift is due to a drier regime at approximately 6050 to 3050 bc, : though they emphasize that the effects of the Altithermal were not as severe here as in the Mississippi basin and areas further west. River : bottom forests were reduced in size and number during the Altithermal causing the Middle Archaic inhabitants to concentrate at "resource patches" in the Cumberland-Tennessee basin. The upland oak-hickory forest may have been reduced as a result of declining precipitation causing game animals, particularly deer, to seek forage in the river bottom "resource patches" (Conaty and Leach 1987: 297). The Conaty and Leach interpretation for Middle Archaic subsistance runs counter to that proposed for the American Bottom where the settlement pattern is similar. Assuming that familiar resources were reduced to "patches" during the Altithermal, human populations would have concentrated in these areas. Conaty and Leach (1987) suggest that the large Middle Archaic sites found in the lower Tennessee are in resource patches in the bottomlands; and that the upland plant communities had been adversely altered by drier Altithermal conditions. If the uplands had become unattractive areas for human exploitation, then a similar situation would be expected in the upper Mississippi basin which would have been more sensitive to climatic changes than the Cumberland-Tennessee region. The "resource patch" concept is similar to the "refugium" model for the Northern Plains. Refuge areas are oases that attracted game animals, particularly bison. During the Altithermal drought, human hunters congregated at refuge areas that supplied both food and water (Buchner 1980: 6). While the "resource patch" and "refugium" models are both appropriate for the regions to which they have been applied, the pattern in the upper Mississippi basin may have been akin to both. The Plains refugia areas would have been spring fed streams at high elevations. This is not to say that the Great Plains were completely abandoned. Oases conditions would have been present at the tall grass margins, and in the major river vallies of the short grass plains (Buchner 1980: 119). Most Middle Archaic sites are situated at the tall grass margin. Altithermal occupations well within the short grass prairie are rare. The Walth Bay site, which is on the Missouri

–24 River in South Dakota, is the only well documented occupation that is in a refuge area of the short grass plains (Buchner 1980: 153). As of 1981 only two Altithermal occupations had been recorded in Minnesota (Buchner 1980, Lofstrom 1988, Shay 1971). These are the Itasca site that is on the shore of the lake for which it is named, and an extensive occupation in Fairbault County. Of these the Fairbault County site is closer to the portion of the Upper Mississippi trench under consideration here. The Itasca site is at the headwaters of the Mississippi River, and the Fairbault County site is in a lake that was artificially drained during the twentieth century. The Fairbault County site covers some 32 hectares (80 acres) and has produced side notched Middle Archaic points that are water worn indicating that the lake transgressed after the site was abandoned. Lofstrom (1988: 53-54) suggests that the Fairbault County lake either held water seasonaly or had a high water table during the Altithermal. The Fairbault County site and Lake Itasca were both at the margin or "edge area" of the short grass prairie during the Atlantic Climatic Episode. Due to the paucity of Altithermal sites it appears that the few Middle Archaic inhabitants selected lake settings in Minnesota. There are few Middle Archaic sites or components in the Wisconsin segment of the Mississippi Trench, and all of these are known from surface collections. Sites Pi—80 and Pi—83 are in the uplands of Pierce County. The collection from Pi—83, which is 12 kilometers from the Mississipi River, contains a Plainview point indicating a Paleoindian or Early Archaic occupation. Pi-80 is at the head of a ravine above the Mississippi River. The collections from Pi—80 represent Paleoindian, Early Archaic, Middle Woodland, and Late Woodland utilization. A single Madison triangular projectile point is either Late Woodland or Oneota (Penman 1984: 37–38). The Pi—80 assemblage also includes a side notched point that is made of local chert. Since much of the base is missing it is not possible to identify specificaly to type; although is is similar to McKean, Oxbow, and Parkdale points. The Hermann site (Tr-104) is in a physiographic situation similar to Pi—80 (Penman 1984: 135). Surface collections from Tr-104 are limited to three projectile points. All three are made from local materials; and the chert side notched point is most similar to the Benton or Brannon type, a Middle Archaic form. The quartzite point is a deeply side notched Matanzas; which is also a Middle Archaic type. The chert corner notched point resembles those in the Apple Blossom type. Brannon, Apple Blossom, and Matanzas points are all found in the same strata at Koster which has a time range of 3770 to 3120 bc based on seven radiocarbon dates (Cook 1976: 70). This occupation at Koster is considered the Helton Phase of Late Archaic. Both the Helton and Falling Springs phases are considered Late Archaic in the American Bottom and adjacent areas of Illinois (Bareis and Porter 1984, Yerkes 1986). The three dates for the Falling Springs Phase range from 3200 to 2650 bc, and this manifestation is thought to extend from 3500 to 2300 bc. In the temporal framework utilized here (Figure 20), we have placed preceramic sites that date between 5000 and 2000 bc. in the Middle Archaic. Based on similarity of the Helton asemblage to the Tr-104 artifacts, the Hermann site is positioned in the Middle Archaic Period. Assuming contemporanity of Tr-104 to the Helton Phase, places the occupation at Hermann between 3770 and 3120 bc., or near the end of the Atlantic Climatic Episode.

–25 While the temporal placement of the quartzite side notched point from Pi—80 is uncertain, it most probably dates to the transitional Middle to Late Archaic Period. If such is the case, the Pi—80 occupations are restricted to intervals preceeding and postdating the Altithermal climatic episode. The Benton point from Tr-104 substantiates utilization of the uplands during the Middle Archaic Since Tr-104 is 14 kilometers from the Mississippi River, the attraction was other than the bottom land "resource patches" of the Mississipi floodplain. Both Pi-80 and Tr-104 are at the head of ravines, which are described locally as "coulees." Geomorphic research by James C. Knox (see Sasso, et al. 1985: 24–55) near the mouth of Sand Lake Coulee (Figure 1) provides the most comprehensive landscape history for LaCrosse County. Knox placed soil cores across the alluvial fan at the bluff base and throughout the adjacent Oneota site (Lc-44) to determine the deposition history of the fan and the effects of intensive Oneota agriculture on the landscape. Giddings cores in the alluvial fan produced two soils buried deeply below the archaeological component that have been radiocarbon dated. The deepest soil is radiocarbon dated to 7510 +110 bp or 5560 bc. (Beta-15364). This soil has a weak B horizon indicating that it was formed during a short period when sedimentation rates were low. The more prominent soil above has a radiocarbon date of 3810 +90 bp or 1860 bc. (see Sasso, et al. 1985: 35). The intervening sediments vary in thickness from 75 cm to as much as 3.81 meters which indicates a maximum sedimentation rate of 1.03 mm per year. The lowest dated soil is underlain by a scoured surface that was probably produced by glacial floodwaters at the end of the Pleistocene. The uppermost soil contains the circa AD 1400 Oneota component at Sand Lake. Although the sedimentation rate is 0.14 mm to 2.22 mm per year for the 1860 bc. to AD 1400 inverval, it is considered low compared to the post AD 1400 rate (see Knox in Sasso, et al. 1985: 37). The sedimentation rate from AD 1400 to present may be as much as 3.48 per annum in some parts of the alluvial fan. Chemical composition and particle size indicates that these sediments were derived from loess soils. These soils originated in the deep unweathered upland deposits and were transported downslope after the Oneota group had cleared the vegetation from the bluffs above the Sand Lake site. Although the post AD 1400 sedimentation may be attributed to human induced factors, the increased precipitation rate during the "Little Ice Age" may have contributed as well. The archaeological and geomorphic research at Sand Lake has determined that the Oneota component is the earliest intensive occupation in the coulee. Thus, the development prior to AD 1300 is not caused by human activity. The earliest date of 5560 bc. (Knox, personal communication) is on a weak soil indicating stability and slight precipitation increase at that time. This horizon is underlain by strata that were reworked by glacial meltweaters. Although the geomorphic work at Tremaine has not produced datable strata, the erosion episode on Amsterdam Prairie can be extrapolated from the Sand Lake data. Thus, we conclude that the vertical erosion on Amsterdam Prairie has ceased prior to 5560 bc. or before the peak aridity of the Altithermal Climatic Episode. The soil at Sand Lake that dates to 1860 bc is well formed indicating increased precipitation at that time.

–26– Other corrobative data are from pollen profiles in western Wisconsin, particularly the core taken from the Tamarack Creek valley 27 km northwest of Tremaine. The lowest portion of the peat deposit at Tamarack Creek dates to 2460 bc. (Davis 1975). Peat, which is indicative of a moister regime, is dated to 6615 be at the Hub City core in Richland County. Peat continues to form at Hub City until 5655 bo. There is a discontinuity in the Hub City core from 5655 be to about 2050 bc. (Davis 1975: 88–96) that may represent Altithermal dessication and erosion. In the three polen cores taken by Anthony M. Davis, the eastern site at Blue Mounds produced the earliest date for peat formation (7630 bc.). The rise in grass pollen between 7550 and 5050 bc. at Blue Mounds is interpreted by Davis (1975: 81) as an expansion of upland prairies. Although the composition of the forest changed through time the bottom lands at all three locations were wooded throughout the Holocene. Structural changes in the peat at all three locations are indicative of fluctuations in the water table. Not all of these changes are synchronous, thus climatic shifts may not be the contolling factor. The low water stage at 7550-3050 bc. in Blue Mounds Creek is, however, indicative of a dry period (Davis 1975: 157). More recent paleohydrology studies have utilized pollen data and bog accumulation rates from cores in southern Wisconsin. Of the sites utilized in these studies by M. G. Winkler, Hook Lake Bog is furthest from Tremaine (210 km southeast). The cores from the lakes at Madison indicate that the water surface was 2.9 meters lower during the 4450 to 1550 bc. period. Moss accumulation rates and plant communities reconstructed from fossil pollen show increased wetness at about 1050 bc based on seven radiocarbon dates from four sites (Winkler 1988). The lower lake levels during the 4450 to 1550 bc. period were probably due to decreased rainfall. During this interval the Yahara River which feeds the Madison lakes, may have experienced intermittant flow and was dry during some seasons (Winkler 1985; Winkler, et al. 1986). The reconstructed annual rainfall estimates are 12 to 19% below the modern norm (for the period 1951-1980). A more conservative estimate for the decreased rainfall is 10 to 18% (Winkler 1985: 10, 1988: 1040; respectively). The paleohydrology studies by Winkler, along with the vegetation reconstructions by Davis, Winkler, and others show a marked decrease in available moisture and advance of prairies between 4550 and 1550 bc. The increased aridity brought grassland communities into southern Wisconsin. However, the prairie expansion may have been restricted to upland areas; while the protected lowlands such as the Tamarack Creek valley remained wooded. While timber stands were sheltered in the coulees of western Wisconsin, pollen records indicate a decrease in trees in the glaciated areas to the east. The floral community in the glaciated areas of low relief is best described as oak savanna. These patchy oak openings closed to oak forest as conditions became wetter at 1050 bc. (Winkler 1985, 1988). Due to the similarity in physiography we assume that the floral community on Amsterdam Prairie was similar to that reconstructed for the Madison lakes in the glaciated area.

–27– The prairie movement is time transgressive during the Atlantic Climatic Episode. The peak aridity for that period (5200 to 4600 bc.) is defined as the Altithermal Climate. Palynology and other studies indicate a prairie expansion into Wisconsin that postdates the Altithermal as demarked for the region in general. During the post-Altithermal or Late Atlantic (4600 to 2900 bc.) timber would have been sparse on Amsterdam Prairie, "Resource patches" may have been present in the Halfway Creek valley and the ravines (Johnson Coulee, Long Coulee, Spring Coulee, etc.) in the adjacent uplands. However, water levels may have been so reduced that this area was uninhabitable during the Late Atlantic. Halfway Creek is the major stream that flows through the southern part of Amsterdam Prairie. This creek is 23 cm deep and 18.67 km long. The entire drainage basin covers 56.94 square kilometers and includes permanent water flow from Johnson, Jostad, and Spring Coulee. Eventhough water is impounded behind modern reservoirs in Long and Moe coulees, the streams below provide permanent flow into Halfway Creek. The springs in the Halfway Creek drainage may have experienced only marginal flow during modern times. The soil survey depicts three springs at the head of small vallies on the aerial photographs for 1954 (Beatty 1960). However none were noted by the original land survey party when they mapped the Halfway Creek watershed in 1846. The Late Atlantic hydrology for Halfway Creek can be reconstructed from studies by Winkler (Winkler 1985; Winkler, et al. 1986). The rainfall decrease during the 4550-1550 bc. period was 10% by Winkler's (1985: 10) most conservative estimate. The computation for stream flow can be adapted from the formula provided by Winkler:

N = P – [ EW (aw) + EL (1 - aw) ) where: P = Annual Precipitation for the 1951–1980 Period N * Outflow or Discharge aw * Fraction of the Drainage Basin Occupied by Water Surface

The minimum evaporation rate over land (EL) is 596 as computed by Winkler, and her estimation of 800 mm is also the most conservative estimate for evaporation over water (EW). The mean annual precipitation for LaCrosse is 768.3 mm or 30.25 inches (N.O.A.A. 1986). The surface area for all permanent water in the Halfway Creek basin is approximately 1900 square meters or 0.33% of the entire drainage system. Using these values we derive the following for modern outflow:

N = 769 – [ 800 (.003) + 596 (1.0 – 0.003) ) N = 769 – [ 2.4 + 596 (0.997) ) N = 769 – 596. 612 = 172.388 mm

Reducing the precipitation by 10% provides the following results:

N = 692.1 – [ 800 (.003) + 596 (1.0 – 0.003) ) N = 692.1 – [ 2.4 + 596 (0.997) ) N = 692.1 - ( 2.4 + 594.212) N = 692.1 – 596. 612 = 95.488 mm

–28– The Late Atlantic outflow (N - 95.5 mm) in Halfway Creek is almost half the modern rate predicted for the Yahara River. In the Yahara study, the natural outflow is approximately 25% of the annual precipitation value. The computed 95.5 mm outflow is derived from calculations that utilize a minimum estimate for decreased rainfall and evaporation rates. Other calculations show that the evaporation rate over 1and (EL) may be as high as 660 mm (see Winkler 1985; Winkler, et al. 1986). The EL value computed at 640 may be appropriate for the entire region, eventhough evaporation rates would have been higher further west as at Halfway Creek (91 degrees 15' W). Using 640 mm as the land evaporation rate, while still incorporating minimal values for water evaporation and decreased rainfall, produces a discharge (natural outflow) rate of 51.6 mm. Even the land evaporation rate of 640 mm may be conservative since all evaporation rates were probably higher during the Atlantic Climatic Episode. Using what is probably the minimum land evaporation (EL * 640 mm), Halfway Creek could have ceased flow if the precipitation were 16 to 17% lower. The most questionable values used in these calculations are the evaporation rates as applied to Halfway Creek. The evaporation for both land (EL) and water (EW) are regional estimates, and not specific for LaCrosse County. Our own field observations can be utilized in determining the threshold for precipitation decline and commensurate effects on stream flow. In 1988 Halfway Creek continued to flow from June through October eventhough this was one of the driest years on record. The annual precipitation that year was 672.3 mm (26.47 inches) or 96 mm below the 1951-1980 "normal" for that 30 year average (N.O.A.A. 1988). Using 672 mm for precipitation and the higher estimate of 640 mm for evaporation over land (EL) produces an outflow estimate of 31.82 mm. Our 1988 field observations confirm that the Halfway Creek bed contained water eventhough the annual precipitation was 12.5% below normal. The various calculations utilized to determine outflow of Halfway Creek incorporate modern estimates for evapoation. Winkler's (1985: 42) analysis indicates a 0.5 degree centigrade warmer temperature for July during the driest period (4450-1550 bc.). Higher temperatures would produce higher evaporation rates. The amount of increase in evaporation due to decrease in rainfall along with higher temperature can not be determined from modern data due to the short recording period for evaporation rates. The bed of Halfway Creek is perched more than 2.8 meters above the water table where it flows past the Tremaine site. Eventhough Halfway Creek is perched well above the water table as it passes through Amsterdam Prairie, it may well intercept the water table in the coulees and upland areas. There are no core data for the upland reach of Halfway Creek, however. Even assuming some effluence of ground water into Halfway Creek, the water table would have been 10wer at 4450 to 1550 bc. Fluctuations in precipitation not only directly effect the stream flow, but recharge of the ground water as well. The response in streams fed by gound water will be magnified according to the position of the water table (see Moore 1986: 94). Although there is a relationhip between evaporation/precipitation and ground water, it is difficult to place the relationship in mathmatical terms (Barber and Coope 1987: 207).

-29– The calculations for the Halfway Creek discharge are based on modern evaporation rates and the assumption that there is stability in the water table. These assumptions produce conservative estimate for rainfall thresholds that would adversely effect the flow of Halfway Creek. Were the annual precipitation 13 to 16% lower during the Atlantic Climatic Episode, streams such as Halfway Creek would have had marked decrease in flow. Other smaller streams would have been dry most of the year, and Halfway Creek would have ceased perennial flow if the ranfall declined as much as 17%. The geomorphic work in Sand Lake Coulee produced a soil dated to 5560 bc. and a more distinct topsoil at 1860 bc. These two are separated by sediments produced by lateral accretion indicating that there was little vegetation to abate upstream erosion in the coulee. Sparse vegetation caused by increased aridity would have been susceptible to natural fires. Wildfires would have caused an even greater reduction in the unsheltered vegetation on Amsterdam Prairie. Water sources such as Halfway Creek would have been unreliable for human consumption during periods when the rainfall was 13 to 16% below the modern norm. Were the annual rate 17% lower, water would have been available on Amsterdam Prairie only seasonaly (probably Winter and Spring). Relative dating of archaeological sites in the Mississippi Trench suggests that one prehistoric component may date to the Atlantic Climatic Episode. The Middle Archaic Hermann site (Tr-104) contains artifacts that are assigned to the 3770 to 3120 bc. period based on similarity to stratified sites in Illinois. The attributes that made Tr-104 an attractive location are uncertain, however. This site is in the uplands at the head of Zabinski Valley which has a north to south orientation. Presumably, due to the aspect of this coulee, it would not have been particularly sheltered from prairie fires. The Original Land Maps (OLM) indicate no spring in the immediate vicinity when the township was surveyed in 1848. During the nineteenth century the nearest spring fed stream was Pine Creek, 4 km to the south. The stone in the escarpment directly below the site (see Langton 1977) may have been the resource that attracted Middle Archaic groups to this location. There is some precident for upland selection prior to and after the Atlantic Climatic Episode. Presumably both Pi—80 and Pi—83 in Pierce County were chosen by Paleoindian groups due to the availibility of timber stands. The OLM map made in 1849 idicates that the streams below Pi—80 and Pi—83 were both spring fed. The presence or absence of springs near Lc-78 and Lc-128 can not be determined using OLM records. A mill had been constructed on Mormon Creek (in Section 26) before Shelby Township was surveyed in 1846. This modern alteration may have obscured the presence of a spring in the immediate vicinity. The work by Davis in Tamarack Creek has shown that this valley and others in western Wisconsin remained wooded throughout most of the arid Atlantic Climatic Episode. Potable water may have been greatly reduced during this period, particularly in drainage networks that were not spring fed. High evaporation - rates combined with reduced precipitation would have affected stream output and even large streams such as Halfway Creek would have had only seasonal flow if rainfall was 16 to 17% lower during the Atlantic.

–30– Large wooded tracts were reduced to "resource patches" in the Tennessee River region during the Altithermal. Eventhough the Tennessee-Cumberland area was less susceptible to drought than the upper Mississippi River basin, woods grew only in the well watered bottom lands. The woods that persisted though the Atlantic were probably small patches in sheltered coulees adjacent to the Mississippi River. These wooded ravines were attractive to Paleoindian groups and those Archaic inhabitants that utilized the coulee region after the driest period. Only one site (Tr-104) dates to the driest period which is during the latter part of the Atlantic Climate in the Upper Mississippi basin. While timber availibility and water were considerations, site selection of Tr-104 was also due to the accessibility of stone in the immediate vicinity. The pattern of choosing upland sites during the Paleoindian Period is evident at Pi—80 and Pi-83. Utilization of upland areas begins again at the end of the Altithermal, at Tr-104. The availibility of spring fed basins apparently made all three locations preferred habitation sites. Unlike the Atlantic Period occupations in the western plains, the Upper Mississippi valley sites are elevated above the spring fed creeks. While there are upland sites and camps near creeks at lower elevations that were occupied in the Paleoindian Period and subsequently during the Archaic, no sites that date to the Altithermal (5200 to 4600 bc.) have yet been discovered in this part of the Mississippi Valley. Studies on soils, fossil pollen, and changing water levels have shown marked changes in vegetation and rainfall throughout the Middle Holocene. The timing for increased precipitation seems to vary, and may be due to local conditions such as aspect of vallies or amount of available water via spring fed streams. Were a single date inferred for increased rainfall it would be derived from those studies nearest Amsterdam Prairie. The well developed soil that dates to 1860 bc. in Sand Lake Coulee was formed during a period of increased wetness. The pollen cores of southern Wisconsin are better dated and indicate increased rainfall at 1050 bc. (Winkler 1985, 1988), or during the Late Archaic.

Late Archaic

In the lower Illinois valley, Hemphill points and similarly side notched projectiles are the hallmark of the transition from Middle to Late Archaic. Hemphill points have been found in the lower Illinois valley and adjacent parts of the Mississippi Trench. Eventhough radiocarbon dates are unavailable for the Illinois artifacts, the date range is thought to be 2550 to 1550 bc. (Perino 1971: 50). Although Hemphill points may attain a length of 230 mm, specimens larger than 175 mm may have been manufactured exclusively for burial furniture (see Roper 1978: 17). Area A which covers 458 square meters at the Neo-Classical site (Tr-108) has produced a single Hemphill point that was made of Alma Quartzite (Penman 1984: 50). This point is 47 mm long, 33 mm wide and 6 mm thick; and has a slightly concave base. Hemphill style points differ from Raddatz points in size. While neither Hemphills nor the smaller Raddatz points have been recovered from Tremaine, both are present at other sites in this portion of the Mississippi River

–31– basin. With specific relation to the Tremaine site, some discussion of Northern Plains side notched projectile points is warranted since the archaeology of the Prairie Provinces can be used to place Raddatz, and by extension Durst, into the temporal sequence. McKean, Oxbow, and Parkdales are common Northern Plains side notched forms; and complexes containing Oxbow points are the best dated of these. Oxbow points are named for the side notched forms recovered from the site near Oxbow, Saskatchewan. A single radiocarbon date of 3250 +250 was obtained at the type site (see Wormington and Forbis 1965: 49). Sites containing Oxbow points are numerous in southern Saskatchewan and the date range based on 18 other radiocarbon dates is from 3150 to 965 bc. Discounting the two extreme dates in this battery of 18 produces a range from 3005 to 1100 bc. (Dyck 1983: 89). The two available dates for an Oxbow Complex (Oxbow Phase) in Manitoba are from the Whitemouth Falls site. These two dates are 2675 and 2910 bc (Buchner 1979: 80), and are thought to be representative of the Oxbow Phase in eastern Manitoba where Oxbow apparently predates those Late Archaic sites that contain Raddatz points. A point that shares characteristics of both Oxbow and McKean was found at the periphery of Feature 1 at the Thunderbird site in Manitoba. Since it is at the same level as a radiocarbon dated bone concentration that dates to 1055 be, the date probably represents the time of deposition for the McKean/Oxbow point (Carmichael 1979: 60). Although the exact identification of the Thunderbird point is uncertain, the date may represent a late Oxbow complex date, or a transition between the two phases. Oxbow points have been found throughout southern Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba (Buchner 1979, Dyck 1983, and Saylor 1976). There distribution is not, however, restricted to a prairie environment. Buchner (1979: 84) cites occurences in Alberta and the Boreal Forest zone of Saskatchewan; and Wright (1972: 81) notes a single point recovered near Kenora, Ontario. The Oxbow components of Ontario and eastern Manitoba may represent an adaptation to these wooded environs (Buchner 1979), or possibly are sites that were occupied at a time when the area was grassland and only encroached by woods subsequent to the occupation (Dyck 1983). While the adaptive modes of Oxbow groups are still the subject of debate, these sites appear to be concentrated in the Prairie Provinces of Canada and extend only into the adjacent United States. Although side notched points have been recovered from numerous sites in northern Minnesota, they differ enough to make identification as "Oxbow" inappropriate. Side notched forms resembling those from the northern Plains are Parkdales from northeastern Minnesota (Caine 1974: 58–59). These points from Pine County, Minnesota have not been found in context. However, they are more similar to points from Manitoba than to types found further south. The points from Pine County, Minnesota have been identified by Caine (1974) as Parkdale eared. This type was originaly defined based on a Manitoba assemblage, and the similarity to Oxbow is striking. No matter the identification of the Minnesota finds, their presence in Pine County documents a Northern Plains complex similar to Oxbow/McKean as far east as the St Croix River drainage. This stretch of the St. Croix valley is approximately 320 kilometers north of Tremaine. Points "similar to the Oxbow or Parkdale Eared varieties"

–32– are also found in a dry lake bed in Fairbault County, Minnesota (Lofstrom 1988: 53). The Fairbault County lake is approximately 220 airline kilometers from Tremaine. The Oxbow complex is well dated in the Prairie Provinces of Canada. Excluding the two earliest Saskatchewan dates, the 19 dates from Manitoba and Saskatchewan range from 3005 to 1100 bc. Were the date from the Thunderbird site included, the terminus would be slightly later, at 1050 bc. The Manitoba data also indicate that Raddatz points should post date the Oxbow complex (phase), and that Raddatz points are contemporary to the Old Copper Culture. While neither the surface collections nor the excavations at Tremaine have produced any indication of an Old Copper complex, some discussion of Raddatz is warranted as it relates to the temporal placement of Durst. Raddatz points were described by Warren Wittry (1959a) based on the similarity of 31 points recovered from Raddatz rockshelter in Sauk County. He notes the similarity to Hemphill, and three of his illustrated specimens have a concave base (Wittry 1959a: 44-45). The only datable feature at the rockshelter that contained a Raddatz point produced an assay of 3250 +400 bc. In view of the more recent work in Manitoba where Raddatz postdates 1100 bc, either there is a considerable time lag for the introduction of Raddatz points into Canada, or the Sauk County date is inaccurate. That the Sauk County date is in error has recently been substantiated in a study by Stoltman (1986b). Stoltman's scheme for the preceramic periods places the Raddatz complex at the end of the Middle Archaic Stage. The proposed span for the Raddatz complex is the period 2220 to 1200 bc, and is based on five radiocarbon dates that have sigmas ranging from 65 to 260 years (Stoltman 1986b: 226). While Stoltman's refinement of the Archaic sequence is laudable, his extension of Middle Archaic to such a late period is questionable. The Old Copper Culture exhibits trappings similar to other Late Archaic manifestations (see Mason 1981, Penman 1977); and presumably Raddatz points are contemporary. In the temporal framework utilized here (Figure 20), the Late Archaic Period begins at approximately 2000 bc. Durst points are also defined by Wittry (1959b) based on similarities in attributes of 63 specimens from Durst rockshelter. Durst points were found in this Sauk County site in good stratagraphic context above the layers that contained Raddatz points. A similar sequence is present at Govenor Dodge rockshelter where both Wittry (1959b) and Stoltman conducted excavations. While Stoltman obtained dates for the Raddatz layer at Govenor Dodge, the most secure dating for Durst points is from Lawrence (Vernon County) and Preston (Grant County) rockshelters which are in Wisconsin counties that border the Mississippi River. Based on three dates from these sites, Stoltman (1986b; 227) places the range from 1200 to 600 bc. for what is now defined as the Durst Phase. Since only one Durst point has been recovered from Tremaine a specific phase designation does not seem to be applicable at this time.

-33– Early Woodland

Although none of the ceramics from Tremaine can be definitely identified as Early Woodland wares, the presence of Kramer and Waubesa points indicate that the site was indeed occupied during this period. Kramer points have been recovered from sites in the lower Illinois valley that also contain pottery. Eventhough there is only a single radiocarbon date for such an occupation, the date range for the ceramic-Kramer association can be extrapolated. Through intensive analysis of the Early Woodland cultures of the American Bottom, Emerson and Fortier (1986: 487-492) place the complex where Kramer points are associated with the earliest ceramics at 500 to 300 bc, or possibly as early as 600 bc. The manufacture of contracting stem points similar to the Waubesa type also begins during this period (Emerson and Fortier 1986: 493-494). Contracting stem points have a greater time depth in the Lower Mississippi Valley and adjacent regions southwest of the Illinois-Mississippi River confluence. In the Upper Mississippi they are found in context in Early Woodland sites near Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin which is 105 kilometers downstream from Tremaine. At Prairie du Chien, Waubesa points are associated with ceramics that have a sand paste. These ceramics are in the Prairie series and are the hallmark artifacts of the Prairie Phase. Based on two radiocarbon dates of AD 60 and AD 70, Stoltman (1986a) places the Prairie Phase in the first century AD. He notes that these two dates, which both have standard deviations of 80 years, are the latest dates for the Early Woodland manifestation in the Prairie du Chien area. The date of 10 bc. 480 from Clam Shell Point (Cr-187) was originaly thought to date the Prairie Phase. However, after reeximination of the ceramics from the dated level, Stoltman (1986a 134-135) interpreted these predominantly grit tempered wares as representing an earlier, possibly Ryan Phase, occupation. In his analysis of Early Woodland sites in Iowa, Tiffany places the Ryan Phase at 550 to 480 bc. based on two radiocarbon dates from Sny-Magill that each have sigmas of +250 years. Contracting stem points are found at Ryan Phase sites. However, Kramer points are apparently absent (Tiffany 1986: 160). From the contemporary analysis of Stoltman and Tiffany we tentatively derive a date range of 550 to 10 bc for the Ryan Phase. The dates reported by Stoltman and Tiffany are uncorrected. For these and all radiocarbon assays that are subsequently discussed in this study, the MASCA callibration is applied (Ralph, et al. 1974). The MASCA correction places the two Sny-Magill dates at 510–660 bc. and 760 bc. Clam Shell Point dates to AD 30-50. The two sites at Prairie du Chien (Dillman and Mill Pond) that represent a Prairie Phase occupation are corrected to AD 70 and AD 90. Stoltman (1986a) has identified Prairie Phase ceramics from the Overhead site (LC-20) and at a site in Trempealeau County north of Tremaine. Due to the proximity of Prairie Phase occupations in the vicinity of Tremaine, we might assign some of the Waubesa points to that phase designation. However, we can make a temporal placement for the Kramer points with even less certainty. As noted by Tiffany (1986; 165), Kramer points have not been found at Ryan Phase sites in Iowa. Kramers appear to slightly predate Waubesas. However, without

–34– knowing the parameters of the Ryan Phase, we cannot comfortably assign any of the Tremaine assemblage to that phase. Until further information is available, temporal placement of Kramer points should be considered as Late Archaic and extending into the Early Woodland Period. Kramer and Waubesa points are the most common spear points at Tremaine. Kramers were found in the excavations in Area B and Area F. The single Kramer from Area B may have been a curated specimen that was modified into a scraper by an Oneota workman. During the initial survey, Area C and Area D each produced a Kramer point (Penman 1984: 26-27).

Middle Woodland

The grit tempered ceramics that date to the latter part of the Middle Woodland sequence are most similar to styles found in northeastern Iowa (see Logan 1976). The Linn Series ceramics are also found in the Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin area. The Linn Series, within which the Levsen and Spring Hollow types are included, probably dates between AD 200 and 600 (Stoltman 1979: 137). Linn Series ceramics are representative of the Millville Phase which postdates the "Hopewell Influenced" Middle Woodland complexes. Stoltman (1979) has placed those sites with Hopewell affinities in the Trempealeau Phase that dates between 100 bc. and AD 200 or possibly extending as late as AD 300. The Tremaine ceramics that might be ascribed to the Trempealeau Phase differ from contemporary ceramics that are found in northeast Iowa (and adjacent Wisconsin) as well as the ceramics from Trempealeau County. All of the bossed ceramics from Tremaine have deep exterior punctations that produced the boss on the interior of the vessel. At Trempealeau (McKern 1931: 225) the majority of the vessels have exterior bosses which is also the case in northern Iowa (Logan 1976) and southwestern Wisconsin (Stoltman 1979). The punctations on the Tremaine vessels are applied to a smoothed surface near the lip. The area below this field is either decorated with incised lines that run around the vessel; a stamped field; or is left undecorated. Punctated vessels found both north and south of Tremaine were usually cordmarked or roughened prior to being punctated. Decoration is usually zone stamped and incised lines are rare. Eventhough the punctate/bossed vessels from Tremaine do not conform to those in established typologies, they appear to predate Linn Ware. An incised vessel similar to the sherd found in Area F (Figure 16b) was found at Trempealeau subsequent to McKern's excavations (J. B. Stoltman, personal communication). Based on the similarity of the two, the sherd from N28W24 in Area F is tentatively placed in the Trempealeau Phase. The single Hummel Stamped sherd from Area AN (N98W50L-4) is also properly placed in the Trempealeau Phase since it shares affinities with Havana Hopewell types (Logan 1976: 107).

–35 The Levsen Punctate and Spring Hollow Cordmarked ceramics are Linn Wares that date to the Millville Phase. Waubesa projectile points are common at Tremaine and are assumed to date almost exclusively to the Middle Woodland Period. There are no Waubesa points in the collection that McKern (1931: 282-283) illustrates for the Trempealeau sites. Even at stratified habitation sites the relationship of Waubesas to particular cultural horizons is uncertain (Logan 1976: 171). Production of Waubesa contracting stem points begins during the Early Woodland Period, and there is only a slight increase in popularity throughout the Trempealeau Phase. Waubesas are common during the Millville Phase, during which other styles such as Honey Creek are apparently added to the repertoire. Honey Creek points were recovered from the mound fill in five of the mounds excavated at the Rehbein group. Points from Mounds 3 and 5 are in an undisturbed context, and these two mounds have radiocarbon dates. Mound 3 is a Middle Woodland conical, and Mound 5 is a linear. Mound 3 dates to AD 260 and the assay for Mound 5 is AD 780–800 with both dates having an error of +40 years (Mead 1979: 135). The Honey Creek points are fragmentary, and may represent refuse that was accidentaly incorporated into the fill during construction. Thus, the manufacture of Honey Creek points may have ceased prior to AD 780-800. The Middle Woodland component at Tremaine is most evident in Area G. While grit tempered Woodland wares were found in all of the excavated areas, the Middle Woodland and Late Woodland components are concentrated at the western edge of the site directly above Halfway Creek. Over 97% of the Area G ceramics are Woodland. In contrast, fewer than 1% of the sherds in Area E at the eastern edge of the site are grit tempered. The distribution of Levsen and Spring Hollow sherds is extensive throughout Area AN, Area F, and Area G. Sherds with bosses formed by deep punctations are found in these three areas as well. These punctated ceramics have Hopewell affinities, and are tentatively placed in the Trempealeau Phase. The bossed sherds along with Hummel Stamped represent only a minor occupation when compared to the frequency of the later Linn Ware ceramics. The Linn Wares, representative of a Millville Phase occupation, are more broadly distributed than the Trempealeau Phase ceramics. Linn series ceramics extend from Area B due north to the site edge. Surface collections south of Area B have produced little evidence of Middle Woodland occupation. The excavations conducted from 1987 through 1989 at Tremaine concentrated in Areas A, B, D, E, F, and G. Limited excavation was also undertaken in the low ground between Area D and Area E which is now designated Area H. To date only Area AN has produced a feature that wes not dug by the Oneota occupants of Tremaine. This single basin shaped pit is Feature 8. The MASCA corrections applied to the Wisconsin dates for Feature 8 are AD 320-360 (WIS-2063) and 540 (WIS-2052). The Texas radiocarbon dates for Feature 8 are Tx-6833 and Tx-6834, which both have standard deviations of 70 years. These have MASCA callibrations of AD 320-350 and 440, respectively. Exclusion of Tx-6833 and WIS-2052, which are the two extremes, produces a range of AD 320 to 440 for the construction of this pit. The range in radiocarbon dates for Feature

–36– 8 represents the vagaries of the dating technique rather than a century long deposition rate. After the excavations were completed in Feature 104 at the 0t site, blowing sand from the denuded area upwind deposited in this pit. After the pit was almost refilled by wind deposited sand it was reexcavated and a sample of the aeolian sand was recovered. The redeposited sand had accumulated at a rate of 8.6 mm a day. Since the vegetation had been removed with a bulldozer upwind from Feature 104, the accumulation rate is high. If, however, Feature 8 had been in use for the 120 year period indicated by the radiocarbon dates; lenses of light colored sand would have accumulated in this pit. The upper 25 cm of Feature 8 is dark in color (Munsell 10YR 3/2 and 7.5YR 2/0) and light colored sand lenses are not present. The lower portion is mottled which may have been caused by leaching. There are no indications in the profile of Feature 8 (Figure 21) of wind deposited sand. The radiocarbon dates place Feature 8 within the Middle Woodland Period. The shape and dimensions of Feature 8 differ from the deep Oneota pits encountered throughout the excavated area. Generally the Oneota pits are deep and have straight sides or were undercut near the base giving them a bell shape in cross section. Several of these exceed a meter in depth. In contrast, Feature 8 is a shallow basin that extends to a depth of no more than 66 cm below surface. From its well defined top to the bottom of the leached zone it is only 43 cm deep. Feature 8 is oval in shape and has a maximum diameter of 2.23 meters (Figure 21). In contrast, most of the Oneota pits are round and have an orface diameter of less than a meter. Feature 8 differs from Oneota pits not only in size and shape, but in contents as well. Although burned pieces of sandstone have been found in various Oneota pits these are small and not numerous. In Feature 8 the amount of sandstone in high (15.59 kg or 34 pounds) and these pieces have burned in place as evidenced by the charcoal concentration. The function of this pit is unclear. However, it may have been for hide smoking or processes that involved a large fire. The floral assemblage in Feature 8 is similar to that found in Oneota pits (see Hunter's report, following). Although few plant remains are identified, hickory and acorns are present and red oak is more common than white oak or other hardwoods. The possibility of corn in a Middle Woodland context is somewhat an enigma, however. Corn has been found at Middle Woodland sites further south, particulary in the Ohio River valley. The small amounts recovered do not, however, indicate a particularly great reliance on this introduced tropical plant (Yerkes 1988). Middle Woodland agriculture centered primarily on manipulation of indigenous plants, and although corn cultivation is present; maize agriculture did not become preeminent until after AD 800 (Smith 1989). Due to the fragmentary nature and low frequency of the "corn" in Feature 8 it would be imprudent to identify maize as a significant Middle Woodland cultigen. The Feature 8 specimens indicate that corn may have been introduced into northern latitudes by AD 400. However, confirmation must await collection of comparable data from adjacent sites in the region.

–37 Late Woodland

The Late Woodland component extends from the northernmost excavation unit, in Area G, along the terrace edge to the southern site limit in the county park. While the Late Woodland occupation is most intense at the terrace edge overlooking Halfway Creek and Brice Prairie, it is not restricted to that part of the site. It is during this period that the production of end scrapers begins. While there are no end scrapers in a clear Late Woodland context at Tremaine, their manufacture can not be traced as far back as AD 600. A single rim from Area G (Figure 199) has a smooth body and diagonal dentate stamps along the rim. A Naples Stamped rim sherd was also found in this same location (N170 W110 Level 7). The plain rim shares affinities with ceramics in the Minott's series. Similar ceramics are found in northeast Iowa. However, context is uncertain and few radiocarbon dates are available. Minott's cermaics are generally thought to represent a thechnological shift that occurs in the transitional Middle to Late Woodland Period (Benn 1980, Logan 1976). Benn (1980: 83) discusses the regional Late Woodland sequence for northeast Iowa, and based on two dates from the Henry Schooner rockshelter in Jackson County places the Minott's Phase from AD 810 to AD 970. Both of the Schooner site dates have standard deviations of 60 years and MASCA correct to AD 830-850 and AD 1000. Due to the paucity of radiocarbon dates and lack of well defined stratigraphy, the temporal placement of the Minott's Phase is conjectural. In the framework utilized here, Minott's Phase is transitional from Middle to Late Woodland and extends well into the latter period (Figure 20). Corn agriculture is clearly evident at the Mill Pond site near Prairie du Chien. Mill Pond is a stratified Woodland site approximately 100 kilometers downstream from Tremaine. Corn or maize was recovered from two features that have radiocarbon dates of AD 920 (AD 950 MASCA) and 1090 (1100 MASCA), with both having an error of +80 years (see Theler 1987: 112-113). Eventhough corn is present, it probably represents a minor foodstuff at Mill Pond (Arzigian 1987: 230). Although no attempt was made at assigning these features to a specific phase, they are in a strata that contains Minott's ceramics and are below the cultural horizon where Point Sauble collared pottery was found (Theler 1987). The sherd from Area G (Figure 193) is similar to those manufactured during the Minott's Phase. However exact placement is not possible due to the absence of corroborative artifacts and the severe mixing in the Woodland deposits at Tremaine. Other Late Woodland ceramics are identified as Madison ware. At Tremaine, Madison Cordmarked is most common. As used here "Madison Cordmarked" is a grit tempered vessel with a roughened surface caused by annealing with a cord wrapped paddle. Such surface treatment on thin walled vessels is generally referred to as Madison Plain (Benn 1980: 54) In northeast Iowa Madison Fabric Impressed and Madison Cord Impressed become the dominant types during the latter part of the Late Woodland sequence (Benn 1989: 212). Vessels decorated with a single cord impression or impressions made by use of a fabric collar are the hallmarks of the Keyes Phase along with triangular projectile points.

–38– Benn (1980: 212-213) has suggested that the term Keyes Phase be used to designate the archaeological complexes formerly identified as "Effigy Mound Culture." Madison Cord Impressed pottery was recovered from Area G at Tremaine. However, this type is not dominant over the more mundane Madison Cordmarked. There are no mounds in the forms of animal effigies near Tremaine. While there is a complex in the city of LaCrosse that contains effigies, the nearest concentration of animal effigies is in Trempealeau County, 34 km upstream (see Penman 1984). The Madison wares at Tremaine are contemporary to the Keyes Phase of Late Woodland. However, due to the cultural mixing at Tremaine no specific temporal assignment is attempted. The temporal parameters for the Keyes Phase are ill defined. Benn (1980: 212-213) implies that the terminus is prior to AD 1300, and in some areas Minott's and Keyes may be contemporary. Although corn has been recovered from Middle Woodland contexts, perhaps even at Tremaine, maize does not become a staple until after AD 800 (Benn 1980, Smith 1989, Yerkes 1988). At Prairie du Chien (Theler 1987) corn is abundant in features that are contemporary to the Minott's Phase, though it is probably not a significant element in the diet (Arzigian 1987). To date, no corn has been recovered from a Late Woodland context in LaCrosse County. While it may be surmised that maize is introduced after AD 800, physical evidence is lacking. Indeed, no Late Woodland storage or refuse pits have been found thusfar. The absence of Late Woodland features does not portend a low population density, however. If intense Late Woodland occupation had produced features in Area AS and Area F at Tremaine, all indications were erased by the amount of rodent disturbance and land alteration by subsequent Oneota groups. Late Woodland components are common in western LaCrosse County. However, these are usually at the same location as Oneota occupations (see Penman 1984). The adverse effects of Oneota activity on earlier components at the same site is particularly evident at Lower Sand Lake (Lc-45). Lc-45 produced a Woodland midden that was intruded by no fewer than three Oneota pits. The midden has been radiocarbon dated to AD 730+70 (730-760 MASCA), but no corn was recovered from a single soil sample (Boszhardt 1985). A corn cob found in a Middle Woodland pit at Lc-45 is probably an intrusion from the Oneota component (Boszhardt 1985: 122). The Lc-45 midden contains both Middle and Late Woodland artifacts and is 50 cm below surface. Eventhough there is a natural separation between the midden and higher (later) components; it was pierced by Oneota pits in several places. The Oneota activity at Tremaine is even more intense than the Lc-45 situation. The actions of these latest prehistoric inhabitants is the apparent cause of the disturbed nature of the Woodland components throughout most of the excavated area. No undisturbed Late Woodland deposits were detected, and only a single Middle Woodland feature was found at Tremaine. Due to the absence of undisturbed Late Woodland components at Tremaine, we are unable to provide additional information regarding Late Woodland diet.

–39– Oneota

The Oneota artifacts analyzed herein were found in dubious context in various excavation units or adjacent to features. Until the analysis of the Oneota features from Tremaine is completed, we can provide little refinement for the temporal sequence in LaCrosse County. The most extensive analysis of Oneota ceramics to date is the recent work by Boszhardt (1990). This study centers on the ceramics from the Pammel Creek site (Lc-61), which is adjacent to Lc-20, the Overhead village (Figure 28). Boszhardt's discussion of the ceramics provides a clear distinction between Perrot Punctate and Allamakee Trailed. Punctations are used at the borders of trailied or incised lines on Perrot Punctate vessels. In contrast, punctations are a major design element on Allamakee Trailed vessels, and are used to fill areas between trailed chevrons. Punctations are used to create patterns on Allamakee Trailed pots, while they are a diminutive embellishment of the trailed designs on Perrot Punctate vessels. Perrot Punctate is a major type during the formative Oneota period in LaCrosse County. While curvilinear designs were frequently used during the developmental sequence, their popularity deminishes through time. By 1450 curvilinear designs were no longer used, according to Boszhardt (personal communication). Angular motifs are dominant on the Perrot Punctate vessels made between AD 1300 and 1400. Also, by 1450 Allamakee Trailed had completely replaced Perrot Punctate. Thus, the frequency of Perrot Punctate is a time marker for all sites that preceed the classic Oneota horizon. The Walley View Phase represents the "Classic Horizon" in LaCrosse County and is dated from AD 1450 into the protohistoric period with a terminus at AD 1650 (Boszhardt 1990: 62). Boszhardt identifies the Midway site (Lc-19) as a representative of the Brice Prairie Phase. While two other sites (Olson and North Shore) are included whthin this phase, the three radiocarbon assays from Midway represent the extreme date range for the Brice Prairie Phase. These three dates (WIS-2108, WIS-2109 WIS-2112) are from the 1988 excavations at Midway by Boszhardt and his colleagues at the University of Wisconsin, LaCrosse. These dates have a MASCA corrected range from AD 1300 to 1420 (Table 30). Application of the MASCA correction to the dates that represent the classic horizon places the range at AD 1400 to 1600 for the Walley View Phase. .The 20 year overlap for the end of the Brice Prairie Phase into the early Valley View Phase is probably due to the multicomponent nature of the Midway site rather than any vagaries in radiocarbon dating. The dates for Tremaine indicate that the site was occupied on sucessive occasions. With the exception of the midden southwest of Area B, there is no similar deposit that would have been formed by intensive and continuous occupation. Were the site representative of a continuous occupation that spans three centuries, extensive midden would be evident and the number of superimposed features would be greater. Likewise, no extensive midden is present at Midway. The date range of AD 1300 to 1520 represents sucessive, discrete occupations rather than a sedentary habitation that spans 220 years. The Midway dates most likely are from several distinct occupations that date to both the Brice Prairie and Valley View Phase.

–40– The Tremaine dates, as well as those from Ot, Filler, and Firesign represent an uncorrected range from AD 1190 to 1730. While results are not yet available for many of the samples (Table 29), some general statements can be made regarding the Oneota incursion into LaCrosse County, and the Oneota sequence at the Tremaine complex. To this end the MASCA corrections are applied to all dates from the Tremaine complex and these are compared to selected Oneota dates from other sites in LaCrosse County (Table 30). The two earliest dates from the Valley View site (Lc-34) have been dismissed by Boszhardt (personal communication) and various other researchers. The earliest date (AD 1020) can be categorically disregarded due to laboratory processing errors. This same rationale cannot, however, be applied to the AD 1195 date that corrects to AD 1200–1220. As is the case for the date from the Level 11 sample taken from Feature 5 at Tremaine, the early Valley View date appears abarrent. The Tremaine date is accurate in that the floral assemblage from the lower levels (Level ll-l3) differs from the plant remains found in later contexts (see the following report by A. A. Hunter). The Level 11 date may be an early strata pierced by later Oneota excavators. Both the Level ll assay and the earliest acceptable date for the Valley View site correct to AD 1200-l220. There is an obvious gap in the radiocarbon date sequence after AD 1200-1220. The recently reported date for Midway (WIS-2108) is probably the earliest date that would achieve general agreement among all researchers. Following this AD 1300 date are 13 assays that date to the fourteenth century. As suggested elsewhere (Penman 1989), a population increase is signaled by the number of samples that date to AD 1390. If the Valley View Phase dates the Classic Horizon in the LaCrosse area, its inception is most properly placed during a time of notable population increase which, in LaCrosse County, is evidant at 1400. Disregarding the 0t cemetery, 18 dates fall between AD 1400 and 1460. Considering all of the LaCrosse County dates (the 0t cemetery included), only eight span the 1460–1610 period and none are more recent than the AD 1640 date from Filler (WIS-2121). The high frequency of dates for the AD 1400 to 1460 period contrasts considerably to the low number of dates for the following two centuries. Based on the frequency of dates for each time period, a population decline is evident at the end of the Walley View Phase. The LaCrosse County villages represent the highest Oneota site density in the Upper Mississippi Valley. The Overhead village (LC-20 and Lc-61) is at the southern boundary of this series (Figure 28). From south to north others are the village in State Road Coulee (Lc-176), Valley View on the LaCrosse River, the Sand Lake village (Lc-43, Lc-44, Lc-45, Lc-167, and several other site numbers), and Olson (Lc-75, Lc-76, and Lc-77). The Tremaine complex and the village in Long Coulee (Lc-333 and Lc-352) are at the northern limit of this cluster (Figure 1).

–41–

EXCAVATIONS AT THE FILLER SITE

The Filler site (Lc-149) was originaly recorded during the Great River Road archaeological project (Penman 1984). Only limited surface collecting in the south field was conducted when Filler was first visited on 3 June 1982. Since Filler is within the expressway corridor for U.S.H. 53 it was revisited in 1986. At that time the tree line which bisects the site was shovel tested. These probes indicated that cultural material was present at approximately 40 cm below surface. Since Filler was first recorded the site has been taken out of row crops and all of the western trees have been removed to accomodate a service road. The eastern most limit of this tree line has also been disturbed by activity since the site was first recorded. Although most of the trees have now been removed, an area approximately 290 meters square within the trees appeared to be undisturbed by construction Tactivities in the 1980s. This apparently undisturbed area is higher in elevation than the surrounding fields. This elevated plot was identified as the original ground surface when testing was conducted in 1986. The shovel probes had produced artifacts at depths which in most cases would be below modern disturbance. For this reason and since the northern field had never been adequately surface collected, test excavations were recommended (Broihahn, et al. 1987).

Testing in 1987

Test excavations conducted in 1987 concentrated on the high ground in the trees and in the north field. The 1987 test units were located on the 0t site grid where magnetic north was used for grid north. The northern limit of cultural debris at Filler is 75 meters south of the Ot site datum (Figure 23). The test units were placed in a line perpindicular to the trees and a single 1X1 meter test was situated in the north field. Each unit was dug in 10 cm arbitrary levels with the dirt being sifted through 1/4 inch mesh hardware cloth. The southeast corner of each square was used to designate the unit. Unit E788143 is the southern most square which was excavated. This southern unit is within the treeline between the two shovel tests which were dug the previous year. Due to the location of various trees the trench adjacent to this square was offset to E77S142. Due to weedy growth no collections were obtained from the surface of the north field in 1987. However, additional surface collections were obtained from the southern field. All of the surface ceramics and those recovered in the excavations are shell tempered Oneota wares (Table 31). A rim from Level 7 of E78S143 is similar to the ceramics from Tremaine which also have a crenelate or "pie crust" treatment. That same provenience at Filler also produced a body sherd which has faint trailed lines similar to the decorated wares from Tremaine. Level 3 of E75S138 contained a plain lug handle and a trailed sherd. A trailed shoulder sherd which has a lug handle attached and a plain rim sherd were recovered from E77Sl42 Level 5. Level 6 in that unit contained a plain shoulder sherd. Burned sandstone fragments were found in Levels 3 and 6 of E77S142. These two sandstone fragments are extremely small, weighing only one gram each. Level 5 of that unit

–42 also produced a small piece of sandstone which has two parallel lines incised on one face. A single retouched chert flake came from Level 5 of E77S142. All of the chert is from local sources. The quartzites likewise are probably from a source in the immediate vicinity. Although a source for Alma quartzite has been reported in Buffalo County (Penman 1981), the brownish colored material from Filler is probably from an as yet undiscovered source in LaCrosse County. Eventhough the northern field appeared to have been less severely plowed than the south half of the site, a distinct plowzone was noted in the test unit at E75Sl38. The depth of plowing extends from 22 to 27 cm in this part of the site. There is a distinct break between the plowzone and the underlying "AB" horizon which is a yellowish tan sand. Excavations were conducted to 40 cm below surface in this unit; however, little cultural material was recovered below 35 cm. No cultural material was recovered from the top two levels of the E788143 trench. The deepest level in that trench extended to 80 cm below surface and this bottom level produced only a single mussel shell. The bottom of the trench and the test unit were each probed with an Oakfield to an additional l.2 meters. These probes indicate that there are no deeply buried cultural deposits below the limit of the excavations. Filler is situated on a knoll of Sparta Loamy Fine Sand. This soil type is characterized by a deep "A" horizon (All, Al2) which is commonly 36 cm (14 inches) thick. This "A" soil horizon is underlain by an "AB" or "EB" layer that extends to 58 cm (23 inches) below surface (Beatty 1960). Rather than the clear wavey interface to the Cl which would be the case in a normal profile, there is a rather sharp demarcation between the "A" and the "C" at Filler. This indicates that some 10 cm of topsoil has completely eroded away from the treeless area. This cleared area has been intensively farmed, and the land laid bare by plowing is severely eroded. The "A" horizon at Filler is approximately 10 cm thinner than the characteristic prairie topsoil. As the "A" was truncated, plowing extended into the "AB" subsoil which after repeated plowing was incorporated into the plowzone. During this period of erosion, heavier artifacts would have concentrated at the base of the plowzone which is probably the cause of the artifact concentration that extends from 20 to 35 cm below the surface. The trench through the wooded area indicates that this part of the Filler site is as severely disturbed as the cleared areas. The elevated wooded area was chosen for testing since it was assumed to be a relatively undisturbed portion of the site. This higher part was presumed to be at or near original ground surface since it is some 30 cm higher than the surrounding fields. The "A" horizon here is no thicker than in the fields. This topsoil or "A" is overlain by a grayish white sand that produced no artifacts. This sand is a wind blown deposits that extends to a maximum depth of 35 cm bleow surface, and does not extend beyond the tree line. There are root crowns in this strata which indicate that the deposition is extremely recent. The underlying "buried topsoil" has a distince break at its base which indicates that this area has also been plowed (Figure 24). Darker patches of gray sand are interdigitated around the buried topsoil.

–43– These darker areas below the "buried topsoil" are remnants of the A12. Considreing the A12 sand and the "buried A" as a single unit, the topsoil has a maximum depth of 25 cm. Sparta Loamy Sand typically has a topsoil that is 36 cm thick, which indicates that there has been severe erosion in the wooded area as well as in the fields which were more recently plowed. Neither the topsoil to "AB" interface in either area has the typical undulation. Rather in both areas there is a sharp boundary between the topsoil and the subsoil which indicates a past history of plowing. Even in the apparently protected wooded area there has been over 10 cm of topsoil loss. Although no artifacts were recovered in an undisturbed context in the treeline at Filler, testing provides information regarding modern landscape changes that have resulted from intensive agriculture. The planted pines at Filler are along the Section 18 and 19 boundary. The trench profile indicates that this section line has been previously plowed. This part of the section line was probably planted in pine trees after 27 June 1954 since no trees appear on a aerial photograph of that date (ASCS photo BHV-3N-60). The trees may have been only seedlings at the time the air photography was taken. However, they would date no earlier than the construction of USH 53 in 1952. Several fence lines were moved after the new highway changed the configuration of the fields, and the planting of trees on the section line most likely dates to this time. Thus, it can be assumed that the trees on the Section 18-19 line were no more than 35 years old when the trench was cut. After the trees were planted wind blown sand began to be deposited in this newly formed shelter belt. This aeolian sand layer has a maximum thickness of 35 cm, which is an average deposition rate of one centimeter per year. A high rate of deposition such as this is commensurate with rapid erosion in the adjacent agricultural fields. Wind blown sand from freshly plowed fields would be trapped in windbrakes such as the tree line at the Filler site. As a result of the testing operation at Filler an adequate artifact sample has now been obtained. Although the artifacts from the north field test unit are not in an undisturbed context, they are from a protion of the site that has not previously produced artifacts. Profiles in both the test square and the trench indicate that all of the site has been plowed. The trench was placed on an elevated wooded area which had been assumed to be the undisturbed ground surface. The trench profile indicates that this raised surface is the product of wind blown sand which has collected along the tree line. Knowing the approximate age of the tree line, a rather high rate of aeolian deposition can be calculated. Since no undisturbed cultural deposits were encountered at Filler, no further archaeological research was recommended for this site at the end of the 1987 field season.

Excavations in 1988

As excavations progressed at Tremaine and 0t during the summer of 1988, it became apparent that the higher parts of Tremaine had been extensively plowed and posessed no in situ cultural deposits. The Filler site has a plowing history similar to that at Tremaine, and the physiography of Filler is also similar to Area E at Tremaine. An

–44 extensive grading program in Area E produced no features on the higher, level part. However refuse pits were found on the slope. Thus, eventhough the 1987 testing at Filler had not produced features, a portion of the slope was graded. A small bulldozer was used to strip the plowzone from the slope in the north field. This particular area was chosen since it appeares to have suffered least from plowing and previous road construction. A total of ten dark stains were noted after this area had been graded to a depth of 45 centimeters. Excavation units measuring one meter square were placed over each of these stains. Although units Sll3E54, Sll4E35, and SllSE52 produced artifacts, no features were found at these locations. Upon excavation several of the other units produced no feature or artifacts. Since square S106E52 was found to be in a feature, the adjacent square was also excavated. Features 2 and 4 were recovered from two meter Squares. In addition to the tabulated artifacts (Table 32, 33, and 37), the units in non-feature areas produced a single Alma quartzite primary decortication flake (from Level 2 of S115E52) and two fragments of an unidentified quartzite (top level of S115E52). Eventhough the graded area was subjected to amateur collecting, a rather impressive collection was obtained (termed "North Field, G.A." in tables). This collection includes a single primary decortication flake of local gray chert, three chert flakes that have been retouched, four chert cores, three Alma quartzite cores, two chert wedges, a mono fragment, a chert snubnose scraper, and a chert biface. A total of nine pieces of unidentified quartzite were also recovered from the graded area. These are angular fragments that do not appear to be chipping debris. In addition to the 15 pieces of burned sandstone (Table 33), a sandstone artifact was also found. The ceramics from the graded area include two rims that have crenelate lips or "pie crust" treatment, a plain rim with beveled lip, two strap handles, and part of a pot that has trailed decoration and a strap handle. All of the ceramics are shell tempered, and only one sherd has been decorated with punctations. The south field was collected again during the 1988 excavations. As in previous years this part of the Filler site was in alfalfa, and the collecting conditions were less than ideal. In addition to the tablulate artifacts (Tables 32 and 33), a core of local chert was recovered from the south field. As previously stated, test excavations on the highest, level portion of the north field had produced no cultural deposits below the limit of modern disturbance. The four features were all found after the side of the north field was graded. Considering the vertical extent of these refuse pits, they all seem to have been only slightly disturbed by plowing and subsequent erosion. Several of the features in the least disturbed part of the 0t site (Areas D and E) extend to depths greater than one meter. Likewise, the features at Filler are deep, indicating little modern disturbance. Feature 2 extends to a depth of 120 cm below original ground surface, and is the deepest of * four Filler features. Feature 4 is the shallowest with a depth of 5 cm.

–45– The features produced a variety of artifacts in addition to the tablulated ceramics (Table 32) and lithics (Tables 33 and 37). Charcoal adequate for radiocarbon dating was obtained from Features 1, 2, and 3. However, only small quantities were present in each of the 10 cm thick arbitrary excavation levels. Based on the mixing that has occured in the features at Tremaine, Ot, and Firesign; the fill in the Filler features may also represent single deopsition episodes. Therefore, charcoal from various levels within a single feature was submitted as a combined sample for radiocarbon dating (Table 29). Likewise, in the discussion of these three features, the artifacts in a single feature are assumed to be contemporary and all deposited simultaneously. A fragmentary copper bead was found in Feature 1. This bead was manufactured from a thin sheet of copper and is similar to thse found in the 0t cemetery. Feature 1 also produced two local chert retouched thinning flakes, one of which has been heat treated. A Madison triangular projectile point of Hixton quartzite is the only finished stone artifact found in Feature 1. The two pieces of unidentified quartzite from this feature are blocky fragments. A rim which has a crenelate lip, but no other decoration is from the top level. In adition to several unidentified bones, the toe of a deer (Odocoileus virginianus) was also recovered (Table 39). Feature 2 also contained animal remains; however, none are identifiable (Table 39). While the majority of the ceramics from Filler and the other sites in the immediate vicinity are embellished with a crenelate lip, a sherd from Feature 2 differs in that the rim is beveled and the lip pinched. In addition to the tabulated lithics (Table 33), a quartzite block and a chert thinning flake; both unidentified as to source; were recovered. Feature 3 produced a gray chert core and several pieces of Alma quartzite that have a purple color (Table 33). A piece of lead was recovered from the bottom level. This is an unaltered galena cube. Galena is not common on late prehistoric sites north of the Wisconsin-Mississippi River confluence (see Walthall 1981) and most of the pieces that have been recovered are cubes that show no signs of human alteration. The grading in the north field exposed a considerable artifact asemblage which was collected. Of the 377 sherds and chipped stone items in the surface collection, 363 of these (96%) are in the area which was graded in 1988. In addition to these 363 items, 15 pieces of burned sandstone weighing 1825 grams (Table 33) and a sandstone artifact were recovered. Since sandstone is not particularly durable, it would not generally survive the natural elements on the surface, particularly after repeated plowing. The north field surface collection is significant in that amateur collecting was curbed and this was primarily restricted to collection of shells and chert cores. Assuming that a piece count of 363 ceramic, knapped lithics, and ground stone objects is an unbiased sample, then site function can be determined for other small sites with similar size collections.

–46 The features themselves are the the best indicator of the activities conducted at the Filler site. These features are most assuredly corn storage pits that were filled with refuse after the grain was removed. Artifacts such as stone scrapers, the galena cube, and a high percentage of ceramics, also indicate that Filler was occupied by sedentary agriculturalists that practiced a variety of activities. The absence of pipestone (or catlinite) artifacts at Filler is not surprising since only one in thirty features at 0t (LC-262) produced pipestone, and only four features were excavated at Filler. The animal remains from Filler represent an assemblage which is probably too small for intimate comparison to the other Oneota sites in the immediate vicinity. The mussel shell and fish bones indicate intensive utilization of riverine resources, while deer was one of the preferred large game animals. Even assuming that no features were observed or excavated at Filler, significant information can be garnered from analysis of the north field surface collection. This sample from the graded portion of the north field contains a high percentage (22%) of ceramics in relation to lithics, if sandstone is deiregarded. The stone tool assemblage included wedges, a biface, seven cores, and three worked flakes. These items indicate; respectively; that woodworking, tool production, and hide processing were conducted at Filler. The single mono also suggests plant processing, or nut extraction. The excavated sample indicates similar activities. Pottery in the excavated assemblage accounts for 51% of the sample. The retouched flakes indicate hide scraping or similar processing. A burned nut hull from the top level of Feature 2 indicates that wild plants were processed. Therefore, even from a surface sample as small as 363 items, site function can be determined.

–47 SURFACE SURVEY AT THE OT SITE

The Ot site (Lc–262) was recorded by a survey crew from the University of Wisconsin at LaCrosse in May 1986. Since Ot is within the corridor for the USH 53 expressway, the site was revisited by crews from the State Historical Society that same year. The Historical Society collected the uplands or that portion of the site above the 219 meter contour, and conducted test excavations over the eastern half of the site. These tests revealed that the eastern part of the site from STH 35 to grid point W30 has been extremely altered and no undisturbed cultural deposits were found at elevations below 219 meters (Figure 23). The soil profile in W40N67 indicated that the upper solum had not been as extensively eroded here as in the lower portion of the site. This higher western part of the 0t site has been less intensively plowed than the lower portion. The lower or eastern part of the site has also been used as a borrow pit, possibly during the construction of STH 35 in 1952. A borrow pit appears at this location on the 27 June 1954 aerial photograph (SCS #BHV-3N-60). Apparently fill was still being removed from this area even after the new road was completed. This borrow pit covers a 9,000 square meter area or approximately 30% of the total habitation site. Due to the disturbed nature of the eastern area, no further work was recommended for this part of the 0t site (Broihahn, et al. 1987). Additional test excavations were conducted at 0t during the 1987 field season. The 1987 test units were tied to the same grid that was used in 1986. All grid points are referenced to the datum in the old borrow pit. This datum in turn is referenced to the marked power pole at the eastern margin of the site. This Northern States power pole is on a bearing of 16 degrees 40 minutes and 96.5 meters from the datum. The same grid is used for both the Filler and the Ot site. Grid north is magnetic north of 9 October 1986 which is approximately 3.5 degrees east of meridian north. Since the eastern third of the site is disturbed, the 1987 operation emphasized subsurface exploration in the upper portion of the habitation area. Prior to testing, various remote sensing techniques were used over a north-south tract. This tract is from N50 to N120 and is 15 meters wide from W40 to W55. Phosphate, self potential electric, and EM31 readings were taken at a minimum five meter interval over this area. Test excavations were then conducted at the positive readings. Initial findings indicate that some of these techniques are extremely accurate in locating features prior to excavation (O'Gorman 1987, 1988). The Ot excavations will be presented in a comprehensive report at a later date. The major goal of the 1987 fieldwork was to determine the southern limit of the site. Field conditions had been ideal on the upland portion of Ot in 1986, and thus the northern boundary could be determined based on the maximum extent of surface scatter. Also during 1986 the eastern limit of the site was determined through test excavations. The western boundary for the site is CTH "0T."

–48– Due to poor field conditions in 1986 the southern site boundary could not be accurately determined. By August 1987 surface contitions were good in the field south of the known boundaries of the Ot site. Based on the extent of cultural debris, the 0t site extends into an alfalfa field south of the high terrace remnant. This surface scatter is above the 217 meter (712 foot) contour line. The surface collection from this portion of the site contains two cores and ten thinning flakes, all of chert. A single thinning flake which has been heat treated was also found. In addition, two Hixton quartzite thinning flakes were recovered from the southern part of the 0t site. The Hixton material is probably from Silver Mound in Jackson County (Porter 1961). An isolated chert flake was found approximately 95 meters south of the 0t site boundary. Using an Oakfield soil probe, subsurface tests were made at the western limit of the woods; along the southern site boundary; and next to the isolated find. All of these probes indicate that these areas are eroded, and no cultural bearing strata were extant. The Wisconsin Department of Transportation acquired several parcles of land after the corridor was actually purchased. These recent acquisitions are adjacent to STH 35 north of the expressway route, and modifications were made to the north ramps which would incorporate these new lands into the construction area. Thus these addtional real estate was surveyed in 1988. As a result it was found that the 0t site extended into a beanfield north of the previously known boundary. This part of the site has been extremely disturbed since as much as five meters may have been removed. Thus, no additional excavations were warrented in the northeastern part of the site. During the survey of the additional right of way, site Lc-248 was found to extend into the recently acquired parcle east of STH 35. A shell tempered sherd was recovered when Lc-248 was surface collected. Since this part of the site is in an old borrow pit, excavations are unnecessary.

–49– TEST EXCAVATIONS AT THE FIRESIGN SITE

The Firesign site is due south of Filler and east of the southern part of Tremaine. Since Firesign and Tremaine are separated only by C.T. H. "OT"; the smaller Firesign site may be considered an extension of the Tremaine complex (Figure 2). The National Register boundaries for Tremaine, however, have been set at C.T.H. "OT." Thus, Firesign has been assigned a separate site number (LC-359). Where it borders Tremaine, Firesign is rather low and level and has an average elevation of 215 meters above mean sea level (706 feet m.s.l.). It rises to the east to a highest elevation of 220 meters (722 feet) on the terrace remnant which forms the southeastern corner of the site. The high southeastern portion is Plainfield loamy fine sand and the majority of the lower site area is Sparta loamy fine sand (Beatty 1960). The northern border is the east-west farm road that connects C.T.H. "OT" to S.T.H. 35. The southern boundary is the quarter section line of Section 19 in Township 17N Range 7W. Since the proposed realignment of C.T. H. "OT" crosses the southern part of the site, test excavations were conducted in the highway right of way in November 1988.

Fieldwork in 1988

Pror to testing the entire cornfield was collected and artifacts were also recovered from the farm road. The material from the surface represents three separate collecting trips across the entire 5.67 hectare (14 acre) site area. In addition to the tabulated artifacts (Tables 34 and 35) a primary decortication flake, three worked thinning flakes, a wedge, three biface fragments, and a snubnose scraper all made from local chert were collected. Artifacts made of Grand Meadow chert are a triangular Madison projectile point and a snubnose scraper. The test excavation units are tied to a datum point near the southwest edge of the site (Figure 26). The grid is oriented to magnetic north of 3 November 1988. Initially all test units measured 1X2 meters with the long axis in an east-west orientation. Since a feature was encountered in N15 E295, this unit was expanded to a 2X2 meter square. Excavation procedures follow those used at Lc-95 and LC-149 where dirt was sifted through quarter inch mesh hardware cloth and 10 cm arbitrary levels were used. Probing at a 30 meter interval in June had indicated that cultural deposits may be extant in the western third of the highway right of way. This area of highest potential is between E80 and W35 on the grid which was established in November. The two squares placed in this area at N00W05 and N00W15 were both excavated to a depth of 70 cm below surface (b. s.). Unit N00W05 produced artifacts only in the top three levels and the prehistoric material was mixed with barbed wire and clear bottle glass. Eventhough the plowzone is no deeper that 29 cm, modern disturbance extends to a minimum depth of 30 cm b. s. Similar disturbance is noted in N00W15 where, again, the top three levels contain modern bottle glass. The profile in these two units shows two superimposed plowzones with the lower portion having an indistinct boundary due to rodent disturbance.

–50– Eventhough the intervening area between E80 and S.T.H. 35 appeared to be disturbed, a test unit was placed at N24E150 to confirm the soil probe profile. This unit was excavated to a depth of 80 cm b. s. , and no cultural material was found below level 3. As was the case in the western units, there are superimposed plowzones here as well. The bottom of the plowing has a distinct boundary at 43 cm b. s. Unit N174E261 is within the extension of the S.T. H. 35 improvements. This unit has a sharp boundary between the plowzone and the underlying "C" soil horizon at 18 cm b. s. Eventhough artifacts were found in all three of the excavated levels, most of the "A" horizon has been removed either by erosion or plowing. The strip three meters east of this unit has been disturbed, probably by the 1952-1953 highway construction. The majority of the stone material is from local sources. A fraction, however, can not be identified as to source. A sceondary flake of an unidentified quartzite was found on the surface, and two thinning flakes from a similar quartzite were recovered from N00W05. A basalt fragment was found in Level 2 of N00W15, and a chert primary decortication flake was recovered from Level 2 of N174E261. The stone assemblage appears to differ from that found at other sites in the vicinity if the combined surface-excavated collection is compared. There is a higher number of cores present at Firesign proportinate to the number found at other sites. The Firesign cores are 16 from the surface; and one each from N00E295, N00W15 (Level 6), and Feature 2. All are chert, and only one of these has been heat treated. Of the 980 chipped stone items from the excavation units, Feature 2, and the general surface collection; 2% of the total are cores. At less than one percent, the quantity of primary decortication flakes is not high. The low incidence of primary flakes indicates that primary reduction of chert nodules did not take place at Firesign. The high frequency of cores suggests that primary flakes were removed from nodules at the stone source, and that the lighter cores and blanks were then transported to the site. Feature 1 is on the high southeasern part of the site. It was first encountered during the excavation of unit N15E295. Thus square N13E295 was also opened so that the entire feature could be excavated and related to the grid. This feature is a refuse pit which has a maximum diameter of 110 cm at the base of Level 4 (40 cm b. s.), and it extends to a depth of 112 cm b. s. Severe modern disturbance was noted in the upper levels. Tar paper was found in the upper levels of both N13E295 and N15E295. A 92 mm long tin spout found in Level 4 of N13E295 attests to the industry of the rodents. This spout is from an oil or kerosene can and dates no earlier than 1900. Since the upper levels have had modern artifacts added by burrowing rodents, these have been combined in the analysis. The lower levels have not been altered by burrowing rodents, and Levels 6 and 7 contained a considerable quantity of pottery and burned sandstone. Rim portions of three different decorated vessels and three plain pots were recovered (Figures 27 and 31) along with identifiable animal bones. The faunal remains include garfish (Lepisosteus sp.) scales, and two right bison (Bison bison) scapulas (Table 39). A punctated body sherd from Level 7 matches with a trailed rim sherd from the level above, and plain rims that conjoin were found in levels 7 and 10. Thus levels 6 through 10 represent a Single dumping episode in N15E295, and are analyzed as a discrete unit.

–5 1– Small quantities of charcoal were recovered from each level in Feature 1. In order to obtain an adequate amount for radiocarbon dating all charcoal from the lower levels was combined into a single sample. Samples from levels 1 through 5 were excluded since the upper portion of this pit has suffered from severe modern mixing. The upper levels of Feature 1 contained a wedge of Cedar Valley chert which has rough cortex, a gray chert core, and one of the bison scapulas. Level 5 yielded two heat treated gray chert cores, a biface made of local chert, a core of Alma quartzite, and two blocks of unidentified quartzite. The majority of the burned sandstone found in this feature is in Levels 6 and 7. Level 6 produced over 300 pieces which have a total weight of 6743 grams, and 460 pieces having a total weight of 9199 grams were found in Level 7 (Table 35). Levels 6-10 produced a worked Alma quartzite thinning flake, a basalt cobble, a crescent shaped Alma quartzite uniface, six gray chert cores, and a gray chert primary flake. Only one of these chert cores had been heat treated. A bulldozer trench was cut from E20 to E90 between NO and N5; and a second graded area was made with a D-7 Caterpiller one meter south of Feature 1 from E240 to E300. No additional features were found in the graded portion at the east end of the site. Feature 2 was exposed at NOE25 but not excavated.

Fieldwork in 1989

Firesign was revisited in 1989 prior to the construction of the new C.T. H. "OT" segment through the south end of the site. At this time, Feature 2 was completely excavated and an additional surface collection was obtained (Table 36). As was the case during the 1988 fieldwork a notable number of cores were recovered from the surface and the excavated features. The surface collection produced four chert cores, two of which are heat treated; and an Alma quartzite core. A gray chert core was found in Level 2 of S2 E26 (Feature 2) and level 3 of that same unit produced two cores of local gray chert. The top level of unit S3 E26 in Feature 2 yielded seven chert cores. Level 1 of Feature 2 (S3 E26) contained 11 primary decortication flakes, and five chert primary flakes were recovered from Level 2 of that same unit. Upon completion of the excavations in Feature 2, a bulldozer was utilized to strip the topsoil from the entire construction area. Although no additional features were found in the lower, western portion of the site; the rise at the southeastern corner produced three features. All of the Firesign site features contained shell tempered ceramics, and an Allamakee Trailed body sherd was recovered from S2 E310 near Feature 3 (Table 34). This unit also produced a gray chert core. During the grading, Feature 4 was encountered in the east half of excavation unit S3 E309, and a dark stain was noted in the western part of that unit. Since a plain body sherd found in the top level of Feature 4 East joins to a sherd in the second level, levels 1 and 2 have been combined in the tabulations (Tables 34 and 36). Feature 4 West produced a tabular or block flake of heat treated chert in the top level, and a Madison triangular projectile point of gray chert was found in Level 3.

-52– A burned mammal longbone fragment was recovered from the top level of Feature 3. Level 4 of Feature 4 East produced three fragments of longbone from a large mammal. The only identifiable animal bone recovered during the 1989 excavations is a right bison scapula from Level 4 of Feature 4 East.

Summary

The majority of the knappable lithics from Firesign are local gray chert. Lesser quantities of Grand Meadow chert and Cedar Valley chert ("C.V." in Table 38) were also found. These may not necessarily be exotic materials since the majority of the decortication flakes have a smooth cortex. Such smoothing could be produced by water transportation of the cobbles. The geological deposits for both Cedar Valley (Ready 1981) and Grand Meadow (Trow 1981) are in the Root River watershed. The Root joins the Mississippi River only 18 kilometers (11 miles) south of the Tremaine complex. Workable cobbles of Cedar Valley and Grand Meadow cherts could have been obtained from the mouth of the Root River. The high frequency of chert cores and primary decortication flakes at Firesign indicates that preliminary reduction of local cherts focused in this part of the Tremaine site complex. Although only five refuse pits were found at Firesign their physiographic situation indicates that placement of storage pits at higher elevations was preferred. Features 1, 3 and 4 are situated on the well drained sand ridge at the southeastern edge of Firesign. With a diameter of 225 cm, Feature 3 is the largest of the Firesign pits. Feature 1 contained a variety of animal remains and artifacts and is the deepest of the Firesign pits. The upper rim diameter for these five pits ranges from 107 to 225 cm, and depths vary from 83 to ll2 cm. Based on similarities in decoration, handle attachments, and lip embellishment the Firesign ceramics are most similar to those recovered from the Ot site. The radiocarbon date from Feature 1 (Table 29) is within the range of dates obtained for the 0t site.

–53– ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES ON S.T.H 35, SHELBY TOWNSHIP

During September 1989 additional investigations were conducted in Shelby Township south of LaCrosse (Figure 28). Field research included excavations at the Young Kitty site (Lc-244) which is adjacent to Mormon Creek and site survey to the north. Previous surveys have produced numerous prehistoric sites in this vicinity, and additional fieldwork was necessary to determine whether or not proposed highway construction on S.T.H. 35 would affect undisturbed cultural deposits. The proposed highway improvements (project 5163-07-00) would widen S.T.H. 35 to four lanes and provide access points to three frontage roads. The proposed four lane corridor, which extends from the U. S.H. 61 intersection southward to Vernon County, was surveyed for archaeological sites in 1986 (Broihahn, et al. 1987). The frontage roads are between U.S.H. 61 and Mormon Creek, and one of these was surveyed in 1986. The frontage road which would provide access to the radio station, is adjacent to the Young Kitty site. While the "North Field" of the Young Kitty site extends into this frontage location, shovel testing indicated that the site area had been disturbed. A portion of this frontage would be parallel to the Burlington Northern Railroad tracks. This is an ideal location from an archaeological consideration, since that area is an old railroad bed, and therefore has been disturbed previously. Prehistoric artifacts were recovered from both frontage roads surveyed in 1989. The Young East site (Lc-422) is a newly reported in one of these frontage roads. The Young East site is bordered on the west by S.T. H. 35, and on the east it is bound by Mormon Creek (Figure 29). The proposed frontage road would run through the eastern edge of this 1.72 acre (0.70 hectare) site. The site was in corn at the time of survey and a moderate artifact collection was obtained from the surface (Table 40). The north frontage road would run through the Chambers-Markle Farmstead which is currently owned by Harry Stelzig. A lithic scatter was found throughout the route of the proposed frontage road. This scatter is considered to be part of the Stellzig site (Lc-190) which was reported by the University of Wisconsin-LaCrosse in 1983 (Figure 30). The 1983 survey was conducted along a sewer route, and only the construction area was surveyed. No artifacts were found in the eastern part of the sewer route which is adjacent to S.T.H. 35. Middle and Late Woodland components are indicated in the artifact assemblage recovered in 1983 (Stevenson 1984). A single projectile point of Alma quartzite (Figure 31a) recovered in 1989 is probably contemporary to the Middle Woodland component reported previously. Since there is apparent cultural relationship between the two areas; and due to an absence of physical boundaries, the eastern area collected in 1989 is considered as part of the Stellzig site. Addition of the frontage road scatter to the previously recorded portion of the site increases the total area to seven acres (2.8 hectares), making Stellzig one of the largest prehistoric sites adjacent to S.T. H. 35. Although Stellzig is large, apparently it is not deep. The sewer line survey failed to produce undisturbed deposits. Additionaly, the entire lenght of the proposed frontage road was ported with a split spoon soil sampler. These probes were placed at a seven meter interval, and none of the soil profiles indicate that cultural deposits extend below the plowzone.

–54 Although the subsurface testing at Stellzig indicates that no cultural deposits are extant below the plowzone, shovel tests in the '#'. northern part of Lc-422 did encounter an undisturbed solum below the limits of modern disturbance. The Madison ware ceramics indicate a Late Woodland occupation at Young East. Eventhough shell tempered ceramics are also present, the sherds are to fragmentary (Figure 31b) to determine an exact phase for the Oneota occupation. The majority of the lithics are local gray chert and Alma quartzite (Penman 1981) which was probably also procured from a local source. The Hixton quartzite flakes are from Silver Mound in Jackson County (Porter 1961). The presence of Hixton indicates trade or exchange with interior Wisconsin via the Black or Trempealeau River. The historic artifacts date to the 1880-1900 period and probably relate to activities at the Young Farmstead at the south end : of the site. The coracoid of a chicken (Gallus gallus) is the only identifiable bone. The remaining bone probably relates to the historic : occupation as well. The greatest density of prehistoric artifacts are in the northern half of the site. Shovel tests in this area indicate that : modern plowing has not destroyed the cultural deposits. Therefore, should a frontage road be approved for this location test excavations will be necessary to determine the depth and horizontal extent of the cultural deposits. Although the Young Kitty site (Lc-244) extends southward into Section 34, test excavations in 1986 determined that the southern part of the site was extremely disturbed. During the testing operation, five one meter square units were placed over the "South Field" at the Young Kitty site. Intercept points for the southeast corner of these units are shown in Figure 2. Soil profiles in these test squares suggested that the eastern parts of thes site were also disturbed. The plowzone in square N47 W5 was only 22 cm deep; and eventhough the plowzone or extent of modern disturbance is to a depth of 43 cm in Nll9 W9, an undisturbed solum was detected in this higher sandy area. As a result of the testing operation, excavations were recommended for that part of the "South Field" in Section 27 west of the datum. The datum point used in both the testing operation and excavations is a U.S.G. S benchmark that has an elevation of 197.2 meters above mean sea level. The excavation units are 1X2 meters with the long side oriented on the north to south axis. The eastern edge of each of these trenches is on the grid Wll line. The plowzone in the test excavtion squares had an average depth of 31 cm. Since the plowzone is unusually deep at Young Kitty, the top 20 cm was excavated as Level 1 during the excavation phase. Since no natural strata were encountered, all excavations were conducted using arbitrary levels. As was the case during the testing work the southeast corner of each unit was used to identify that specific unit. All dirt was sifted through quarter inch hardware cloth and the artifacts bagged by level. In addition to the hand excavations, the bottom of unit N128 was probed using a split spoon corer to a depth of 1.75 meters below the surface. A Beta B soil is indicated in this core at a depth of 135 to 138 cm, and a second Beta B was found at 150 to 153 cm. The "C" soil horizon extends from 125 cm to the base of the core.

–55– Ceramics include a Levsen Stamped sherd which was found during the testing and a Levsen Punctate rim which was recovered from Level 4 of excavation unit N140 (Figure 31c). This level also produced a corner notched projectile point of the Koster type. The point which is 42 mm long, 24 mm wide, and 8 mm thick is made of a heat treated local gray chert (Figure 31d). While the Levsen sherd is indicative of a Middle Woodland occupation (Logan 1976: 93–94), the projectile point dates to the Late Woodland Period (Perino 1971: 100). Unfortunately, the seven sherds found in Level 5 of that unit are too fragmentary for proper identification. The majority of the lithic debris is local gray chert (Table 41) as is the biface found in Level 2 of unit N88 (Figure 31e). While no primary decortication flakes have been recovered, the secondary decortication flakes (listed as "secondary flakes" in Table 41) indicate that rough cores were brought to the site where they were fashioned into tools. A chert core was recovered from the top level of N136. Level 3 of N100 produced a fragment of a groundstone object. Exotic stone includes an end scraper manufactured from Grand Meadow Chert from Level 2 of N128 and a Hixton quartzite biface from the top level of N132. Grand Meadow Chert is from a source in Mower County, Minnesota (Trow 1981) due west of the site. Hixton quartzite, which is the most significant exotic material in quantity, was imported from Silver Mound in Jackson County, Wisconsin (Porter 1961). The yellow chert thinning flake found in the top level of N47W5 during the testing operation may be Cedar Valley Chert. Cedar Valley Chert is from 21-F1-60 in Fillmore County, Minnesota (Ready 1981) which is closer to the site than the Grand Meadow Chert quarry. The majority of the pottery is Madison Ware, representing a Late Woodland occupation (Table 42). Only one rim sherd was found during the testing operation, and none were recovered from the excavation units. Only six pieces of animal bone and mussel shell were recovered, and the single bone found below the modern disturbance is a burned unidentifiable fragment. The historic items recovered from Young Kitty include ceramics, glass, nails, and taconite pellets. The stoneware, glass fragments, and nails are contemporary to the historic artifacts found on the surface at Young East. In the artifact tabulations, levels that contained historic artifacts were combined with higher levels. Modern disturbance, as evidenced by the presence of historic artifacts is most severe in N140 º where it extends into Level 4. The temporarly diagnostic artifacts in N140 represent two different prehistoric time periods, and probably occur in the same level due to modern mixing. A total of eight 1X2 meter units were excavated along the Wll grid line. The plowzone extends from 36 to 37 cm below surface in units N106, N110, N132, and N136. It is deepest in the units at the south (N88) and north (N140) ends of the excavation area where modern disturbance is to the base of Level 3 (40 cm). Modern disturbance is least severe in N128 where the plowzone is 30 cm deep, or extends only to the base of Level 2. However, modern artifacts were found in Level 3 of N128. The plowzone in the area of the Wll grid line has an average depth of 36 cm.

–56– Since the average depth of the plowzone was 31 cm when the site was tested in 1986, even the western portion has been severely disturbed recently. The "South Field" had been in pasture from 1981-1986, and was not being severely disturbed by repeated annual plowing. The south field was put in row crops in 1987, and the "South Field" has been chisel plowed for the past three years. This plowing technique, which is deeper by design, is the apparent cause of the severe recent disturbance. While the modern mixing does not extend to the base of all of the excavation units, there is no apparent integrity to the prehistoric materials below the limits of modern disturbance. No prehistoric hearths, storage pits, or other features were found in the excavations. It appears that in the past three years the area where the excavations were conducted has been subjected to disturbances as severe as found in other parts of the site. Therefore no further field research is recommended for Young Kitty. Unlike other portions of LaCrosse County that are within the Mississippi River trench, the S.T. H. 35 project area contains a preponderance of Woodland sites. The Oneota sites north of the city of LaCrosse are greater in size and number than Woodland sites. In contrast, the Overhead site (Lc-20) is the only Oneota village south of the LaCrosse urban area. Extensive excavations have been conducted at Overhead, and the most recent work coincided with the sewer survey at the Stellzig site (Lc-190). The 1983 Overhead excavations produced numerous features and artifact concentrations throughout the eastern part of the site. The majority of the artifacts found in the extreme southern portion of Overhead are Woodland (Sasso 1984). Intensive Woodland utilization is evident at the majority of the sites south of Overhead. While Oneota sherds have been recovered from Lc-131 and Lc-246, the most intensive occupation at Lc-131 is Late Woodland (Penman 1984) and Lc-246 also contains a Late Woodland component (Broihahn, et al. 1987: 97). Other sites such as Lc-78, Lc-79, and Lc-91 have not produced artifacts that would indicate an occupation extending as late as the Oneota period (Gallagher, et al. 1982). Due to an absence of diagnostic artifacts at Lc-81 (Stevenson 1983: 119), Lc-245 (Broihahn, et al. 1984: 97), and Lc-127 (Penman 1984: 30) the exact time of occupation cannot be determined for these prehistoric sites. Late Archaic projectile points have been recovered from both Lc-128 and LC-129. However the dominant artifact assemblage at Lc-128 is Late Woodland (Penman 1984: 31). The only mortuary sites reported for this area are the Roesler site (LC-80), a single conical mound east of S.T.H. 35 (Gallagher 1982: 80); and the burials at Overhead (Sasso 1984: 13-14). No archaeological sites are as yet known for the area between Mormon Creek and Lc-245 which is near the south end of the county.

–57– TABLE 1. Reference Points for Excavation Grid at the Tremaine Site

From To Bearing Distance

Datum Highway Station 381+00 / 185 280 degrees 30" 14.58 m

Datum Manhole #7 151 degrees 32.44

Datum Power Pole — 198 degrees 8.90

W012 NO00 Elevation Hub 215.91 meters 368 degrees 40' 34.29

E068 S021 Highway Station 377+00 / 185 165 degrees 30" 53.66

E330 S223 Highway Station 369+00 / 210 164 degrees 62.00

E330 S245 Highway Station 365+60 / 210 156 degrees 10." 53.00

E330 S245 Highway Station 363+67.71 / 210 141 degrees 20 ' 112.90

E375 S315 Highway Station 363+67.71 / 210 123 degrees 26.00

–58– TABLE 2 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area AN

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body rim body rim

N084 W050 L, 1–4 0 6 0 0 1 0

N084 W056 L., 1-3 0 3 0 0 5 0 N084 W056 L., 4 0 l 0 0 0 0 N084 W056 L., 7 0 l 0 0 0 0

N090 WO20 L, 2 0 l 0 0 0 0 N090 W020 L, 3 0 l l 0 l 0

N090 W020 L, 4 0 3 0 0 0 0

N090 WO30 L, 3 5 0 2 0 N090 WO30 L, 4 0 0 0 2 0

N090 W040 L, 1-2 l 3 0 0 13 0 N090 W040 L, 3 0 l 4 0 5 0 N090 WO40 L, 4 0 2 0 0 8 0 N090 W040 L, 5 0 l 0 0 0 0

N090 WO50 L, 1–4 '1 6 0 3 0 0 N090 W050 L, 5 0 8 0 2 0 0 N090 W050 L, 6 0 l 0 0 0 0 N090 WO50 L, 7 l 0 0 0 0 0

N090 W054 L, 1-4 l 20 0 0 5 0 N090 WO54 L, 6 0 0 0 12 0

N090 WO60 L, 1-3 0 5 0 0 0 0

N098 W030 L, 1 0 0 0 O 2 0 N098 WO30 L, 2 0 l 0 0 0 0 N098 W030 L, 3 O 4 0 0 2 0 N098 W030 L, 4 0 2 0 0 0 0 N098 W030 L, 5 l 15 0 0 0 0 N098 WO30 L, 6 0 3 0 0 0 0

N098 W050 L, 1–4 3 9 0 0 2 O N098 W050 L, 5 0 0 0 0 l 0 N098 W050 L, 6 0 2 0 O 0 0

N100 W040 L, 1-5 0 5 0 0 2 0

–59– TABLE 2 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area AN

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body rim body rim

AREA "AN" continued

N100 W050 L, 1–5 6 9 0 0 l 0 N100 W050 L, 6 0 2 0 0 0

N100 W060 L, 1–7 0 7 0 0 2 0

N110 W022 L, 1 0 0 l 0 l 0 N110 W022 L, 3 0 0 0 O l 0 N110 WO22 L, 6 3 0 0 0 0 0 N110 W022 L, 7 0 l 0 0 0 0

N120 WO22 L., 4 0 0 0 0 0 l

N127 W037 L, 1 0 0 0 0 l 0

N130 W042 L, 3 0 - 0 0 0 l 0 N130 W042 L, 5 O 0 0 0 l 0

N130 W072 L, 1–5 0 l 0 0 0 0

N140 W052 L, 1-3 0 0 0 0 l O N140 W052 L, 4 0 0 0 0 l 0

N140 W072 L, 1-3 0 l 0 0 2 O N140 W072 L, 4 0 l 0 0 2 0

N142 W050 L, 2 l 0 0 0 0 0 N142 W050 L, 3 0 l 0 0 0 0

-60– TABLE 3 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area AS

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body rim body rim

N000 E018 L, 1 0 0 0 0 33 0 N000 E018 L, 2 0 5 0 0 56 0 N000 E018 L, 3 0 l 0 0 31 0 N000 E018 L, 4 0 0 0 0 8 0 N000 E018 L, 5 0 l l 0 19 0 N000 E018 L, 6 O l 0 0 21 0 N000 E018 L, 7 0 0 2 0 22 0

N006 E012 L, 1 0 0 0 0 45 0 N006 E012 L, 2 0 l l 0 42 0 N006 E012 L, 3 0 2 7 0 86 0 N006 E012 L., 4 0 0 4 3 121 0 N006 E012 L., 5 0 0 0 0 129 0

N007 E014 L, 1-3 0 l 6 0 247 0 N007 E014 L., 4 0 3 2 1 68 2 N007 E014 L, 5 0 0 0 2 24 0 N007 E014 L., 6 0 0 0 0 3 0 N007 E014 L, 7 0 0 0 O 10 0

N008 E002 L, 1–7 12 81 5 l 510 l N008 E002 L, 8 0 3 0 6 0

N008 E012 L, 1-3 0 8 2 l 274 2 N008 E012 L., 4 0 0 l 0 159 0 N008 E012 L, 5 0 0 0 0 58 0 N008 E012 L., 6 0 2 0 O 15 0 N008 E012 L, 7 0 0 0 0 9 0 N008 E012 L., 8 0 0 2 0 9 0

N014 E012 L, 1-3 0 0 4 0 162 0 N014 E012 L., 4 0 0 0 l 64 l N014 E012 L, 5 0 0 0 0 ll 0 N014 E012 L, 6 0 1 0 0 35 0

N015 E020 L, 1-5 l 2 6 1 233 3 N015 E020 L, 6 0 0 0 0 ll 0

N016 E004 L, 1-2 l 4 2 l 74 2 N016 E004 L, 3 0 2 l 0 104 0 N016 E004 L., 4 0 2 l l 60 0 N010 E004 L, 5 O 2 0 0 23 0 N016 E004 L., 6 l 2 0 0 6 0

N020 E010 L, 1-3 0 12 1 0 78 0 N020 E010 L, 4 l 0 0 0 9 0 N020 E010 L, 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 TABLE 3 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area AS

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body rim body rim

AREA "AS" continued

N022 E002 L, 1-5 0 7 3 1 81 0 N022 E002 L, 6 0 0 0 0 l 0

N028 E004 L, 1-5 0 1 6 0 169 2

N028 E014 L, 1-2 0 0 l l 6 0 N028 E014 L, 3 0 0 0 0 24 0 N028 E014 L., 4 0 0 0 0 5 0 N028 E014 L, 5 0 1 0 0 8 0 N028 E014 L, 6 0 0 0 0 2 0

N034 E010 L, 1-3 0 5 0 20 0 N034 E010 L, 4 0 4 0 8 0 N034 E010 L, 5 0 0 l 0

N042 E006 L, 1-3 0 4 0 0 15 0 N042 E006 L, 4 0 2 0 0 6 0 N042 E006 L, 5 0 0 l 0 0 0 N042 E006 L, 6 0 O 0 0 l 0

N042 E014 L, 1-2 0 0 0 0 7 0 N042 E014 L, 3 0 0 0 0 10 l N042 E014 L., 4 0 0 0 0 2 0 N042 E014 L, 5 0 O l 0 5 0

N050 E048 L, 1-2 0 0 0 0 7 0 N050 E048 L, 3 0 0 0 0 6 O N050 E048 L., 4 0 0 0 0 3 0 N050 E048 L, 5 0 0 0 0 l 0

N052 E004 L, 1 0 0 0 0 l 0 N052 E004 L, 3 0 9 0 0 9 0 N052 E004 L., 4 0 8 0 0 5 0 N052 E004 L, 5 0 9 0 0 8 0

N052 E006 L, 1-2 0 5 0 0 0 0

S001 E050 L, 1–2 0 0 0 0 2 0

S010 E016 L, 1 l 10 0 0 20 0 S010 E016 L, 2 0 0 l 0 36 O S010 E016 L, 3 0 2 0 0 3 0 S010 E016 L., 4 O 0 0 0 12 1 S010 E016 L, 5 0 0 0 0 14 0 S010 E016 L, 6 0 0 0 0 11 0 S010 E016 L, 7 0 5 0 0 2 0

S021 E090 L, 1-3 0 O O 0 5 0

_a: º – TABLE 4 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area B

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body rim body rim

S045 E073 L, 1-3 0 7 l 0 30 2

S046 E068 L,1-3 0 0 l 0 35 0

S054 E062 L, 1–4 0 0 l 494 2 S054 E062 L, 5 0 0 0 0 13 0

S055 E058 L, 1-3 0 0 0 0 54 l S055 E058 L., 4 0 0 0 0 13 0 S055 E058 L, 5 0 0 3 1 26 0 S055 E058 L, 6 0 0 0 0 3 0

S055 E078 L, 1-3 l 0 8 l 202 4

S058 E068 L,1-3 0 2 4 169 l S058 E068 L, 4 l 4 3 0 16 0

S058 E082 L, 1 0 0 0 0 45 0 S058 E082 L, 2 0 0 l 0 104 0 S058 E082 L, 3 0 0 1 0 94 0 S058 E082 L, 4 0 0 3 0 86 0 S058 E082 L, 5 0 0 l 0 41 0 S058 E082 L, 6 0 0 0 0 28 l

S003 E074 L, 1-2 0 0 2 0 70 S063 E074 L, 3 0 0 2

S067 E078 L, 1-3 0 2 5 0 193 2

S069 E082 L, 1-3 0 4 0 0 291 2 S069 E082 L, 4 0 0 1 0 51 0 S069 E082 L, 5 0 2 2 0 52 2 S069 E082 L, 6 0 0 0 0 14 0

–63– TABLE 5 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area D

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body rim body rim

S023 E161 L, 1-2 0 0 0 0 10 0 S023 E161 L, 3 0 0 0 0 8 0 S023 E161 L, 4 0 0 0 0 2 0 S023 E161 L, 5 0 0 0 0 5 0 S023 E161 L, 6 0 0 0 0 l 0

S025 E164 L,1-3 0 0 2 0 45 0 S025 E164 L, 4 0 - 0 0 0 10 0 S025 E164 L., 5 0 0 0 ll 0

S025 E168 L, 1-3 0 0 0 0 24 O S025 E168 L., 4 0 0 0 0 23 l S025 E168 L, 5 0 0 0 6 0

S025 E172 L, 1-2 0 0 0 0 21 0 S025 E172 L, 3 0 l 0 0 21 0 S025 E172 L, 4 0 0 0 0 14 0 S025 E172 L, 5 0 0 0 0 ll 0 S025 E172 L, 6 0 0 0 0 6 0

S026 E151 L, 1-2 0 0 0 0 15 0 S026 E151 L, 3 0 0 0 0 12 0 S026 E151 L, 4 0 0 1 0 29 2 S026 E151 L, 5 0 0 0 0 7 0 S026 E151 L, 6 0 0 0 0 l O

S029 E168 L,1-3 0 0 4 0 104 0 S029 E168 L, 4 O 0 0 0 17 0 S029 E168 L, 5 0 l 0 0 7 0 S029 Elé8 L, 6 0 0 0 0 10 0

S029 Elé9 L, 1-2 l 0 10 0 S029 E169 L, 3 0 O 0 0 5 0 S029 E169 L, 5 0 0 l 0

S029 El 72 L, 1–5 0 3 6 0 59 5 S029 E172 L, 6 0 0 0 0 l 0

S031 E143 L, 1 0 0 0 0 5 0 S031 E143 L, 2 0 0 0 0 4 0 S031 E143 L, 3 0 0 0 0 10 0 S031 E143 L, 4 0 0 0 0 9 0 S031 E143 L, 5 0 0 0 0 10 l

S031 E166 L, 1-2 0 0 0 0 24 0 S031 E166 L, 3 0 0 0 0 46 0 S031 E166 L., 4 0 0 0 0 4 0 S031 E166 L, 5 0 0 0 0 3 0

-64– TABLE 5 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area D

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body rim body rim

AREA "D" continued

S031 E168 L, 1-2 0 0 0 0 54 0 S031 E168 L, 3 0 0 0 0 14 0 S031 E168 L., 4 0 0 0 0 7 0 S031 E168 L, 5 0 0 0 0 ll 0 S031 E168 L, 6 0 0 0 0 2 2 S031 E168 L, 7 0 – 0 0 0 3 0

S031 E170 L, 1-2 0 0 O O 27 0 S031 E170 L, 3 0 0 0 0 7 0 S031 E170 L, 4 0 2 0 0 0 0

S033 E164 L, 1-4 l 4 0 0 117 l S033 E164 L, 5 0 0 O 0 7 0 S033 E164 L, 6 0 0 0 0 5 0

S033 E168 L, 1-2 0 0 0 0 33 0 S033 E168 L, 3 0 0 0 0 l 0

S033 E172 L, 1-3 0 0 37 0 S033 E172 L, 4 0 0 0 0 9 0 S033 E172 L, 7 0 0 0 0 3 0

S035 E154 L, 1-2 0 0 0 0 3 0 S035 E154 L, 3 0 0 0 0 14 0 S035 E154 L., 4 0 l 0 0 9 0 S035 E154 L, 5 0 0 0 0 5 0 S035 Elj4 L, 6 0 0 0 0 l 0

S036 ElB2 L, 1-2 0 0 0 0 7 0 S036 E152 L, 3 0 0 3 0 25 0 S036 El S2 L, 4 0 0 0 0 10 0 S036 E152 L, 5 0 0 0 0 27 0 S036 E152 L, 6 0 0 0 0 7 0 S036 E152 L, 7 0 0 0 0 19 0

S036 Elé2 L, 1-3 0 0 0 0 20 O S036 E162 L, 4 0 0 0 0 2 0 S036 E162 L, 5 0 0 0 O 6 0 S036 E162 L, 6 0 0 0 0 l 0

S037 E172 L, 1–2 0 10 0 0 43 0 S037 E172 L, 3 0 0 l 0 12 0 S037 E172 L, 4 O 0 0 0 1

–65– TABLE 5 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area D

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body rim body rim

AREA "D" continued

S040 E167 L, 1-2 0 0 0 0 7 0 S040 E167 L, 3 0 0 0 0 12 0 S040 E167 L., 4 0 l 0 0 5 0 S040 E167 L., 5 0 2 0 0 3 0

S041 E162 L,1-3 0 0 1 0 41 0 S041 E162 L, 4 0 0 l 0 38 0 S041 El62 L, 5 0 0 0 0 17 0 S041 Elé2 L, 6 0 0 0 0 3 0

S041 E171 L, 1-2 0 2 0 0 53 O S041 E171 L, 3 0 0 l 0 33 0 S041 E171 L, 4 0 2 0 0 8 0 S041 El Z1 L, 5 0 0 0 0 12 0 S041 E171 L, 6 0 0 0 0 2 0

S043 E166 L,1-3 0 2 l 0 61 0 S043 E166 L., 4 0 0 0 0 12 0 S043 E166 L, 5 0 0 0 0 12 0 S043 E166 L, 6 0 0 0 0 14 0

S044 E153 L, 1-5 0 0 0 0 23 0

S046 E163 L, 1–7 0 0 l 0 54 0

S047 E168 L, 1–7 0 0 0 0 22

S050 E162 L, 1-2 0 0 0 0 18 0 S050 E162 L, 3 0 0 0 0 15 0 S050 E162 L, 4 0 0 0 0 8 0 S050 E162 L, 5 0 3 0 0 4 0

S052 E166 L, 1-2 0 0 0 0 19 0 S052 E166 L, 3 0 0 l 0 20 0 S052 E166 L., 4 0 0 0 0 12 0 S052 E166 L, 5 0 0 0 0 ll 0 S052 E166 L, 6 0 0 0 0 l 0

S052 E170 L, 1 0 0 0 0 7 0 S052 El 70 L, 2 0 0 0 0 7 0 S052 E170 L, 3 0 0 0 0 33 l S052 E170 L, 4 0 0 0 0 5 0 S052 E170 L, 5 0 0 0 0 5 0

-66 TABLE 5 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area D

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body rim body rim

AREA "D" continued

S052 E172 L, 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 S052 E172 L, 2 0 0 0 0 20 0 S052 E172 L, 3 0 4 O 0 16 0 S052 E172 L, 4 0 3 0 0 7 0 S052 E172 L, 5 0 0 l 0 3 0 S052 E172 L, 6 0 0 2 0 0 0 S052 E172 L, 7 0 0 0 0 10 0

S052 E173 L, 1 0 0 0 0 15 0 S052 E173 L, 2 0 0 0 l 6 0 S052 E173 L, 3 0 0 0 0 21 0 S052 E173 L, 4 0 0 l 0 5 0 S052 E173 L, 5 0 0 0 0 8 0

S053 E152 L, 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 S053 E152 L, 2 0 0 l 0 6 l S053 ElB2 L, 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 S053 E152 L, 4 0 0 0 0 3 0

S053 E166 L, 1-3 0 2 0 0 64 0 S053 E166 L., 4 0 0 0 0 7 0 S053 Elé6 L, 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 S053 E166 L, 7 0 0 0 0 4 0

S056 E169 L, 1-2 0 0 0 0 18 0 S056 E169 L, 3 0 l 0 0 8 0 S056 E169 L, 4 0 0 0 0 13 0 S056 E169 L, 5 0 0 0 0 6 0 S056 E169 L, 6 0 0 0 0 l O

S056 E172 L, 1 0 0 0 0 l 0 S056 El 72 L, 2 0 0 0 0 9 0 S056 E172 L, 3 0 0 0 0 15 0 S056 E172 L, 4 0 0 0 0 7 0 S056 El 72 L, 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 S056 E172 L, 6 0 0 0 0 l 0

S059 E166 L, 1–3 0 l 0 0 45 l S059 Elé6 L., 4 0 0 0 0 4 0 S059 Elé6 L, 5 0 0 0 0 l 0

–67– TABLE 5 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area D

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body rim body rim

AREA "D" continued

S059 E170 L, 1–2 0 0 0 0 7 0 S059 E170 L, 3 0 2 0 0 21 0 S059 E170 L, 4 0 0 0 0 10 0 S059 E170 L, 5 0 0 0 0 9 0

S060 E173 L, 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 S060 E173 L, 2 0 0 0 0 5 0 S060 E173 L, 3 0 0 0 0 3 1 S060 E173 L., 4 0 0 0 0 10 0 S060 E173 L, 5 0 0 0 0 6 0

S062 E162 L, 1-3 0 l 2 0 93 0 S062 E1b2 L, 4 0 3 0 0 7 0 S062 E162 L, 5 0 2 0 0 5 0 S062 E162 L, 6 0 0 l 0 l 0

S062 E167 L, 1-2 0 0 0 0 22 0 S062 E167 L, 3 0 0 0 0 ll 0 S062 E167 L., 4 0 0 0 0 l 0 S062 E167 L., 5 2 O 0 0 0 0

S065 E163 L, 1 0 0 0 0 13 0 S065 E163 L, 2 0 0 0 0 25 0 S065 E163 L, 3 0 l 0 0 13 0 S065 E163 L, 4 0 l 0 0 2 O

S108 E162 L, 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 S108 E162 L, 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 S108 E162 L, 3 0 4 0 0 25 0 S108 E162 L, 4 0 4 l 0 8 0 S108 E162 L, 5 0 5 0 0 8 0 S108 E162 L, 6 0 0 0 0 2 0

S121 E182 L, 1 0 0 0 0 l 0

S121 E182 L, 2 0 0 0 0 6 0 S121 E182 L, 3 0 0 0 0 6 0 Sl21 E182 L., 4 0 0 0 0 2 0

S125 E151 L, 1-3 0 0 0 0 4 0 S125 E151 L, 4 0 l 0 0 5 0 S125 E151 L, 5 0 l 0 0 9 0 S125 ElB1 L, 6 0 0 0 0 5 0 S125 E151 L, 7 0 0 0 0 5 0 Sl25 E151 L, 8 0 0 0 0 4 0

–68– TABLE 6 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area E

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body rim body rim

S125 E322 L, 1-3 0 0 l 0 57 l S125 E322 L, 4 0 0 0 0 3 0

S199 E325 L, 1–4 0 0 0 0 20 0 S199 E325 L, 5 0 0 0 0 3 0 S199 E325 L, 9 0 0 0 0 l 0

S203 E321 L, 1 0 0 0 0 7 0

S203 E326 L., 4 0 0 0 0 3 l

S203 E358 L, 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 S203 E358 L., 4 0 0 0 0 2 O S203 E358 L, 5 0 0 0 0 l 0 S203 E358 L, 6 0 0 0 0 l 0

S206 E329 L, 5 0 0 0 0 2 0

S209 E325 L, 2 0 0 0 0 13 0

S209 E326 L., 4 0 0 0 0 6 0

S210 E308 L., 6 0 0 14 l 0

S210 E313 L., 2 0 0 l 0 10

S210 E317 L, 1 0 0 0 0 49 2 S210 E317 L, 2 0 0 0 0 20 0 S210 E317 L, 3 0 0 0 l 0

S210 E325 L, 1 0 0 0 0 l 0 S210 E325 L, 2 0 0 0 0 7 0 S210 E325 L, 3 0 0 0 0 7 0 S210 E325 L, 4 0 0 0 0 18 0 S210 E325 L, 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 S210 E325 L, 6 0 0 0 0 l 0 S210 E325 L, 7 0 0 0 0 2 0 S210 E325 L, 8 0 l 0 0 l 0

S210 E327 L., 4 0 0 0 0 14 0

S210 E330 L, 1 0 0 9 0 38 1 S210 E330 L, 2 0 0 0 0 2 0

S210 E331 L, 2 0 0 0 0 3 0

–69– TABLE 6 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area E

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body rim body rim

AREA "E" continued

S211 E314 L, 3 0 0 0 0 l 0

S211 E314 L., 4 0 0 0 0 4

S2ll E325 L, 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 S211 E325 L, 2 0 - 0 0 0 4 0 S211 E325 L, 3 0 0 0 0 16 0 S211 E325 L, 4 0 0 0 0 30 l S211 E325 L, 5 0 0 0 0 l 0

S211 E325 L, 7 0 0 0 0 13 0 S211 E325 L, 8 0 0 0 0 3 0

S213 E329 L, 5 0 0 0 0 3 0

S213 E358 L, 1-4 0 0 0 0 6 0 S213 E358 L, 5 0 0 0 0 l 0 S213 E358 L, 6 0 0 0 0 l 0

S213 E368 L,1-3 0 0 0 0 l 0

S215 E319 L, 6 0 0 0 0 1

S218 E316 L, 5 0 0 0 0 4 0

S220 E325 L, 1-2 0 0 0 0 4 0 S220 E325 L, 3 0 0 0 0 7 0 S220 E325 L, 4 0 0 0 0 7 0 S220 E325 L, 5 0 0 0 0 15 0 S220 E325 L, 6 0 0 0 0 10 0

S221 E316 L, 1 0 0 0 19 0 S221 E316 L., 2 0 O 0 O ll 0

S223 E314 L, 1 0 0 0 0 2 0

S223 E317 L, 2 0 0 0 0 1

S223 E322 L, 1 0 0 2 0 18 0

S228 E328 L, 2 0 0 0 0 2 0

S230 E320 L, 1 0 0 l 0 73 l

S230 E320 L, 2 0 0 0 0 6 0

—70— TABLE 6 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area E

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body rim body rim

AREA "E" continued

S230 E325 L, 1-4 0 0 2 0 2ll 0 S230 E325 L, 5 0 0 3 0 12 0 S230 E325 L, 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 S230 E325 L, 7 0 0 0 0 3 0

S230 E350 L, 1-3 0 1 0 16 0 S230 E350 L, 5 0 0 0 0 l 0

S240 E290 L, 1 0 0 0 0 10 0 S240 E290 L, 2 0 0 0 0 16 0 S240 E290 L, 3 0 0 0 0 ll 0 S240 E290 L, 4 0 0 0 0 12 0 S240 E290 L, 6 0 0 0 0 l 0

S241 E367 L, 1-2 0 0 0 0 l 0 S241 E367 L, 3 0 0 0 0 l 0 S241 E367 L., 4 0 0 0 0 0 0

S245 E395 L, 1–10 0 0 0 O 4 0

S250 E372 L, 1–4 0 0 0 0 12 0 S250 E372 L, 5 0 0 0 0 2 0

S250 E380 L, 1-3 0 0 0 5 0 S250 E380 L, 4 0 0 O 0 l 0 S250 E380 L, 5 0 0 2 0

S265 E375 L, 1-2 0 0 0 0 18 0 S265 E375 L, 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 S265 E375 L, 4 O 0 0 0 6 0 S265 E375 L, 5 0 0 0 0 4 0 S265 E375 L, 6 0 0 0 0 4 0

S295 E375 L, 1-3 0 0 0 0 2 0 S295 E375 L, 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 S295 E375 L, 8 0 0 0 0 2 0

S310 E375 L, 2 0 0 0 0 1 0

S325 E397 L, 1–7 0 0 0 0 3 0 S325 E397 L, 9 0 0 0 0 l 0 S325 E397 L, 10 0 0 0 0 2 0

–71– TABLE 7 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area F

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body rim body rim

N008 W004 L, 1–2 0 5 0 0 76 l N008 W004 L, 3 l 12 0 0 167 0 N008 WO0á L., 4 0 9 l 0 210 0 N008 W004 L, 5 1 8 0 0 38 l N008 WOO4 L, 6 0 0 0 0 14 0 N008 WO04 L, 7 0 5 0 0 ll 0 N008 W004 L, 8 l l l l 7 l

N011 W016 L, 1-2 0 0 0 O 43 0 N011 W016 L, 3 l 0 2 0 37 0 N011 WO16 L., 4 0 l l 0 44 0 N011 W016 L, 5 O 0 1 0 19 l N011 WO16 L., 6 0 l 2 0 18 0 N011 W016 L, 7 0 0 2 0 23 0 N011 W016 L., 8 0 2 2 0 18 0 N011 WO16 L, 9 0 0 0 0 6 0

N012 W008 L, 1 0 l 2 0 320 0 N012 W008 L., 2 0 2 l 0 83 0 N012 W008 L., 4 l 0 2 l 156 2 N012 W008 L., 5 l l l 0 100 l N012 W008 L., 6 0 0 l 0 16 1 N012 W008 L, 7 0 l 0 0 20 0 N012 W008 L., 8 0 l 0 0 4 0 N012 WO08 L., 9 0 0 0 0 7 0 N012 WO08 L, 10 0 0 0 0 2 0

N012 W012 L, 2 0 0 0 0 16 0 N012 W012 L, 3 0 2 0 0 16 0 N012 W012 L., 4 O 2 0 0 30 0 N012 WO12 L., 5 0 2 0 0 20 l N012 W012 L, 6 0 0 0 0 16 l N012 W012 L., 7 l 0 0 0 3 0 N012 W012 L., 8 l 0 0 0 3 0

N012 W014 L, 2 0 0 0 0 32 0 N012 W014 L, 3 0 2 0 0 46 l N012 W014 L., 4 0 0 0 0 46 l N012 W014 L, 5 0 0 l 0 55 0 N012 W014 L., 6 0 l 0 0 22 0 N012 W014 L, 7 0 0 0 0 10 l N012 W014 L., 8 l 2 l 0 27 0 N012 W014 L, 9 0 0 0 0 16 0 N012 W014 L, 10 0 l 0 0 3 0

–72– TABLE 7 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area F

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body rim body rim

AREA "F" continued

N013 WO16 L, 2 0 0 O 0 4 0 N013 W016 L, 3 0 0 0 0 25 0 N013 WO16 L, 4 0 0 0 0 21 l N013 WO16 L., 5 0 0 0 0 26 0 N013 WO16 L, 6 0 0 0 0 28 0 N013 WO16 L, 7 0 0 2 0 19 0 N013 WO16 L, 9 0 0 0 0 2 0

N014 W006 L, 1-2 0 4 l 0 60 l N014 W006 L, 3 0 l l 0 75 l N014 W006 L., 4 0 0 2 0 42 0 N014 W006 L, 5 0 0 l 0 22 0 N014 WO06 L., 6 1 0 3 0 35 0 N014 W006 L, 7 0 l l 0 6 0 N014 W006 L, 8 0 0 0 0 7 0 N014 W006 L, 9 0 l 0 0 12 0 N014 W006 L, 10 0 0 0 0 3 0

N014 W008 L, 1-9 0 6 9 0 359 0

N014 W014 L, 1–7 3 0 207 0 N014 W014 L., 8 0 0 0 0 15 0 N014 W014 L, 9 l 0 7 0

N014 W016 L, 2 0 0 0 0 12 0 N014 W016 L, 3 0 l 0 0 18 0 N014 W016 L., 4 0 0 2 O 23 0 N014 W016 L., 5 0 0 0 0 34 l N014 W016 L, 6 0 0 0 0 24 0 N014 W016 L., 7 0 0 l 0 13 0 N014 W016 L, 8 0 0 0 0 3 0 N014 W016 L, 9 0 0 0 0 2 0 N014 W016 L, 10 O 0 l 0 4 0

N016 W006 L, 1 0 0 0 0 15 0 N016 WO06 L, 2 4 O 0 0 60 0 N016 WO06 L, 3 0 l 0 l 59 l N016 WO06 L., 4 0 6 2 0 133 0 N016 W006 L, 5 0 0 l 0 26 0 N016 W006 L, 6 l 2 0 0 22 l N016 W006 L, 7 l l 2 0 10 l N016 W006 L., 8 0 0 2 0 15 l

N016 WO06 L. > 9 0 0 0 0 10 0

–73– TABLE 7 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area F

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body rim body rim

AREA "F" continued

N018 W006 L, 1 0 0 0 0 l 0 N018 W006 L, 2 0 0 2 0 30 0 N018 W006 L, 3 l l 0 0 29 0 N018 W006 L., 4 2 0 l 0 31 0 N018 W006 L, 5 0 0 l 0 17 0 N018 W006 L, 6 0 0 l 0 14 0 N018 W006 L, 7 0 0 0 0 9 0 N018 W006 L, 8 0 4 0 0 14 0 N018 W006 L, 9 0 0 l 0 12 1 N018 W006 L, 10 0 0 l 0 10 0

N018 W008 L., 2 0 0 2 0 6 0 N018 W008 L, 3 0 l 3 0 60 0 N018 W008 L., 4 0 l l 0 32 0 N018 W008 L., 5 0 0 l 0 29 2 N018 W008 L., 6 l 2 0 0 ll 0 N018 W008 L., 7 0 l 0 0 14 0 N018 W008 L., 8 0 0 l 0 3 0 N018 W008 L., 9 0 0 0 0 l 0

N018 W010 L, 1-2 0 0 0 0 32 0 N018 W010 L, 3 0 0 0 0 22 0 N018 W010 L, 4 0 l 0 0 14 0 N018 W010 L, 5 0 0 l 0 8 0 N018 W010 L, 6 0 0 0 0 7 0 N018 W010 L, 7 0 0 0 0 l 0

N020 WO06 L, 1 0 0 0 0 l 0 N020 WO06 L, 2 0 l 0 0 29 0 N020 W006 L, 3 0 2 0 0 37 0 N020 W006 L., 4 l 3 l 0 33 0 N022 W006 L, 5 l l 0 0 19 0 N022 W006 L., 6 l 0 0 0 28 0 N022 W006 L, 7 0 0 0 0 4 0 N022 W006 L., 8 0 0 0 0 5 0 N022 W006 L, 9 0 0 0 0 2 0 N022 W006 L, 10 0 0 3 0 13 0

–74– TABLE 7 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area F

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body rim body rim

AREA "F" continued

N022 WO10 L, 1-2 0 0 0 0 18 0 N022 W010 L, 3 0 0 0 0 12 0 N022 W010 L, 4 0 O 0 0 ll 0 N022 W010 L, 5 0 0 0 0 8 0 N022 W010 L, 6 0 0 O 0 5 0

N022 W016 L, 2 0 0 0 0 9 0 N022 W016 L, 3 0 l 0 0 9 0 N022 W016 L., 4 0 2 0 0 17 0 N022 W016 L, 5 0 0 l 0 12 l

N022 W016 L, 6 0 2 3 0 8 0 N022 W016 L, 7 0 0 l 0 9 0

N024 W024 L., 2 0 0 0 0 6 0 N024 W024 L, 3 0 0 0 0 20 0 N024 W024 L., 4 0 0 0 0 17 0 N024 W024 L, 5 l 4 0 0 22 l N024 W024 L, 6 4 3 l 0 10 0 N024 W024 L, 7 0 3 0 0 3 0 N024 W024 L., 8 l 0 0 0 4 0

N028 W012 L, 2 0 5 0 0 44 0 N028 W012 L, 3 0 l l 0 35 l N028 W012 L., 4 0 3 l 0 53 l N028 W012 L., 5 0 0 1 0 47 0

N028 W018 L, 2 1 0 0 0 13 0 N028 W018 L, 3 0 l l 0 15 0 N028 W018 L., 4 0 0 2 0 12 0 N028 W018 L, 5 0 2 0 0 5 0 N028 W018 L, 6 0 0 l 0 9 0

N028 W024 L, 2 0 2 0 0 12 0 N028 W024 L, 3 0 3 0 0 6 0 N028 W024 L., 4 0 l 0 0 23 0 N028 W024 L, 6 2 ll 0 0 14 0 N028 W024 L, 7 2 10 0 0 4 0 N028 W024 L, 8 0 5 0 l 5 0 N028 W024 L., 9 l 4 0 0 3 0 N028 W024 L, 10 0 3 0 0 2 0

–75– TABLE 7 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area F

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body rim body rim

AREA "F" continued

N028 W026 L, 2 0 4 0 0 11 0 N028 W026 L, 3 0 l 0 0 7 0 N028 W026 L., 4 0 6 2 0 40 0 N028 W026 L, 5 0 9 l 0 42 0 N028 W026 L, 6 0 15 2 0 30 0 N028 W026 L, 7 3 10 0 l 20 0 N028 W026 L., 8 0 ll 0 2 12 0 N028 W026 L, 9 0 2 0 0 0 0 N028 W026 L,10 0 6 0 0 l 0

N028 W028 L, 1 0 l 0 0 0 0 N028 W028 L, 2 0 1 0 0 4 0 N028 W028 L, 3 0 l 0 0 49 0 N028 W028 L., 4 0 0 0 0 8 0 N028 W028 L, 5 0 6 l 0 43 2 N028 W028 L, 6 0 4 0 0 74 0 N028 W028 L, 7 2 20 2 0 14 l N028 W028 L, 8 2 9 0 0 10 0 N028 W028 L, 9 0 3 0 0 ll 0

N028 W030 L, 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 N028 W030 L, 2 0 l 0 0 l 0 N028 W030 L, 3 0 l 0 0 22 0 N028 W030 L, 4 0 2 l 0 18 0 N028 W030 L, 5 0 0 0 0 6 0 N028 W030 L, 6 0 3 0 0 ll 0 N028 W030 L, 7 l 2 4 0 40 l N028 W030 L, 8 0 3 3 0 62 l N028 W030 L, 9 0 l l 0 15 0 N028 W030 L, 10 l 8 0 0 23 0

N028 W032 L, 2 0 0 0 0 27 0 N028 W032 L, 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 N028 W032 L, 4 0 0 l 0 l 0 N028 W032 L, 5 0 0 0 0 4 0 N028 W032 L, 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 N028 W032 L, 7 0 2 0 0 4 0 N028 W032 L, 8 0 0 0 0 16 l N028 W032 L, 9 0 6 3 0 117 0

- 7 6– TABLE 7 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area F

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body rim body rim

AREA "F" continued

N028 W034 L, 2 0 0 0 0 l 0 N028 W034 L, 3 0 l 0 0 l 0 N028 W034 L, 4 0 l 0 0 l 0

N028 W034 L., 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 N028 W034 L, 7 0 0 0 0 l 0 N028 W034 L, 8 0 l 0 0 9 0 N028 W034 L, 9 0 l 10 0 44 2

N030 W010 L, 1 0 0 0 0 7 0 N030 WO10 L, 2 0 3 2 0 59 0 N030 W010 L, 3 0 4 l 0 66 0 N030 WO10 L, 4 0 l 0 0 24 0 IV030 WO10 L, 5 0 3 2 0 36 0 N030 WO10 L, 6 0 3 0 0 19 0 N030 W010 L, 7 0 2 0 0 4 0

N030 W012 L, 1 l l 0 0 3 0 N030 W012 L., 2 0 0 0 0 8 0 N030 W012 L, 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 N030 W012 L., 4 0 0 0 0 2 0

N031 W006 L, 1 0 0 0 0 17 0 N031 W006 L, 2 2 3 l 0 17 0 N031 W006 L, 3 4 9 0 0 5 0 N031 W006 L., 4 3 0 0 0 7 0 N031 W006 L, 5 0 0 6 0 34 l

N032 W016 L, 1 0 0 0 0 10 0 N032 W016 L, 2 0 0 0 0 16 0 N032 W016 L, 3 0 l 5 0 78 0 N032 W016 L., 4 0 0 0 0 23 0 N032 W016 L, 5 0 O 0 0 29 0 N032 W016 L, 6 0 0 0 0 2 0

N032 W022 L, 1-2 0 0 0 0 4 0 N032 W022 L, 3 0 0 0 0 12 0 N032 W022 L, 4 0 0 0 0 14 2 N032 W022 L, 5 0 0 1 0 l 0 N032 W022 L, 7 0 2 0 0 3 0 N032 W022 L. 8 2 2 0 0 0 0

–77– TABLE 7 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area F

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body rim body rim

AREA "F" continued

N034 WO30 L, 1 0 l 0 40 0 N034 WO30 L, 2 0 4 0 0 10 0 N034 W030 L, 3 l 0 0 2 0

N036 W006 L, 1-3 0 3 0 0 61 0 N036 W006 L., 4 0 – 6 0 0 30 0 N036 W006 L, 5 0 0 0 0 18 0 N036 W006 L, 6 0 0 l 0 7 0 N036 W006 L, 7 0 0 0 0 ll 0 N036 W006 L., 8 0 0 0 0 3 0

N038 WO18 L, 2 2 6 0. 0 14 0 N038 WO18 L, 3 0 0 0 0 12 0 N038 W018 L., 4 l l 0 0 12 0 N038 W018 L, 5 0 2 0 0 2 0

N038 WO24 L, 1-2 l l 0 0 6 0 N038 WO24 L, 3 0 4 0 0 22 0 N038 WO24 L., 4 0 l 0 0 8 0 N038 WO24 L, 5 l 6 0 0 2 0

N038 WO30 L, 2 3 0 0 12 0 N038 WO30 L, 3 0 0 0 l 0 N038 WO30 L, 4 24 0 0 5 0

N038 WO34 L, 1 0 0 0 0 8 0 N038 W034 L, 2 0 l 0 0 24 0 N038 WO34 L, 3 0 9 0 0 25 0 N038 W034 L., 4 0 5 0 0 160 0 N038 WO34 L, 5 0 l 0 0 7 0 N038 W034 L., 6 0 8 0 0 23 0

N038 WO38 L, 1 0 2 0 0 l 0 N038 W038 L., 4 0 7 0 0 23 0 N036 W032 L, 5 2 23 0 0 4 0 N038 WO38 L. 6 0 0 2 0 10 0 2

–78– TABLE 7 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area F

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body rim body rim

AREA "F" continued

N046 W038 L, 1–2 0 l 0 0 0 0 N046 W038 L, 3 l 2 0 0 l 0 N046 W038 L, 4 l 5 0 0 7 0

N048 W008 L, 1-3 0 22 l 0 57 0 N048 W008 L., 4 4 18 0 O 11 0 N048 W008 L., 5 l 18 0 0 15 0 N048 W008 L., 6 l 6 0 0 9 0

N048 W018 L, 2 0 15 0 0 15 0 N048 W018 L, 3 0 8 0 0 4 0 N048 W018 L., 4 0 9 0 0 0 0 N048 W018 L, 5 0 l 0 0 l 0 N048 W018 L, 6 0 2 0 0 l 0 N048 W018 L, 7 0 l 0 0 0 0 N048 W018 L, 8 0 0 0 0 3 0

N058 W006 L, 1–4 0 0 0 0 2 0 N058 W006 L., 5 0 l 0 0 l 0 N058 W006 L, 6 0 0 0 0 l 0 N058 W006 L, 7 0 1 0 0 0 0

N058 WOO8 L, 1–7 0 l 0 0 0 0

N058 W018 L, 1–4 l 4 0 0 54 0 N058 W018 L, 5 0 0 0 0 3 0 N058 W018 L, 6 0 3 0 0 3 0 N058 W018 L, 7 0 l 0 0 6 0

N068 W012 L, 1-2 0 l 0 0 0 N068 W012 L, 3 0 l 0 O 0 O

N068 W022 L, 2 0 l 0 0 2 0 N068 W022 L, 3 0 l 0 0 l 0 N068 W022 L. 4 l O 0 0 0 0

–79– TABLE 8 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area G

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body rim body rim

N130 W082 L, 3 l 4 0 0 0 0 N130 W082 L, 5 0 l 0 0 0 0

N138 W084 L, 3 0 l 0 0 0 0 N138 W084 L., 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 N138 W084 L, 5 l 3 0 0 0 0

N140 W090 L, 2 l 3 0 0 0 0 N140 W090 L, 3 0 8 0 0 0 0 N140 W090 L, 4 0 6 0 0 0 0 N140 W090 L, 5 l 3 0 0 0 0 N140 W090 L, 6 0 2 0 0 0 0

N144 W090 L, 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 N144 W090 L, 3 l 3 0 0 0 0 N144 W090 L, 4 l 3 0 0 0 0 N144 W090 L, 5 0 2 0 0 0 0

N150 W090 L,1-3 0 l 0 0 0 0

N156 W090 L, 3 0 3 0 O 0 0 N156 W090 L, 4 0 l 0 0 0 0 N156 W090 L, 5 0 3 0 0 0 0 N156 W090 L, 6 0 l 0 0 0 O

N156 W096 L, 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 N156 W096 L, 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 N156 W096 L, 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 N156 W096 L., 4 0 l 0 O 0 0 N156 W096 L, 5 0 l 0 0 0 0 N156 W096 L, 6 0 4 0 0 0 0

N156 W100 L, 3 l 0 0 0 0 0 N156 W100 L, 5 0 2 0 0 0 0

N160 W090 L, 3 0 9 0 0 N160 W090 L, 4 0 5 0 0 0 0 N160 W090 L, 5 0 4 0 0 0 0

N160 W096 L, 2 0 4 0 0 0 0 N160 W096 L, 3 0 8 0 0 l 0 N160 W096 L., 4 l 16 0 0 0 0 N160 W096 L, 5 2 9 0 0 0 0 N160 W096 L, 6 0 3 0 0 0 0

-80 TABLE 8 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area G

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body rim body rim

AREA "G" continued

N160 W100 L, 1–4 l ll 0 0 l 0 N160 W100 L, 6 0 9 0 0 0 0 N160 W100 L, 7 0 l 0 0 0 0

N164 W090 L, 1-4 0 8 0 0 0 0 N164 W090 L, 6 0 l 0 0 0 0

N164 W096 L, 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 N164 W096 L, 2 0 l 0 0 0 0 N164 W096 L, 3 2 ll 0 0 0 0 N164 W096 L., 4 2 8 0 0 0 0 N164 W096 L, 5 0 15 0 0 0 0 N164 W096 L, 6 2 2 0 0 0 0

N164 W100 L, 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 N164 W100 L, 2 0 10 0 0 0 0 N164 W100 L, 3 0 15 0 0 0 0 N164 W100 L, 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 N164 W100 L, 5 l 6 0 0 0 0 N164 W100 L, 6 0 9 0 0 0 0 N164 W100 L, 7 0 5 0 0 0 0

N170 WO90 L, 1–6 0 l 0 0 2 0

N170 W100 L, 5 0 2 0 0 0 0

N170 W110 L, 3 0 l 0 0 0 0 N170 W110 L, 4 0 2 0 0 0 0 N170 W110 L, 5 l 0 0 0 0 0 N170 W110 L, 6 0 10 0 0 0 0 N170 W110 L, 7 0 l O 0 0 0

N180 W102 L, 1-2 0 6 0 0 l 0 N180 W102 L, 3 0 23 0 0 0 0 N180 W102 L, 4 0 14 0 0 0 0 N180 W102 L, 5 0 4 0 0 0 0

N180 W110 L, 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 N180 Wll.0 L, 3 0 4 0 0 0 0 N180 W110 L, 4 0 3 0 0 0 0 N180 W110 L. 3. 5 0 0 0 O l 0

–81– TABLE 8 Ceramics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area G

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body rim body rim

AREA "G" continued

N180 W120 L, 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 N180 W120 L, 2 3 3 0 0 0 0 N180 W120 L, 3 4 l 0 0 0 0 N180 W120 L, 5 0 3 0 0 0 0 N180 W120 L, 6 2 0 0 0 0 0

N190 Wll0 L, 1-8 0 5 0 0 l 0

N190 W120 L, 1 0 l 0 0 0 0 N190 W120 L, 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 N190 W120 L, 3 l 4 0 0 0 0 N190 W120 L, 4 0 5 0 0 0 0 N190 W120 L, 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 N190 W120 L, 6 0 2 0 0 0 0

N190 W130 L, 3 2 l 0 0 0 0 N190 W130 L, 4 3 8 0 0 0 0 N190 W130 L, 5 0 10 0 0 0 0

N190 W140 L, 1–2 ll 18 0 0 0 0 N190 W140 L, 3 17 31 0 0 0 0 N190 W140 L, 4 3 27 0 0 0 0 N190 W140 L, 5 l 4 0 0 0 0 N190 W140 L, 6 0 6 0 0 0 0

N200 W140 L,1-3 0 5 0 0 0 0 N200 W140 L, 4 l 9 0 0 0 0 N200 W140 L, 5 0 8 0 0 0 0 N200 W140 L, 6 l 0 0 0 0 0

N210 W140 L, 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 N210 W140 L, 3 0 8 0 0 0 0 N210 W140 L, 4 0 7 0 0 0 0 N210 W140 L, 5 l 7 0 0 0 0 N210 W140 L, 6 0 3 0 0 0 0

–82– TABLE 9 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area AN

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

N084 W050 L, 1–4 7 45 0 50 11 N084 W050 L, 5 l 4 0 ll 3 N084 W050 L, 6 0 l 0 7 30

N084 W056 L., 1-3 0 28 0 76 622 N084 W056 L., 4 0 16 0 13 2 N084 W056 L., 5 6 9 0 ll 0

N084 W056 L., 6 0 - 3 0 3 l N084 W056 L., 7 0 3 0 4 O

N090 W020 L, 1 0 1 O 15 3 N090 W020 L, 2 l 0 0 15 0 N090 W020 L, 3 0 0 O 2 4 N090 WO20 L, 4 0 0 0 1 0 N090 WO20 L, 5 0 0 0 0 0

N090 WO30 L, 1-2 0 8 0 5 2 N090 W030 L, 3 0 7 0 6 8 N090 W030 L, 4 0 (5) 0 (3) 0 2 20

N090 WO40 L, 1–2 1 4 0 62 86 N090 W040 L, 3 0 3 0 77 2 N090 WO40 L, 4 O 2 0 70 2 N090 WO40 L, 5 0 0 0 25 5 N090 W040 L, 6 0 0 0 10 l

N090 W050 L, 1–4 3 48 0 36 17 N090 W050 L, 5 0 17 0 6 2 N090 WO50 L, 6 l 31 0 5 2 N090 W050 L, 7 0 ll O l O

N090 WO54 L, 1-4 0 (11) 6 (44) 0 105 9 N090 W054 L, 5 0 4 (2) 0 9 7 N090 W054 L, 6 0 3 7

N090 W060 L, 1-3 2 27 0 74 ll N090 W060 L, 4 0 3 0 2 0 N090 W060 L, 5 0 1 0 28 14 N090 W060 L, 6 0 0 0 17 0

N098 W030 L, 1 0 l 0 11 8 N098 W030 L, 2 0 0 O 6 2 N098 W030 L, 3 0 3 0 16 4 N098 W030 L, 4 0 0 0 24 34 N098 W030 L, 5 0 5 O 41 121

N098 W030 L, 3. 6 0 4 0 21 219

- 8 3– TABLE 9 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area AN

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

AREA "AN" continued

N098 W050 L,1-4 0 22 (1) 0 57 0 N098 W050 L, 5 0 5 6 ; N098 W050 L, 6 O 6 0 l

N100 W040 L, 1-5 l 4 0 56 N100 W040 L, 6 0 0 0 l :

N100 W050 L., 1-5 0 42 (2) 0 92 N100 W050 L., 6 0 6 0 6

0 N100 W060 L., 1-7 2 46 199

N110 W022 L., 1 0 0 0 0 N110 W022 L., 2 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT N110 W022 L., 3 0 l 0 l N110 W022 L., 4 0 0 (1) 0 l N110 W022 L., 5 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT 0 0 33 N110 W022 L., 6 0 0 N110 W022 L, 7 0 0 0 0

N120 W022 L., 1-3 l 2 0 0 N120 W022 L., 4 0 3 l 0 N120 W022 L., 5 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT

N120 W032 L., 1 0 1 0 0 27 N120 W032 L., 2 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT N120 W032 L., 3 0 0 0 0 N120 W032 L., 4 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT N120 W032 L., 5 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT

N127 W037 L, 1 l 0 0 0 3

N130 W032 L., 1-5 0 l 0 0 0

N130 W042 L, 1 0 0 0 0 0 N130 W042 L., 2 0 l 0 0 0 N130 W042 L, 3 0 0 0 0 0 N130 W042 L., 4 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT N130 W042 L, 5 l 0 0 l 41

N130 W072 L., l-5 l l 0 10 45 N130 W072 L, 6 0 l 0 1 9

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

-84– TABLE 9 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area AN

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

AREA "AN" continued

N140 W042 L., 1 0 0 0 0 0 N140 W042 L., 2 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT N140 W042 L., 3 0 0 0 0 0 N140 W042 L., 4 l 0 0 l 0 N140 W042 L, 5 0 2 0 0 0

N140 W050 L, 1-3 0 2 0 l l N140 W050 L., 4 0 0 0 0 127 N140 W050 L., 5 0 0 0 0 246 N140 W050 L., 6 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT N140 W050 L, 7 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT

N140 W052 L., 1-3 0 0 (1) 0 0 7 N140 W052 L., 4 0 0 0 0 0 N140 W052 L., 5 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL 0 PRESENT N140 W052 L., 6 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT N140 W052 L, 7 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT

N140 W072 L., 1-3 2 0 0 0 0 N140 W072 L., 4 0 (1) l O 2 5 N140 W072 L, 5 0 0 0 0 0 N140 W072 L., 6 0 0 0 0 0

N142 W050 L., 1 0 0 0 O 0 N142 W050 L., 2 0 0 0 O l N142 W050 L., 3 0 0 0 0 0 N142 W050 L., 4 0 1 O 0 22 N142 W050 L., 5 0 0 0 0 0 N142 W050 l, 6 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT N142 W050 L, 7 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT

N145 W055 L., 1 0 0 O 0 3 N145 W055 L., 2 0 0 0 0 19 N145 W055 L., 3 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT

N150 W062 L., 1 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT N150 W062 L., 2 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT N150 W062 L., 3 0 0 0 0 0 N150 W062 L., 4 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT N150 W062 L., 5 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT N150 W062 L., 6 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT

N150 W062 L. 3. 7 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESNET

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

–85– TABLE 10 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area AS

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

N000 E018 0 0 (8) 19 497 N000 E018 0 (2) 3 (15) 17 33 N000 E018 l 2 4 19 N000 E018 l l 4 N000 E018 0 (3) 2 (22) 16 168 N000 E018 2 14 17 i : 0 5 5 N000 E018 o

N006 E012 0 0 N006 E012 2 16 N006 E012 3 8 N006 E012 4 17 i N006 E012 2 7 (2) N006 E012 0 O 0 N006 E012 > 0

N006 E012 3. l O

N007 E014 l 2 59 (3) N007 E014 2 8 N007 E014 1 5 N007 E014 0 0 > ::i i 0 i 0 N007 E014

N008 E002 9 (3) 79 (2) N008 E002 0 0

N008 E012 0 38 N008 E012 l 25 N008 E012 0 4 N008 E012 0 2 N008 E012 0 2 N008 E012 0 l

N014 E012 3 13 (14) N014 E012 l 6 N014 E012 O l : N014 E012 0 0

N015 E020 3 (3) 33 (8) N015 E020 0 l ;

-86– TABLE 10 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area AS

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

AREA "AS" continued

N016 E004 L., 1-2 3 25 2 49 N016 E004 L, 3 0 9 (4) l N016 E004 L., 4 2 10 (1) 0 48 12 N016 E004 L, 5 0 (2) 1 (6) 0 N016 E004 L, 6 l 3 0

19 N020 E010 L, 1-3 0 5 (6) 0 N020 E010 L., 4 0 0 0 23 N020 E010 L, 5 3 0

349 N022 E002 L., 1-5 5 23 2 N022 E002 L., 6 0 0

N028 E004 L., 1-5 2 15 0

N028 E014 L, 1-2 0 l 0 N028 E014 L, 3 0 2 0 N028 E014 L., 4 0 (3) 1 (1) 0 N028 E014 L., 5 0 l 0 N028 E014 L., 6 0 0 0

N034 E010 L,1-3 0 13 (1) 3 N034 E010 L., 4 0 3 0 N034 E010 L., 5 0

N042 E006 L., 1-3 l 5 l N042 E006 L., 4 0 l 0 N042 E006 L., 5 0 0 0 N042 E006 L., 6 l l 0

N042 E014 L, 1-2 l 1 (1) 0 N042 E014 L., 3 l 3 0 N042 E014 L., 4 0 2 0 :: :: N042 E014 L., 5 0 3 0

N050 E048 L., 1-2 0 l 0 N050 E048 L., 3 0 0 0 N050 E048 L., 4 0 l 0 N050 E048 L, 5 0 0 0 : : N050 E048 L. 6 0 0 0

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

–87– TABLE 10 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area AS

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Leve l (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

AREA "AS" continued

N052 E004 L., 1 l l 2 5 12 N052 E004 L., 2 0 0 0 0 0 N052 E004 L, 3 0 7 0 24 7 N052 E004 L., 4 0 6 2 13 4 N052 E004 L., 5 l 22 l ll ll

N052 E006 L, 1-2 0 7 0 8 37

S001 E050 L., 1-2 0 l l l 0 S001 E050 L, 3 1 0 0 0 0 S001 E050 L., 4 O 0 0 1 O

S010 E016 L., 1 l 17 0 ll 24 S010 E016 L., 2 6 21 0 21 70 S010 E016 L., 3 0 2 (1) l 9 4 S010 E016 L., 4 l ll 0 14 32 S010 E016 L., 5 4 (2) 12 (2) l 14 16 S010 E016 L., 6 l 6 (2) 0 20 16 S010 E016 L, 7 l 5 0 8 54 S010 E016 L, 8 0 0 0 l 0

S021 E090 L, 1-3 0 0 0 2 31 S021 E090 L., 4 0 0 0 0 0 S021 E090 L, 5 0 0 0 0 0 S021 E090 L, 6 O 0 0 0 0

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

–88– TABLE 11 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area B

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

S045 E073 0 (1) 8 (3) 7 34

S046 E068 l 13 (4) 10 426

S054 E062 74 (38) 485(386) 219 1017 S054 E062 0 1 (3) 0 7

S0.55 E058 1 (9) 19 (25) 9 15 S0.55 E058 0 2 2 387 S0.55 E058 3 5 0 10 S0.55 E058 0 l 0 179

S0.55 E078 14 (1) 180 (21) 2.:;2: 67 1204

S058 E068 33 (3) 247 (27) 79 258 S058 E068 0 5 3 3

S0.58 E082 6 34 (27) 16 571 S0.58 E082 12 99 16 58 S058 E082 4 (3) 54 (22) 22 184 S0.58 E082 4 (2) 16 (6) 22 184 S0.58 E082 0 4 6 26 S058 E082 l 7 2 0

S063 E074 46 387 87 309 S063 E074 2 6 (5) 6 0

S067 E078 92 912 179 183

S069 E082 108 1385 191 193 S069 E082 3 49 (6) 10 170 S069 E082 7 60 20 71 : 3 125 S069 E082 l 11 (2)

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

–89– TABLE 12 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area D

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

S023 E161 l 4 (4) 0 4 10 S023 E161 0 3 (2) 0 l 0 S023 E161 0 0 (2) 0 l 0 S023 E161 0 l 0 0 0 S023 Elól 0 l 0 0 0

S025 E164 2 (2) 15 (18) 0 17 28 S025 E164 0 3 0 2 0 S025 E164 0 0 (3) 0 0 4

S025 E168 2 13 (5) 3 13 168 S025 E168 0 0 (1) 0 2 3 S025 E168 0 2 (3) 0 l 0

S025 E172 L, 1-2 0 0 (4) 0 5 55

S025 E172 3. 0 1 (3) 0 4 2 S025 E172 0 2 (2) 0 2 14 S025 E172 . O 2 0 5 258 E172 ii 0 0 0 2 S025 3. 0

S026 E151 ll 32 0 (2) 5 (1) l 12 3

S026 E151 3. 0 0 (1) 0 2 224 S026 E151 l 2 0 7 132 S026 E151 0 0 (1) l 3 22

S026 E151 > 0 3 0 0 0

S029 E168 L, 4 21 2 25 112 S029 E168 0 (2) 0 (3) 0 9 184 S029 E168 0 0 0 3 0 S029 E168 0 0 0 l 0 S029 E168 # 0 0 0 0 0

S029 E169 l6l 572 > 1 (1) 4 0 7 0 E169 S029 3. 0 0 0 0 0 S029 E169 0 0 0 0 0 S029 E169 0 0 0 1 50 S029 E169 :i NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT

S029 E172 3 (1) 10 (3) 4 23 35 S029 E172 s:: 2 0 0 0 0

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

–90– TABLE 12 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area D

Burned Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand flake Stone Leve 1 (L) flake flake flake

AREA "D" continued

S031 E143 0 l 0 4 4 4 0 S031 E143 0 l 0 S031 E143 0 1 (1) 0 6 51 25 S031 E143 0 0 0 5 i : 0 0 l 4 0 S031 E143

27 415 S031 E166 L, l - 2 3 20 2 S031 E166 0 4 (4) 2 ll 16 0 0 0 3 0 S031 E166 L 3. S031 E166 0 0 0 l 0 : 0 l 0 2 0 S031 E166

S031 E168 2 (2) 11 (4) 7 14 12 S031 E168 3 2 l 5 0 S031 E168 0 2 0 3 0 S031 E168 0 l 0 2 0 S031 E168 0 1 0 0 0 - S031 E168 0 l 0 0 0 S031 E168 0 0 0 2 0

S031 E170 l 5 (1) 3 20 159 S031 E170 0 l 0 2 4 S031 E170 0 0 (1) 0 2 0 S031 E170 0 0 0 0 0 S031 E170 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT S031 E170 L., 10 0 0 0 l O S031 E170 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT

S033 E164 2 41 (9) l 59 35 S033 E164 0 6 l 1 l S033 E164 0 0 (1) 0 2 0

S033 E168 0 (5) 5 (7) 2 26 31 S033 E168 0 0 0 1 3 S033 E168 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT S033 E168 0 l 0 2 0 S033 E168 0 l 0 l 43

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

–91– TABLE 12 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area D

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

AREA "D" continued

S033 E172 0 (1) 8 (20) l 26 281 S033 E172 0 0 0 l 2 S033 E172 0 (1) 0 (1) 0 1 0 S033 E172 0 O 0 l 0 S033 E172 0 0 0 0 0

- 0 1 (2) 0 6 2 S035 E154 >9 l 2 S035 E154 0 (2) 2 (9) l 8 2 S035 E154 0 3 (1) 0 5 0 S035 E154 0 0 0 4 0 ::i 0 0 0 l 5 S035 E154 .

S036 E152 llll 2232 1 (3) 0 (2) l ll 0 S036 E152 0 0 (4) 0 16 0 S036 E152 0 1 (1) 2 13 131 S036 E152 0 0 l 13 4 S036 E152 0 0 (1) 0 10 0 0 1 0 3 6 S036 E152 22

S036 E162 2 (1) 2 (4) 0 7 5 0 (1) 0 0 l 0 S036 E162 3. S036 E162 0 0 0 1 0 S036 E162 0 0 0 0 0

S037 E172 0 (7) 12 (24) 3 38 8 S037 E172 l 8 0 7 3 S037 E172 0 l 0 2 0 S037 E172 0 0 0 0 3

S040 E167 3. 0 4 (4) 0 6 7 S040 E167 0 1 (4) 0 7 0 S040 E167 0 0 0 3 l 0 l 0 l 0 S040 E167 3. S040 E167 0 l 0 l 0 : 0 0 0 2 0 S040 E167 3.

S041 E162 L,1-3 0 24 (4) 0 49 13 S041 E162 L., 4 2 15 0 12 31 S041 E162 L, 5 l 7 0 4 0 S041 E162 L., 6 l l 0 3 0

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

–92– TABLE 12 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area D

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

AREA "D" continued

S041 E171 2 14 (35) 0 37 63 S041 E171 0 5 (5) 0 5 0 S041 E171 0 2 0 3 0 S041 E171 0 0 0 l 0 S041 E171 0 0 0 O 0

S043 E166 0 (1) 0 (10) 2 14 28 S043 E166 O 0 2 l 0 S043 E166 0 0 (1) 0 l l S043 E166 0 0 0 2 0

S044 E153 6 (4) 2 40 2 S044 E153 0 0 l 0

S046 E163 l 10 (7) l 35 33 S046 E163 0 l 0 0 0 S046 E163 0 0 0 0 0 S046 E163 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT

S047 E168 0 6 (6) l 13 10

S050 E162 ll 0 5 (7) 0 13 0 S050 E162 0 1 (2) 0 15 l S050 E162 0 3 0 6 0 S050 E162 0 l 0 6 0 S050 E162 0 l 0 1 0

S052 E166 0 8 (3) O 13 0

S052 E166 3. 0 4 0 7 l S052 E166 0 0 (1) 0 ll 4 S052 E166 0 5 0 4 ll S052 E166 0 0 (1) 0 l 0 S052 E166 0 0 0 0 0

S052 E170 0 1 (1) 0 0 0 S052 E170 0 3 (3) 0 6 0 S052 E170 0 2 (1) 0 3 0 S052 E170 0 0 0 0 0 S052 E170 0 l 0 0 0

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

–93– TABLE 12 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area D

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Leve 1 (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

AREA "D" continued

S052 E172 L. 1 (2) 0 0 3 0 S052 E172 L., 0 5 0 3 0 S052 E172 L, 0 3 (1) 2 2 0 S052 E172 L, 0 1 (1) 1 3 2 S052 E172 L, 0 0 0 l 25 S052 E172 0 0 0 l 71 S052 ; : 0 0 0 0 333 E172

S052 E173 0 4 (4) 0 3 2 S052 E173 0 5 0 0 3 S052 E173 0 (1) 0 (4) l 6 0 S052 E173 . O l O 0 0 ii 0 0 0 0 0 S052 E173 2

S053 E152 0 0 0 2 3 S053 E152 0 3 0 2 2 S053 E152 0 2 0 0 0 S053 E152 0 0 0 0 0 S053 E152 :: 3. 0 l 0 0 0

S053 E166 1 (2) 8 (14) 0 35 20 S053 E166 0 3 0 7 0 S053 E166 l 3 0 3 0 S053 E166 0 0 0 4 0 S053 E166 0 0 0 3 0

S053 E172 0 0 O 0 0 S053 E172 0 0 0 0 0 S053 E172 0 0 0 0 0 S053 E172 0 0 0 0 0 S053 E172 0 0 0 0 0 S053 E172 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT S053 E172 0 0 (1) 0 0 0

S056 E169 l 5 (1) l 14 770 S056 E169 0 0 (1) 0 8 0 S056 E169 0 3 (1) 0 3 0 S056 E169 0 0 0 l 0 S056 E169 0 0 0 0 0

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

–94– TABLE 12 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area D

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Leve 1 (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

AREA "D" continued

S056 E172 0 0 (4) 0 2 l S056 E172 . 0 2 (5) l 7 l S056 E172 3. 0 2 (6) l 9 135 S056 E172 0 0 (2) 0 l 0 S056 E172 0 0 O 2 0 i : 0 l 0 0 3 S056 E172 3.

S059 E166 1 - 3 1 (1) 3 (11) 2 19 3 S059 E166 0 l 0 3 2 S059 E166 # O 0 0 0 0

S059 E170 l 2 0 (1) 4 (3) 1 10 l

S059 E170 3. 0 3 (2) O 16 0 S059 E170 0 1 (2) 0 7 0 S059 E170 :: f 0 0 (2) 0 2 0

S060 E173 0 l 0 3 0 S060 E173 0 (1) 3 (2) 0 4 ll S060 E173 0 2 (11) 0 7 0 S060 E173 2 2 (3) 0 8 130 S060 E173 0 1 (1) 0 l 0

S060 E173 3. 0 0 0 l 0

S062 E162 l 6 19 (14) 4 118 21 S062 El62 O 1 (1) 0 7 0 l 0 (1) 0 0 0 S062 E162 > S062 E162 ; ;: 0 0 0 2 0

S062 E167 l 2 l 0 (7) 1 19' 1 S062 E167 l 1 (1) 0 3 0 S062 E167 : : 0 0 (2) 0 l 0 S062 E167 L, 5 0 0 0 0 0

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; Weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

–95– TABLE 12 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area D

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

AREA "D" continued

S065 E163 L, 1 (2) S065 E163 L, 7 (4) 2 7 S065 E163 L, 2 : ; S065 E163 L, : : O CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESEN S065 E163 L,

S108 E162

S108 E162 2 S108 E162 (1) S108 E162

S108 E162 > (1) S108 E162 S108 E162 (1) S108 Eló2 S108 E162 S108 E162 O CULTURAL MATERIAL PRES S108 E162 > l

S121 E182 S121 E182 S121 E182 :

S121 E182 3.

S121 E182 > S121 E182 i : : : : i } :

- S125 E151 > l 3 S125 E151 S125 E151 (1) 9 S125 E151 S125 E151 i 3. . : Sl25 E151 : : : : 3.

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

–96– TABLE 13 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area E

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

S125 E322 L, 1-3 6 13 2 16 512 S125 E322 L, 4 0 l 0 1 3

Sl99 E325 L, 1–4 l 8 (8) 2 2’ 32 S199 E325 L, 5 0 0 (3) 0 0 2 S199 E325 L, 8 0 0 0 0 0

S199 E325 L, 9 0 - 0 0 0 0 S199 E325 L, 10 0 0 0 0 3 S199 E325 L, 11 0 0 0 0 0

S203 E321 L, 1 0 0 (4) 0 0 77

S203 E326 L., 4 0 0 0 0 0

S203 E327 L, 5 0 0 0 0 0

S203 E358 L, 1–2 0 0 0 l l S203 E358 L, 3 0 0 0 l 0 S203 E358 L, 4 0 0 0 0 0 S203 E358 L, 5 0 0 0 0 0 S203 E358 L, 6 0 0 0 0 0

S206 E329 L, 5 0 0 0 0 46

S209 E326 L, 2 l l 0 0 10

S209 E327 L., 4 l l 0 0 73

S210 E308 L., 6 0 0 0 0 0

S210 E313 L., 2 2 (2) 2 (2) 0 2 180

S210 E317 L, 1 4 (1) 24 (23) l 3 440 S210 E317 L., 2 0 (2) 0 (32) 0 4 236 S210 E317 L, 3 0 2 0 0 73 S210 E317 L., 4 0 (2) 1 (6) O 2 0 S210 E317 L, 5 0 (1) 1 (2) 0 2 0 S210 E317 L., 6 4 1 (4) 0 l 0

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

–97– TABLE 13 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area E

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

S210 E325 L., 1 ll 29 0 l 5 S210 E325 L., 2 5 39 0 6 5 S210 E325 L., 3 8 29 0 6 22 S210 E325 L., 4 0 8 (14) 0 4 14 S210 E325 L, 5 0 4 0 3 0 S210 E325 L., 6 0 5 0 0 0 S210 E325 L, 7 0 0 (1) 0 0 0 S210 E325 L., 8 0 l 0 0 0 S210 E325 L, 9 0 0 0 0 0 S210 E325 L., 10 0 0 0 0 0 S210 E325 L, 11 0 0 0 0 0

S210 E327 L., 4 0 (1) 0 0 l 112

S210 E330 L., 1 l 0 l 350 S210 E330 L., 2 0 0 1 0 65

S210 E331 L., 2 l 0 0 l 24

S211 E314 L., 3 l 0 0 0 107 S211 E314 L., 4 l 0 0 17

S211 E325 L., 1 2 (1) 9 (30) 0 4 12 S211 E325 L., 2 5 (11) 16 (34) 0 8 34 S211 E325 L., 3 4 (9) 24 (27) 3 5 9 S211 E325 L., 4 4 (4) 31 (44) 0 3 255 S211 E325 L., 5 0 6 (5) 0 2 0 S211 E325 L, 7 0 (1) 0 (7) 2 0 30 S211 E325 L., 8 0 (1) 0 (1) 0 0 27 S211 E325 L., 9 O l 0 0 0

S213 E329 L., 1 0 0 (1) 0 l 0 S213 E329 L, 6 0 0 0 0 0

S213 E358 L., 1-4 8 12 (1) 0 3 3 S213 E358 L, 5 0 l 0 0 0 S213 E358 L., 6 0 0 0 0 0

S213 E368 L., 1-3 0 5 0 2 0 S213 E368 L., 4 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT S213 E368 L., 5 0 l 0 0 0 S213 E368 L., 6 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

–98– TABLE 13 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area E

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

AREA "E" continued

S216 E319 L, 6 0 0 0 0 0

S217 E330 L, 2 0 (2) 0 (19) 0 0

S218 E316 L, 5 0 0 0 0 0

S220 E325 L, 1-2 16 42 0 6 27 S220 E325 L, 3 l 15 0 5 1 S220 E325 L, 4 l 6 0 l 0 S220 E325 L, 5 1 5 0 0 0 S220 E325 L, 6 0 6 0 0 0 S220 E325 L, 7 0 0 0 0 0

S221 E316 L, 1 4 (15) 55 (77) 5 30 4 S221 E316 L, 2 0 O (7) 0 3 0

S223 E312 L., 4 l l 0 l 0

S223 E314 L, 1 0 16 0 l 768

S223 E317 L., 4 0 0 (1) 0 0 0 S223 E317 L, 5 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT

S223 E317 L., 2 0 4 0 0 0 S2.23 E317 L, 3 0 2 0 0 0

S223 E321 L, 4 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT

S223 E322 L, 1 8 (6) 11 (30) 0 6 943

S228 E328 L, 2 1 2 0 0 0

S230 E322 L, 1 52 355 0 13 36 S230 E322 L, 2 2 12 0 2 0

S230 E325 L, 1–4 31 108 0 13 1030 S230 E325 L, 5 0 2 0 2 49 S230 E325 L, 6 l 4 0 0 0 S230 E325 L. 7 0 0 0 0 0

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

–99– TABLE 13 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area E

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Leve 1 (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

AREA "E" continued

S230 E350 L,1-3 1 (2) 9 (3) 0 3 9 S230 E350 L , 4 0 0 O 0 0 S230 E350 0 0 0 0 0

S240 E290 l 5 (6) O 5 9 S240 E290 1 (2) 1 (12) 2 7 11 S240 E290 3 (1) 5 (10) 1 5 10 S240 E290 l 1 (8) 0 l 4 S240 E290 0 0 0 l 261 S240 E290 O 0 0 O 0 S240 E290 0 0 0 0 0

S241 E367 2 l 0 0 2 S241 E367 1 (1) 0 (4) 0 l 0 S241 E367 0 l 0 0 0 S241 E367 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT

S245 E395 0 2 0 2 2 S245 E395 0 0 0 0 0

S250 E372 3 (2) 2 (4) l 3 25 S250 E372 0 1 0 0 0 S250 E372 0 0 0 0 0 S250 E372 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT

S250 E380 0 7 0 0 46 S250 E380 0 l 0 0 0 S250 E380 0 2 0 0 0 S250 E380 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT

S265 E375 0 (1) 9 (4) 0 l 0 S265 E375 0 (1) 0 (1) 0 3 0 S265 E375 0 0 (4) 0 0 l S265 E375 0 1 (1) 0 0 0 S265 E375 0 l 0 0 2 S265 E375 0 0 (1) 0 0 0

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

-100 TABLE 13 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area E

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Leve l (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

AREA "E" continued

S295 E375 L., 1-3 1 (1) O (7) 0 4 5 S295 E375 L, 0 0 l l l

S295 E375 3. l 0 (2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S295 E375 3. S295 E375 0 0 0 l 136 S295 i : 0 0 0 0 0 E375

S310 E375 0 l 0 l 0 S310 E375 2 6 l 0 0 S310 E375 3 15 0 0 0

S310 E375 3.L NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT 0 0 0 0 0 S310 E375 3. S310 E375 : 0 0 0 0 0

- S325 E397 3. l 7 l 3 0 5 100 S325 0 l 0 0 0 E397 3. S325 E397 0 0 1 O 0 0 2 0 0 0 S325 E397 > S325 E397 l l 0 0 0 S325 E397 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT S325 E397 : : 0 0 0 0 0

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

–101– TABLE 14 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area F

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

N008 W004 L, 1–2 0 7 (11) 3 29 13 N008 W004 L, 3 2 (4) 5 (11) 2 30 83 N008 W004 L., 4 3 (1) 4 (8) 5 29 344 N008 WO0% L, 5 0 (1) 0 (7) 0 15 9 N008 W004 L, 6 0 6 (1) l 6 49 N008 WOO4 L, 7 l 5 0 ll 3 N008 WOO4 L., 8 0 0 0 0 0 N008 WO0% L, 9 0 0 0 0 18 N008 WOO4 L,10 0 0 0 0 0

N011 W016 L, 1-2 1 (1) 5 (2) 0 24 0 N011 W016 L, 3 0 5 (1) 0 16 0 N011 W016 L., 4 2 (2) 3 (1) 0 19 0 N011 WO16 L, 5 0 l 0 22 457 N011 W016 L, 6 0 3 0 33 114 N011 W016 L, 7 0 2 l 7 0

N011 W016 L, 8 0 1 (2) 0 18 82 N011 W016 L, 9 2 0 (1) 0 6 0 N011 W016 L, 10 0 1 (1) 0 5 0 N011 WO16 L, 11 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT

N012 W008 L, 1 0 22 (3) 0 41 0 N012 W008 L., 2 7 24 (3) 0 24 0 N012 W008 L, 3 0 0 0 0 0 N012 W008 L., 4 0 20 (2) 0 23 0 N012 W008 L., 5 2 (1) 25 0 16 0 N012 W008 L., 6 0 8 (1) 0 9 0 N012 W008 L., 7 0 (1) 0 (4) 0 2 4 N012 W008 L., 8 0 (1) 0 0 l 0 N012 W008 L., 9 1 (1) 3 0 l 0 N012 W008 L, 10 l 0 0 l 5

N012 W012 L, 1 0 1 (2) 0 l 0 N012 W012 L, 2 2 12 l 8 0 N012 W012 L, 3 2 20 (1) 0 9 0 N012 W012 L., 4 0 21 O 9 401 N012 W012 L, 5 0 (3) 10 (11) l 3 83 N012 W012 L, 6 0 51 0 4 64 N012 W012 L, 7 2 29 0 4 0 N012 W012 L., 8 0 0 0 0 0

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

-102– TABLE 14 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area F

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

AREA "F" continued

N012 W014 L, 1-2 0 16 0 9 0 N012 W014 L, 3 0 17 0 17 0 N012 W014 L., 4 1 (1) 11 (3) 0 5 0 N012 W014 L, 5 l 14 0 11 0 N012 W014 L, 6 l 9 (1) 0 7 7 N012 W014 L, 7 2 4 0 8 0 N012 W014 L., 8 0 (2) 0 (5) 0 4 44 N012 W014 L, 9 0 2 0 0 0 N012 W014 L, 10 0 0 (2) 0 l 0

N013 WO16 L, 1 0 l 0 l 0 N013 W016 L, 2 2 3 (1) l 14 l N013 WO16 L, 3 0 0 (2) 0 9 l N013 WOl6 L, 4 0 2 (1) 0 5 0 N013 W016 L, 5 0 (2) 1 (2) 0 21 0 N013 W016 L, 6 0 (2) 0 (4) 0 16 827 N013 WO16 L, 7 2 5 0 12 210 N013 WO16 L, 8 0 l 0 2 0 N013 W016 L, 9 l l 0 0 0 N013 W016 L, 10 0 0 0 0 0

N014 W006 L, 1–2 1 (1) 24 0 13 4 N014 W006 L, 3 0 22 (1) 0 18 ll.4 N014 W006 L., 4 l 33 (1) 0 7 0 N014 W006 L, 5 0 4 0 6 2 N014 W006 L, 6 0 9 (1) 0 5 0 N014 W006 L, 7 0 3 0 1 0 N014 W006 L., 8 0 6 0 4 2 N014 W006 L, 9 l 0 (1) 0 0 125 N014 W006 L, 10 0 0 0 0 0

N014 W008 L, 1-9 13 (46) 74 (179) l 59 652

N014 W014 L, 1-7 13 (2) 39 (54) 0 56 775 N014 W014 L, 8 0 6 (3) 0 l 10 N014 W014 L., 9 0 1 (1) 0 2 0 N014 W014 L, 10 0 (1) 3 0 0 0

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

-103– TABLE 14 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area F

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

AREA "F" continued

N014 W016 L, 1 0 0 0 0 0 N014 W016 L, 2 l 3 (1) 0 12 0 N014 WO16 L, 3 0 4 (4) 0 8 0 N014 W016 L., 4 1 (1) 14 0 0 0 N014 W016 L, 5 0 (2) 1 (6) l 18 170 N014 W016 L, 6 1 (1) 4 0 10 203 N014 W016 L, 7 0 0 (1) 0 6 21 N014 W016 L., 8 l 4 (1) 0 5 2 N014 W016 L, 9 0 2 (1) 0 8 0 N014 W016 L, 10 0 0 0 3 0

N014 W018 L, 1 0 l 0 0 0

N016 W006 L, 1 0 6 0 2 0 N016 WO06 L, 2 2 19 (3) 0 10 0 N016 W006 L, 3 3 2 (16) 2 10 21 N016 W006 L, 4 5 9 (15) 2 4 212 N016 W006 L, 5 0 3 (8) 0 4 20 N016 W006 L, 6 0 0 (8) 0 3 129 N016 WO06 L, 7 0 1 (1) 0 l 0 N016 W006 L, 8 0 (2) 0 (4) 0 2 373 N016 W006 L, 9 0 0 (1) 0 2 445 N016 W006 L, 10 0 1 l 0 0

N018 W006 L, 1 0 0 0 l 0 N018 W006 L, 2 l 17 0 ll 0 N018 W006 L, 3 0 13 0 7 168 N018 W006 L., 4 l 5 (1) 0 6 0 N018 W006 L, 5 0 (2) 2 0 5 241 N018 W006 L, 6 2 4 0 3 8 N018 W006 L, 7 0 (1) 5 0 l 29 N018 W006 L, 8 0 0 (2) O 0 28 N018 W006 L, 9 0 3 0 0 0 N018 W006 L, 10 l l 0 0 0

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

-104 TABLE 14 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area F

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

AREA "F" continued

0 1 (1) l N018 W008 3. l 2 N018 W008 1 (4) 3(11) 3 l 66 N018 W008 . 0 (2) 1 (6) 0 6 13 3 (2) 4 (6) l l 15 N018 W008 3. N018 W008 0 16 0 6 147 0 4 (4) 0 6 37 N018 W008 3. N018 W008 0 (1) 0 (4) 0 0 0 N018 W008 0 3 (2) 0 3 2 0 0 (1) 0 N018 W008 > l 0

N018 W010 1 2 0 1(21) 2 8 44 N018 W010 2 14 0 5 0 N018 W010 3 13 0 4 0 N018 W010 0 10 0 4 0 N018 W010 2 9 0 0 0 N018 : W010 i l > l 0 2 0

N020 W006 0 2 O 0 0 N020 W006 . 1 5 0 6 19 0 8 2 3 N020 W006 3. 2

N020 W006 > 0 6 0 3 675 N020 W006 0 6 0 2 10 N020 W006 1 2 (3) 0 2 4 N020 W006 0 0 0 0 18 N020 W006 . 0 2 0 0 111 0 l 0 N020 W006 3. 0 l N020 W006 l 0 0 0 0 0

N022 W010 1 2 6 10 0 5 0 N022 W010 4 9 0 2 35 N022 W010 0 4 0 3 0

N022 W010 3. l 7 0 l 0 : 0 l N022 W010 >i 0 l 10

N022 W016 0 0 0 0 0 N022 W016 l 5 0 21 8

N022 W016 > 0 5 0 25 83 N022 W016 l 5 0 26 4

N022 W016 3. l 8 (1) 0 24 414 N022 W016 0 (1) 1 (5) 0 16 137

N022 W016 3. 0 (1) l 0 5 O

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

-105 TABLE 14 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area F

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake Stone

AREA "F" continued

N024 W024 0 0 N024 W024 4 2 N024 W024 9 13 N024 W024 ll 7 N024 W024 19 lll N024 W024 14 2 N024 W024 l (3) 15 31 N024 W024 ll 0

N028 W012 3 0 N028 W012 l º 57 28 N028 W012 l 4 57 0 N028 W012 45 146 N028 W012 : 15 228

N028 W018 2 4 N028 W018 10 0 N028 W018 15 20 N028 W018 15 59 N028 W018 22 20 i: 8 13 N028 W018 : i;

N028 W024 CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT N028 W024 8 3 N028 W024 l 8 4 N028 W024 ll 13 N028 W024 0 0 N028 W024 16 53 N028 W024 12 55 N028 W024 6 146 N028 W024 4 36 N028 W024 l 57

N028 W026 CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT N028 W026 12 10 N028 W026 4 162 N028 W026 ll 6 N028 W026 (3) 0 391 N028 W026 (8) 38 34 N028 W026 23 64 N028 W026 22 11 7 229 N028 W026 3. N028 W026 l 13 20

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

-106 TABLE 14 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area F

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake Stone

AREA "F" continued

N028 W028 L, 1 0 0 N028 W028 L, 2 0 4 N028 W028 L, 3 0 2 N028 W028 L, 4 0 2 N028 W028 L, 5 1 4 N028 W028 L, 6 l 13 (1) N028 W028 L, 7 0 7 N028 W028 L, 8 2 3 N028 W028 L, 9 0 l

N028 W030 L, 1 0 0 N028 W030 L, 2 0 l N028 W030 L, 3 l 2 N028 W030 L, 4 0 l N028 W030 L, 5 0 0 (2) N028 W030 L, 6 0 l 588 N028 W030 L, 7 0 4 1439 N028 W030 L, 8 0 2 176 N028 W030 L, 9 0 3 (1) N028 W030 L, 10 0 0 (7) 25

N028 W032 L, 1 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT N028 W032 L, 2 0 l N028 W032 L, 3 0 l N028 W032 L, 4 O 2 N028 W032 L, 5 0 1 N028 W032 L, 6 0 3 N028 W032 L, 7 0 l N028 W032 L, 8 0 1 (1) ; İ N028 W032 L, 9 0 (2) 11(16)

N028 W034 L, 1 0 0 N028 W034 L, 2 0 l N028 W034 L, 3 0 0 N028 W034 L., 4 0 0 (1) N028 W034 L, 5 0 2 N028 W034 L, 6 0 l N028 W034 L, 7 0 0 N028 W034 L, 8 0 7 N028 W034 L, 9 4 (3) 35 (3) ; 8 6

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

-107 TABLE 14 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area F

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Leve 1 (L) flake flake flake flake stone

AREA "F" continued

N030 W010 4 0 N030 W010 17 9 N030 W010 i 27 101 N030 W010 19 48 N030 W010 ll 813 N030 W010 16 8 : 5 0 N030 W010 : 45 (1)

N030 W012 6 4 N030 W012 0 2 N030 W012 0 0 N030 W012 0 212 : : 0 2 N030 W012 L,i

N031 W006 35 (1) 36 5 N031 W006 15 105 N031 W006 19 155 N031 W006 3 2 :i ll N031 W006 20

N032 W016 l 6 N032 W016 10 ll N032 W016 (1) 22 4

N032 W016 > 12 354 N032 W016 7 1418 N032 W016 : 5 4855

N032 W022 l - 2 7 0 N032 W022 . 7 l N032 W022 5 105 N032 W022 3 (2) 5 21 N032 W022 0 0

N032 W022 2> 3 (3) 10 96 i: 3 0 W022 : N032 3.

N034 W030 18 191 N034 W030 l ; 24 41 155 N034 W030 : ; 12 : > 21 10

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

-108 TABLE 14 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area F

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

AREA "F" continued

N036 W006 L,1-3 19 80 l 23 14 N036 W006 L., 4 5 22 0 29 1041 N036 W006 L., 5 5 15 l 7 l

N036 W006 L, 6 5 9 0 9 10 N036 W006 L, 7 0 16 0 9 0 N036 W006 L., 8 0 10 0 6 1 N036 W006 L, 9 l 5 0 2 0

N038 W018 L, 1 0 0 0 l 0 N038 WO18 L, 2 2 14 0 30 19 N038 WO18 L, 3 l ll 0 26 93 N038 W018 L, 4 5 7 0 14 10 N038 WO18 L, 5 4 8 0 14 0

N038 WO24 L, 1-2 0 5 0 2 22 N038 WO24 L, 3 0 2 0 7 30 N038 WO24 L, 4 l 5 0 4 6 N038 WO24 L, 5 l 3 0 2 0

N038 WO30 L, 1 0 0 0 l 2 N038 WO30 L, 2 l 3 0 12 10 N038 W030 L, 3 0 6 0 5 8 N038 WO30 L, 4 0 16 0 19 130 N038 WO30 L, 5 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT

N038 WO34 L, 1 0 3 0 6 0 N038 WO34 L, 2 l 2 0 5 2 N038 WO34 L, 3 0 7 0 ll 8 N038 WO34 L, 4 2 5 0 12 16 N038 WO34 L, 5 l 6 0 6 17 N038 W034 L, 6 2 17 l 20 102

N038 WO38 L, 1 3 8 0 17 23 N038 W038 L, 2 l 5 0 13 2 N038 WO38 L, 3 l 2 0 6 0 N038 W038 L., 4 0 10 0 22 23 N038 W038 L, 5 0 12 0 39 29 N038 W038 L, 6 0 13 (1) O 66 419

N046 W038 L, 1-2 l 12 0 22 3 N046 W038 L, 3 0 8 0 32 9 N046 W038 L., 4 9 20 2 69 ll N046 W038 L. > 5 ll 48 0 142 28

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

—109– TABLE 14 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area F

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

AREA "F" continued

N048 W008 L,1-3 4 30 6 92 53 N048 W008 L., 4 l 12 0 37 12 N048 W008 L., 5 l 16 0 29 24 N048 W008 L., 6 4 4 0 26 151

N048 W018 L, 1 0 9 0 30 0 N048 W018 L, 2 ll 34 0 268 53 N048 W018 L, 3 ll 16 10 155 206 N048 W018 L., 4 ll 18 2 158 47 N048 W018 L, 5 10 14 0 99 12 N048 W018 L, 6 0 15 0 48 2 N048 W018 L, 7 6 6 0 45 86 N048 W018 L, 8 7 3 0 14 3 N048 W018 L, 9 0 2 0 15 0

N058 W006 L, 1–4 l 3 0 5 30 N058 WO06 L, 5 0 0 0 l 4 N058 W006 L, 6 0 0 0 2 2 N058 WO06 L, 7 0 2 0 2 141 N058 W006 L, 8 0 0 0 0 59

N058 WOO8 L, 1–7 0 7 0 7 31 N058 WO08 L., 8 0 0 0 0 7

N058 WO18 L, 1–4 2 3 0 20 12 N058 WO18 L, 5 0 l 0 6 0 N058 W018 L, 6 0 l 0 4 0 N058 W018 L, 7 0 l 0 0 0

N068 W012 L, 1-2 l 0 0 10 3 N068 W012 L, 3 l 2 0 8 2 N068 W012 L., 4 0 1 (1) 0 6 2 N068 W012 L, 5 0 0 0 7 0

N068 W022 L, 1 0 0 l 2 0 N068 W022 L, 2 0 0 0 16 0 N068 W022 L, 3 l 3 3 43 3 N068 W022 L, 4 0 l 0 21 2 N068 W022 L, 5 0 l 0 ll O

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

-110 TABLE 1.5 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area G

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

N130 W082 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT N130 W082 0 0 0 l 0 N130 W082 0 0 (1) 0 l 0 0 l 0 0 0 N130 W082 3. N130 W082 i : 0 0 0 0 0

N138 W084 0 0 0 0 0 0 N138 W084 . - l 0 0 0 N138 W084 0 l 0 2 2 N138 W084 O 0 0 l 0 : l 4 0 0 ll W084 i N138 >

N140 W090 O 0 0 0 0 N140 W090 . 0 0 0 4 l 0 3 0 5 20 N140 W090 3. N140 W090 0 l 0 4 0 0 0 0 2 0 N140 W090 > : 0 2 0 3 0 N140 : W090

N144 W090 0 l 0 2 0 N144 W090 0 l 0 2 4 N144 W090 0 l 0 1 8 0 0 (1) 0 2 0 N144 W090 > N144 W090 i : 0 2 0 0 0

0 2 0 4 3 - N150 W090 3. l 3 0 0 0 2 1 N150 W090 > N150 W090 0 l 0 l 0 0 0 0 0 0 N150 W090 > : 0 0 0 0 3 N150 W090 i

N150 W100 l 0 0 5 80

0 0 0 0 0 N150 W110 0 0 N150 W110 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 N150 W110 0 l N150 W110 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 N150 W110

0 0 0 16 N156 W090 0 l 0 0 120 N156 W090 0 0 l N156 W090 0 128 2 0 2 0 38 6 N156 W090 0 3 0 32 3 N156 W090 : l 0 0 30 5 N156 W090

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

-lll TABLE 1.5 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area G

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Leve 1 (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

AREA "G" continued

N156 W096 L., 1 0 0 N156 W096 L., 2 0 0 N156 W096 L, 3 0 0 N156 W096 L., 4 0 0 N156 W096 L., 5 0 0 N156 W096 L., 6 0 0

N156 W100 L., 1 0 0 N156 W100 L., 2 0 0 N156 W100 L., 3 0 0 N156 W100 L., 4 0 l N156 W100 L., 5 0 0 : :: N156 W100 L, 6 0 l

N160 W090 L., 1 0 l 36 N160 W090 L., 2 2 3 128 N160 W090 L, 3 0 8 237 N160 W090 L., 4 3 2 239 N160 W090 L., 5 0 4 222 ; N160 W090 L., 6 0 0 115 N160 W090 L, 7 l 0 72 N160 W090 L., 8 0 0 46 l 4 N160 W090 L., 9 0 0 6

N160 W096 L., 1 0 l 12 N160 W096 L., 2 0 2 25 N160 W096 L., 3 0 l 52 N160 W096 L., 4 0 l 31 N160 W096 L, 5 0 0 16 L., 6 0 l ::: 14 : N160 W096

N160 W100 L., 1-4 0 l 98 (23) N160 W100 L., 5 0 0 14 (4) N160 W100 L., 6 0 0 25 (4) N160 : 16 : W100 L, 7 0 0 (1)

N160 W110 L., 1-4 0 8 N160 W110 L., 5 0 0 l : L. 6 0 : 3 N160 Wll0

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

-112 TABLE 1.5 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area G

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

AREA "G" continued

N164 W090 L, 1–4 l 0 0 248 4 N164 W090 L, 5 0 0 0 38 158 N164 W090 L, 6 0 0 0 40 0

N164 W096 L, 1 0 0 0 13 0 N164 W096 L, 2 0 3 0 28 0 N164 W096 L, 3 0 l 0 25 2 N164 W096 L., 4 0 0 0 14 l N164 W096 L, 5 0 1 0 10 l N164 W096 L., 6 0 0 0 11 121

N164 W100 L, 1 0 2 0 12 0 N164 W100 L, 2 0 0 0 13 0 N164 W100 L, 3 0 l 0 5 0 N164 W100 L, 4 0 l 0 23 0 N164 W100 L, 5 0 l 0 9 0 N164 W100 L, 6 0 0 0 20 7 N164 W100 L, 7 0 l 0 5 59

N170 WO90 L, 1–6 0 0 0 33 5

N170 W100 L, 1 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT N170 W100 L, 2 0 l 0 6 0 N170 W100 L, 3 0 l 0 11 0 N170 W100 L, 4 0 0 0 9 0 N170 W100 L, 5 0 0 0 6 0 N170 W100 L, 6 0 0 0 3 0

N170 W110 L, 1 0 0 0 l 0 N170 W110 L, 2 0 0 0 3 4 N170 W110 L, 3 0 l 0 0 l N170 W110 L, 4 l 2 0 l 0 N170 W110 L, 5 0 l 0 l 0 N170 W110 L, 6 l 0 0 0 l N170 W110 L, 7 0 0 O 0 43

N170 W110 L. 3. 8 0 0 0 3 0

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

—113 TABLE 1.5 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area G

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

AREA "G" continued

N180 W102 L, 1-2 1 5 0 0 N180 W102 L, 3 0 6 0 0 N180 W102 L, 4 3 8 0 0 N180 W102 L, 5 0 l 0 0 N180 W102 L, 6 0 - 4 0 0

N180 W110 L, 1 0 3 0 0 N180 W110 L, 2 3 11 (3) 0 0 N180 W110 L, 3 0 7 0 0 (1) N180 W110 L, 4 0 4 (1) 0 0 N180 W110 L, 5 0 5 0 5 N180 W110 L, 6 0 i: l 0 l

N180 W120 L, 1 1 0 0 0 N180 W120 L, 2 2 1 0 0 N180 W120 L, 3 0 l 0 0 N180 W120 L, 4 0 0 0 0 N180 W120 L, 5 0 0 0 0 N180 W120 L, 6 0 l 0 i 0

N190 W110 L, 1-8 0 32 0 l l l

N190 W120 L, 1 0 l 0 l N190 W120 L, 2 0 4 0 0 N190 W120 L, 3 0 2 0 l N190 W120 L, 4 0 6 0 0 N190 W120 L, 5 0 3 0 0 N190 W120 L, 6 0 2 0 0

N190 W130 L, 1 0 0 0 0 N190 W130 L, 2 0 0 0 7 N190 W130 L, 3 0 2 0 6 N190 W130 L, 4 0 l 0 1 N190 W130 L, 5 0 1 0 1 N190 W130 L. 6 0 0 0 0

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

-114 TABLE 1.5 Local Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area G

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

AREA "G" continued

N190 W140 L, 1–2 0 l 0 l 7 N190 W140 L, 3 l 0 0 4 0 N190 W140 L, 4 0 0 0 0 2 N190 W140 L, 5 0 0 0 0 0

N190 W140 L, 6 0 - 0 0 2 2 N190 W140 L, 7 0 0 0 0 0

N200 W140 L, 1-3 0 2 0 l 29 N200 W140 L, 4 0 2 0 l 14 N200 W140 L, 5 0 0 0 0 0 N200 W140 L, 6 0 0 0 0 0

N210 W140 L, 1 0 0 0 0 1 N210 W140 L, 2 2 l 0 l ll N210 W140 L, 3 0 0 0 l 47 N210 W140 L, 4 0 l 0 0 39 N210 W140 L, 5 0 1 0 0 199 N210 W140 L, 6 0 0 0 l 281

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

-115– TABLE 16 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area AN

Unit Hixton Quartzite Grand Meadow Chert C. W. and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning Thinning Level (L) flake flake flake flake flake

N084 W050 N084 W050 º

N084 W056 N084 W056 N084 W056 N084 W056 :: N084 W056

N090 W020 NO90 W020 N090 W020 NO90 W020 ::i ::. N090 W020

N090 W030 N090 W030 N090 W030

N090 W040 NO90 W040 N090 W040 NO90 W040 ::::; :i:::

NO90 W050 NO90 W050 NO90 W050 : : NO90 W050

NO90 W054 3 NO90 W054 §:::::: º º

NO90 W060 N090 W060 N090 W060 N090 : W060 :: :;::: : :

N098 W030 N098 W030 N098 W030 N098 W030 N098 W030 : i N098 W030 : : :

-116 TABLE 16 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area AN

Unit Hixton Quartzite Grand Meadow Chert C. W. and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning Thinning Level (L) flake flake flake flake flake

AREA "AN" continued

N098 W050 L., 1-4 l 27 N098 W050 L., 5 0 2

N100 W040 L., 1-5 0 15

N100 W050 L., 1-5 l 40 N100 W050 L., 6 0 2 : ;

N100 W060 L., 1-7 0 47

N110 W022 L., 1 0 2 0 0

N130 W032 L., 1-5 0 2 N130 W042 L., 1 0 l N130 W042 L., 2 0 0

N130 W072 L., 1-5 0 8 N130 W072 L., 6 0 l º º

N140 W042 L., 1 0 6 N140 W042 L., 5 0 l

N140 W050 L., 2 0 l

N140 W072 L, l-3 0 5

-117– TABLE 17 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area AS

Unit Hixton Quartzite Grand Meadow Chert C. W. and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning Thinning Level (L) flake flake flake flake flake

;::4 0 5 0 l 0 N000 E008 L,

N000 E018 N000 E018 N000 E018 ; : ;

N006 E012 N006 E012 . N006 E012

N006 E012 > N006 E012 i

N007 E014 l ll N007 E014

N007 E014 > E014 : N007

i0::l::: ::0:: 0:: N008 E002

N008 E012 N008 E012 N008 E012 : N008 E012

N014 E012 N014 E012 N014 E012 : N014 E012

N015 E020 17 0:

N016 E004 N016 E004 N016 E004 N016 E004 i : N016 E004

N020 E010 N020 E010 N020 E010 : : : :

N022 E002 24

-118– TABLE 17 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area AS

Unit Hixton Quartzite Grand Meadow Chert C. V. and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning Thinning Level (L) flake flake flake flake flake

AREA "AS" continued

N028 ::º::0 ::l E004 L., 1-5 0 24 .:0

N028 E014 L., 1-2 0 7 N028 E014 L., 6 0 1

N034 E010 L,1-3 0 4 N034 E010 L., 4 0 l

N042 E006 L,1-3 2 4 N042 E006 L., 4 0 2 0:::§

N042 E014 L., 1-2 0 1 N042 E014 L., 3 0 1

N050 E048 L., 1-2 l 2 N050 E048 L., 4 l l N050 E048 L., 5 0 1

N052 E004 L, 1 l 3 N052 E004 L., 3 l 8 N052 E004 L., 4 0 15 N052 E004 L, 5 l 19

N052 E006 L., 1-2 3 5 0: 0::::

S001 E050 L., 1-2 0 l S001 E050 L., 3 1 0 . . º

S010 E016 L., 1 0 5 S010 E016 L., 2 l 20 S010 E016 L., 3 l 2 S010 E016 L., 4 0 7 S010 E016 L., 5 0 12 S010 E016 L., 6 0 2 i S010 E016 : L, 7 0 l

-119– TABLE 18 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area B

Unit Hixton Quartzite Grand Meadow Chert C. W. and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning Thinning Level (L) flake flake flake flake flake

S045 E073 L,1-3 0 l O 0 0

S046 E068 L,1-3 0 l 0 0 0

S054 E062 L., 1-4 36 3 10 .0:0

- S055 E058 L., 1 S055 E058 L., 2-3

S055 E078 L., l-3 22

S058 E068 ll 23 S058 E068 É. º # !; §

S058 E082 > S058 E082 S058 E082 S058 E082

S058 E082 > S058 E082 Li : : : : 3.

S063 -:. E074 > l 21 0 5 l:

S067 E078 17

S069 E082 S069 E082 S069 E082 : : :

—120– TABLE 19 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area D

Unit Hixton Quartzite Grand Meadow Chert C. W. and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning Thinning Level (L) flake flake flake flake flake

S023. E161 L, 1-2 0 2 0 2 0 S023 E161 L, 3 0 0 0 l 0

S025 E164 L,1-3 4 l 3 0 l S025 E164 L., 4 0 l 0 0 0 S025 E164 L, 5 0 2 0 0 0

S025 E168 L,1-3 2 5 l 10 l

S025 E168 L., 4 0 0 0 2 0

S025 E172 L, 1-2 0 3 l l 0 S025 E172 L, 3 0 3 0 0 0 S025 E172 L, 5 0 l 0 0 0

S026 E151 L, 1-2 0 9 0 0 0 S026 E151 L, 3 0 ll 0 l 0 S026 E151 L, 4 l 4 0 0 l S026 E151 L, 5 0 l 0 0 0 S026 E151 L, 6 0 2 0 0 0

S029 E168 L,1-3 2 13 0 2 2 S029 E168 L, 4 3 3 0 l 0 S029 E168 L, 6 0 l 0 0 0 S029 E168 L, 7 0 0 l 0 0

S029 E169 L, 1–2 1 3 0 0 0 S029 Elé9 L, 3 0 l 0 0 0 S029 E169 L, 5 0 l 0 0 0

S029 E172 L, 1–5 2 4 l l l

S031 El43 L, 1 0 0 0 S031 E143 L, 2 2 0 0 0 0 S031 Elá3 L, 3 0 0 0 l 0

S031 E166 L, 1-2 2 4 0 4 l S031 Elé6 L, 3 l 3 2 2 0 S031 E166 L., 4 l 0 0 l 0 S031 Eló6 L., 6 0 0 0 0 l

S031 E168 L, 1-2 4 5 2 3 1 S031 E168 L, 3 0 2 0 l 0 S031 E168 L, 4 0 3 2 0 l S031 Elő8 L., 6 0 l 0 0 0 S031 Elé8 L, 8 0 0 l 0 0

-121 TABLE 19 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area D

Unit Hixton Quartzite Grand Meadow Chert C. W. and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning Thinning Level (L) flake flake flake flake flake

AREA "D" continued

S031 E170 L., 1-2 l 2 4 2 3

S033 E164 L., 1-4 7 24 2 5 5 S033 E164 L., 5 0 2 0 0 0

S033 E168 L., 1-2 1 7 2 2 10

S033 E172 L,1-3 4 l2 5 0 l S033 E172 L., 4 0 0 0 0 l

S035 E154 L., 1-2 0 5 0 0 0 S035 E154 L, 3 0 2 0 0 0 S035 E154 L., 5 0 0 0 0

S036 E152 0 2 0 0 0 S036 E152 0 7 0 0 l S036 E152 0 l 0 0 0 S036 E152 0 3 0 0 0 S036 E152 0 l 0 0 0

S036 E162 0 3 0 0 0 S036 E162 0 0 0

S037 E172 0 29 2 2 24 S037 E172 3 l 0 0 0 S037 E172 0 l 0 0 l

S040 E167 0 7 0 0 5 S040 E167 0 2 0 0 5 S040 E167 0 0 0 0 6 S040 E167 0 0 0 0 l

S041 E162 3 9 0 4 2 S041 E162 0 4 0 l 4 S041 E162 0 3 0 3 3 S041 E162 0 l 0 0 0

S041 E171 3 21 l 2 48 S041 E171 0 4 0 2 11 S041 E171 l l 0 0 4 S041 E171 0 0 0 0 2

-122 TABLE 19 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area D

Unit Hixton Quartzite Grand Meadow Chert C. W. and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning Thinning Level (L) flake flake flake flake flake

AREA "D" continued

S043 E166 L, 1-3 3 4 l 4 7 S043 E166 L., 4 0 0 l 0 2 S043 E166 L, 5 0 l 0 0 0

S044 E153 L, 1-5 5 12 0 0 4

S046 Elö3 L, 1–7 0 7 0 l 8

S047 E168 L, 1-7 l 3 0 l 0

S050 E162 L, 1-2 0 8 0 0 S050 E162 L, 3 0 2 0 2 0 S050 E162 L, 5 0 2 0 0

S052 E166 L, 1-2 2 5 0 l 0 S052 E166 L, 3 0 15 0 l l S052 E166 L., 4 0 16 0 l l S052 E166 L, 5 0 8 0 0 0

S052 E170 L, 1 0 2 0 0 S052 E170 L, 2 l 2 0 0 S052 E170 L, 3 0 6 0 0

S052 E172 L, 2 2 2 0 0 0 S052 E172 L, 3 0 2 0 2 0 S052 E172 L, 4 0 l 0 0 0 S052 E172 L, 5 0 l 0 0 0 S052 E172 L, 7 0 l 0 0 0

S052 E173 L, 1 0 5 l 0 0 S052 El 73 L, 2 0 l 0 0 0 S052 E173 L, 3 0 2 0 0 0 S052 El 73 L., 4 0 l 0 0 0

S053 ElB2 L, 1 0 l 0 0 0 S053 ElB2 L, 2 2 l 0 0 4 S053 Elj2 L, 3 0 l 0 0 0 S053 Elj2 L, 4 0 l 0 0 0 S053 Elj2 L. 5 > 0 0 0 0 l

-123 TABLE 19 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area D

Unit Hixton Quartzite Grand Meadow Chert C. W. and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning Thinning Level (L) flake flake flake flake flake

AREA "D" continued

S053 E166 L,1-3 2 15 0 2 l S053 E166 L., 4 0 2 l 0 l S053 E166 L, 5 0 2 0 0 0

S056 E169 L, 1-2 0 4 0 0 S056 E169 L, 3 0 2 2 0 0 S056 E169 L, 5 l 0 0

S056 E172 L, 2 l 4 0 0 0 S056 E172 L, 3 l l 0 0 0 S056 E172 L, 4 l l 0 0 0 S056 E172 L, 5 0 l 0 0 0

S059 E166 L,1-3 3 8 0 0 S059 E166 L, 4 l l 0 0 0

S059 E170 L, 1-2 0 5 0 0 l S059 E170 L, 3 0 3 0 0 0 S059 Elż0 L, 4 l 4 0 0 0 S059 E170 L, 5 0 l 0 0 0

S060 E173 L, 1 0 4 l 0 0 S060 E173 L, 2 0 3 l 0 0 S060 E173 L, 3 0 8 0 0 O S060 E173 L, 4 2 l 0 0 0

S062 E162 L,1-3 3 46 3 4 S062 E162 L, 5 l 0 0 0 0

S062 E167 L, 1-2 O 7 0 2 l S062 E167 L, 3 l 2 0 0 0

S065 E163 L, 1 l 10 0 0 0 S065 E163 L, 2 0 l 0 0 0 S065 E163 L, 3 0 2 0 0 0

S121 E182 L, 1 0 l 0 0 0

Sl25 Eljl L, 1-3 0 0 0 l 0

-124 TABLE 20 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area E

Unit Hixton Quartzite Grand Meadow Chert C. W. and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning Thinning Level (L) flake flake flake flake flake

S125 E322 3 8 0 2 0

S199 E325 8 13 0 0 0

S203 E321 S209 E325 :0 :00:0 :00:0 :000:0 S209 E326

S210 E325

S210 E325 > S210 E325 S210 E325 s : S210 E325

S210 E330 l

S210 E331

S211 E314

S211 E325 S211 E325 S211 E325 S211 E325 S211 E325 0i0 S213 E358 l 0 . . S213 E368 l

S220 E325 S220 E325 S220 E325 : : : : : S220 E325

S221 E316 6 5 0 0

S223 E314

-125 TABLE 20 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area E

Unit Hixton Quartzite Grand Meadow Chert C. W. and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning Thinning Level (L) flake flake flake flake flake

AREA "E" continued

S223 E317 L, 2 2 0 0 0 0 S223 E317 L, 3 0 l 0 0 0 S223 E317 L., 4 l 0 0 0 0

S223 E322 L, 1 38 93 1 0 0

S230 E320 L, 1 l l 0 l

S230 E325 L, 1-4 7 17 0 0 0

S230 E350 L, 1-3 3 2 0 0 0

S240 E290 L, 1 0 0 0 2 l S240 E290 L, 2 0 3 l 0 0 S240 E290 L, 3 l 3 0 0 0 S240 E290 L, 4 0 0 l 0 0

S241 E367 L, 1-2 0 2 0 0 0

S250 E372 L, 1–4 l l 0 0 0

S250 E380 L,1-3 l 2 0 0 0

S265 E375 L, 1-2 0 2 l 5 0 S265 E375 L, 3 0 l 2 2 0 S265 E375 L, 4 0 0 l 2 0 S265 E375 L, 5 0 0 0 l 0 S265 E375 L, 6 l 0 0 0 0

S295 E375 L, 1-3 0 0 0 l 0

S310 E375 L, 2 0 0 0 0 1

-126 TABLE 21 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area F

Unit Hixton Quartzite Grand Meadow Chert C. W. and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning Thinning Level (L) flake flake flake flake flake

N008 W004 L, 1-2 6 7 0 l 0 N008 W004 L, 3 10 16 l 5 0 N008 WOO4 L., 4 2 10 0 4 0 N008 W004 L, 5 3 4 2 l 0 N008 W004 L, 6 l 5 0 0 0

N011 W016 L, 1-2 2 4 0 0 0 N011 W016 L, 3 l 4 0 0 0 N011 WO16 L., 4 l 2 0 0 0 N011 W016 L, 7 l 0 0 0 0 N011 WO16 L., 8 l 1 O 0 0 N011 WOl6 L, 9 0 1 0 0 0

N012 W008 L, 1 l 0 0 0 0 N012 W008 L., 2 0 6 0 0 0 IWO12 W008 L, 3 0 13 l 2 l N012 W008 L., 4 0 0 0 3 0 N012 W008 L., 5 2 7 l 2 0 N012 W008 L, 6 0 2 0 l 0 N012 W008 L., 7 0 3 0 l 0 N012 W008 L., 8 0 2 0 0 0 N012 W008 L., 9 0 2 0 0 0 N012 W008 L, 10 0 6 0 0 0

N012 W012 L, 2 1 0 l 0 N012 W012 L., 4 0 2 0 0 0 N012 W012 L., 4 0 0

N012 W014 L, 2 0 l 0 0 0 N012 W014 L, 3 0 l 0 0 0 N012 W014 L., 4 0 l 0 0 0 N012 W014 L, 6 0 l 0 0 0 N012 W014 L, 7 0 l 0 0 0 N012 W014 L., 8 0 0 0 l 0

N013 W016 L, 2 0 2 0 0 0 N013 WO16 L, 3 0 3 0 0 0 N013 W016 L, 4 2 l 0 0 0 N013 WO16 L, 5 0 0 0 l 0 N013 W016 L, 7 0 l 0 0 0 N013 WO16 L., 8 0 l 0 0 0 N013 WO16 L, 10 0 3 0 0 0

—127 TABLE 21 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area F

Unit Hixton Quartzite Grand Meadow Chert C. W. and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning Thinning Level (L) flake flake flake flake flake

AREA "F" continued

N014 W006 L, 1-2 l 5 1 l 0 N014 W006 L, 3 0 2 1 2 0 N014 W006 L, 4 l 4 0 3 0 N014 W006 L, 5 l 0 0 2 0 N014 W006 L, 6 0 2 0 l 0 N014 W006 L, 7 0 l 0 0 0 N014 W006 L, 9 0 l 0 0 0

N014 W008 L, 1-9 2 18 4 6 0

N014 W014 L, 1–6 l 3 0 2 l

N014 W016 L, 2 0 2 l 0 0 N014 W016 L, 3 0 3 2 0 0 N014 W016 L., 4 2 3 0 0 12 N014 W016 L, 7 0 0 0 l 0 N014 W016 L, 8 l l 0 0 0

N016 W006 L, 1 0 l 0 0 0 N016 W006 L, 2 0 4 0 0 0 N016 WO06 L, 3 l 7 1 l 0 N016 W006 L., 4 0 2 2 0 0 N016 W006 L, 5 0 2 0 0 0 N016 W006 L, 8 0 0 0 1 0

N018 W006 L, 2 0 2 0 0 N018 W006 L, 3 0 0 0 2 0 N018 W006 L, 3 0 0

N018 W008 L, 2 0 3 0 0 0 N018 W008 L, 3 0 3 0 0 0 N018 W008 L., 6 0 3 l 0 0 N018 W008 L., 7 0 1 0 0 0 N018 W008 L., 8 l 0 0 0 0

N018 W010 L, 1-2 l 2 0 2 0 N018 W010 L, 4 0 l 0 0 0 N018 W010 L, 6 0 l 0 0 0

N020 W006 L, 2 3 8 0 0 0 N020 WO06 L, 3 2 6 0 0 0 N020 W006 L., 4 0 l 0 0 0 N020 W006 L, 5 0 5 0 0 0 N020 WO06 L., 6 0 l 0 0 0 N020 WOO6 L, 7 l 0 0 0 0

—128 TABLE 21 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area F

Unit Hixton Quartzite Grand Meadow Chert C. W. and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning Thinning Level (L) flake flake flake flake flake

AREA "F" continued

N022 W010 N022 W010 : : N022 W010 : : >

N022 W016 N022 W016 . N022 W016 N022 W016 N022 W016 :: N022 W016 ii

N024 W024 N024 W024 N024 W024 N024 W024 N024 W024 N024 W024 :

N028 W012 N028 W012 : : N028 W012 N028 W012 i :::: l . ::: ::: :::. N028 W012

N028 W018 N028 W018 N028 W018 N028 W018 N028 W018 : : : ; : N028 W018 ::::

N028 W024 N028 W024

N028 W024 3. N028 W024

N028 W024 3. N028 W024 3. : : i N028 W024 >

-129– TABLE 21 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area F

Unit Hixton Quartzite Grand Meadow Chert C. W. and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning Thinning Level (L) flake flake flake flake flake

AREA "F" continued

N028 W026 L, 2 l 4 0 0 0 N028 W026 L, 3 l 4 l 0 0 N028 W026 L., 4 l 2 0 0 3 N028 W026 L, 5 0 2 0 l 0 N028 W026 L, 6 0 5 l l l N028 W026 L, 7 2 3 0 l l N028 W026 L, 8 0 4 0 1 0 N028 W026 L, 9 0 3 l 0 l N028 W026 L, 10 0 0 0 l 0

N028 W028 L, 2 l 6 0 l 0 N028 W028 L, 3 2 2 0 0 0 N028 W028 L., 4 l 3 0 0 0 N028 W028 L, 5 3 5 0 0 0 N028 W028 L, 6 4 15 l 0 0 N028 W028 L, 7 2 15 l l 0 N028 W028 L., 8 2 3 0 3 2 N028 W028 L, 9 0 2 0 0 0

N028 W030 L, 2 0 3 0 0 0 N028 W030 L, 3 0 3 l 0 0 N028 W030 L, 4 0 3 0 0 0 N028 W030 L, 5 0 4 0 0 0 N028 W030 L, 6 3 4 0 0 0 N028 W030 L, 7 5 12 l l l N028 W030 L, 8 2 5 l 0 0 N028 W030 L, 9 l 4 (1) 0 0 0 N028 W030 L, 10 0 5 0 0 0

N028 W032 L, 3 0 l 0 0 0 N028 W032 L, 4 0 6 0 0 0 N028 W032 L, 5 0 l 0 0 0 N028 W032 L, 6 0 l 0 l 0 N028 W032 L, 7 0 2 1 0 0 N028 W032 L, 8 0 3 0 0 0 N028 W032 L, 9 2 6 4 6 0

N028 W034 L, 2 0 l 0 0 0 N028 W034 L, 3 0 l 0 0 0 N028 W034 L, 6 0 l 0 0 0 N028 W034 L, 8 2 3 0 0 0 N028 W034 L. 9 l 47 l 12 0

-130 TABLE 21 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area F

Unit Hixton Quartzite Grand Meadow Chert C. W. and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning Thinning Level (L) flake flake flake flake flake

AREA "F" continued

N030 WO10 L, 1 l l 0 0 0 N030 W010 L, 2 4 18 0 l 0 N030 WO10 L, 3 0 23 0 l 0 N030 W010 L, 4 l 19 0 0 0 N030 W010 L, 5 5 10 0 0 1 N030 W010 L, 6 l 14 0 0 0 N030 W010 L, 7 2 4 0 0 0

N030 W012 L., 0 3 0 0 0 N030 W012 L, l 0 0 0

N031 W006 L, 1 5 3 0 0 0 N031 W006 L, 2 0 3 0 l 0 N031 W006 L, 3 l 3 0 0 l N031 W006 L, 4 l l 0 0 0 N031 W006 L., 5 0 l 0 0 0

N032 W016 L, 1 0 l 0 0 l N032 W016 L, 2 0 l 0 0 6 N032 W016 L, 3 0 7 l 3 8 N032 W016 L., 4 0 5 0 l 9 N032 W016 L, 5 l 2 0 1 13 N032 W016 L, 6 l l 0 0 1

N032 W022 L, 1-2 0 4 0 0 2 N032 W022 L, 3 0 l 0 0 5 N032 W022 L, 4 0 0 0 0 5 N032 W022 L, 5 0 2 0 l ll N032 W022 L, 7 0 l 0 l 6 N032 W022 L, 8 0 2 0 0 3

N034 W030 L, 1 0 4 0 1 N034 W030 L, 2 5 24 0 3 N034 WO30 L, 3 3 12 0 0

N036 W006 L,1-3 4 9 0 l 0 N036 W006 L., 4 0 2 0 0 l N036 W006 L, 5 0 l 0 0 2 N036 W006 L, 7 0 2 0 0 0 N036 W006 L., 8 0 O 0 0 l N036 W006 L. 9 0 l 0 0 0

—131 TABLE 21 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area F

Unit Hixton Quartzite Grand Meadow Chert C. W. and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning Thinning Level (L) flake flake flake flake flake

AREA "F" continued

N038 WO18 L, 2 2 2 0 l 0 N038 WO18 L, 3 l 4 0 2 0 N038 WO18 L, 4 l l 0 2 0 N038 W018 L, 5 0 5 0 0 0

N038 W024 L, 1-2 0 3 0 l 0 N038 WO24 L, 3 3 9 0 0 l N038 WO24 L,4 3 4 0 0 0 N038 WO24 L,5 3 7 0 l 0

N038 WO30 L, 2 0 2 0 N038 W030 L, 3 0 9 0 l 0 N038 WO30 L, 4 l 18 0 0 0

N038 WO34 L, 1 0 3 0 0 0 N038 WO34 L, 2 0 5 0 0 0 N038 WO34 L, 3 0 9 0 0 0 N038 W034 L., 4 2 9 0 0 0 N038 W034 L, 5 2 10 0 0 0 N038 WO34 L, 6 0 17 0 0 0

N038 WO38 L, 1 0 l 0 0 0 N038 WO38 L, 2 0 2 0 l 0 N038 W038 L, 3 0 3 0 0 0 N038 WO38 L., 4 0 8 0 l l N038 WO38 L, 5 l 34 0 0 l N038 WO38 L, 6 l 4 0 0 0

N046 W038 L, 1-2 0 7 0 0 0 N046 W038 L, 3 2 19 0 0 0 N046 W038 L., 4 14 18 0 0 l N046 W038 L, 5 7 28 0 2 0

N048 W008 L, 1-3 2 14 0 0 0 N048 W008 L., 4 l 4 0 0 0 N048 W008 L, 5 l 4 0 0 0 N048 W008 L., 6 0 2 0 l 0

-132 TABLE 21 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area F

Unit Hixton Quartzite Grand Meadow Chert C. W. and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning Thinning Level (L) flake flake flake flake flake

AREA "F" continued

N048 W018 L, 1 0 l 0 0 0 N048 W018 L, 2 3 8 0 0 2 N048 W018 L, 3 l 7 1 2 0 N048 W018 L., 4 2 4 0 l l N048 W018 L, 5 0 3 0 3 0 N048 W018 L, 6 0 0 0 l 0 N048 W018 L, 7 l l 0 0 0

N058 W006 L, 1–4 l l 0 0 l N058 WO06 L, 5 0 l 0 0 1 N058 W006 L, 7 0 1 0 0 0 N058 W006 L, 8 0 l 0 0 0

N058 WO08 L, 1–7 3 5 0 0 0

N058 W018 L, 1–4 l 2 0 0 N058 W018 L, 5 0 l 0

N068 W012 L, 1–4 0 6 0 0 0 N068 W012 L., 5 l 7 0 l 0 N068 W012 L, 6 2 6 0 0 0 N068 W012 L, 7 2 2 0 0 0

N068 W022 L, 1 0 2 0 O 0 N068 W022 L, 3 0 3 0 0 0 N068 W022 L, 4 0 2 0 0 0 N068 W022 L. 5 0 l 0 0 0

—133– TABLE 22 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area G

Unit Hixton Quartzite Grand Meadow Chert C. W. and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning Thinning Level (L) flake flake flake flake flake

N130 W082 L, 2 0 l 0 0 N130 W082 L, 3 0 l 0 0 0 N130 W082 L, 5 0 2 O 0

N138 W084 L, 2 0 l 0 0 0 N138 WO84 L, 3 0 l 0 0 0 N138 W084 L., 4 0 l 0 0 0 N138 WO84 L, 5 0 - 3 0 0 0

N140 W090 L, 1 0 l 0 0 0 N140 WO90 L, 2 2 5 0 0 0 N140 W090 L, 3 0 21 0 0 0 N140 W090 L, 4 2 5 0 0 0 N140 W090 L, 5 0 2 0 0 0 N140 W090 L, 6 0 5 0 0 0

N144 W090 L, 3 0 7 N144 W090 L, 5 0 2 0

N150 W090 L,1-3 l 2 0 0 0 N150 W090 L, 4 0 l 0 0 0 N150 W090 L, 7 0 l 0 0 0

N150 W100 L, 1–6 0 4 0 0 0

N150 W110 L, 3 0 l 0 0 0

N156 W090 L, 2 0 4 0 0 0 N156 W090 L, 3 0 4 0 l 0 N156 W090 L, 4 0 7 0 l 0 N156 W090 L, 5 0 5 0 0 0 N156 W090 L, 6 0 1 0 0 0

N156 W096 L, 1 0 l 0 0 0 N156 W096 L, 2 0 l 0 0 0 N156 W096 L, 5 0 l 0 0 0

N156 W100 L, 3 l N156 W100 L, 4 0 l

N160 W090 L, 1 0 l 0 0 0 N160 WO90 L, 2 0 2 0 0 0 N160 W090 L, 3 0 16 0 0 0 N160 W090 L, 4 0 2 0 0 0 N160 W090 L, 5 0 2 0 0 0 N160 W090 L, 7 l 0 0 0 0

-134 TABLE 22 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area G

Unit Hixton Quartzite Grand Meadow Chert C. W. and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning Thinning Level (L) flake flake flake flake flake

AREA "G" continued

N160 W096 L, 1 l 0 0 0 0 N160 W096 L, 2 0 l 0 0 0 N160 W096 L, 3 0 2 0 0 0 N169 W096 L., 4 0 2 0 0 0 N160 W096 L, 5 0 l 0 0 0

N160 W100 L, 1-4 1 5 0 0 N160 W100 L, 6 0 l 0 0 0

N160 W110 L, 1-4 0 9 0 0 0 N160 W110 L, 5 0 l 0 0 0 N160 W110 L, 6 0 l 0 0 0

N164 W090 L, 1–4 0 5 0 0 0 N164 W090 L, 5 0 l 0 0 0 N164 W090 L, 6 0 0 0 0

N164 W096 L, 1 0 1 0 0 0 N164 W096 L, 2 0 3 0 0 0 N164 W096 L, 3 0 3 0 0 0 N164 W096 L, 5 0 2 0 0 0 N164 W096 L, 6 0 l 0 0 0

N164 W100 L, 2 l 0 0 0 0 N164 W100 L, 3 0 8 0 0 0 N164 W100 L, 5 0 2 0 0 0 N164 W100 L, 6 0 1 0 l 0

N170 W090 L, 1–6 2 34 0 0 0

N170 W100 L, 3 0 l 0 0 0

N170 W110 L, 2 0 l 0 0 0 N170 W110 L, 3 0 10 0 0 0 N170 W110 L. 4 0 l 0 0 0

-135– TABLE 22 Exotic Lithics from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area G

Unit Hixton Quartzite Grand Meadow Chert C. W. and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning Thinning Level (L) flake flake flake flake flake

AREA "G" continued

N180 W102 L, 1-2 1 l 0 0 0 N180 W102 L, 3 0 7 0 0 0 N180 W102 L, 4 l 0 0 l 0 N180 W102 L, 5 0 l 0 0 0 N180 W102 L, 6 0 2 0 0 0

N180 W110 L, 1 0 3 0 0 0 N180 W110 L, 2 6 17 0 0 0 N180 W110 L, 3 0 2 0 0 0 N180 W110 L, 4 0 3 0 0 0 N180 W110 L, 6 0 l 0 0 0

N180 W120 L, 1 0 2 0 0 0 N180 W120 L, 2 0 l 0 0 0 N180 W120 L, 3 0 l 0 0 0 N180 W120 L, 5 l 0 0 0 0

N190 W042 L, 3 0 l 0 0

N190 W110 L, 1-8 l 25 0 l

N190 W120 L, 4 l 0 0 0 N190 W120 L, 5 0 2 0 0 0 N190 W120 L, 6 0 3 0 0 0

N190 W130 L, 3 0 2 0 0 2 N190 W130 L, 4 0 2 0 0 0 N190 W130 L, 5 0 l 0 0 0 N190 W130 L, 6 0 3 0 0 0

N190 W140 L, 1-2 0 2 0 0 0 N190 W140 L, 3 0 l 0 0 0

N200 W140 L, 1-3 0 l 0 0 0

N210 W140 L, 2 0 l 0 0 0 N210 W140 L, 3 0 l 0 0 0

-136 TABLE 23 Stone Tools from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95

Excavation Units in Area AN

Unit G r a y C h e r t Alma Quartzite G. M. C. and Worked Worked Worked Level (L) Core Biface Flake Core Biface flake Flake

N090 W050 L, 7 0 (1) 0 0 0 0 0

N090 W060 L, 1-3 0 0 l 0 0 0 0

N098 W030 L, 3 0 l 0 0 0 0 0

N100 W040 L, 1-5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

N120 WO22 L,1-3 l 0 0 0 0 0 0

N130 W072 L, 1-5 0 l 0 0 0 0 0

N140 W052 L,1-3 0 0 (1) 0 0 0 0 TOTAL l 4 2 0 0 0 0

Excavation Units in Area AS

Unit G r a y C h e r t Alma Quartzite G.M.C. and Worked Worked Worked Level (L) Core Biface Flake Core Biface flake Flake

N006 E012 L, 2 0 0 l 0 0 l 0 N006 E012 L., 5 0 0 l 0 0 0 2

N007 E014 L, 1-3 0 0 2 0 0 0 l

N008 E002 L, 1–7 l 0 4 0 l l 0 N008 E002 L, 8 0 0 l 0 0 0 0

N008 E012 L, 1-3 0 1 (1) 3 0 0 3 1 N008 E012 L, 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

N014 E012 L., 5 0 0 l 0 0 0 0

N016 E004 L, 3 0 l 2 0 0 0 0 N016 E004 L., 4 0 0 l 0 0 0 0

N022 E002 L, 1-5 0 0 1 0 0 0 l

N028 E014 L., 4 0 0 0 0 l 0 0

N034 E010 L, 1-3 0 0 0 0 O 0 l

S010 E016 L, 2 0 0 (1) 0 0 0 0 S010 E016 L, 3 0 0 l 0 0 0 0 TOTAL l 3 19 0 2 4 7

-137– TABLE 24 Stone Tools from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area B

Unit G r a y C h er t Hixton Quartzite G.M.C. and Worked Worked Worked Level (L) Core Biface Flake Core Biface flake Flake

S054 E062 L, 1–4 l l 8 0 l 0 0

S055 E058 L,1-3 0 0 3 0 0 0 0

S055 E078 L,1-3 0 0 3 0 0 0 0

S058 E068 L,1-3 l 0 0 0 0 l 3

S058 E082 L, 1 0 l l 0 0 0 0 S058 E082 L, 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 S058 E082 L, 3 0 l 2 0 0 0 0 S058 E082 L, 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 S058 E082 L, 6 0 0 0 0 0 l 0

S063 E074 L, 1-2 0 l 0 0 0 0

S067 E078 L, 1-3 0 2 0 0 0 l 0

S069 E082 L,1-3 0 0 0 0 0 l l

TOTAL 2 5 18 0 l 4 7

NOTE: Numbers in Parentheses Indicate Heat Treated Specimens

-138– TABLE 25 Stone Tools from the Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95 Excavation Units in Area D

Unit G r a y C h e r t Alma Quartzite G.M.C. and Worked Worked Worked Level (L) Core Biface Flake Core Biface flake Flake

S023 E161 0 0 l 0 0 0 0

S025 E164 0 0 l 0 0 0 0

S025 E172 0 0 0

S029 E168 0 0 0 S029 E168 0 0 - 0

S029 E172 0 l l

S031 E143 0 0 0

S031 E168 0 0 0 S031 E170 0 0 l

S033 E164 0 (1) 2

S033 E168 0 0 (1) S033 E172 0 0 l

S036 E152 0 0 0

S036 E162 0 0 l

S041 E171 0 0 l

S044 E153 0 0 0

S046 E163 0 0 2 .:0 º:0 0 0

S052 E170 l 0 0 S052 E172 0 0 0 S052 E172 0 0 l : : S052 E173 0 0 l

S053 E166 0 0 l S053 E166 0 0 l .

S059 E166 l 0 2 S059 E166 0 (1) O : º ..

S059 E170 0 l 0

S060 E173 0 0 0 S062 E167 0 0 l

S180 E162 0 0 0 TOTAL 2 4 19 :

-139– TABLE 26 Stone Tools from Area F, Tremaine Site (47-Lc-95)

Gray Alma Hixton Grand Cedar Tool Type Chert Quartzite Quartzite Meadow Valley

Core 4 2

Biface 9 (1) 6

Preform l 2

Awl or Drill 0 0

End Scraper 11 0

Wedge 1 (1) 0

Worked Flake 22 3

Preform l 2

Projectile point tip 0 2

Hammerstone l 0

Madison Projectile Point 8 l

Honey Creek Projectile Point 1 1

Waubesa Projectile Point 3 3

Kramer Projectile Point 0 l

Durst Projectile Point 0 0

TOTAL 63 21 36 21

NOTE: Numbers in Parentheses Indicate Heat Treated Specimens.

-140 TABLE 27 Miscellaneous Lithics from Area G Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95

Unknown Alma Quartz Quartzite Quartzite Gray Thinning Thinning point Chert Provenience flakes flakes tip Biface

N150W090 l 0 0

N156W090 0 0 l N156W090 0 0 l

N160W090 N160W090 º

N160W096

N160W098

N164W090 N164W090

N164W096

N170W090

N180W102 N180W102

N180W110

N180W120

N190W120 N190W120

N200W140 N200W140

N210W140 N210W140

TOTAL 10 19

-141– TABLE 28 Artifact Comparison for Area D and Area G Tremaine Site, 47-Lc-95

A R E A "D" A R E A "G º material COunt percent COunt percent

CERAMICS

Grit Tempered Cordmarked 3 0.1 72 Plain 71 2.8 500

Shell Tempered Trailed 34 1.3

Plain 2469 - 95.8 13 CERAMIC TOTAL 2577 100.0 585

LITHICS

gray chert tools 48 (3) 1.5 (0.1) (1) 0.2 (0.1) debitage 545 (410) 17.8 (13.4) 219 (6) 6.9 (0.2)

Alma Quartzite tools 8 0.3 debitage 1348 43.9 2571

Hixton Quartzite tools 6 0.2 debitage 406 13.2 325

Grand Meadow Chert tools 12 0.4 debitage 102 3.3

Cedar Valley Chert tools 8 0.3 debitage 171 5.6

Knife River Flint tools l 0.0 debitage 0 0.0

Quartz debitage O 0.0 10

Unidentified Quartzite debitage 0 0.0 19 0.6

Unidentified Chert debitage 0 0.0 4 0.1 LITHIC TOTAL 3068 100.0 3174 100.0

NOTE: Numbers in Parentheses Indicate Heat Treated Secimens

–l42 TABLE 29 Radiocarbon Dates for Sites on the LaCrosse County Expressway

Provenience Laboratory Date Calendric Number B. P. date Tremaine Site, Lc-95 Feature 1 NO.12W016 Level 8 WIS-2039 480 +60 AD 1470 Feature 3 NO20W006 Levels 9-10 WIS-2041 350 +60 AD 1600 Feature 5 N012W008 Levels 7-10 WIS-2040 590 +50 AD 1360 Feature 5 NO.12W008 Levels 7-8 WIS-2068 540 +70 AD 1410 Feature 5 N012W008 Level 11 WIS-2026 760 +70 AD 1190 Feature 8 N140W050 Level 5 WIS-2063 1630 +50 AD 320 Feature 8 N142W050 Level 6 WIS-2052 1470 +50 AD 480 Feature 8 N140W050 Level 5 TX-6833 1640 #70 AD 310 Feature 8 N140W050 Level 6 TX-6834 1530 +70 AD 420 Feature 9 S031E170 Levels 3-6, 8-10 WIS-2042 560 +60 AD 1390 Feature 11 S210E325 Level – 5 WIS-2123 380 +50 AD 1570 Feature 20 S210E310 (80-90 cm bs) WIS-2.125 450 +40 AD 1500 Feature 32 S211E313 (40–50 cm b. s.) WIS-2126 600 +50 AD 1350

Ot Site, Lc-262 Cemetery (Feature 1) W97S01 Level 4 (30–40 cm b. s.) WIS-1979 380 +70 AD 1570 W97S01 Level 5 (40–50 cm b. s.) WIS-2029 310 #70 AD 1640 W97S01 Level 6 (50–60 cm b. s.) WIS-2030 400 +60 AD 1550 W97S01 Level 7 (60-70 cm b. s.) WIS-2031 450 +50 AD 1500 W97S01 Level 8 (70–80 cm b. s.) WIS-2027 420 +70 AD 1530 W97S01 Level 9 (80–90 cm b. s.) WIS-2028 470 +70 AD 1480 W98SO1 Level 4 (32 cm b. s.) WIS-1895 470 +70 AD 1480 W98S01 Level 5 (40–50 cm b. s.) TX-6439 530 +80 AD 1420 Habitation Area - Feature 1 NO54W39 Level 4 WIS-2016 240 +50 AD 1710 Feature 3 NO97W56 Levels 10-11 WIS-1980 500 +60 AD 1450 Feature 7 NO99W56 Level 11 WIS-1981 360 +60 AD 1590 Feature ll NO64W47 Levels 3 and 7 WIS-2015 480+190 AD 1470 Feature l3 N024W98 (30-100 cm b. s.) in process - Feature 19 N108W56 Level 7 WIS-2118 260 +70 AD 1690 Feature 30 N121W48 Levels 11, 12 WIS-2119 510 +50 AD 1440 Feature 31 N103W56 Levels 5-9 to be dated - Feature 47 N049W42 (65–75 cm b. s.) to be dated Feature 62 N132W35 (60-70 cm b. s.) in process Feature 82 N129W58 (105-175 cm b. s.) in process Feature 93 N139W69 (95-105 cm b. s.) in process Feature 136 N158W89 (75–85 cm b. s.) in process Feature 163 N172W94 (95-115 cm b. s.) in process Feature 172 N172W94 (65–75 cm b. s.) to be dated Feature 183 N170W86 (125-183 cm b. s.) to be dated

Firesign Site, Lc-359 Feature 1 N13E295 Levels 6–11 WIS-2114 460 +50 AD 1490

Filler Site, Lc-149 Feature 1 S109E046 Levels 1-4 WIS-2120 270 +50 AD 1680 Feature 2 S104E040 Levels 1,2,4 WIS-2121 220 +50 AD 1730 Feature 3 S107E052 Levels 1–5 WIS-2122 230 +60 AD 1720

-143– TABLE 30 Corrected Radiocarbon Dates for LaCrosse County Oneota Sites

Site Site Calendric MASCA Reference or Name Number Date A. D. Corrected Lab Number

Tremaine LC-95 1190 + 70 1200–1220 Steventon & Kutzbach 1990 Walley View Lc-34 1195 ++ 7.5 1200–1220 Boszhardt 1982

Midway LC-19 1300 + 1300 Steventon & Kutzbach 1990 Midway Lc-19 1340 + 1330 Steventon & Kutzbach 1990 North Shore LC-185 1340 + 1330 Sasso, et al. 1985

Tremaine Lc-95 1350 + 1340 WIS-2126 Tremaine LC-95 1360 + 1350 Steventon & Kutzbach 1990 Midway Lc-19 1380 + 1360 Steventon & Kutzbach 1990

Olson LC-76 1390 + 1370 Sasso, et al. 1985 Tremaine Lc-95 1390 + 1370 Steventon & Kutzbach 1990 Tremaine LC-95 1410 + 1380 Steventon & Kutzbach 1990

Midway Lc-19 1420 1390 Sasso, et al. 1985 0t cemetery Lc-262 1420 1390 TX-6439T Palmmel Creek Lc-61 1430 1390 Sasso, et al. 1985 Ot LC-262 1440 5 0 1390 WIS-2119 Pammel Creek LC-61 1440 1390 Sasso, et al. 1985 Sand Lake Lc-44 1440 : 1390 Sasso, et al. 1985

Ot LC-262 1450 ++ 60 1400 Steventon & Kutzbach 1990 Sand Lake Lc-44 1450 + 70 1400 Sasso, et al. 1985

Sand Lake Lc-44 1460 + 70 1410 Sasso, et al. 1985 Ot LC-262 1470 +190 1410 Steventon & Kutzbach 1990 Tremaine LC-95 1470 + 60 1410 Steventon & Kutzbach 1990 Pammel Creek Lc-61 1470 + 70 1410 Sasso, et al. 1985

Sand Lake Lc-44 1480 90 1420 Sasso, et al. 1985 0t cemetery LC-262 1480 70 1420 Steventon & Kutzbach 1988 0t cemetery Lc-262 1480 70 1420 Steventon & Kutzbach 1990 Midway LC-19 1480 50 1420 Steventon & Kutzbach 1990 Overhead Lc-20 1485 55 1420 Sasso, et al. 1985 Firesign LC-359 1490 . + 50 1420 WIS-2114, Tremaine Lc-95 1500 + 40 1420 WIS-2.125 Ot cemetery LC-262 1500 + 70 1420 Steventon & Kutzbach 1990

-144 TABLE 30 (continued) Corrected Radiocarbon Dates for LaCrosse County Oneota Sites

Site Site Calendric MASCA Reference or Name Number Date A. D. Corrected Lab Number

Midway LC-19 1510 + 50 1430 Steventon & Kutzbach 1990 Overhead Lc-20 1510 + 65 1430 Sasso, et al. 1985 Pammel Creek LC-61 1520 + 70 1430 Sasso, et al. 1985 Ot cemetery Lc-262 1530 + 70 1430 Steventon & Kutzbach 1990 State Road C1. LC-176 1530 + 70 1430 Sasso, et al. 1985

State Road Cl. Lc-176 1550 + 60 1440 Sasso, et al. 1985 Valley View LC-34 1550 + 70 1440 Sasso, et al. 1985 0t cemetery Lc-262 1550 + 60 1440 Steventon & Kutzbach 1990

Herbert LC-43 1570 + 70 1450 Sasso, et al. 1985 0t cemetery Lc-262 1570 + 70 1450 Steventon & Kutzbach 1990 Tremaine LC-95 1570 + 50 1450 WIS-2123

Ot Lc-262 1590 + 60 1460–1500 Steventon & Kutzbach 1990 Tremaine LC-95 1600 + 60 1470–1500 Steventon & Kutzbach 1990 Valley View Lc-34 1600 + 70 1470–1500 Sasso, et al. 1985

Sand Lake Lc-44 1620 + 70 1470–1520 Sasso, et al. 1985 Midway Lc-19 1630 + 60 1520 Sasso, et al. 1985 Ot cemetery LC-262 1640 + 70 1510–1590 Steventon & Kutzbach 1990 Midway Lc-19 1650 + 50 1510-1600 Steventon & Kutzbach 1990

Filler LC-149 1680 + 50 1530–1610 WIS-2120 Ot Lc-262 1690 + 70 1530–1610 WIS-2118

Ot LC-262 1710 * 50 1630 Steventon & Kutzbach 1990 Filler Lc-149 1720 + 60 1630 WIS-2122 Filler LC-149 1730 + 50 1640 WIS-2121

–145– TABLE 31

Artifacts from the Filler Site (47-Lc-149) Test Excavations, 1987

Unit Plain G R A Y C H E R T ALMA QUARTZITE and body other Sececondary Thinning Thinning Level sherd ceramic Flake Flake Flake

South Surface l 0 2 ll 0

Square E75S138 L-1 9 0 l 22 (2) 0 E75S138 L-2 2 0 3 48 (3) l E75S138 L-3 70 2 7 (2) 121 (9) l E75S138 L-4 27 0 3 84 (15) 0

Trench E77S142 L-3 0 0 2 4 0 E77S142 L-4 2 0 0 2 0 E77S142 L-5 17 2 2 19 (4) 0 E77S142 L-6 7 l l l 0 E77S142 L-7 0 0 0 l 0

E78S143 L-3 0 0 0 2 0 E78S143 L-4 l 0 0 4 0 E78S143 L-5 14 0 0 7 0 E78S143 L-6 7 0 0 6 0 E78S143 L-7 5 2 (1) l 0

NOTE: Numbers in parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens.

-146 TABLE 32 Ceramics from the Filler Site, 47-Lc-149 Excavation Units in Graded Area, 1988

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Plain Plain Level (L) body body body body rim

SOUTH FIELD S. 0 0 0 l 0

NORTH FIELD G.A. 0 0 l 69 4

S113 E054 L, 2 0 0 0 2 0

SllS E052 L, 1 0 0 0 6 0

Feature 1 S109 E046 L., 1 0 0 0 8 l S109 E046 L., 2 0 0 0 5 0 S109 E046 L., 3 0 0 0 3 0 S109 E046 L., 4 0 0 l 2 0 S109 E046 L., 5 0 0 2 0 0

Feature 2 S102 E040 L, 3 0 0 0 l 0 S104 E040 L, 1 0 0 0 10 0 S104 E040 L, 2 0 0 0 7 0 S104 E040 L, 3 0 0 2 14 0 S104 E040 L, 4 0 0 0 10 0 S104 E040 L, 5 0 0 0 38 2 S104 E040 L, 6 0 0 0 42 0 S104 E040 L, 7 0 0 0 19 0 S104 E040 L, 8 0 0 0 6 0

Feature 3 S106 E052 L, 1 0 0 0 2 0 S106 E052 L, 2 0 0 0 2 0 S106 E052 L, 3 0 0 0 2 0 S106 E052 L., 4 0 0 0 4 0 S106 E052 L, 5 0 0 0 5 0 S107 E052 L, 1 0 0 0 3 0 S107 E052 L, 2 0 0 0 2 0 S107 E052 L, 3 0 0 0 0 l S107 E052 L, 4 0 0 O 7 0 S107 E052 L, 5 0 0 0 5 0 S107 E052 L, 6 0 0 0 6 0

Feature 4 S101 E047 L, 1 O 0 9 0 S101 E047 L, 2 0 0 3 28 0 S101 E047 L, 3 0 0 0 7 l

-147– TABLE 33 Local Lithics from the Filler Site, 47-Lc-149 Excavation Units in Graded Area, 1988

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

SOUTH FIELD, S. 5 15 0 0 0 NORTH FIELD, G.A. 23 (3) 2ll (12) 3 6 1825 Slll E055 L, 2-4 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT Sll3 E032 L, 1 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT Sll3 E054 L, 1 0 l 0 0 S113 E054 L, 2 0 2 0 0 Sll3 E054 L, 3 0 2 (1) 0 0

Sllá E035 L, 1 0 - l 0 0 S115 E052 L, 1 l 0 0 0 S123 E038 L,1-3 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL S125 E038 L,1-3 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL S142 E077 L, 1-2 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL Feature 1 S109 E046 L., 1 2 20 0 4 S109 E046 L., 2 l 18 0 l S109 E046 L., 3 0 5 0 0 S109 E046 L., 4 0 3 0 0 S109 E046 L., 5 0 3 0 0 Feature 2 Slo2 E040 L, 1-2 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL S102 E040 L, 3 0 l 0 0 S102 E040 L, 4 0 (1) 0 0 S104 E040 L, 1 0 7 (2) 0 0 S104 E040 L, 2 (l) 8 (1) 0 0 S104 E040 L, 3 l 6 0 0 S104 E040 L, 4 l 10 (2) 0 0 S104 E040 L, 5 6 14 (5) 0 0 Slſ)4 E040 L, 6 3 23 (5) 0 0 S104 E040 L, 7 6 13 (4) 0 l S104 E040 L, 8 (1) 2 0 0 Feature 3 S106 E052 L, 1 0 5 0 2 S106 E052 L, 2 0 2 0 0 S106 E052 L, 3 (2) 3 0 1 S106 E052 L, 4 0 4 0 0 S106 E052 L, 5 l 5 0 2 S106 E052 L, 6 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL S107 E052 L, 1 2 5 0 0 S107 E052 L, 2 0 3 0 0 S107 E052 L, 3 0 l l 0 S107 E052 L, 4 0 3 (1) 0 2 S107 E052 L, 5 0 6 (1) 0 0 Feature 4 S101 E047 L, 1 l l 0 0 757 S101 E047 L, 2 0 3 0 0 420 S101 E047 L, 3 0 3 0 0 S101 E047 L., 4 0 l 0 0 S101 E047 L., 5 0 2 0 0

-148 TABLE 34 Ceramics from the Firesign Site, 47-Lc-359 Excavations in 1988 and 1989

Unit Grit Tempered S H E L L T E M P E R E D and Cordmarked Plain Trailed Plain Plain : Level (L) body body body body rim º:

General Surface 0 0 0 6 0 º

N000 W015 L, 3 0 0 0 l 0 N000 W015 L, 5 0 0 0 4 0

N174 E261 L, 2 4 0

N015 E295 L, 1-2 2 0 N015 E295 L, 3 . : : 12 0

S002 E310 L, 1-2 0 0

S003 E309 L, 1 l 0

Feature l: N013 E295 L, 2-4 52 0 N013 E295 L, 6 17 0 N013 E295 L, 7 18 l N013 E295 L, 8 112 2 N013 E295 L, 10 9 0 : : : 4 0 N013 E295 L, 11

N015 E295 L, 2–3 l l 13 l N015 E295 L, 4 §. N015 E295 L, 5 30 0 N015 E295 L, 6–10 48 2 : : : 2 0 N015 E295 L, 11

Feature 2: S002 E026 L, 1 1 0

Feature 3: S002 E308 L, 1 15 0 S002 E308 L., 2 l 0

Feature 4 East S003 E309 L, 1-2 2 0

Feature 4 West S003 E309 L, 2 9 0

Grand Total 364 7

-149– TABLE 35 Local Lithics from the Firesign Site, 47-Lc-359 1988 Excavations

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

General Surface 86 (3) 519 (34) 0 l 1289

N000 W005 L, 1-3 4 42 0 0 22 N000 W005 L,4–7 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT

N000 W015 L, 1-3 4 (1) 56 (1) 0 0 N000 W015 L, 4 0 4 0 0 N000 W015 L, 5 0 1 (1) 0 0 N000 W015 L, 6 l l O O N000 W015 L, 7 0 l 0 0 :

N024 E150 L, 1 0 l O 0 N024 E150 L, 2 0 2 0 0 N024 E150 L, 3 l l 0 : N024 E150 L,4-7 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT

N174 E261 L, 1 2 39 0 0 N174 E261 L, 2 2 57 (2) 0 0 : N174 E261 L, 3 0 7 0 0

N015 E295 L, 1-2 0 5 0 0 N015 E295 L, 3 2 (2) 23 0 0 §

Feature 1: N013 E295 L, 1–4 6 (1) 66 (3) 0 2 103 N013 E295 L, 6 l l2 0 1 N013 E295 L, 7 l 6 l 0 15 N013 E295 L, 8 0 0 0 0 504 N013 E295 L, 9 0 0 0 0 103 N013 E295 L, 10 0 l 0 0 N013 E295 L, 11 0 l 0 O

N015 E295 L, 2-3 4 32 0 0 27 N015 E295 L, 4 7 49 (1) 0 l 135 N015 E295 L, 5 5 47 0 0 3281 N015 E295 L, 6–10 22 19 (1) l 7 17765 N015 E295 L, 11 0 l 0 0

Feature 2: S002 E026 L, 1 1 (1) 18 0 0 370

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; Weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

—150 TABLE 36 Local Lithics from the Firesign Site, 47-Lc-359 1989 Excavations

Unit Gray Chert Alma Quartzite Burned and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning sand Level (L) flake flake flake flake Stone

General Surface 3 8 (1) 0 0 86

S002 E026 L, 2 0 7 0 0 0

S002 E308 L, 1 0 7 0 0 0 S002 E308 L., 2 0 1 0 0 0

S002 E310 L, 1 4 227 (35) 0 0 0

S003 E309 L, 1 l 20 0 0 0 S003 E309 L., 2 0 4 0 0 0 S003 E309 L, 3 l 0 0 0 0 S003 E309 L., 4 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT S003 E309 L., 5 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT

Feature 2:

S002 E026 L, 1 3 64 (4) 0 5 0 S002 E026 L, 2 5 33 0 l 0 S002 E026 L, 3 3 48 (1) 0 0 0

S003 E026 L, 1 62 696 (3) 0 0 0 S003 E026 L, 2 25 583 0 0 0 S003 E026 L, 3 0 3 0 0 0

Feature 3: S002 E308 L, 1 0 3 0 0 0

Feature 4 East: S003 E309 L, 1–2 3 230 (31) O 2 115 S003 E309 L, 3 0 33 (2) 0 0 0 S003 E309 L., 4 O 27 (3) 0 0 774 S003 E309 L., 5 0 8 0 0 0

Feature 4 West: S003 E309 L, 1 6 135 (27) 0 0 0 S003 E309 L, 2 0 32 (1) 0 0 0 S003 E309 L, 3 4 51 (4) 0 0 0 S003 E309 L., 4 0 8 0 0 0 S003 E309 L., 5 0 1 0 0 0

NOTE: Numbers in Parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens; weight for burned sandstone is in grams.

-151 TABLE 37 Exotic Lithics from the Filler Site, 47-Lc-149 Excavation Units in Graded Area, 1988

Unit Hixton Quartzite Grand Meadow Chert C. W. and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning Thinning Level (L) flake flake flake flake flake

NORTH FIELD G.A. 0 l 5 3 0

Slll E055 L, 1 l 0 0 0 0

Feature 2 S104 E040 L, 2 0 0 0 l 0

Feature 3 S106 E052 L, 3 0 0 0 2 0 S107 E052 L, 3 0 l 0 0 0

Total l 2 5 6 0

TABLE 38 Exotic Lithics from the Firesign Site, 47-Lc-359 Excavations in 1988 and 1989

Unit Hixton Quartzite Grand Meadow Chert C. W. and Secondary Thinning Secondary Thinning Thinning Level (L) flake flake flake flake flake

General Surface 2 10 4 2 l N000 W015 L, 5 0 l 0 0 0

N174 E261 L, 1 0 l 0 l 0 N174 E261 L, 2 0 0 0 l 0

Total 2 12 4 4 l

Feature 1: N013 E295 L, 2-4 0 0 0 0 2 N015 E295 L, 4 0 0 0 l 0 N015 E295 L, 6 0 0 l 0 0 N015 E295 L, 7 l 0 0 0 0 Total l 0 l l 2

Feature 4 West: S003 E309 L, 2 0 l 0 0 O

Grand Total 3 13 5 5 3

-152– TABLE 39 Fauna from LaCrosse County Sites

47Lc-149 47–Lc-149 47–Lc-149 47–Lc-149 47–Lc-359 Feature 1 Feature 2 Feature 3 Feature 4 Feature 1 Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Pieces Pieces Pieces Pieces Pieces

Unidentified Shell Fragments 0 3 l l 39 Fish skull 3 (3) 2 (5) 0 0 168 vertebra 0 0 0 0 53 Catfish skull element 0 0 0 0 52 spine 0 0 0 0 2 Turtle

carapace 0 - 0 0 0 2 Bird coracoid l 0 0 0 0 toe 0 0 0 0 1 Small Mammal longbone 3 0 O 0 0 Medium Mammal longbone 2 2 6 0 (1) vertebra 0 0 0 0 2 Large Mammal longbone 3 10 (1) 0 4 8

Identified Amblema plicata 0 0 0 0 2 Fusconaia ebena 0 0 0 0 l Lampsilis sp. 0 0 0 0 l Lasmigona cf. complanata 0 0 0 0 l Pleurobema coccineum 0 0 0 0 l Potamilus alatus 0 0 0 0 l Bowfin skull element 0 0 0 0 2 vertebra 0 0 0 0 2 Garfish vertebra 0 0 0 0 l scales 0 0 0 0 8 Brown Bullhead skull element 0 0 0 0 1 Black Bullhead skull element 0 0 0 0 l spine 0 0 0 0 l Yellow Bullhead spine O 0 O 0 l Snapping Turtle femur 0 0 0 0 l carapace 0 0 0 0 l Bison scapula 0 0 0 O 2 Deer astragalus l 0 0 0 O

NOTE: Numbers in parenthesis indicate burned fragments.

-153– TABLE 40 ARTIFACTS FROM SITES IN SHELBY TOWNSHIP

description 47–Lc-190 47-Lc-422

Madison Cordmarked body sherd 0 2 Madison Plain body sherd 0 2 Trailed shell tempered body sherd 0 l Plain shell tempered body sherd 0 3

projectile point l 0 projetile point length 42 mm 0 projectile point width 25 mm 0 projectile point thickness 9 mm 0

Gray Chert flake with worked edge 0 3 Heat Treated gray chert flake with worked edge 0 l Gray Chert core 0 8 Gray Chert biface 0 l

Gray Chert primary decortication flake 0 5 Gray Chert secondary decortication flake 3 51 Heat Treated gray chert secondary flake 0 l Gray chert thinning flake 5 235 Heat Treated gray chert thinning flake 5 14 Hixton Quartzite secondary decortication flake 0 2 Hixton Quartzite thinning flake 0 9 Alma Quartzite thinning flake 0 2

Worked Basalt fragments 0 2 Ground Slate fragment 0 l

Burned Sandstone fragments 0 14 Burned Sandstone weight (in grams) 0 169

Historic Ceramics 0 2 Historic Glass 0 2 Kaolin Smoking Pipe l

Animal Bone 0 5 Unidentified Mussel Shell 0 l

TOTAL 14 368

-154 TABLE 41 LITHICS FROM EXCAVATIONS AT THE YOUNG KITTY SITE 47–Lc-244

LOCAL GRAY CHERT ALMA QUARTZITE HIXTON QUARTZITE Secondary Thinning Thinning Thinning Provenience Flake Flake Flake Flake

N088 W11 Level 1 l 3 (1) l 0 Level 2 0 3 (1) 0 0 Level 3 l 7 (1) 0 O Level 4 0 l 0 0 Level 5 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT

N100 W11 d Level 1 l 6 1 0 Level 2 l 5 0 0 Level 3 l 3 0 0 Level 4 NO CULTURAL MATERIAL PRESENT

N106 W11

Level 1 2 11 0 e 0 Level 2 0 5 0 0 Level 3 2 3 0 0 Level 4 3 2 0 0

Nll0 Wll Level 1 0 1 0 0 Level 2 l l 0 0 Level 3 l 4 0 0 Level 4 0 2 0 0

N128 W11 Levels 1-3 4 (1) 57 (2) 0 l Level 4 5 84 0 l Level 5 0 44 0 O

N132 Wll Levels 1-3 1 22 (1) 0 2

N136 W11 Levels 1-2 0 10 (1) 0 O Level 3 0 9 (1) 0 0

N140 W11 Levels l-4 0 44 (1) 0 5 Level 5 l 7 0 1

TOTAL 25 (1) 334 (8) 2 10

NOTE: Numbers in parenthesis indicate heat treated specimens

-155– TABLE 42 ARTIFACTS FROM EXCAVATIONS AT THE YoUNG KITTY SITE 47-Lc-244

MADISON WARE CERAMICS Burned plain cordmarked Cord Sandstone Historic Provenience sherd sherd Impressed count / wt.” Artifacts

N088 Wll Level 1 0 0 00

N100 Wll Level 1 2 0 19 Level 3 10 2 00

N106 W11 Level 1 6 0 00 Level 3 2 0 00 Level 4 : 2 0 : 00 ;

N110 W11 Level 1 l 0 00 Level 2 2 0 00

N128 W11 Levels 1-3 0 0 291 Level 4 6 l 00 Levels 5 : l 0 : 00

N132 W11 Levels 1-3 0 0 38

N136 W11 levels 1-2 0 0 30 Level 3 ; 0 0 00

N140 W11 Levels 1-4 l 0 00

TOTAL 15 33 3 ll 378 53

* Weight (wt.) in grams

-156

PiT E

º

GE i Amsterdam

Prairie Halfway

km.

Lc - 262 NORTH

FIGURE l; Prehistoric Sites in the Vicinity of the LaCrosse Expressway § sECTION 18 %– SECTION 19

Lic -113 *Ja

unmapped

La CROSSE COUNTY N C. WISCONSIN { pºlº 2 - 7 Township 17N Range 7W

Contours Above 215 Meters M at one meter interval \ ~ Lic - 359

mº- suc-95,-- ***"Eary___|| Tº 22 meters * ~ -’ T || DATUM “’// 5 /*—'ſ

FIGURE 2: The Tremaine Site Complex (Lc-95, Lc-149, Lc-262, Lc–248, and Lc-359) NW 1 / .4 of

TRENMAINE SITE 47-Lc -95

midden

contours Above 215 m.s.l at one meter interval

Grid North True North

2*

Power Pou-ts ./ Eſso

o rnet ers

O feet 2OO

*ry <

218 ſº s ^ of sw 1/4

FIGURE 3: Excavation Plan for the Tremaine Site (Lc-95), Western Area NE 114 of SW 114 Nw 1/4 of SE 1/4

- :

©

SE 1/4 of Sw 114 SECTION 18

1oo sECTION 19 O meters

FIGURE 4: Excavation Plan for the Tremaine Site (Lc-95), Eastern Area W110 woo W 7 O W5 O W3C) W 10

\ N22O – AREA G \ TRENMAINE SITE

\ 47-Lc -95 N \

N t N2OO N -, \ 40, - [] D \ss,..., \

N18O –

N16O -

N14 O -

N12O -

[] |- - + N1 OO - * 1 : 1 I I

D D - - N 90 i

t I l l

F- | N BO –

t

|\ *o, S$ss, Sº

- N sº a .

- N 50 NS Of

NS W. Sº,

O 2O

- N 30 == meters N

wi40 W12O woo , weo 1 weo

FIGURE 5: Excavation Plan for Area AN and Area G, Tremaine Site

-161– W10 w o E E 10

------N Nzo | AREA AN

[] w 20 T- - – - - - - * -

AREA AS T * ~ –

N65 [] []

[T] N55

| N4O | D E * |

- [] Hus& 25.37 - - - - N3O • meters - - - - - , I was

N3O wio t | |

5 | Cºo I i 15 |

N2O O I | O N25 52 | O | 3 S& Q. 51O O | |

56 \ . -6) I

N10 sC l 49 | | N15

as C’ |

l –9taged T - – - 6 |

J. |

i | - - - - limit _ No5 NOO

- DATUMA 216.oo so D Nºo i ºf: SOo

O 1O N

meters º SO5

E 10 | E 135 > sos *S TRENMAINE SITE

NORTH ^2,\ 47–Lc –95

- * \ AREA D ~

f N

|sis N

O 1O DH 5

- == © N

meters [] N

s25 [[ ] [T]_[ _ \ | | STRAT IGRAPHIC TRE NCH | N

A | B 9 | N

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-163– E 29O

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-164 E 31O E 32O TRENMAINE SITE 47-L c -95 AREA E | S2OO | — — — — - E311

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FIGURE 9: Tremaine Site, Area E, Detail of 1988 Graded Area

— 1 & C ~ ： ~~~~ ~~~~ （№ ~ FIGURE 10: Artifacts from Area A at the Tremaine Site. a, Hummel Stamped Body Sherd from N98W50 in Area AN; b, Ceramic Bead from N90W60 in Area AN; c, Klunk Projectile Point from N100W50 in Area AN; d, Side Notched Projectile Point from N90W50 in Area AN; e, Side Notched Projectile Point from N84W56 in Area AN; f, Side Notched Projectile Point from N84W56; g, Klunk Projectile Point from N120W22 in Area AN; h, Jasper Pendant from N90W60 in Area AN; i, Rim Sherd with Cord Wrapped Stick Impressions from N8E2 in Area AS; j, Rim Sherd with Punctations and Rocker Stamping from N14E12 in Area AS.

—166– FIGURE 11: Oneota Ceramics from Area AS at the Tremaine Site. a , Interior View of Notched Rim Sherd from N7E14 Level 5; b, Top View of a; c, Top View of Crenelate Rim Sherd from N8E2 Level 3; d, Interior View of c ; e, Exterior View of Crenelate Rim from N8E12 Level 3; f, Top View of e : g, Exterior View of Impressed Rim from N7E14 Level 4.

— 167– FIGURE 12: Artifacts from Area AS and Area B at the Tremaine Site. a, Retouched Tabular Flake from N8E12 in Area AS; b, End Scraper from N16E4 in Area AS; c, Awl from N8E12 in Area AS; d, Madison Projectile Point from N8E2 in Area AS; e, Madison Projectile Point from N15E20 in Area AS; f, Awl from N15E20 in Area AS; g, End Scraper from N16E4 in Area AS; h, End Scraper from S10E16 in Area AS; i, Abrader from N16E4; j, Drill from S58E68 in Area B; k and 1, End Scrapers from S54E62 in Area B; m, Reworked Kramer Projectile Point from S58E68; n, End Scraper from S54E62 in Area B; o, Wedge from S58E68 in Area B; p, Abrader from S67E78 in Area B; q, Sleigh Bell from S55E58 in Area B.

-168– FIGURE 13: Oneota Ceramics from Area B, Area D and Area E at the Tremaine Site. a, Loop Handle from S69E82 in Area B; b, Interior of Sherd with Dimpled Lip from S58E82 in Area B; c, Top View of Sherd in b, d, Interior of Rim with Notched Lip from S52E172 in Area D; e, Top View of Rim in d, f, Strap Handle from S203E326 in Area E; g, View of Decoration of Rim in f.

— 169– FIGURE 14: Lithics from Area D and Area E at the Tremaine Site. a, End Scraper from S26E151; b, End Scraper from S52E172; c, Madison Projectile Point from S41E162; d, Drill from S59E170; e, Drill from S25E172; f, Worked Flake from S52E172; g, Awl from S62E161; h, End Scraper from S52E172; i, End Scraper from S26E151; j, Worked Flake from S25E172; k, Madison Projectile Point from S25E164; 1, Biface from S53E164; m, Agate Basin Projectile Point from S250E372 in Area E.

-1.70— FIGURE 15: Oneota Ceramics from Area E and Area F at the Tremaine Site. a, Trailed sherd with Crenelate Lip from S210E308 Level 6 in Area E.; b, Plain Sherd with Crenelate Lip from S211 E325 Level 4 in Area E.; c, Plain Rim Sherd with Dimpled Lip from N16E6 Level 7 in Area F; d, Top View of Sherd in c.

— 171– FIGURE 16: Artifacts from Area F at the Tremaine Site. a, Bossed Rim (interior) from N14W6; b, Rim Sherd with Punctations and Incised Lines from N28W24; c, Punctate Rim Sherd from Levels 2 and 7 in N14W14; d, Perrot Punctate Body Sherd from N16W6; e, Mineature Wessel from N28W32 and N28W34; f, Durst Projectile Point from N36W6; g, Kramer Projectile Point from N31W6; h, Honey Creek Projectile Point from N14W8.

– 172– FIGURE 17: Oneota Ceramics from Area F at the Tremaine Site. a, Trailed

Vessel Fragment from N28W26 Level 7; b, Interior View of a; c, i Strap Handle from N16W6 Level 8.

– 173– à D

FIGURE 18: Artifacts from Area F at the Tremaine Site: a-e Waubesa Projectile Points from N8W4, N14W16, N28W28, N31W6, and N32W16, respectively; f-i, Madison Projectile Points from N28W28, N30W10, N32W16, N32W22, respectively; j—n End Scrapers from N12W8L-3, N12W8L-4, N16W6, N18W6, and N32W16, respectively; o, Drill from N28W24; p, Galena Cube from N32W22.

– 174– º Lº: - º * Nºto º

FIGURE 19: Artifacts from Area G at the Tremaine Site. a, Madison Cord Impressed Rim Sherd from N190W140; b, Levsen Stamped Rim Sherd from N156W96; c, "Hopewell" Style Rim Sherd from N160W100; d and e, "Hopewell" Style Sherds from N200W140; f, Levsen Stamped Body Sherd from N138W84; g, Rim Sherd from N170W110; h, Waubesa Projectile Point from N160W100; i, Sandstone Bead from N160W90.

– 175– years LA CROSSE PERIOD PHASE b. p. COUNTY O 1950 modern ANMERICAN - 1900

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FIGURE 20: Cultural Chronology for LaCrosse County. Adapted from Boszhardt (1990); Logan (1976); Mason (1981); and Stoltman (1979, 1986a).

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FIGURE 26: Excavation Plan for the Firesign Site (47–Lc-359)

- 182 FIGURE 27: Ceramics from Feature 1 at the Firesign Site (Lc-359) a, Jar with Finger Impressions at Shoulder and Crenelate Lip, Lip is Rodent Gnawed; b, Trailed Jar with Crenelate Lip; c, Allamakee Trailed Jar; d, Plain Jar with Finger Impression at Shoulder. a is from Level 10; b and e are from Level 7; c is from Level 6. Note Scale.

—183– Cit C. | ty \\ (6.

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LA CROSSE COUNTY

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FIGURE 29: Excavation Plan for the Young Kitty Site (47–Lc-244) La CROSSE COUNTY

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FIGURE 30: The Stelzig Site (Lc-190) and Vicinity

—186— FIGURE 31: Artifacts from Sites in Shelby Township and a Wessel from the Firesign Site: a, Projectile Point from Lc-190; b, Trailed Body Sherd from Lc-422; c, Levsen Punctate Rim Sherd from Lc-244; d, Koster Projectile Point from Lc-244; e, Biface from Lc-244; f and g, Wessel with Plain Straight Neck from Feature 1 at the Firesign Site (Lc-359)

– 187– BIBLIOGRAPHY

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—197– ANALYSIS OF FLORAL REMAINS FROM THE 1987

EXCAVATIONS AT TREMAINE

Andrea A. Hunter Northern Arizona University Paleoethnobotany Laboratory

October, 1990

Report submitted to the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin

Introduction

This report details the analysis of charred botanical materials in flotation and carbon samples recovered from the 1987 excavation of the Tremaine site (47-LC-95), an Oneota village located in the Mississippi River Valley high terrace region north of LaCrosse, Wisconsin. Charred plant remains from 8 features from the Tremaine site were analyzed. Seven of these features were radiocarbon dated to the Oneota Period and one feature to the Middle Woodland Period (Penman person communication, 1988). Plant remains recovered include wood charcoal, nut shell fragments, mesoamerican cultigens, wild and weed seeds, and miscellaneous remains. This data presentation is composed of three parts. Part I is broken down into two sections. In the first section, floral remains recovered from Tremaine are presented in tabular form with comments and notes. Second, an overall analysis of the Tremaine floral data is given. For a review of the ethnobotanical methods employed for this multi-site Oneota project, field procedures (viz. sampling strategy) and ethnobotanical laboratory and analysis procedures (viz. flotation, sample sorting, identification of botanical remains, and quantification of data) the reader is referred to the preliminary OT site report (Hunter and Umlauf 1989a). Appendix A of this report lists the results of poppy seed testing of the flotation recovery rate for Tremaine. Appendix B summarizes the results of the siphon test conducted on the OT samples. In Part II the Tremaine plant assemblage is compared to patterns of plant use at the adjacent OT and other local Oneota sites. General conclusions concerning the nature of Oneota subsistence, including avenues to investigate with upcoming project assemblages will conclude this portion of the report. Finally, Part III is a discussion of plant remains recovered from Feature 8, a Middle Woodland Period feature. Flotation, identification of all floral samples, and analysis of samples were carried out at the American Archaeology Division Paleoethnobotany Laboratory, located at Sinclair Research Farm and on campus at the University of Missouri Columbia, under the direction of Dr. Deborah M. Pearsall.

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Oneota Floral Data

Flotation Samples

Thirty-two flotation samples were analyzed from features 1 through 9, excluding feature 2, at the Tremaine site. Average samples size was 5 I and total volume of soil floated was 167.5 I. A total of 12.9 g of wood charcoal was recovered from flotation samples. Total nut weight recovered was 0.4 g and a total of 0.6 g of corn (Zea mays) was identified from flotation samples. Charred small seeds totaled 792. Flotation data from the Tremaine site are presented in Appendix C, Tables 43-47. Separate tables are presented for wood, nut shell, Small seeds, Mesoamerican cultigens and miscellaneous ſeſſmalnS.

1 98 Carbon Samples

A total of 44 carbon samples, from 32 discrete proveniences, were examined from the Oneota component of the Tremaine site. Carbon samples were taken from all seven features, plus six samples were from outside of feature contexts. Tables 48-49 (Appendix C) summarize the carbon sample data; no large seeds or nut shell were recovered.

Preliminary Analysis of Floral Data

Floral data generated by analysis of flotation and carbon samples from the Tremaine site will be summarized, followed by a discussion of resulting site-wide patterns and comparsons with other LaCrosse County Oneota sites. Emphasis will be placed on flotation data, although patterning and additional taxa represented in carbon sample remains will also be discussed. This section will conclude with a summary of preliminary conclusions on floral resource utilization. Before discussing the preliminary results of our investigation, the encompassing issue of bias in the floral data must again be addressed. This issue was raised previously in discussing the different biases in flotation and carbon sampling. It is also important to realize the pervasive sources of bias related to the nature of floral data and the environmental context of the Tremaine site. Due to the northern midwest climate, and the shallow, open nature of the site, only charred botanical materials would be expected to preserve through time. Any utilized plant material which was not charred, either deliberately as fuel or burned garbage, or accidently when cooking or parching, would not be preserved. Further, carbonized plant remains are suseptable to harsh mechanical processes such as frost heave, erosion and soil slumping, or dry weather cracking. Many floral resources, therefore, are missing from the archaeological record. Even when materials are charred, some preserve better than others, such as nut shell, and some small seeds are more fragile than others and thus deteriorate regardless of other factors. An additional source of bias in the floral assemblage is the potential introduction of modern materials into deposits. Such introductions may occur during plowing, animal burrowing, or any number of soil turbations such as those mentioned above. However, most modern material introduced in such a manner is uncharred and easily separated from archaeological material.

rning in Fl ion D

Wood Data Presence and Frequency

A total of 1956 fragments of wood charcoal (12.9 g) was recovered. Total wood counts per sample ranged from 5 to 182. Identified ranked wood, site-wide frequency measures, and presence percentages are listed in Table 50 with wood frequency graphically depicted in Figure 32. Frequency or abundance of each identifiable taxon is expressed as a percentage (i.e., Quercus (white) is 38% of all wood taxa). This measures the relative abundance of remains. Percentage presence measures the distribution of taxon by provenience. Each feature level was considered a discrete provenience. There were 25 discrete proveniences represented in the 32 flotation samples (i.e., Quercus (white) occurred in 92% of the 25 proveniences). At Tremaine,

1 99 Figure 32. Ranked Wood Frequency Data Expressed in Percentages.

- Quercus spp. 95.7% Cºl 12 genera w/ ×1% freq. 4.3%

the mean wood charcoal count per 5 I of soil was 58, and fragments of wood occurred in all samples. Quercus (oak) overwhelmingly dominated the assemblage: Quercus (red) 44.8% frequency, occurred in all features, Quercus (white) 37.9%, in 92% of features, and Quercus spp. with 13%, occurred in 76% of the features. All other identified wood taxa had a frequency of less than 1%. The next two wood taxa which ranked high in this low frequency group were wood specimens identified to the non-pine genera in the Coniferae family, and Acer saccharinum (silver maple) both had a presence percentage of 12%. Pinus spp. (pine), Carya spp. (hickory), Ulmus americana (elm), Ulmaceae (elm family), Salicaceae (willow/poplar), Ostrya virginiana (hop hornbeam), Liriodendron tulipifera (tulip tree), Acer saccharum (sugar maple), Fraxinus’ nigra (black ash), and bark specimens all had frequencies of s 0.4% and a presence percentages of s5% (see Table 50). The Tremaine complex is located in the high terrace region of the Mississippi River valley which, in the LaCrosse area, is primarily composed of oak forest and oak savannas. As determined from Gallagher and Stevenson's (1982) environmental reconstruction study, the dominant species in these late prehistoric oak forests were Quercus, Carya (hickory), and maples. Amid the oak forests and savannas were glades, swamps, bogs, and sandy soils which created favorable habits for certain species of Pinus and Coniferae as well. Aceraceae, Fraxinus, and Ulmus species were more prevalent on the nearby dry bottomlands, with Salicaceae existing in the more wet bottomland areas (Gallagher and Stevenson 1982:19). The wood assemblage at Tremaine was dominated by Quercus, 95.7%. It is thus inferred that the environment at Tremaine during the middle period Oneota occupation was composed of oak forests and oak savannas. The Tremaine inhabitants were predominately utilizing the closest wood resources from these surrounding oak savannas and oak forested terraces, and procured a very small amount of wood from the various bottomland species.

200 Nut Data Presence and Frequency

A total of 643 fragments of nut shell (0.3 g) was recovered by flotation. Total nut counts ranged from 0 to 116 fragments. Ranked nut shell taxa, frequency measures, presence percentages are given in Table 51 and nut shell frequencies are depicted in Figure 33. At Tremaine, the mean nut shell count per 5 I of soil was 19, and fragments of nut shell occurred in 94% of all flotation samples. Quercus spp. (acorn) nut shell fragments clearly dominated the assemblage with a 98.8% frequency and occurred in 92% of the feature samples at Tremaine. Carya cordiformis (bitternut hickory) and C. ovata (shagbark hickory) constitute the remaining 1.3% of nut shell with presence percentages of 16% and 4%, respectively. The Tremaine nut shell assemblage was composed almost entirely of Quercus acorns; a paucity of hickory nut shell was encountered. The aforementioned inference that the LaCrosse environment during this period was oak Savannas and oak forests is supported by the predominance of acorn shell at Tremaine. Middle period Oneota inhabitants relied heavily on the surrounding oak savannas and forests to provide two important resources, wood and nuts.

Seed Data Presence and Frequency

A total of 793 seeds were recovered from flotation samples at Tremaine. When the taxa were ranked (Table 52, Figure 34), it appeared that the most abundant taxa was Cyperus spp. with a count of 573 seeds, making up nearly three quarters (72.3% frequency) of the seed assemblage. However, the presence percentage was only 8%. All but one of the Cyperus spp. seeds were from one cache. North American Indian tribes of the southeast have been known to eat the small, sweet, palatable tubers of this wet marshland plant (Havard 1895:115). In order to present a more accurate account of patterning in the seed assemblage, the frequency of seed taxa occurrence for Tremaine is calculated with and without this single cache. The mean carbonized seeds per 5 I of soil was 24 with the cache included and 7 without the cache. Seeds were present in 34% of the samples and are absent from samples which contained low quantities of wood charcoal. Seeds were most abundant in the lower levels of pit features. With the varying densities of seeds across features, the complement of percentage presence and

Figure 33. Ranked Nut Frequency Data Expressed in Percentages.

- Quercus spp. 98.8% Ed Carya cordiformis 1.1% L. Carya ovata 0.2%

201 Figure 34. Ranked Seed Frequency Data Expressed in Percentages.

Mr. - Echinochloa muricata 32.3% § El Polygonum aviculare 19.6% A: L. Hordeum pusillum 9.5% l Ed Gramineae twisted awns 9.1% H º Bº Gramineae, small 6.4%

BB Polygonum spp. 5.0% L Amaranthus spp. 3.2% Zizania aquatica 2.3% Ill Chenopodium berlandieri 2.3% Ed Vitis riparia 2.3% º Combined genera w/ ×1.0% freq. 8.2%

frequency statistics is well-demonstrated. These measures can distort the evaluation of seed patterning and relative importance of different kinds of seeds if they are used independently. Outside the Cyperus cache, genera in the Gramineae family were the most abundant seed types, comprising the next top five ranks. The first most abundant seed type at Tremaine has been identified as Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya (barnyard grass). There are 71 specimens present (32.3% frequency) in 24% of the flotation samples. This is the previously reported Unknown #1 seed type (Hunter and Umlauf 1989b). Figure 35 illustrates a carbonized caryopsis of E. muricata var. microstachya. As in the case of Hordeum pusillum, the outer wall of the caryopsis is burnt away in the embryo area during carbonization. What remains is the scutellum which is a broad, very deep longitudinal groove on the ventral side that extends almost to the apex of the grain. In most instances the radicle or root shoot axis is missing; this might have been broken off upon removal of the lemma and palea. In several genera of Gramineae, including all those in the Tribe Paniceae, the mature caryopsis is tightly enclosed by the lemma and palea (Gould 1968:57). In cross section the ventral surface is convex, excluding the grooved area. The dorsal side is flat to very slightly convex (plano-convex). The upper portion of the dorsal side is slightly asymmetrical, with one side angled. On well -preserved specimens a small circular, shallow grooved area can be distinguished at the base of the caryopsis on the dorsal side. Martin and Barkley (1961:135) state that on the caryopsis of Paniceae "a dark, roundish dot is evident near one end of the flattish face." On modern Paniceae specimens this dot resides in a circular, shallow groove, similar to that observed on the dorsal side of well-preserved archaeological specimens. On a few of the carbonized specimens remnants of the lemma and palea are still intact; the surfaces are smooth, although fine longitudinal striae can be distinguished. These specimens exhibit the sharp pointedness of the apex. Table 53 presents the data on dimensions of E. muricata var. microstachya from the Tremaine Site. As seen in Figure 36, they have a mean length of 1.2 mm, a mean width of 1.2 mm, a mean thickness of 0.6 mm, and a mean length/width ratio of 1.00. The overall shape of E. muricata var. microstachya may be described as being circular to very broadly ovate.

202 O 5 mm

Figure 35. Caryopsis of Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya, shown on left the ventral view and on right the dorsal view. (Taken from Johannessen 1984b:Fig. 41a)

203 Figure 36. Dimensions of Oneota Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya (barnyard grass) Caryopsesa.

401. 401. 401 F 361 F 361 F 361

ſ 32 Fº: r 32 - 321

º - *: e : 28] ; 28. * 281 u 241 u 241 u 241 e 20 e 20 e 201 16| | ... 16. | 16| y 121 y 121 y 121 8 8 : % 81 º © r.

* 4: * AE - *!

O # ***rºr trº-" ºr L-º-º-º: O . ----". I.--"--"…r.º.º.º. & O § *All i I I i i i i i n i 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 Length (mm) Width (mm) Thickness (mm)

Mean lengthb = 1.2 mm Mean width = 1.2 mm Mean Thickness = 0.6 mm S.D. = 0.10 mm S.D. = 0.10 mm S.D. = 0.11 mm n = 20 n = 27 n = 5

Mean Length/Width = 1.00 a Measurements are not corrected for shrinkage due to carbonization. b All means calculated without specimens with lemma and/or palea fragments intact.

It was initially suggested (Johannessen personal communication) that Type 1 might have been a species of Setaria (foxglove). In an effort to make a positive identification the native Wisconsin Setaria, plus all genera and species in the Gramineae Tribe Paniceae were screened, Table 54 (Gleason and Cronquist 1963:98-117; Hitchcock 1950:570-737). Several of the genera, including Leptoloma cognatum (fall witch grass), Paspalum setaceum (paspalum grass), all Panicum spp. (panic grass), and Cenchrus longispinus (sandbur) were easily eliminated by the fact that the scutellum groove on the ventral surface did not extend as far toward the apex as noted on the archaeological specimens. Many of these genera and species also differed in shape (variations from narrowly elliptic to very broadly obovate) and size (too small and too large) to the degree that it invalidated their consideration for identification. Four comparative specimens did exhibit similar surface characteristics: Echinochloa walteri (Pursh) Nash., E. muricata (P. Beauv.) Fern. var. muricata [=var. ludoviciana Wieg.; = var. muricata sensu Steyermark] (barnyard grass), E. muricata var. microstachya Wieg. [= var. microstachya sensu Steyermark; = var. occidentialis Wieg.] (barnyard grass), and Setaria parviflora (Poiret) Kerguélen [=S. geniculata (Lam.) P. Beauv.] (foxtail grass) (Gereau 1988:55-56). Measurements of caryopses from modern specimens are listed in Table 55. Due the low number of mature caryopsis found the population measured is limited but it does provide a glimpse of the four most

204 probable candidates' dimensions. Setaria parviflora is the only native species of Setaria in Wisconsin with a range extending through many of the midwestern, eastern, and southern United States. Sources for Native American Indian use of S. parviflora are lacking in the ethnohistorical literature. Modern caryopses of S. parviflora are similar to archaeological specimens in width and thickness. However, the elliptic shape of the grain, with the mean length/width ratio of 1.55, elimates it as a plausible identification of the Tremaine grass. E. walteri is one of the species of Echinochloa native to Wisconsin and most of the eastern United States. No ethnohistoric records for use of E. walteri could be found. The caryopses of E. walterialso have a comparable width and thickness to the archaeological specimens, but again the elliptic shape (mean length/width of 1.42) makes it too elongated to be considered as the proper identification of the archaeological caryopses. E. muricata is another native species of Wisconsin and is widespread and weedy on moist, disturbed areas throughout the northeastern, midwestern, and southwestern United States. E. muricata is closely related to the introduced European species E. crusgalli and only recently has it been recognized as taxonomically distinct (Gould 1968:217). Ethnohistoric references identifying barnyard grass as E. crusgalli or Panicum crusgalli most likely were referring to the native species E. muricata. The Mohave and other western Indians were noted to have harvested great quantites of the grains; they first parched them, then ground them for a starchy flour to make breads or mush. It was said to be "healthful, nutritious and more agreeable in flavor than buckwheat" (Palmer 1878:602-603; Pammel et al. 1901:135). Fernald and Kinsey (1958:105) stated that the grains were easily separated from the lemma and palea by battering or winnowing. This process was perhaps facilitated by parching the grains first. Fernald and Kinsey also noted that Echinochloa is particulary abundant and considering how readily the grains are obtained, the plant should be seriously considered by those who harvest wild plant foods. Two varieties of E. muricata have just recently been determined (see above citation), E. muricata var. muricata and var. microstachya. E. muricata var. muricata has a shape closely resembling the archaeological specimens, mean length/width 1.13, described as very broadly obovate. However, the size range is larger and the thickness slightly less than the Tremaine grasses. E. municata var. microstachya measured closer in range on all dimensions and the shape was identical, circular to very broadly ovate. Based on this accumulation of data, the archaeological caryopses were assigned to E. muricata var. microstachya, confirmed by Deborah M. Pearsall. Carbonization experiments are now in progess to further support this identification. Johannessen (1984a) recovered grass caryopses from American Bottom sites which were identified only to the family level and recorded as Gramineae Type 6F. From illustrations in Johannessen's reports it was determined that this grass was identical to the caryopses recovered from Tremaine. Table 56 outlines the distribution of occurrence and calculated percentages for E. muricata var. microstachya from sites in Illinois. The highest frequency is recorded from the FAI-270 project site Missouri Pacific #2. This is a Late Archaic site in which the most abundant seed type was E. muricata var. microstachya, (23.7% frequency in 20% of the samples) (Johannessen 1983a:201, 206). The frequency of occurrence is low throughout the Woodland periods up to the Late Mississippian and Oneota period. There was a high number of caryopses (69) recovered from the Hill Creek site (N. Asch and D. Asch 1985:140). The Asch's identified the grass specimens to the genus level only and argue for it's presence in the archaeological assemblage as a result of use for technological purposes such as house

205 thatching, pit lining, and matting (N. Asch and D. Asch 1985:156). All but one of the specimens came from different levels within the same feature. The pattern of distribution through time at these sites presents an interesting case for study. There is an inital early presence or usage in the Late Archaic, an extended period of little to no use throughout the Woodland and early Mississippian periods, then high utilization returning in the late Mississippian and early Oneota periods. In light of data previously not available, the status the E. muricata var. microstachya must be reevaluated. From the archaeological and ethnohistorical data presented, I suggest that E. muricata var. microstachya be reconsidered as a potential food resource. The next ranked seed type is Polygonum aviculare L (knotweed) with a frequency of 19.5%, occurring in 28% of the discrete proveniences. P. aviculare grows in waste areas, around dwellings, gardens, fields, and salt licks (Curtis 1959: 641; Steyermark 1963:586-587). California tribes were noted as using these achenes for making pinole meal or flour (Chesnut 1902:345). Prehistoric habitation areas did provide favorable habitats for weedy plants such as P. aviculare, and its inclusion in the seed assemblage could easily be a result of natural propagation and accidental seed rain into hearths. Grasses hold the next three ranked positions, Hordeum pusillum Nutt. (little barley) had a 9.5% frequency, and a relatively high presence percentage, 20%. H. pusillum, a starchy-seeded cultigen, commonly occurs at sites in the midwest region along with Phalaris caroliniana (maygrass), Chenopodium berlandieri (goosefoot), and Polygonum erectum (erect knotweed). It is now evident there is a pattern of variation in frequency from sites across different geographic locations. By the Oneota period, reliance on these small-seeded cultigens appears to have decreased with the increased use of Zea mays. However, the inhabitants at Tremaine still collected and probably cultivated H. pusillum. Gramineae twisted awns were as equally-abundant as H. pusillum, 9.1% frequency, and had the highest presence percentage, 32%. Awns occur on many different genera of grasses and are virtually impossible to identify beyond the family level. The relatively high occurrence in the seed assemblage may be the result of a widespread disturbed habitat created by the village settlement and, as stated previously, the probable use of grasses for thatching roofs, matting, and lining pits. Small Gramineae caryopses lend support to this as well. They had a slightly lesser occurrence, 6.4% frequency, but a relatively equal distribution, 24% presence percentage. Two Polygonum species, aviculare and ramosissimum, were positively identified through the use of our comparative collection and seed manuals. However, many specimens were too fragmented to assign to a particular species and were only identified to the genus level. Polygonums spp. have a combined frequency of 5.0%. Polygonum spp. usually occur in wet alluvial ground and these species could have existed as weedy plants in the disturbed habitation areas as well. Carbonized Amaranthus (pigweed) seeds constituted 3.2% of the total assemblage, and occurred in 20% of the features. These are probably either A. retroflexus L. (rough pigweed) or A. graecizans L. (Curtis 1959:634). These are weedy species common in disturbed areas and in fields (Gleason and Cronquist 1963:280-281). A. retroflexus seeds were eaten by Indian tribes of the west and the Iroquois ate the leaves as greens (Castetter 1935:15; Chesnut 1902:546; Yanovsky 1936:23). The young A. graecizans plants were used for greens in New Mexico (Castetter 1935:15). The low number of seeds recovered from this site as well as most midwestern archaeological sites suggest that it is doubtful whether the Seeds were Collected. Five carbonized caryopses of Zizania aquatica L. (wild rice) were recovered, 2.3% frequency and an 8% presence percentage. Z. aquatica occurs in marshes, stream

206 borders, and shallow water (Gleason and Cronquist 1963:97). They are included in º Curtis' (1959: 644) Submerged Acquatic community. Z. aquatica is one of the more important cereals harvested by northern Indian tribes (Densmore 1928:318-319; Gilmore 1919:4, 15; Jenks 1900; Smith 1923:67). According to Jenks (1900:1036, 1106) the LaCrosse area is on the southern boundary of the "wild-rice district", a region in which Z. aquatica reached its maximum abundance and use by prehistoric Indian tribes. Archaeologically, Z. aquatica has been recovered from several Oneota sites in LaCrosse County: Overhead (47-LC-20), Pammel Creek (47-LC-610), Olson (47 LC-76), and Sand Lake (47-LC-44) (Arzigian et al. 1990:155-158; Boszhardt et al. 1984:77; Sasso et al 1985:151; Theler and Boszhardt 1988:97). Low frequencies were also recorded for these sites (except Sand Lake). Research in progress on the Filler Site (47-LC-149) archeobotanical assemblage, the latest component in the Tremaine Complex dating to the protohistoric period (Calendric Date 1680+50 A.D., 1720+60, 1730+50, MASCA Corrected 1530-1610 A.D., 1630 A.D., 1640 A.D.) has revealed an abundance of Z. aquatica. Using the quick-scan method (Toll 1988) for preliminary results, wild rice has been recovered from 43% of the samples, a total which will increase when the samples are completely analyzed (Eric Hollinger, personal communication). Chenopodium berlandieri (goosefoot) was the least abundant of the two cultivated starchy species at Tremaine, (2.3% frequency in 16% of the samples). C berlandieri grows in many habitats, particularly disturbed areas (Gleason and Cronquist 1963:274). There are numerous ethnographic references on the use of the seeds for making flour and the leaves for greens by North American Indian tribes (Castetter 1935:21; Chesnut 1902:346; Smith 1933:98, Yanovsky 1936:22). Research is in progress to establish the type of seed in the Tremaine assemblage, e.g. thin or thick coated morph, which would help in determining its status as a wild or domesticated plant (D. Asch and N. Asch 1985a:372-380). Due to the low number of seeds and C. berlandieri's proliferation in disturbed habitats, they may have been part of the seed

rain during site occupation. - - Vitis riparia Michx. (forest grape) is a high climbing vine that grows in moist woods, roadsides, and thickets (Gleason and Cronquist 1963:460) and included in Curtis' Southern Wet Forest community (Curtis 1959:644). Five carbonized seeds were recovered at Tremaine constituting 2.3% frequency and occurring in only 4 % of the samples. The berries were eaten fresh or dried and the sap from the vines was drunk by north central Indian tribes (Gilmore 1919:102; Smith 1932:411). Grasses and weedy plant species: Polygonum ramosissimum (knotweed), Cheno-Am (goosefoot family), Solanaceae (nightshade family), Scirpus validus (great bulrush), Cruciferae, (mustard family), Rudbeckia hirta (black-eyed susan), and Compositae (sunflower family), all had low frequency measures of ~1% and presence percentages either 4 or 8%. The presence of these seeds in the archeobotanical assemblage is most likely due to natural seed rain into village campfires. Total count of unknown seeds ranked low at Tremaine with five unknown types. Research Continues to Secure identification of these seeds. From the time the preliminary results were first presented (Hunter and Umlauf 1989b), the seed assemblage at Tremaine has been further analyzed and particular identifications have been clarified. The identification of Unknown Type #1 as Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya has greatly enhanced our interpretation of the assemblage. This seed or caryopsis being the most abundant type at Tremaine, occurring in several features, is very interesting when compared to its occurrence in the

207 archaeological record in the central Mississippi Valley. E. muricata var. microstachya appears abundant in a Late Archaic site, enters a period of little to no use in the Woodland and early Mississippian periods, then resurges at a late Mississippian site. Precise interpretations of E. muricata var. microstachya in the archeobotanical record are perhaps premature. As ethnobotanists become aware of this seed type and reexamine their assemblages for its occurrence we will be in a better position to interpret its use and temporal variation. Presence is moderate to low for the native North American cultigens, or possible cultigens. H. pusillum had the highest occurrence at Tremaine with Z. aquatica and C. berlandieri having an equally low presence. The inhabitants of this Middle period site were cultivating native plants, but only moderately. E. muricata var. microstachya may perhaps be included with these cultigens, adding to the group of starchy-seeded plants utilized as an economic food resource. In this case native plant harvesting would contribute a higher percentage to their overall diet. The only indication from the seed assemblage of fleshy fruits being collected was the occurrence of V. riparia and two possible seeds from the Solanaceae family. V. riparia vines and most Solanaceae plants fruit in late summer and are available for early fall gathering as well. The remainder of charred seeds recovered from Tremaine are from weedy and/or open habitats. As discussed in the OT site report their presence may be due to accidental inclusion in hearths from seed rain or they may have been brought in with harvested plants. Given the reliance on maize agriculture evident at Tremaine (see discussion below), extensive disturbed, open environments were available for the proliferation of weedy plants. The presence of abundant weed growth in fields at harvest might have resulted in accidental inclusion of weed seeds with the harvested materials.

Mesoamerican Cultigen Data Presence and Frequency

Zea mays dominated the Mesoamerican cultigen assemblage at Tremaine, 97.7% (Table 57 and Figure 37). Zea mays rachis segments and fragments made up 82.3% of that total with a presence percentage of 32%. Kernel fragments composed 15.4% of the Zea mays total and occurred in 92% of the features. The majority of cob and kernel remains were fragmented; only two cupules could be measured. The two cupules, from level 10 of feature 5, appear to be from 8-rowed cobs. The cupule widths are 10.0 mm and 8.7 mm; the latter had a cupule height of 6.1 mm and a width/height of 1.4. Due to the state of preservation no further detailed measurements could be taken on these specimens. Cucurbita (squash) rind was the only other type of Mesoamerican remains recovered, consituting a low 2.3% frequency occurring in only 8% of the samples. The Mesoamerican cultigen assemblage is dominated by the presence Z. mays. Although the majority of these remains were fragmented and unmeasurable, an 8-rowed variety was indicated from angle measurements on two cupules. Z. mays was recovered from every feature at Tremaine indicating that its use was common enough to be widespread across the various features sampled. The frequency measure indicates that it was highly abundant. Cucurbita rind was less common, which is interpreted as low utilization by inhabitants.

208 Figure 37. Ranked Mesoamerican Cultigen Data Expressed in Percentages.

- Zea mays rachis segments 82.3% Zea mays kernel fragments 15.4% - Cucurbita rind 2.3%

Miscellaneous Data

An abundance of miscellaneous remains were recovered from Tremaine. The highest frequency count was of fungal fruiting structures. Similar fungal structures were identifed from the FAI-270 project (Johannessen 1983b:204) as fungus most likely . from the class Ascomycete. They state this type of fungus is not edible and usually grows on decaying humus- forming matter such as leaves, bark and wood. Fungal structures were reported common from several sites in the region (Stevenson 1985:394). Nine tubers were recovered from features 1, 3, and 5. A reference Collection is being sought in order to positively identify these specimens. Their presence in the assemblage indicates a gathering strategy which includes digging tubers as a food resource or use for their medicinal properties. Several charred stems were identified as either Gramineae, Cyperaceae, or herbaceous. Their occurrence in the assemblage lends support to the idea that the local environment was composed of savanna grass and weedy species, with the presence of wetlands or marsh communities nearby. Grape stems were also recovered which along with the seeds indicate a pattern of gathering fleshy fruits. This idea is supported by the relatively high count of unidentifiable fruit capsule and pericarp fragments in the assemblage.

Patterni in Cad S le Dal

Carbon samples, unlike flotation samples, do not represent all size classes of remains, and thus are treated separately. In spite of this apparent drawback, carbon samples can offer special information about the botanical assemblage which cannot be provided by flotation samples. Botanical remains recovered in situ from excavation units

209 generally have more accurate provenience information, especially regarding the association of samples with structural or other cultural or non-cultural components within a unit. This contextual information may be vitally important when interpreting use of certain plants, or in understanding the function of a room or pit. Tables 48 and 49 in Appendix C present actual counts and Tables 58 list percentage presence figures for wood taxa represented in carbon samples from the middle period Tremaine site.

Wood Presence Data

Table 58 presents the wood taxa recovered from the Tremaine site ranked in descending order of abundance, and includes percentage presence figures for each taxon. Quercus spp. (red and white oak) were the dominate taxa recovered with a combined presence percentage of 90.6%. Carya (true hickory) and Fraxinus nigra (black ash) had an equal count of specimens but differed in presence percentage, (18.8% and 12.5%, respectively), Carya being slightly higher. Cornus spp. (dogwood), Ulmus american (american elm), and bark fragments occurred in 9.4% of the samples. Wood species of Salicaceae (willow and poplar) and Lirodendron tulipifera (tulip tree) had a lesser occurrence of 6.3%. All other taxa occurred in less than 5% of the proveniences Studied. These results are similar to the flotation data with the addition of four taxa not present in the flotation samples: Cornus spp., Juglans nigra, Ulmus thomassi, and Fraxinus americana. One notable difference between flotation and carbon samples is the increase in Carya spp. and Fraxinus nigra. Specimens of both exhibit a higher count and presence percentage from carbon samples. Mesoamerican Cultigens and Miscellaneous Presence Data

Zea mays was the only Mesoamerican cultigen recovered at Tremaine. This included only one kernel fragment and four cupule fragments; neither type was measurable. , A paucity of miscellaneous remains was recovered, and these were similar to what was recovered from flotation samples. Two tubers were identified, plus a fungal fruiting structure and two grass stems.

S the Middle Period Iremaine D

Preliminary analysis of the archeobotanical data generated for the middle period Tremaine site reveals distinct patterning in four different types of remains present in flotation and carbon samples. The wood assemblage was dominated by Quercus (oak). From this it is inferred that the oak savannas and forests of the surrounding high terrace region were heavily relied upon for fuel and construction resources. These oak communities were equally depended upon for their nut resources. Quercus acorns comprised all but 1% of the nut assemblage, the remaining small percentage being hickory nut shell. Horticultual activities were indicated by the occurrence of native North American cultigens. Hordeum pusillum (little barley), Chenopodium berlandieri (goosefoot), and Zizania aquatica (wild rice) were recovered in moderate to low quantities. Cultivation of native plants was possibly enhanced by the inclusion of Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya (barnyard grass). If this is the case, native plant harvesting would contribute a higher percentage to their overall diet. Gathering of

2 1 0 tubers and fleshy fruits was an important component of their subsistence strategy as well. Mesoamerican cultigens played a more important role with Zea mays having a very high frequency and presence percentage within the proveniences sampled. This pronounced abundance and widespread distribution of corn across the site is direct evidence for agricultural activities during the middle period at Tremaine. Cucurbita (squash) rind occurred at the site but constituted a much smaller percentage of the assemblage. A diverse human-plant relationship of gathering wild plant resources, cultivating native starchy-seeded plants, and agricultural planting and harvesting of corn and squash is documented.

21 1 |Part ||

Oneota Intrasite Comparisons

Data Base

Botanical samples from two sites in the Tremaine complex, Tremaine (47-LC-95) and OT (47-LC-262), were collected during the first season's work and underwent analysis (this report Part I; Hunter and Umlauf 1989a). These sites were occupied from roughly A.D. 1200 through A.D. 1550 and their occupation can be associated with the three county-wide periods established through radiocarbon dating (Penman 1989):

Early Period 1200 A.D.-1300 A.D. Tremaine F-5, (Lower levels) Middle Period 1300 A.D.-1400 A.D. Tremaine Late Period 1400 A.D.- 1500/1550 A.D. OT

For the purposes of this preliminary report interpretationis restricted to a site wide analysis comparing Tremaine in the Middle Period to OT in the Late Period. With the analysis of additional areas and other complex sites these periods will become more clearly defined.

Patterning in Flotation D

Cultivars

Site-wide percentage presence of all cultivated plants was calculated for each site (Table 59). Looking at maize first, it is highly ubiquitous at Tremaine occurring in all but two samples. However, at OT presence drops sharply to only 50%. Squash (Cucurbita pepo ) occurs at a low level at Tremaine, then doubles in percentage presence at OT. Gourd remains (Lagenaria siceraria ) are non-existent at Tremaine, then appear at low levels at OT. Bean fragments are uncommon in flotation samples, occurring only at OT. Remains of Phaseolus vulgaris were recovered in a carbon sample from OT, which lends support to these flotation fragments being of the same species. Presence is moderate to low for most of the native North American cultigens, or possiblecultigens, which occur predominately at Tremaine. Only Chenopodium occurs in OT samples. The Tremaine assemblage has a good representation of little barley (Hordeum pusillum) and a low percentage presence of wild rice (Zizania aquatica ). The changes discussed above are clearly seen in graphic form (Figure 38). Note the decline in maize presence and the lack of North American cultivars at OT. Another method of observing how abundance of cultivars and wild resources varies among sites is by calculating ratios of edible taxa (count) to wood (count). Wood is used as the denominator because it is not a food resource and because abundance of wood is a rough indicator of the amount of burning activity in areas sampled by flotation. Comparing first the maize/wood ratios between Tremaine and OT, there is only a very slight increase in the later site assemblage (Table 60). This measure also suggests that maize was an important component in the diet. There is no clear pattern of

212 Figure 38. Percentage Presence of Cultigens.

100

Itemaine Tremaine Oſ Site Site Diamºs acrutiapº dugºua scania GPusº's cI was GHordeum pusilum dzzania aquaica DChenopodium berlandieſ

Mesoamerican North American

change indicated when measuring the amount of maize recovered to the amount of wood recovered.

Wild Plant Foods

A variety of nuts and small seeds were recovered in flotation samples. Looking first at the nut taxa, several very interesting patterns are observable in the presence data (Table 61). Acorns, Quercus sp., were the predominate nut shell recovered from Tremaine with a 91.7 presence percentage, but then drops completely from the assemblage at OT. Hickory (Carya spp.) is the only nut type that occurs with regularity in flotation samples across both sites; hickory percentage presence varies from 0 38.1%. Shagbark hickory (Carya ovata ) increased in time to become the most predominate nut shell measured by percentage presence, followed closely by bitternut (C. cordiformis ) which increased from 16.7% to 26.2% presence at OT. Butternut or white walnut (Juglans cinerea) did not occur in any samples at Tremaine but did occur in low presence in OT samples. Site-wide nut frequency measures accentuated these patterns (Figure 39). Acorns are very abundant at Tremaine, making up 98.8% of the nut shell assemblage. Shagbark and bitternut contribute less than 2%. OT nut shell frequency percentages show a much more diverse pattern of utilization which is centered around the hickories and butternut. Shagbark constitutes 62.4%, bitternut 14.5% and butternut 0.3% of the assemblage. These data indicate a clear change in nut utilization over time. At Tremaine a pattern of concentrated utilization of acorn is evident. By the occupation of OT, this pattern changes to a more diverse utilization predominately of two species of hickory, shagbark and bitternut, and to a lesser extent, butternut. Nut/wood ratios (Table 60) are equally moderate at both sites. These figures decline only slightly over time, suggesting that overall nut utilization remained fairly constant. Turning now to remains of Small seeds, seed data are examined as a discrete data set

21 3 Figure 39. Ranked Nut Frequency Comparison.

Tremaine

- Ouercus spp. 98.8% El Carya cordiformis 1.1% L. Carya ovata 0.2%

OT

L. Carya ovata 62.4% tº Jugandaceae 22.2% | Carya cordiformis 14.5% El Carya sp. 0.6% - Juglans cinerea 0.3%

by calculating relative abundances of seed types within each site. Counts, rather than weights, are used for these calculations, since most seeds are small and light. Table 62 presents site-wide rank ordering of the top ten seed frequencies, expressed as percentages, for project sites. There are notable differences between the seed assemblages from Tremaine and OT. The most abundant seed at Tremaine, Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya, and two native cultigens, Hordeum pusillum and Zizania aquatica, do not occur at OT. The Polygonum species which are high in frequency at Tremaine also drop in occurrence at OT. Amaranthus spp. and Chenopodium berlandieri, initially low, increase in frequency by the OT occupation. Common beans (Phaseolus) appear for the first time at OT. These data indicate that at the earlier site the native North American cultigens were well represented. At OT this pattern changes; all but Chenopodium drops in frequency and seeds of weedy taxa increase. A large proportion of charred seeds recovered by flotation at Tremaine and OT are from weedy taxa common to open, disturbed habitats. The question has been raised as to whether small seeds should be considered food plant resources or simply accidental inclusions in cooking fires or burned pits. There are many reports of recovery of small weed seeds from archaeological sites in the midwest. Such finds are especially common in Late Woodland and Mississippian sites, when harvest, and even cultivation, of small seeded plants appear to replace nut utilization and complement cultivation of Mesoamerican plants (D. Asch and N. Asch 1985b, Johannessen 1984a). Given the heavy reliance on maize agriculture evident at these Oneota sites (see below), extensive disturbed, open environments were available for cultivation or collection of such seeds.

214 Chenopodium, amaranthus, polygonums, and grasses can be harvested a number of times before a maize crop is mature, providing valuable seasonal resources. The remaining taxa in Table 62 do not occur as frequently as the small-seeded, weedy taxa discussed above, but they may also be considered among the more commonly used plants at the sites. Seeds identified only to the bean family (Leguminosae) may have been gathered wild plants and black nightshade (Solanum americanum ) berries were ethnographically documented as having been used for food (Chesnut 1902:387).

Wood

Percentage presence of identified wood specimens was calculated for both sites. Table 63 lists the genera which occurr in greater than 2 proveniences. At Tremaine Quercus spp. predominate the assemblage, occurring in every provenience sampled. The next highest presence levels are from genera in the Coniferae (non-pine conifers) and specimens of Acer saccharinum (silver maple), both occurring in 12% of the samples. Salicaceae (genera of willow and poplar) and bark fragments had a low presence. The wood assemblage diversifies by the later occupation at OT. The oaks drop to 71% with Betula (birch) appearing with 24% presence and silver maple and other maple species (Aceraceae)occurring in 24 and 21% of the samples. Bark fragments increase from 4 to 19% and Salicaceae increases to 12%. The non-pine conifers drop slightly from 12% to 7%. Site-wide wood frequency measures accentuate this pattern (Figure 40). The wood assemblage at Tremaine is dominated by red and white oak (Quercus spp.) with a combined frequency of 95.7%. All other identified specimens had a frequency of less than 1%. This includes conifers (pine and non-pine spp.), silver and sugar maple, hickory spp., American elm and possibly other elm species, willow and poplar, hop hornbeam, tulip tree, black ash, and bark fragments. At OT red and white oak drop in frequency to 73%. All but four of the low occurring genera at Tremaine occur at OT with increases ranging from 1.3 to 8.8%. Another species of the maple family, Acer negundo (boxelder) was identified at the OT site. Only black ash, american elm and sugar maple remained at the low (<1%) frequency. The archaeobotanical wood data indicate that the middle period Tremaine inhabitants were utilizing the closest wood resources from the surrounding oak savannas and oak forest terraces, with minimal utilization of bottomland woods. At the time of OT occupation during the late period, red and white oak utilization drops slightly and types of species procured diversifies to include greater amounts of wood from the bottomlands.

Discussion

Oneota cultures, scattered throughout much of midwestern and eastern North America during late prehistoric times, are known to have had a "mixed" subsistence economy based on large game hunting, flood plain foraging, and maize agriculture (Brown 1982). Paleoethnobotanical data from the first season's work at the Tremaine Complex in LaCrosse County provides evidence for this subsistence strategy, plus contributes new information regarding shifts in the food base. Ratios of the botanical material illuminate temporal trends between the Middle Period Tremaine site and the Late Period OT site. First to reiterate, in comparing the maize/wood ratios between Tremaine and OT, there is only a very slight increase in the later site assemblage, but this is lower,

215 Figure 40. Ranked Wood Frequency Comparison.

Tremaine

L. Quercus spp. 95.7% E 12 genera w/ 21% 4.3%

OT

- Ouercus spp. 73.0% El Bark 8.8% L. Betula 6.4% El Acer saccharinum3.7% L Aceraceae 2.4% D. Salicaceae 2.0% - Coniferae 1.3% Acer negundo 1.1% Il 3 genera w/ z1% 1.3%

relative to the nut/wood ratios of both sites (Figure 41). This measure suggests that maize was of great importance in the diet. However, there is no clear pattern of change indicated when measuring the amount of maize recovered to the amount of wood recovered. When data are viewed in terms of quantity of maize per 5 liters floated soil, maize is again shown to be equally abundant at both sites, with a very slight decrease at OT (Figure 42). On the other hand, wood decreases by about one third at OT. This poses a very interesting question as to what is happening with maize between these sites. The percentage presence for maize indicates a 50% decrease in occurrence from Tremaine to OT (Table 59). This measure could be misleading if considered independently. However, the maize/5 soil ratio permits an observation of the data on a different level. This ratio indicates that maize production did not sharply decrease, but instead remained at a high level across both sites. Looking at the quantity of nutshell per 5 I of soil indicates nuts again occur more frequently than corn. This marked consistency in abundance of remains between the sites is one illustration of the overall similarity of plant utilization by occupants of the sites. Absolute abundance of small seeds at Tremaine and OT is represented by seed count/5 | floated soil (Table 60). Without the Cyperus cache considered, these counts are low, and a decrease is evident over time. The ratios of Small seeds/wood reflect this as well. There is evidence for shifts in the subsistence strategy between the occupation of Tremaine and the later occupation of the OT site. The composition of change is both quantitative and qualitative. The wild resources exhibit a downward trend in utilization, e.g., tubers, fleshy fruits, and to a lesser degree nuts. The types of nuts gathered

21 6 Figure 41. Comparison of Maize/Wood and Nut/Wood.

0.40

0.36 0.32 0.28 0.24 0.20 : 0.16 0.12 F 0.08 0.04 0.00 ||.

Tremaine OT Site […]Zea mays ZNut shell

Figure 42. Maize, Nutshell, Wood/5 I Soil.

C 60 O U 54 33 n 48 3. 3.

; 42 © Q. 36 © () 5 © Q. 30 $3.

| 24 © (). 18 33 S © () O 12 © () Ii 6 º ©© ()().

| 0|º © ()

i º Tremaine OT Site […]Zea mays 2Nutshell EWood

later site. The occurrence of Native North American cultigens illustrate a pattern of decreased utilization which culminates in the elimination of all but Chenopodium berlandieri. A mixed gathering, horticultural, and agricultural economy is present at the Middle Period Oneota site. A transition in strategy is suggested at the OT site with less reliance on gathered foods and native North American cultigens and an increase in Mesoamerican cultigens.

21 7 Conclusion

In summarizing variation in occurrence of site-wide plant remains over time, the following points emerge from our analysis of flotation data: 1) A major change in occurrence in the cultigen assemblage as a whole is evident between Tremaine and OT. Maize drops almost half of its percentage presence after occupation of OT, but the amount recovered remains constant. The occurrence of squash doubles and gourds and beans are introduced at OT. The North American starchy-seeded cultigens plus wild rice drop completely from the assemblage over time; Chenopodium may be the one exception. 2) Occurrence of all nuts slightly declines over time. The nut assemblage becomes more diverse at OT as more hickories are utilized rather than a heavy reliance on acorn as seen at Tremaine. 3) Small wild seeds increase slightly over time. The majority of small seeds were consistently from weedy, open area taxa. 4) The wood assemblage at Tremaine is characterized predominately by upland oak species, with only minimal utilization of bottomland species. This pattern diversifies by the OT occupation to include more upland and bottomland species. What I have outlined here are site-wide comparisons of the botanical assemblages from Tremaine and OT. As stated earlier, these sites were categorized into the Middle and Late Period by radiocarbon dates from feature levels and were presented as such. However, the lower levels from F-5 have been dated to the Early Period. As analysis continues, distinctions in time periods will be defined and sharper trends in plant utilization will develop. Pronounced changes seen in this site-wide analysis may be seen as more gradual events. Our preliminary results pose several interesting avenues of research. A 50% decrease in features with maize raises several questions. For instance, are we seeing differential access to resources? Since production levels seems to be along the same line, perhaps this is evidence for social and/or settlement ranking, or differential use or location of certain types of pits. The nuts also present a distinct change in resource utilization. What realm of factors were present that induced the Oneota to go from a total reliance on acorn to a diverse utilization of hickories and white walnuts? We know the oak forests were still present; three fourths of all the wood assemblage is red and white oak at OT. Just from the first season's work, distinct patterns of plant utilization are emerging. It appears as though we may be able to identify temporally distinct trends within the Oneota Period. In the final analysis we will have a substantial data base in which to formulate a concise interpretation of the LaCrosse County Oneota subsistence economy.

218

|Part ||

Middle Woodland Floral Data

Flotation Samples

Four flotation samples were analyzed from feature 8. Average sample size was 5 | and total volume of soil floated was 20.5 l. A total of 19.4 g of wood charcoal was recovered from flotation samples. Total nut weight recovered was cC.01 g. Charred small seeds totaled 4. Flotation data from the Tremaine site are presented in Appendix C, Table 64.

Carbon Samples

A total of ten carbon samples from levels 4, 5, 6, and 7 of Feature 8 were examined from the Middle Woodland component of the Tremaine site. Table 65 (Appendix C) summarize the carbon sample data, only wood and unknown fragments were recovered.

Analysis of Floral Data

Floral data generated by analysis of flotation and carbon samples from the Middle Period at Tremaine is briefly presented in this section. Only an inventory of the flora recovered can be given due to the few number of samples from this period. Statistics at

this level are insignificant. -

Flotation Data

Wood

Quercus spp. (red and white oak) was the dominate wood identified. The only other type identified was Vitis spp. (grape), which constituted a low proportion of the wood assemblage.The oaks would have been available in the surrounding high river terrace savannas and oak forests and wild grapes would be common in moist soils in the floodplain (Gallagher and Stevenson 1982:19; Gleason and Cronquist 1963:459-460).

Nutshell

Three nutshell fragments were recovered, two identified as acorn shell and one Carya ovata (shagbark hickory). Again these trees would be readily available in the surrounding oak savanna and oak forest communities from the high river terraces (Gallagher and Stevenson 1982:19).

Seeds

The small seeds were all from level 5. These were of small grass and weedy plants, including Cyperaceae and Verbena urticifolia. Grasses would be prolific in the savanna

219 community. Many Cyperus spp. (sedge) are common in wet, marshlands which, according to Gallagher and Stevenson (1982:18) were within close walking distance of the site. Verbena urticifolia (vervain) occurs in thickets and moist fields (Gleason and Cronquist 1963:580). Curtis (1959:644) includes it in his southern sedge meadow community. From the occurrence of these plants it could be inferred that the Middle Woodland inhabitants were collecting plants from the wet sedge marshlands.

Miscellaneous

Fungal fruiting structures were also found along with several unidentifiable charred fragments. Five unknown fragments from level 5 and 6 exhibit porous cellular structure on the surface and are shaped similar in form to Zea mays cupules and glumes. The poor preservation and limited number of fragments inhibit a positive identification as maize (examined by Gail Wagner and Constance Arzigian).

Carbon Sample Data

Wood and Miscellaneous

Wood and unknown fragments were identified in the carbon sample material. Quercus spp., particularly red oak, was the only type of wood identified to genus. This is similar in pattern to the flotation data. This might be indicative of a selection for or availability of red oak over white oak in the surrounding forest community.

Conclusion

Although the archaeobotanical data from the Middle Woodland Period is inconclusive, it does suggest that the oak forests were being utilized for wood and nut resources and that red oak was procured more frequently. There is also an indication that nearby wet sedge marshlands were used for plant procurement.

220 References Cited

Arzigian, Constance M., Robert F. Boszhardt, James L. Theler, Roland L. Rodell 1990 The Pammel Creek Site: An Oneota Occupation in LaCrosse, Wisconsin. Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center, Reports of Investigations No. 112. Asch, David L and Nancy B. Asch 1985a Archeobotany. In Smiling Dan: Structure and Function at a Middle Woodland Settlement in the Illinois Valley, edited by B.D. Stafford and M.B. Sant, pp. 327-401. Center for American Archaeology, Kampsville Archaeological Center, Research Series 2. 1985b Prehistoric Plant Cultivation in West-Central lllinois. In Prehistoric Food Production in North America , edited by Richard I. Ford, pp. 149-204. University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological Papers 75. Asch, Nancy B. and David L. Asch 1985 Archeobotany. In The Hill Creek Homestead and the Late Mississippian Settlement in the Lower Illinois Valley, edited by Michael D. Conner, pp.115-170. Center for American Archaeology, Kampsville Archaeological Center, Research Series 1. Boszhardt, Robert F., James L. Theler, and James P. Gallagher 1984 A Cultural Resources Evaluation of the Pammel Creek Site (47-LC-61): An Oneota Occupation at LaCrosse, Wisconsin. Mississippi Valley Archaeological Center, Reports of Investigations, 19. Brown, James A. 1982 What Kind of Economy Did the Oneota Have? In Oneota Studies, edited by Guy E. Gibbon, pp.107-112. University of Minnesota, Publications in .

- Anthropology 1.

Castetter, E.F. - 1935 Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. New Mexico University Bulletin 266. Chesnut, V.K. 1902 Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California. United States National Museum, Contributions to the United States National Herbarium 7:295-408. Curtis, John T. 1959 The Vegetation of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. Densmore, Francis 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report (1926-1927) 44:275-397. Dunavan, Sandra L. 1990 Floral Remains. In the Olszewski Site (11-S-465), by Ned H. Hanenberger, pp. 389-403. American Bottom Archaeology, FAI-270 Site Report 22. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. Fernal, Merrit Lyndon and Alfred Charles Kinsey 1958 Edible Wild Plants. Harper and Row. New York. Gallagher, James P. and Katherine Stevenson 1982 Oneota Subsistence and Settlement in Southwestern Wisconsin. In Oneota Studies, edited by Guy Gibbons, pp. 15-27. University of Minnesota,

221 Publications in Anthropology, No. 1. Gereau, Roy E. 1988 Grasses of Missouri: An Annotated Checklist. Missouriensis 8:50-70. Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institute, Annual Report (1911-1912) 33:42-154. Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur Cronquist 1963 Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. Willard Grant, Boston. Gould, Frank W. 1968 Grass Systematics. McGraw-Hill, New York. Gumerman, G. IV and B. J. Umemoto 1987 The Siphon Technique: An Addition to the Flotation Process. American Antiquity 52:330-336. Havard, Victor 1895 Food Plants of the North American Indians. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 22:98-123. Hitchcock, A.S. 1950 Manual of Grasses of the United States. United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publications 200. Hunter, Andrea A. and Marcelle L. Umlauf 1989a Preliminary Analysis of Floral Remains from the OT site (47-LC-262). Wisconsin Department of Transportation: Archaeological Report 15. 1989b Preliminary Analysis of Plant Remains from the LaCrosse County Sites. Paper presented at the 47th Plains Anthropological Conference, Sioux Falls,

South Dakota. - Jenks, Albert Ernest 1900 The Wild Rice Gatherers of the Upper Lakes. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report 19, Pt. 2:1013-1137. Johannessen, Sissel 1983a Mississippian Plant Remains. In The Florence Street Site (11-S-458), by T.E. Emerson, G.R. Milner, D.K. Jackson, pp. 200-203. American Bottom Archaeology, FAI-270 Site Report 2. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 1983b Plant Remains from the Mund Phase. In the Mund Site (11-S-435), by Andrew C. Fortier, Fred A. Finney, and Richard B. Lacampagne, pp. 299 -318. American Bottom Archaeology, FAI-270 Site Report 5. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 1983c Plant Remains from the Missouri Pacific #2 Site. In The Missouri Pacific #2 Site (11-S-46), by Dale L. McElrath and Andrew C. Fortier, pp. 191 206. American Bottom Archaeology, FAI-270 Site Report 3. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 1984a Floral Resources and Remains. In The Dyroff (11-S-463) and Levin Sites (11-S-462), by T.E. Emerson, pp. 294-307. American Bottom Archaeology, FAI-270 Site Report 9. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 1984b Paleoethnobotany. In American Bottom Archaeology, edited by C. J. Bareis and J. W. Porter, pp. 197-214. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 1984c Plant Remains. In the Fish Lake Site (11-Mo-608), by Andrew C. Fortier, Richard B. Lacampagne, and Fred A. Finney, pp. 189-199. American

222 Bottom Archaeology, FAI-270 Site Report 8. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 1984d Plant Remains. In The Robinson's Lake Site (11-Ms-582), by George R. Milner, pp. 124-132. American Bottom Archaeology, FAI-270 Site Report 10. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 1984e Plant Remains from the Edelhardt Phase. In The BBB Motor Site (11-Ms 595) by Thomas E. Emerson and Douglas K. Jackson, pp. 169-189. American Bottom Archaeology, FAI-270 Site Report 6. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 1984f Plant Remains from the Julien Site. In The Julien Site (11-S-63), by George R. Milner, pp. 244-273. American Bottom Archaeology, FAI-270 Site Report 7. University of University of Illinois Press, Urbana. Johannessen, Sissel and Lucy A. Whalley 1988 Floral Analysis. In Late Woodland Sites in the American Bottom Uplands, by Charles Bentz, Dale L. McElrath, Fred A. Finney, and Richard B. Lacampagne, pp. 265-288. American Bottom Archaeology, FAI-270 Site Report 18. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. Lopinot, Neal 1983 Analysis of Flotation Sample Materials from the Late Archaic Horizon. In The 1982 Excavations at the Cahokia Interpretive Center Tract, St. Clair County, Illinois, by M.S. Nassaney, N.H. Lopinot, B.M. Butler, and R.W. Jefferies, pp.77-108. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Center for Archaeological lnvestigations, Research Paper No. 37. Martin, Alexander C. and William D. Barkley 1961 Seed loſentification Manual. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Palmer, Edward - 1878 Plants Used by the Indians of the United States. American Naturalist 12:593

606. - Pammel, L.H., J.B. Weems, and F. Lamson-Scribner 1902 The Grasses of Iowa. Iowa Geological Survey Bulletin No. 1. Parker, Kathryn E. 1987 Plant Remains. In Emergent Mississippian and Mississippian Communities at the Radic Site (11-Ms-584), by D.L. McElrath, J.A. Williams, T.O. Maher, and MC. Meinkoth. American Bottom Archaeology FAI-270 Site Reports 17. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 1989 Archaeobotanical Assemblage. In The Holding Site: A Hopewell Community in the American Bottom (11-Ms-118), by A. C. Fortier, T.O. Maher, J.A. Williams, M.C. Meinkoth, K.E. Parker, and L.S. Kelly, pp. 429-464. American Bottom Archaeology FAI-270 Site Reports 19. University of

Illinois Press, Urbana. - Penman, John T. 1989 Excavations at the Tremaine Village and other Smaller Sites in the Upper Mississippi Valley. Paper presented at the 47th Plains Anthropological Conference, Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Sasso, Robert F., Robert F. Boszardt, James C. Knox, James L. Theler, Katherine P. Stevenson, James P. Gallagher, and Cynthia Stiles-Hanson 1985 Prehistoric Ridged Field Agriculture in the Upper Mississippi Valley. Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center, Reports of Investigations 38.

223 Schopmeyer, C.S. 1974 Seeds of Woody Plants in the Unted States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Handbook 450. Smith, Huron H. 1923 Ethnobotany of the Menomini. Milwaukee Public Museum Bulletin 4:1 - 174. 1932 Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe. Milwaukee Public Museum Bulletin 4:327 - 525. 1933 Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians. Milwaukee Public Museum Bulletin 7:1-230. Stevenson, Katherine Phyllis 1985 Oneota Subsistence-Related Behavior in the Driftless Area: A Study of the Valley View Site Near LaCrosse, Wisconsin. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison. University Microfims, Ann Arbor. Steyermark, Julian A. 1963 Flora of Missouri. Iowa State University, Ames. Theler, James L. and Robert F. Boszhardt 1988 Phase III Archaeological Excavations at the Two Sites Along CTH Z on Brice Prairie in LaCrosse County, Wisconsin. Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center, Reports of Investigations 77. Toll, Mollie S. 1988 Flotation Sampling: Problems and Some Solutions, with Examples from the American Southwest. In Current Paleoethnobotany: Analytical Methods and Cultural Interpretations of Archaeological Plant Remains, edited by C.A. Hastorf and Virginia S. Popper, pp. 36-52. University of Chicago, Chicago.

Whalley, Lucy - 1983 Plant Remains from the Turner Site. In The Turner (11-S-50) and DeMange Sites (11-S-447), by George R. Milner, pp.213-233. American Bottom Archaeology, FAI-270 Site Report 4. University of Illinois, Urbana. Yanovsky, Elias 1936 Food Plants of the North American Indians. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publications No. 237.

224 Appendix A

Five fifty count poppy seed recovery tests were run with a high average recovery rate obtained, 94%:

FL# Percent Recovered

17 92% 21 96% 1 4 8.6% 22 98% 24 100%

Average 9.4%

225 . Appendix B: Results of Siphon Test

In 1987, Gumerman and Umemoto announced a new siphon technique they devised as an addition to the flotation process. They reported an increase in the recovery rate of high-density charcoal remains as a result of this technique. We incorporated the siphon technique into our IDOT flotation process and the following is a description of our results. The first twenty OT samples floated were siphoned only if processing personnel saw charred material in the heavy fraction. However, upon sorting those samples and tallying the results of dense botanical material recovered from the siphoned fraction, all remaining samples were siphoned to increase recovery rate and insure consistency in method employed. Ten of the forty-six samples siphoned were chosen at random to test the type and quantity of material recovered when using the siphon technique in addition to the IDOT flotation process. Four categories of remains were analyzed: nut shell, wood, non indigenous cultigens, and seeds. Counts and weights were recorded for the ten samples, plus the percentage of increase in remains due to the siphon technique was calculated, (Table 66). Nut shell had the highest percentage increase, 23% in the number of fragments recovered and the same percentage in weight. In two samples the siphon recovered nut shell of two additional taxa (Carya cordiformis and Juglandaceae) not recovered from those samples by regular IDOT flotation procedures. Seeds had the next highest rate with an 8.0% increase in count. Again, in two of the ten randomly chosen samples three additional types of seeds (Polygonum aviculare, unknown seed #8, and unknown seed:#10) were recovered using the siphon. Percentage of Mesoamerican cultigens increased 3.3% in count and 5.2% in weight this category includes Zea mays, Cucurbita pepo, and Lagenaria siceraria. Recovery of wood fragments increased by only 2.2% in count and 1.7% in weight. We conclude that the increase in quantity and more importantly genera of nut shell and seeds was sufficient to warrant permanent inclusion

of this technique in our flotation procedure. -

226

Appendix C

The flotation, carbon sample data, and text tables are presented here. Tables 43-47 are the flotation data from the Oneota Period at the Tremaine site, with separate data tables for wood, nut shell, small seeds, Mesoamerican cultigens, and miscellaneous remains. Tables 48-49 are the carbon sample data with separate tables for wood, Mesoamerican cultigens and miscellaneous remains. Tables 50-63 are text data. Table 64 is the flotation data and Table 65 is the carbon sample data from the Middle Woodland Period, and Table 66 is the siphon data.

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ºsuunoo •x•ı poolaw. •rdues uoqawº •mo•uo se-o-m-， -e， enqe u Table 49. 47-LC-95 Oneota Carbon Sample Mesoamerican and Miscellaneous Taxa.

N12 W8 N14 W8 N12 w8 HS53. E166; N12 W12 Mesoamerican Taxa CS 21 CS 3.5 CS 29 CS 43 CS 10

Zea kernal

Zea

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Tuber

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"Lower levels of F5 radiocarbon dated to the Early Oneota Period, A.D. 1200-1300. Table 50. Wood Taxa Data.

Ranked Taxa” Counts Frequency Presence Percentage

Quercus (red) 221 44.8% 100.0% Quercus (white) 187 37.9% 92.0% Quercus spp. 64 13.0% 76.0% Coniferae 4 0.8% 12.0% Acer saccharinum 3 0.6% 12.0% Pinus spp. 2 0.4% 8.0% Carya spp. 2 0.4% 4.0% Ulmus americana 2 O.4% 4.0% Ulmaceae 2 0.4% 8.0% Salicaceae 1 0.2% 4.0% Ostrya virginiana 1 0.2% 4.0% Liriodendron tulipifera 1 0.2% 4.0% Acer saccharum 1 0.2% 4.0% Fraxinus nigra 1 0.2% 4.0% Bark 1 0.2% 4.0%

Total 493 100.0% 25 - *

* Identified Wood Only ** Total Discrete Proveniences

Table 51. Nut Taxa Data.

Ranked Taxa Count Frequency Presence Percentage

Quercus spp. 635 98.8% 92.0% Carya cordiformis 7 1.1% 16.0% Carya ovata 1 0.2% 4.0%

Total 643 100.1% 25 *

* Total Discrete Proveniences

242 Table 52. Seed Taxa Data.

Ranked Taxa Counts Frequency Presence Percentage

Cyperus spp. 573 72.3% 8.0% Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya 71 9.0% 32.3%.” 24.0% Polygonum aviculare 43 5.4% 19.5% 28.0% Hordeum pusillum 21 2.6% 9.5% 20.0% Gramineae twisted awns 20 2.5% 9.1% 32.0% Gramineae, small 14 1.8% 6.4% 24.0% Polygonum spp. 11 1.4% 5.0% 12.0% Amaranthus spp. 7 0.9% 3.2% 20.0% Zizania aquatica 5 O.6% 2.3% 8.0% Chenopodium berlandieri 5 O.6% 2.3% 16.0% Vitis riparia 5 O.6% 2.3% 4.0% Gramineae, medium 2 0.3% 0.9% 8.0% P. ramosissimum 2 0.3% 0.9% 8.0% Cheno-Am 2 O.3% 0.9% 8.0% c.f. Solanaceae 2 0.3% 0.9% 8.0% Unknown #5 2 0.3% 0.9% 4.0% Scirpus validus 1 0.1% 0.5% 4.0% Cruciferae 1 0.1% 0.5% 4.0% Rudbeckia hirta 1 0.1% 0.5% 4.0% Compositae 1 O. 1 % O.5% 4.0% Unknown #2 1 0.1% 0.5% 4.0% Unknown #3 1 0.1% 0.5% 4.0% Unknown #4 1 O. 1% O.5% 4.0% Unknown #6 1 0.1% O.5% 4.0%

Total 793 100.0% 100.0% 25 - *

Column of frequency data calculated without Cyperus spp. ** Total Discrete Proveniences

243 Table 53. Dimensions of Middle Period Oneota Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya (barnyard grass) Caryopsesa.

Flotation Flotation Number Lengthb Width Thickness Number Length Width Thickness

8 1.1 1.1 0.5 11 1.1 1.1 0.6 8 1. 1.3 0.5 14 1.3 1.2 0.6

8 - 0.6 23 1.2 1.1 -

8 1.0 1.1 0.6 23 - - 0.6

8 0. 23 - 0.95 -

7 - - 0.6 23 - - 0.6

7 1.1 1.1 0.5 33 - 1.1 0.8C

7 - - O.5 33 - 1.15 -

7 1.1 - 0.6 33 - - 0.8

7 1.2 0.6 33 - - 0.7 7 0.6 33 1.35 0.8 7 1.3 O.6 33 1.3 0.7 7 0.6 33 0.8

7 1.5C - 0.7C 33 - 1.3 0.8

7 0.95 0.4 33 - - 0.8

7 - 0.4 33 - - 0.6

7 - 1.1. 0.6 4 - 1.1 0.75

7 1.6C - . 4 1.8C - 0.8

7 1.0 0.6 4 - - 0.7

7 - - 0.7C 4 - - 0.5

1 2.0C 1.35C 0.65C 1 O - 1.2 0.5

1 1.2 0.8 1 O 1.3 1.3 0.75

1 1.25 1.2 0.7 10 - - 0.8

1 - - 0.7 10 1.25 1.25 0.6

1 1.3 1.3 0.65 1 O - - 0.7 1 1.3 0.6 1 O 1.2 0.8

1 - 0.7 30 1.2 0.6

30 1.2 1 0.7 30 1.4 - 0.8 30 1.2 1.1 0.6 30 1.2 1.2 0.75

a Eleven specimens were not measurable. b All measurements in mm. C Specimen with lemma and/or palea fragments intact.

244 Table 54. Comparative Herbarium Specimens in the Gramineae Tribe Paniceae.

Her barlum, Accession Species/Location Numbera Shape Size Surface

Leptoloma cognatum UMC-386.31 Narrowly Too Scutellum groove Gasconade Co., MO Elliptic Small doesn't extend far enough toward apex

Paspalum setaceum UMC-19530 Very In Range Ditto Waverly, MA Broadly Ovate

Panicum flexile UMC-163649 Narrowly Too Ditto Christian Co., MO Elliptic Small P. philadelphicum UMC-71464 Ditto Ditto Ditto Polk Co., MO . capillare UMC-18931 Ditto Ditto Ditto Delaware Co., IA ... dichotomiflorum UMC-68274 Elliptic In Range Ditto Jasper Co., MO . lanuginosum UMC-1 14402 Ditto Too Ditto var. lindheimeri Small Barton Co., MO lanuginosum UMC-12040 Ditto Ditto Ditto Var. tennesseense Boone Co., MO ... boscii UMC-41273 Ditto Ditto Christian Co., MO Large . miliaceum UMC-168510 Broadly Ditto Ditto Rock Co., WI Elliptic ... perlongum UMC-71509 Ditto Ditto Newton Co., MO Small ... linearifolium UMC-574 Ditto in Range Ditto Boone Co., MO . lanuginosum UMC-1 14403 Ditto TOO Ditto var. fasciculatum Small Barton Co., MO . villosissimum UMC-72390 Ditto Ditto Ditto Texas Co., MO ... praecocius UMC-48830 Ditto Ditto Ditto Oregon Co., MO . latifolium UMC-18966 Ditto In Range Ditto Alto, MI . xanthophysum UMC-4 1927 Ditto Too Ditto Algonguin, Ontario Large P . oligosanthes UMC-71.333 Ditto Ditto Ditto Jasper Co., MO

245 Table 54 (cont.). Comparative Herbarium Specimens from the Gramineae Tribe Paniceae.

Herbarium, Accession Species/Location Numbera Shape Size Surface

Panicum lanuginosum UMC-68577 Circular Too Scutellum groove var. implicatum Small doesn't extend far Lawrence Co., MO enough toward apex P. virgatum UMC-19274 Narrowly Too Ditto Tarborough, W.C. Ovate Small P. meridionale UMC-19240 Obovate Ditto Ditto Barnstable Co., MA P. subvillosum UMC-72218 Ditto Ditto Ditto Barton Co., MO P. boreale UMC-19324 Ditto Ditto Ditto Penobscot Co., ME P. wilcoxianum UMC-19490 Broadly In Range Ditto Benson Co., ND Obovate P. columbianum UMC-19353 Very Too Ditto Penobscot Co., ME Broadly Small Obovate

Echinochloa walteri UMC-1 19659 Elliptic In Range Similar to Unk #1 St. Charles Co., MO E. muricata UMC-1 57626 Very Too Ditto var. muricata Broadly Large Houston Co., MN Obovate E. muricata UMC-13816 Circular to In Range Ditto var. microstachya b Very Broadly Courtney Co., MO Ovate

Setaria parviflora C MBG-3309636 Elliptic Ditto Ditto Perry Co., MO

Cenchrus longispinus UMC-101.19 Broadly Too Scutellum groove Washington Co., MO Ovate Large doesn't extend far enough toward apex

a UMC = University of Missouri Herbarium, Columbia. MBG = Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium, St. Louis. b Echinochloa muricata (P. Beauv.) Fern. var. microstachya Wieg. [- var. microstachya sensu Steyermark; = var. occidentialis Wieg. (Gereau 1988:55}]. C Setaria parviflora (Poiret) Kerguélen [=S. geniculata (Lam.) P. Beauv. (Gereau 1988:56}].

246 Table 55. Measurements of Native Setaria and Echinochloa spp.

Taxon Length (mm) Width (mm) Thickness (mm)

Setaria parviflora 1.7 1.1 0.5 1.6 1.1 0.5 1.65 1.1 0.5 1.8 1.15 0.5 1.5 1.1 0.5 1.7 1.1 0.55 Mean 1.7 1. 1 0. 5

Mean Length/Width = 1.55

Echinochloa walteri 1.7 1.15 0.5 1.75 1.2 0.4 1.75 1.2 0.5 Mean 1.7 1 .. 2 0. 5

Mean Length/Width = 1.42

E. muricata var. muricata 1.8 1.6 0.4 1.7 1.5 0.4 1.8 1.6 0.4

Mean 1 .. 8 1 .. 6 0.4

Mean Length/Width = 1.13

E. muricata var. microstachya 1.55 1.4 0.6 1.55 1.25 0.6 1.4 1.15 0.6 Mean 1 .. 5 1 .. 3 0.6

Mean Length/Width 1.15

2.47 Table 56. Archaeolgical Distribution of E. muricata var. microstachya

Period/Site Count Freq.9% Pres.”% Reference Late Archaic Missouri Pacific #2 28 23.7 20 Johannessen 1983a:201 Cahokia ICT 3 0.1 13 Lopinot 1983:96 Middle Woodland Holding 4 0.1 1 Parker 1989:452 Late Woodland Mund 6 0.1 7 Johannessen 1983b:309 Fish Lake 2 0.2 8 Johannessen 1984b:191 Leingang 1 O. 1 1 Johannessen & Whalley 1988:269 Emergent Mississippian Robinson's Lake 2 0.3 8 Johannessen 1984c:126 BBB Motor 2 0.2 4 Johannessen 1984d:180 Radic 1 0.1 3 Parker 1987:227 Mississippian Turner 6 0.6 3 Whalley 1983:226-227 Julian 1 0.3 8 Johannessen 1984e:269 Olszewski 6 0.5 1 Dunavan 1990:399 Radic 1 0.4 1 Parker 1987:237-42 Late Mississippian Hill Creek 69 3.6 18 N. & D. Asch 1985:140 Oneota Tremaine 71 32.3 24 Hunter, this report

248 Table 57. Mesoamerican Cultigen Data.

Ranked Taxa Counts Frequency Presence Percentage

Zea mays rachis segments 219 82.3% 32.0% and fragments Zea mays kernel fragments 41 15.4% 92.0% Cucurbita rind 6 2.3% 8.0%

Total 266 100.00% - 25 *

* Total Discrete Proveniences

Table 58. CS Wood Taxa Data.

Ranked Taxa Count Presence Percentage

Quercus (red) 204 84.4%

Quercus (white) 21 O - 81.3% Ouercus spp. 23 37.5%

Carya (true) - 17 18.8% F. nigra 17 12.5% Cornus spp. 4 9.4% Ulmus americana 3 9.4% Bark 3 9.4% Salicaceae 3 6.3% Liriodendron tulipifera 2 6.3% Coniferae 1 3.1% Pinus spp. 1 3.1% Populus spp. 1 3.1% Juglans nigra 1 3.1% Ostrya virginiana 1 3.1% U. thomasii 1 3.1% Acer saccharum 1 3.1% Fraxinus americana 1 3.1%

494 32 * *

* Identified wood only **Total Discrete Proveniences

249 Table 59. Percentage Presence of Cultigens.

Taxa Tremaine OT

Mesoamerican Zea mays 95.8 50.0 Cucurbita pepo 8.3 16.7 Lagenaria Siceraria O 9.5 Cucurbitaceae O 11.9 Phaseolus c.f. vulgaris O 4.8

North American Hordeum pusillum 20.0 O Zizania aquatica 8.0 O Chenopodium berlandieri 16.0 9.5

Table 60. Ratios of Botanical Material.

Ratic - Tremaine OT

Nut/WOOda 0.33 0.28 Maize/Wooda 0.13 0.18 Seed/Wooda 0.11 0.07 Seed/Nuta 0.345 0.23 Charred/5 | SOilc 0.43 0.44 Wood/5 soild 58.40 39.30 Nut/5 soild 19.19 11.05 Maize/5 soild 7.76 7.10 Seed/5 soild 23.6/6.6° 2.6

a Calculated using mean count per 5 l. b Excludes Cyperus cache. c Total charred material/5 floated soil is calculated by summing weight of wood, nut, mesoamerican cultigens, and miscellaneous remains. d Mean count used. e Calculated with Cyperus cache/Calculated without Cyperus cache.

250 Table 61. Presence Percentage of Nut Data.

Taxa Tremaine OT

Juglans cinerea O 4.8 Carya cordiformis 16.7 26.2 Carya ovata 4.2 38.1 Carya sp. O 7.1 Juglandaceae O 16.7 Quercus 91.7 O

Table 62. Ranked Seed Frequency Comparison.

Tremaine OT

Cyperus spp. Chenopodium berlandieri (72.3%) (26.5%) Gramineae Echinochloa muricata - (9.0% / 32.1%”) (17.2%) Polygonum aviculare Gramineae twisted awns (5.4% / 19.5%) (11.9%) Hordeum pusillum Amaranthus spp. (2.6% / 9.5%) (10.6%) Gramineae twisted awns Mollugo verticillata (2.5%/9.0%) (9.9%) Gramineae, Small Phaseolus vulgaris (1.8% / 6.3%) (3.3%) Polygonum spp. Leguminosae (1.4% / 5.0%) (2.0%) Amaranthus spp. Solanum americanum (0.9% / 3.2%) (2.0%) Zizania aquatica Polygonum spp. (0.6% / 2.3%) (1.3%) Chenopodium berlandieri Chenopodiaceae (0.6% / 2.3%) (1.3%)

* Frequency calculated without Cyperus cache.

251 Table 63. Presence Percentage of Wood, ×2 Proveniences.

Taxa Tremaine OT

Coniferae 12 7 Salicaceae 4 1 2 Betula O 24 Quercus spp. 1 00 71 Acer Saccharinum 12 24 ACeraceae O 21 Bark 4 1 9

252 Table 64. 47-LC-95 Middle Woodland Flotation Taxa Counts.

F8 L5 F8 L5 F8 L6 F8 L6 N140 W50 N142 W50 N140 W50 N142 W50 Wood Taxa FL 39 FL 31 FL 38 FL 3 Total

Quercus (red 16 11 20 20 67 Quercus 5 Vitis Porous Unidentifiable

Total Identified 80 Total Count 1749 Total 19.41 12

Nut Taxa Total

Ouercus 2 0.0001

Ovata 1 ht 0.0081

Total Count Total Nut

Seed Taxa Gramineae, small

rus , small Verbena urticifolia Small round seeds

Total Count

Miscellaneous Taxa Total

F fruiting structures 1 1 2 Weight 0.0009 O.0001 0.001

Unknown other ments 6 5 16 Weight 0.0021 0.01.98 0.0249

Total Count 18

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squnoko *enbluqoe L uolų.d1S eų, pue uoląeļol-， uuou, sųInseſ ſo uo|s|ueduuoo '99 eĮqe 1 LIST OF WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PUBLICATIONS IN ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeology of the Great River Road: site survey in Buffalo, Pepin, and Pierce counties, by J. T. Penman. Archaeological Report 3; June 1980, Reprinted November 1987.

Highway archaeology in Wisconsin: the 1980 field season, by R. E. Riggs and D. M. Seurer. Archaeological Report 4; May 1981. Archaeology of the Great River Road: survey and testing in Buffalo, Pepin, and Pierce counties, by J. T. Penman- Archaeological Report 5; May 1981, Reprinted June 1986.

Highway archaeology in Wisconsin: the 1981 field season, by D. M. Seurer and J. T. Penman. Archaeological Report 6; December 1981.

Historic sites along the Great River Road, by L. A. Rusch and J. T. Penman. Archaeological Report 7; April 1982, Reprinted February 1983. Transportation archaeology in Wisconsin: the 1983 field season, by L. A. Rusch and J. T. Penman. Archaeological Report 9; April 1984.

Archaeology of the Great River Road: summary report, by J. T. Penman. Archaeological Report 10; May 1984.

Transportation archaelogy in Wisconsin: the 1984 field season, by L. A. Rusch and . J. T. Penman (with appendices by R. Patenaude and L. A. Zalucha). Archaeological Report ll; May 1985.

Transportation archaeology in Wisconsin: the 1985 field season, by L. A. Rusch and J. T. Penman (with an appendix by J. C. Knox). Archaeological Report 12; May 1986.

Transportation archaeology in Wisconsin: the 1986 field season, by John H. Broihahn, J. T. Penman, and L. A. Rusch (with an appendix by R. Patenaude. Archaeological Report 13; November 1987.

Transportation archaeology in Wisconsin: the 1987 field season, by J. H. Broihahn, K. Hamilton, L. A. Rusch, and R. S. Newbery. Archaeological Report 14; July 1988. The Ot Site (47-Lc-262): 1987 Excavations, reports by J. A. O'Gorman, A. A. Hunter, and M. Umlauf. Archaeological Report 15; April 1989.

Transportation Archaeology in Wisconsin: the 1988 field season, by L. A. Rusch, N. Meinholtz, J. H. Broihahn, K. Hamilton, and H. Wend. Archaeological Report 16; September 1990.

Prehistoric Sites in LaCrosse County, reports by J. T. Penman, Kelly Hamilton, and A. A. Hunter. Archaeological Report 17; October 1990.

COPIES OF AVAILABLE ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORTS MAY BE ORDERED FROM: Highway Archaeologist/Museum Division State Historical Society of Wisconsin 816 State Street Madison, Wisconsin 53706