2246 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 16

Estonia, ap.d Latvia; to t~e Co~ittee on wife Joyce Mary Vargha (known as Joyce By Mr. RIJllHL~N~ . . Foreign Affairs. · · Mary Gracza); to the Committee on the Ju­ H.R. 4496. Pi. bin· tor the relief of ·Ingrid By Mr:DENTON: ·- diciary. Henriette Bela Wolff; tO the Committee on H. Res. 169. Resolution creating a select H.R. 4482. A bill for the relief of Urszula the Judiciary. · ' committee to conduct an investigation and Sikora; to the Committee on the Judi­ . By Mr. ROGERS of Florida: study of the effects of automation on em:­ ciary. H.R. 4497. A bill for the relief of George W. ployment; to the Committee on Rules. H.R. 4483. A bill for the relief of Simon Roberts; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. LIPSCOMB: Karasick; to the Committee on the Ju­ H.R. 4498. A blll for the relief of Maryellen H. Res. 170. Resolution to authorize the diciary. Boone; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Committee on Banking and Currency to H.R. 4484. A bill for the relief of Miss Liu By Mr. SMITH of Mississippi: conduct an investigation and study of the Lai Ching; to the Committee on the Ju­ H.R. 4499. A bill for the relief of Mrs. operation of the Export Control Act of 1949 diciary. Margaret Ruda Daniel; to the Committee on and related matters; to the Committee on H.R. 4485. A bill for the relief of Giovanna the Judiciary. Rules. Cancelliere; to the Committee on the Ju­ BY. Mr. STEED: By Mr. STRATTON: diciary. H.R. 4500. A bill to donate to the heirs of H. Res. 171. Resolution creating a select Anthony Bourbonnais approximately thirty­ committee to conduct an investigation and H.R. 4486. A bill for the relief of Radoslav six one-hundredths acre of land in Potta­ study of the operation of Federal Milk Mar­ Vulin and Desanka Vulin; to the Committee watomie County, Okla.; to the Committee on keting Order No. 27; to the Committee on on the Judiciary. Interior and Insular Affairs. Rules. By Mr. JONAS: By Mr. TOLL: H.R. 4487. A bill for the relief of Lee Kwai H.R. 4501. A bill for the relief of Margarete Sim; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Zgodda; to the Committee on the Judiciary. PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS H.R. 4488. A bill for the relief of Lee Haw By Mr. CURTIS of Missouri: Sim; to the Committee on the Judiciary. H.J. Res. 241. Joint resolution to authorize Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private By Mr. JOHNSON of California: the appointment of General of the Army bills and resolutions were introduced and H.R. 4489. A bill for the relief of Fook Q. Douglas MacArthur as General of the Armies severally referred as follows: Yip; to the Committee on the Judiciary. of the United States; to the Committee on By Mr. ABBITT: By Mr. KILDAY: Armed Services. H.R. 4476. A bill for the relief of Cato Bros., H.R. 4490. A bill for the relief of Federico Maizumi Najera; to the Committee on the Inc.; to the Committee on the Judiciary. PETITIONS, ETC. By Mr. AUCHINCLOSS: Judiciary. H.R. 4477. A bill for the relief of Donald By Mr. KING of Utah: Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions M. Peterson; to the Committee on the Ju­ H.R. 4491. A bill for the relief of Ahmad and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk diciary. Nikbakht; to the Committee on the Ju­ and referred as follows: By Mr. DADDARIO: diciary. By Mr. MADDEN: 61. By Mr. CUNNINGHAM: Petition of the H.R. 4478. A bill for the relief of Aldo Plattsmouth, Nebr., Women's Club that Francesco Carbone; to the Committee on the H.R. 4492. A bill for the relief of Constan­ legislation be passed granting the State Judiciary. tin Zarna and his wife, Eva Zarna, and their Department authority to refuse passports to By Mr. FISHER: two sons, Pavel Zarna and Constantin known Communists and other legislation for H.R. 4479. A bill for the relief of Con­ Zarna; to the Committee on the Judiciary. the protection of national security against stantinos Kavadias; to the Committee on H.R. 4493. A bill for the relief of Salvatore communism in the United States of Amer­ the Judiciary. Spatafora; to the Committee on the Judi­ ica; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. By Mr. HALPERN: ciary. 62. By Mrs. ST. GEORGE: Petition of the H.R. 4480. A bill for the relief of Jeffrey H.R. 4494. A bill for the relief of Concetta Greater Newburgh Chamber of Commerce, J. Powder; to the Committee on the Judi­ Casola; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Newburgh, N.Y., approving the location of ciary. By Mrs. PFOST: a major airport in Orange County, N.Y.; to H.R. 4481. A bill for the relief of George H.R. 4495. A bill for the relief of Yu Liao; the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Vargha (known as George Gracza) and his to the Committee on the Judiciary. Commerce.

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS Aloysius Cardinal Stepinac-Defender of sermons, by his pastoral letters, by his the persecuted Jews in Europe. At the whole life and saintly death, Cardinal time of his Communist-held trial in 1946 Western Ideals Stepinac showed the way out of the the evaluation of Stepinac by the Ameri­ crisis and wreckage in which the world can Jewish Committee was that: EXTENSION OF REMARKS lives. This man, now the victim of a sham trial, OF Stepinac stood for the Christian values all during the Nazi regime spoke out open­ of Western man in countless ways. He ly, unafraid against the dreadful Ni.irnberg HON. JESSICA McC. WEIS defended the freedom and worth of the laws and his opposition to the Nazi terror­ OF NEW YORK individual as an independent entity; the ism was never relaxed. He also cried out IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES freedom and respect for religion ; the against the infamous "yellow tag" system, contending that i~ violated the dignity of Thursday, February 16, 1961 freedom and respect for all races and man and he is credited with being the main nations; the freedom and respect for pri­ force of having it abandoned. Mrs. WEIS. Mr. Speaker, a little vate property as the basis of the freedom more than a year ago, on February 10, of the individual and the family; and the Because of the diametrically opposite 1960, Aloysius Cardinal Stepinac, a freedom and respect for the rights of aims of Christianity and communism it stanch and unremitting defender of his every nation to its full development and was inevitable that Stepinac, by ex­ Roman Catholic faith, the freedom and independence in its national life. He pounding Christian teachings and the independence of the people of Croatia, was one of very few men in Europe who rights of the church, clashed head on and the Christian values of the West, zealously and openly defended these re­ with Tito's . communism. On October died in bondage in his native village of ligious and civil rights of man before, 11, 1946, after a typical Communist­ Krasic, now controlled by Yugoslavia. during, and after the tumultuous period type trial, Archbishop Stepinac was sen­ In his life, and in his death, there is a of World War II. tenced to 16 years of imprisonment, and message of courage and steadfastness ·cardinal Stepinac set an example. of he spent the remaining years of his life which ought never to be forgotten by any courage that will live for ages to come in prison in Lepoglava and later under of us who still cherish those things for not only in his native Croatia, but house arrest in his native village of which Stepinac lived and died. throughout the world. He scorned to­ Krasic. At the age of 36 Aloysius Stepinac be­ talitarianism, materialism, racism, and Aloysius Cardinal Stepinac has now came the youngest archbishop in the atheism, and protected the wartime vic­ been dead for a few days more than a world, and from that time until his death tims of these philosophies irrespective year, but I have no doubt that his spirit the world came to know him as an heroic of race, religion, or political background. continues to live on in the hearts and crusader in the cause of human freedom Along with Pope Pius XII, Cardinal minds of all of the oppressed peoples of and the brotherhood of man. By his Stepinac was the greatest defender of Eastern Europe, and I am. certain that 1961 . .. CON-ciRESSIONAL RECORD _- HOUSE 2247 the memory of his heroic struggle against tigation. Their report, published ln 1912, ceeded in ·taking control bf Vilnius ·and stated that a low form of explosive exterior typinny in all o~ i~ heinous forms will Kaunas, as well as postprovincial towns to the ship caused the first explosion. Euro­ and proclaimed a provisional national forever serve as an inspiration to de­ pean experts, perhaps .influenced by several cent, freedom-loving people everywhere. internal explosions in warships in the inter­ government even before a single Ger­ vening years, still, however, maintained the man soldier arrived. theory of an internal explosion. No further After a few weeks, however, this pro­ evidence has ever been found to solve the visional government was suppressed by The Sinking of the U.S.S. "Maine" mystery. the Germans, some of its members were arrested and deported to Germany as EXTENSION OF REMARKS hostages. One occupation replaced an­ OF Lithuanian Independence Day other. During the second half of 1944, the Germans were driven out by the HON. JAMES E. VAN ZANDT EXTENSION OF REMARKS Russians, and once more Lithuania came OF PENNSYLVANIA OF under the Soviet yoke. Lithuanians IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES formed an active underground force to resist the Communist occupation. So­ Thursday, Feb1·uary 16, 1961 HON. CRAIG HOSMER OF CALIFORNIA viets pledged themselves in 1945 to liqui­ Mr. VAN ZANDT. Mr. Speaker, in IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES date Lithuanian partisans; however, as 1895 the revolt in Cuba had flared up late as February 19, 1949, Antanas Sni­ again after more than a decade of Thursday, February 16, 1961 eckus, first secretary of the Communist .relative tranquillity. During the winter Mr. HOSMER. Mr. Speaker, today we Party, speaking before the party con­ of 1897-98, mobs of Spanish loyalists, re­ commemorate the 708th anniversary of gress, .admitted that although 1~,000 re­ sentful of the well-known sympathy of the founding of the independent Lithua­ sistance fighters had been killed, the the American people for the Cubans, be­ nian Kingdom by King Mindaugas, and struggle was still continuing. It was be­ came formidable. Fitzhugh Lee, the the 43d anniversary of the declaration of lieved that as many a!) 100,000 patriots American Consul General at Havana, ap­ independence of the Republic of Lithua­ were massacred before active resistance pealed to his Government for support in nia. At a time when so many millions of was finally suppressed. the form of a naval force in Cuban freedom-loving peoples of the world are Years of terror and agony are passing waters. On January 24, 1898, the Maine, forced to live under the yoke of totali­ and the dawn of freedom seems far away a second-class battleship, was ordered to tarianism, it is appropriate that tribute for the Lithuanian people, but their Havana. be paid to Lithuanians all over the world spirit and desire for freedom never die. On the morning of January 25, 1898, and particularly to those whose voices On this day, as we pay tribute to the the Spanish authorities having been are silenced because they are still living Lithuanians all over the world, let us notified of her advent, the Maine, Capt. under Soviet enslavement. pledge not to forget the treachery of the Charles D. Sigsbee, steamed into Havana The Lithuanian people enjoyed their Soviet tyrants who have enslaved this Harbor and was moored to a buoy 500 independence from 1918 until June 1940, country. Let us rededicate ourselves yards off the arsenal. The Spanish offi­ when the nation was overrun by the with renewed vigor to the protection of cials acted with punctilious courtesy and Communist hordes, who needed no prov­ the liberties which we all cherish. the social amenities between American ocation, as they have shown in so many It is a privilege for me to join with and Spanish authorities proceeded ac­ other cases around the world. The Lith­ citizens of Lithuanian descent every­ cording to naval protocol. No untoward uanian people were deprived of their where in observing this anniversary. I incident took place until 9:40 p.m., on right of self-determination; they were fervently hope and pray that the day is the night of February 15, when two ter­ deprived of their national identity. not too distant when their homeland rific explosions threw parts of the Maine At the outset of the Second World will again enjoy true and lasting inde­ 200 feet in the air. The forward half of War, Lithuania declared its neutrality. pendence. the ship was reduced to a mass of twisted Despite this declaration, Lithuania was steel; the after part slowly sank. Two forced to admit immediately units of the officers and 250 men were killed at once Red army to strategic locations of Lithu­ Lithuanian Independence Day and 8 men died afterward. ania and sign a mutual assistance treaty Separate investigations of the tragedy in which Russia once more promised to were made by the American and Spanish respect Lithuania's sovereignty. Not­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS authorities. The Spaniards reported withstanding four treaties of friendship OF that an internal explosion, perhaps spon­ and nonaggression pacts-1920, 1926, HON. JOHN V. LINDSAY taneous combustion in the coal bunkers. 1934, and 1939-in June of 1940 Commu­ OF NEW YORK had been the cause; the Americans that nist Russian hordes invaded Lithuania the original cause had been an external and forcibly incorporated it into the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES explosion which in turn had set off the U.S.S.R. This act of aggression was nev­ Thursday, February 16,1961 forward magazines. er recognized by the free world. As re­ Mr. LINDSAY. Mr. Speaker, I pay Later events are admirably sum­ cently as in February of last year the tribute to the people of Lithuania and to marized by William B. Norris in his ar­ United States reatllrmed its policy of all Americans of Lithuanian descent who ticle "The Destruction of the Maine," nonrecognition of the Russian annexa­ today commemorate the 43d anniversary which appears in the Dictionary of Amer­ tion of Lithuania. of the independence of Lithuania. ican History: Lithuania found itself in the throes of History has imposed harsh and bitter News of the disaster produced great ex­ unprecedented terror. Soviet rule lasted trials on the Lithuanian nation. The citement in the United States, and accusa­ just over 1 year, but its consequences freedom from tsarist tyranny which was tions against the Spaniards were freely ex­ were appalling. Arrests, tortures, im­ won in 1918 was destroyed by the new pressed by certain newspapers. Without prisonments, and executions became an doubt the catastrophe stirred up national Soviet tyranny. During those 22 years feeling over the difficulties in Cuba, crystal­ everyday occurrence. Finally came the of liberty, the Lithuanian people lized in the slogan "Remember the Maine." mass deportations of Lithuanians and achieved exemplary economic, political, The wreck remained in Havana Harbor until their dispersal in the remote regions of social, and cultural advances and Lithu­ 1911, when U.S. Army engineers built a cof­ Siberia, where death was a slow, but the ania demonstrated her right to a proud ferdam about the wreck, sealed the after only sure, means of delivery from inhu­ place within the family of free nations. hull of the ship, the only part stm intact, man conditions imposed by the Commu­ In 1940 the Soviet Union occupied and and floated it out to sea. There, on March nists. 16, 1912, appropriate minute guns boomed annexed Lithuania despite solemn treaty as it sank with its fiag fiying. The remains On June 22, 1941, Germany attacked obligations to respect the independence of 66 of the crew which were found during Russia. Disregarding everything else, of the reborn nation. Thereafter many the raising were buried in the National Ceme­ the Lithuanian people saw but one thing, Lithuanians were forcibly removed from tery, Arlington. a chance to overthrow the hated So­ their homes to meet the harsh require­ During the removal of the wreck a board viet yoke and to regain their freedom ments of manpower for the Soviet labor of officers of the Navy made a further inves- and independence. The insurgents sue- camps. 2248 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 16 No observance of this anniversary of ment of the garnishment process, and resort having jurisdiction to interpret freedom is permitted .i.O Lithuania but it the related processes, the incidence of the State's constitution. is fitting that Lithuanians abroaq, and defaulting payments would be decreased In addition, the bill would prohibit the freemen all over the world, speak out for by the very healthy self-discipline of the appointment -of more than 1 Associate the silenced people. It is .for us to direct ·employees themselves. Whatever in­ Justice of the Supreme Court from any the conscience of the world on this occa­ .convenience might be temporarily . felt of the 10 judicial circuits of the U.S . sion to the plight of a people whose lib­ would, in the long run, be eliminated by court of appeals which geographically erty has been unjustly wrested from this self-discipline, relieving the bureau divide up the Nation. them but whose longing for freedom re­ of any administrative burden in this One important effect of this bill will mains and must not be forgotten. matter. Also it would, by giving a be to lift the appointments to the U.S. In this spirit, Mr. Speaker, it is wholly creditor direct access to the debtor's pay­ Supreme Court from the realm of poli­ appropriate that we remind the people check, give a meaningful alternative to tics. of Lithuania that we have not forgotten the harsh punishment of dismissal, Since the President can only serve them, or any of the captive peoples, and which is now the really practical means 8 years, this bill would prevent him from that we, like they, look hopefully forward of compulsion open to the bureaus. naming and advancing a political ap­ to the day when the yoke of tyranny will I believe that garnishment has proved pointee through the Federal courts to be· taken from their shoulders and they sound in the private sector of our so­ the U.S. Supreme Court within the return to their rightful place in the ciety. I would urge that we extend it to President's tenure of office. world community of freemen. cover the civil employees of our Govern­ Again, I must point out that three of ment. the present members of the Supreme Court were named to judgeships of lower Federal courts by former President Garnishment of Salaries of Federal The Casey Bill on the U.S. Supreme Eisenhower-then advanced to the Employees Court Supreme Court by former President Eisenhower from 1 to 4 years later. I have noted with approval the state­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS EXTENSION OF REMARKS ments by President Kennedy that only OF OF the most qualified men will be sought to HON. THOMAS B. CURTIS HON. BOB CASEY fill positions in Government. But the need for passage of this bill still exists, OF :MISSOURI OF TEXAS for we may not always have a President IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES so dedicated to the public good. Thursday, February 16, 1961 Thursday, February 16, 1961 Mr. Speaker, again I want to emphat­ Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. Mr. Mr. CASEY. Mr. Speaker, it is a seri­ ically point out that this bill is not an Speaker, today I reintroduced a measure ous situation when a Member of this attempt to hamstring or curtail the which would provide for the garnish­ House is deluged with mail urging that power of the Supreme Court. ment, execution, or trustee process of he bring impeachment against a Mem­ I will bitterly oppose any attempt to wages and salaries of the civil officers ber of the U.S. Supreme Court. tamper with or destroy the delicate bal­ and employees of the U.S. Government. I have received hundreds of such let­ ance of power written into our Constitu­ Garnishment and the associated proc­ ters--not from cranks or crackpots--but tion by our Founding Fathers. · esses which are mentioned in this bill from honest, patriotic citizens of my dis­ But I must point out that under the have long been features of the credit trict who are deeply concerned for the law, there are absolutely no qualifica­ system of nongovernmental employees future of our Nation because of recent tions set forth for appointment to the in this country. These procedures offer decisions rendered by the Supreme Court. Supreme Court. It is not even specified sound advantages to all parties con­ They are disillusioned with what hitherto under existing law that a member of the cerned and I urge that they be opened has been the unimpeachable integrity Supreme Court must have a legal back­ for use in connection with our civil offi­ of decisions by this Court. Their faith ground-much less judicial experience. cers and employees. in the solid foundations of our Govern­ It is inconceivable to me that a person The primary purpose of this measure ment has been shaken. without substantial prior judicial ex­ is to benefit the individual Federal em­ I can understand, and I share, the con­ perience and proven judicial tempera­ ployee. The garnishment process would cern they have expressed to me. I, too, ment can be expected to ably dispense adversely affect only a small minority of have taken issue and disagreed with re­ justice in interpreting the laws of our Federal employees and it would provide cent decisions of the Supreme Court. land in our Court of last resort. real gains for them all. The absence But I do not believe impeachment is Mr. Speaker, justice is not merely the of this process in cases involving Federal the answer. In fact, such procedure application of textbook interpretation of workers has resulted in lowered credit would do much to accomplish the aim of the body of the law by legal theorists. ratings for these individuals; permission international communism, and that is Justice is the reaching of tempered de­ for its use in connection with Federal to completely undermine the faith of cision that comes from equally weighing workers, as it is permitted for workers our citizens in our Government. the law and the evidence, and knowing in private industry, would improve these Two years ago, I introduced my first the full import of such decision on the ratings. bill in Congress which I strongly be­ parties involved. This ability is acquired There has been some misunderstand­ lieved would lead to a restoration of con­ only through years of experience. ing of this proposal by Federal em­ fidence in our Supreme Court. My bill The American people have the right to ployees. This is a protection for them died in committee. demand that only the finest legal minds in the important field of credit stand­ Today, it is again my privilege to re­ in the Nation be chosen to sit on our ing; the alternative, continued exemp­ introduce this bill which would establish highest Court. Such appointees should tion from these processes, is of benefit professional as well as geographical qual­ have proven judicial backgrounds, and only to those who are in default on pay­ ifications for future appointments to the should geographically represent the ments. For this benefit of only a few, U.S. Supreme Court. broad stream of customs and culture that many lose. Again, I urge my colleagues to study flows through our Nation. It is also misunderstood, I believe, by this measure closely. If they agree that Mr. Speaker, the framers of our Con­ certain of our Government bureaus. it is meritorious, I earnestly solicit their stitution could not envision a Nation of They feel that the garnishment pro­ support and invite them to join with me 50 States spreading from the coast of cedure would add to the administrative as coauthor. New England to the far reaches of the burden which they now have; rather, This bill will require that future ap­ Pacific Ocean. Nor could they envision they prefer to discipline their employees pointees to the U.S. Supreme Court must the growth of our laws and judicial sys­ within the organization, the ultimate have had not less than 8 years' judicial tem into a massive complex which re­ punishment .being dismissal. The dis­ service as a justice, a judge of a court of quires years of study and actual practice ciplinary problem 'in this field is an ad­ appeals, or a district court of the United to understand. If they had, I am cer­ ministrative burqeri. By the establish- States, or a judge of a State court of last tain they would have made such provi- 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 2249 sions requiring both judicial experience sufferings imposed upon them by that created to be free and that dignity of the and geographic representation. regime, but they also live with the hope individual is the greatest force on earth. Legal authorities and associations, as that eventually they will again be free I believe it is fitting that at this time, well as laymen, have openly quarreled in their beloved homeland. On this 43d when we pay tribute to General with decisions reached by the Supreme anniversary celebration of their inde­ Kosciuszko, I should include in the REc­ Court. pendence day I share their genuine ORD a letter I have sent to the Adminis­ I strongly believe such questionable sentiments and hope that they will have tl·ator of the General Services Adminis­ decisions are rendered primarily be­ their reward of freedom and peace. tration, urging him that when the pres­ cause of a lack of judicial experience on ent U.S. courthouse in Chicago is de­ the part of the present members of the molished to make room for a new Federal Supreme Court. building, the artistic plaque dedicated Of the nine members of the Court, five General Kosciuszko-Symbol of to General Kosciuszko, which at present had no judicial experience prior to ap­ Freedom reposes in the main lobby of the building pointment to the highest Court in our along with plaques of other American land. Revolutionary War heroes, be preserved EXTENSION OF REMARKS and be relocated in the same position of Like many Americans, I strongly feel OF that the Supreme Court of our Nation prominence in the new building. is decidedly not the place for ''on-the­ · HON. ROMAN C. PUCINSKI We· Americans can learn a great deal job training" for men who have never OF ILLINOIS during these critical times from the heroic exploits of men like General served as a judge or justice. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mr. Speaker, our Nation is divided Kosciuszko. Long may his spirit serve into 10 judicial circuits. Of the 8 Asso­ Thursday, February 16,1961 as a symbol to all of us. ciate Justices now se"ving, 4 were ap­ Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, I should Mr. Speaker, the text of my letter to pointed from the 1st, 2d, and 3d circuits like to join millions of other grateful the General Services Administrator fol­ composed of 10 New England and Mid­ Americans in paying tribute to the lows: dle Atlantic States; 2 from the 5th memory of Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko on FEBRUARY 15, 1961. circuit, and 1 each from the 6th and the 215th anniversary of his birth, which The Honorable JOHN MoORE, 8th circuits. There is no Associate Jus­ was observed Sunday. Administrator, General Services Administra­ tice on the Court appointed from the 23 tion, Washington, D.C. It is indeed fitting that we in America DEAR MR. MOORE: As you undoubtedly States comprising the 4th, 7th, 9th, and pause in the hasty pace of our daily know, the General Services Administration lOth circuits. existence to pay tribute to the illustrious is now in the process of building a new Fed­ heroes of the many nations in the world eral building in Chicago. Presumably, the who· joined in a common cause during existing U.S. courthouse will ultimately be America's Revolutionary War so that demolished. Lithuanian Independence Day I should like to take this opportunity to freedom could establish a beachhead on urge you to take the necessary steps for the this continent. preservation of the historic plaques dedicated EXTENSION OF REMARKS General Kosciuszko today symbolizes, to several American Revolutionary War OF not only in America but throughout the heroes which now adorn the main lobby of world, the spirit of the indomitable Poles the present. building. I strongly urge that HON. EDWARD P. BOLAND who for 1,000 years have toiled in defense arrangements be made to advise the archi­ OF MASSACHUSETTS of freedom. We can find no better ex­ tects of the new building to make provisions IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES for transferring these historic plaques to the ample of the Polish spirit and dedication main lobby of the new Federal building. Thursday, February 16, 1961 to freedom than by studying the history Last Monday we Americans paid tribute Mr. BOLAND. Mr. Speaker, com­ of this great general. The example which to the memory of Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko he established in his gallant struggle for on the 215th anniversary of his birth. Gen­ munism and nazism have been the twin American independence is being today eral Kosciuszko's bust is included in the curses of democracy and freedom in this emulated by Polish people not only in historic series of plaques in the Chicago U .S. century. We have succeeded in elim­ their native land but also scattered courthouse. This plaque has served as an inating nazism at a terrible cost, but throughout the world. inspiration to Americans of all nationalities unfortunately communism is still with us for many years because of General enslaving hundreds of millions of free­ To those who might be tempted to Kosciuszko's profound contribution toward dom-loving peoples over a good part of believe that the Polish Nation ultimately winning freedom and independence for the globe. The 3 million Lithuanians will accept the tyranny of communism, America in the Revolutionary War. we need only point to the spirit of Kos­ I hope you will make every endeavor to are among those who have been suffering make sure that this inspiring plaque and under Communist totalitarianism in ciuszko. When he saw that the struggle for freedom for Poland was interrupted the other plaques continue in a position of their homeland. prominence in the new building. These stout-hearted people had re­ by overwhelming odds, Kosciuszko came Sincerely yours, gained their freedom at the end of the to America to join the revolutionary ROMAN C. PuCINSKI. First World War, proclaimed their inde­ forces to fight for freedom on this con­ pendence on February 16, 1918, and then tinent. And when the battle was con­ lived happily for about two decades. cluded here, and the forces of right and dignity won out over tyranny in our Lithuania Remains Free in the Hearts of They were on friendly terms with their country, Kosciuszko returned to his neighbors and bore no grudge even All People against their former oppressors; as native land, hoping that he might repeat events elsewhere in Europe became in­ victory for his own people. creasingly ominous, they only hoped that Today millions of Polish emigrants who EXTENSION OF REMARKS they .would be spared by their implacable cannot return to their native land be­ OF enemies, the Nazis in the south and the cause of Communist domination in Poland carry on the struggle for ulti­ HON. HENRY S. REUSS Communists in the east. But the OF WISCONSIN evolving pattern of international politics mate liberation of that country, and late in the 1930's marked them as a ready within Poland itself the spirit of freedom IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES victim. Soon after the outbreak of the continues to :flourish, even though Thursday, February 16, 1961 last war, in 1940, the country was over­ Poland's present Communist rulers have Mr. REUSS. Mr. Speaker, after more run by the Red army. The Lithuanians resorted to every means to force upon than a century of Russian occupation were robbed of their freedom and her people the dogma of communism. and three unsuccessful attempts at in­ brought under the oppressive yoke of the In paying tribute to Kosciuszko on the surrection, the Republic of Lithuania Kremlin. 215th anniversary of his birth, we are in proclaimed its independence at Vilna on Today these courageous people live un­ fact paying tribute to a gallant people February 16, 1918-43 short years ago. der oppressive Communist totalitarian­ who have for 10 centuries inspired the The life of Lithuania as a free Repub­ ism. They endure all the hardships and world in the firm belief that man was lic was uncommonly short. In the wake 2250 CONGRESSIONAL ltl!CORD- HOUSE February 16 of the infamous Nazi-Soviet pact, Lithu­ of Wisconsin. The students of the needy blind peopie ·cmild be helped to ania was engulfed by the Red tide of Greenwood School District of Clark obtain relui.bilitation · and economic in- Communist Russia. Though the Lithu­ County are now drinking enough milk dependence. · · anian people have not known freedom 'at school to keep 17 cows busy every· day for 21 years, their claim to independence of the school year. has never been broken by the Russian All of this adds up to an excellent yoke. record for the special milk program. Lithuanian Independence Day On this, the anniversary of their inde­ However, we cannot afford to rest on pendence, let us remind the world that our laurels so long as more can be done EXTENSION OF REMARKS to reach additional schools, camps, and the United States continues to regard OF Lithuania as a sovereign nation and is other institutions caring for our children. looking to the day when the Lithuanian But if State and local school officials are HON. JOHN H. DENT people will again breathe free. to undertake additional special milk pro­ OF PENNSYLVANIA gram promotional efforts during the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES coming school year, they must be as­ sured that the program will be continued Thursday, February 16, 1961 Extension and Expansion of the Special and that adequate funds will be made Mr. DENT. Mr. Speaker, the Lithu­ Milk Program available to cover its growth. anian people regained their freedom 43 For these reasons, I feel that my 2-year years ago from czarist Russia. Today extension of the special milk program they find themselves enslaved in their EXTENSION OF REMARKS should be enacted into law without delay homeland by Communist Russia. Since OF so the Department of Agriculture, school they are not allowed to observe their in­ HON. LESTER R. JOHNSON officials, and the dairy industry can get dependence day tbere, it is only fitting on with the job of seeing to it that our OF WISCONSIN and proper that the observance of that schoolchildren have the milk they need day be celebrated by their friends and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to grow into strong and healthy adults. sympathizers in the free world. Thursday, February 16, 1961 The 3 million Lithuanians constitute Mr. JOHNSON of Wisconsin. Mr. the largest of the three ethnic groups in Speaker, today I have introduced a bill the Baltics. From time immemorial they to extend and expand the special milk Federally Sponsored State Aid to the have played an important part in the program for a 2-year period under a Blind history of that region. Late in the Mid­ continuation of the Commodity Credit dle Ages they formed a powerful king­ Corporation authorization. My bill pro­ dom and for centuries remained a prin­ vides for the annual use of up to $105 EXTENSION OF REMARKS cipal force in northeastern Europe. million in CCC funds for the milk-for­ OF Early in the 16th centurY their kingdom schoolchildren program for fiscal 1962 _HON. WALTERS. BARING joined Poland and thus formed the Lith­ and 1963. The present program, which uanian-Polish dual kingdom. They re­ authorizes an expenditure of up to $95 OF NEVADA mained united until late in the 18th cen­ million for fiscal 1961, is due to expire IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tury when Poland was partitioned and at the close of the current school year. Thursday, February 16, 1961 most of it fell to Russia. In that par­ I would like to include in the RECORD Mr. BARING. Mr. Speaker, under tition Lithuania also came under czarist the reasons why I feel it is imperative leave to extend my remarks in the REc­ Russia, and from then until 1918 the for speedy action to be taken on this ORD I have reintroduced a bill, H.R. 3729, Lithuanians lived under Russian autoc­ measure. to abolish residence as an eligibility re­ racy. During that time they were op­ In 1954, the special milk program was quirement in federally sponsored State pressed by the heavy yoke of the czarist originated by the House Agriculture aid to the blind programs. government, but they kept alive their Committee in the belief that it would Support of these programs at Federal patriotism and love of freedom. During be far better to get more fluid milk to level is evidenced by the substantial the First World War they were ready to our nation's children than to move that financial contributions made by the Fed­ seize upon the first chance offered them same milk into Government storage iii eral Government each year. I believe, it to regain their freedom. In 1917 when the form of surplus manufactured dairy is· of equal concern to the Nation that the czarist regime was overthrown, the products. Since that time, this program blind persons who are able bodied and Lithuanians were presented with the has been doihg a tremendous job of im­ employable be given such help and en­ long-sought opportunity. They at once proving the diet of our schoolchildren couragement as they may need to enable asserted their freedom and proclaimed while providing an additional market for them to provide a living for themselves their independence on February 16, 1918. our dairy farmers. The special milk and their families. That day has become a national holi­ program is a striking example of the way In the nature of things the population day for the Lithuanian people, for that our food abundances can be used to pro­ of the United States is constantly on the inaugurated a new era for them. They mote better nutrition in this country, move to improve individuals' economic founded the Lithuanian Republic, they which is certainly what we need and opportunities. However, those who are succeeded in strengthening it, and lived want to do. blind and are now on public assistance in it happily for two decades. They From the time this program got un­ are restricted from seeking opportunities were perfectly content with their lot in derway, the response from school officials in areas where such opportunities may their free country, and they were friends and students has been most encouraging. exist, because by so doing blind individ­ of their neighbors. But Communist Last year, over 80,000 schools and child­ uals realize that their benefits would be Russia always looked upon Lithuania's care institutions participated, and the cut off, because of residence require­ democratic freedom as a menace, and U.S. Department of Agriculture esti­ ments imposed under federally spon­ seemed anxious to eliminate it at the mates that about 22 million young peo­ sored State aid to the blind programs. first opportune moment. That was done ple are now drinking milk during school This is a limitation on the complete re­ very early in World War n. The Red hours. This figure represents more than habilitation of many employable and army invaded and occupied Lithuania, half of the schoolchildren of the Nation. able-bodied blind persons. To restrict putting an abrupt end to the Lithuanian During the past year, they drank 2.4 bil­ blind people from moving from one State Republic. Soon the country was incor­ lion half-pints of milk under the pro­ to another is to stave off initiative, sup­ porated into the Soviet Union, and its gram. That amount represents more press incentive and frustrate desire for citizens enslaved by Communist tyranny. than 2 percent of the annual nonfarm self-improvement and the achievement Since those fateful days of 1940 the consumption of milk. of economic independence. unhappy Lithuanians have not known Mr. Speaker, just to give one illustra­ My bill would lend support to previous freedom. They have been suffering tion of the impact of the special milk actions of Congress directed toward hardships, deprivations, imprisonments, program·, I would like to cite the ex­ making federally sponsored State aid to and even death in •the hands of their perience of a school in my home district the blind programs a means by which oppressors. But even under such un- 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 2251 bearable conditions they have not payments thr.ough assistance from their incalculable. It is a long-range plan given up their love of freedom, their relatives-or other sources. · which will benefit our citizens in the mid­ goal of national-independence. - On the · The Congress will be considering at State area, and I feel that it has real observance of their indepe~dence day, this session a number of proposals merit. the 43d anniversary of. Lithuanian In-. which: if enaCt~. will directly, and in­ The proposed authority will be con­ dependence Day, let us all hope and directly benefit many social security tingent upon appropriations. The proj­ pray that they will have their reward beneficiaries. I know of no proposal ect will be a unit of the Missouri River in freedom in their beloved homeland. which will be of more help to our older basin project. under the comprehensive citizens in their efforts to supplement plans approved by section 9 of the act their social security payments than the of December 22, 1944, · as amended and measure I have introduced. I certainly supplemented. A Bill To Amend Title II of the Social hope that my colleagues will join with During hearings on the legislation in Security Act me in working for the enactment of my previous years, testimony as to the feasi-. bill. bility and benefits of the Nebraska mid­ State reclamation project have been· EXTENSION OF REMARKS thoroughly reviewed by those who have OF The Nebraska Mid-State Reclamation studied it carefully. R. W. Beck & Asso­ HON. BASIL L. WHITENER Project Bill ciates made a feasibility report reflecting OF NORTH CAROLr.NA the engineering investigations, surveys and plans developed over the past 15 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES EXTENSION OF REMARKS years. Thursday, February 16, 1961 OF I feel that favorable consideration of Mr. WHITENER. Mr. Speaker, I have HON. DAVE MARTIN this legislation will meet with widespread introduced a bill today to amend title n OF NEBRASKA approval. I am very hopeful that the of the Social Security Act so as to remove IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES House of Representatives and the Senate the limitations upon the amount of out­ will see fit to support this view and pass side income which an individual may Thursday, February 16, 1961 this legislation. · earn while receiving benefits thereunder. Mr. MARTIN of Nebraska. Mr. Speak­ When the social security admendments er, the mid-State reclamation project is­ of 1960 were under consideration last important to our State. It provides for year it was my hope that the Congress irrigation, flood control, fish and wild­ Constitutional Amendment To Limit would enact a provision removing all life conservation and development, and Tenure of Members of Congress limitations upon the amount of outside minimum recreation facilities. The area income which a social security bene­ involved is from 10 to 20 miles wide and EXTENSION OF REMARKS ficiary could earn. The social security about 100 miles long. The project would OF law as amended, however, by the social have as its principal purposes the fur­ security amendments of 1960, provides· nishing of a surface irrigation water sup­ HON. THOMAS B. CURTIS that a beneficiary who earns $1,200 or ply for approximately 140,000 acres of OF MISSOURI less will receive his benefit payments for land, aiding in the _replenisln?lent of the _- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES all12 months of the year. A person who ground-water supply of the area for_ earns more than $1,200 in a year will domestic and agricultural use, control­ Thursday, February 16, 1961 have $1 of his benefits withheld for each ling :floods, conserving and developing Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. Mr. $2 that he earns from $1,200 up to $1,500, fish and wildlife,- and producing hydro­ Speaker, I have today reintroduced a and for every $1 that his earnings go · electric power. joint resolution proposing an amend­ above $1,500,$1 of the beneficiary's bene­ The Nebraska mid-State reclamation ment to the Constitution of the United fits will be withheld. district, organized under the Nebraska· States by the terms of which' -there I believe, Mr. Speaker, that the limita- · Reclamation Act, tried as an independ­ would be requir~ a 2-year sabbatical· · tions imposed on outside income under ent reclamation district to get the project leave for Senators and U.S. Representa--. the social security amendments of 1960 rolling. In 1958, one of my predecessors,. tives after· they had served 12 consecu­ should be removed. While the amend­ A. L. Miller, introduced legislation pro-· t.ive years in office. During this leave ments to some extent permit our social viding for Federal participation, but the. period, the officeholder would not be security beneficiaries to earn a greater measure failed of enactment. My im­ eligible for election tq the position which amount of outside income than was the mediate predecessor from the Fourth­ he had held. This would mean that case under. the old law, the fact re­ District of Nebraska ·introduced similar Representatives after serving all or the mains, nevertheless, that our elderly legislation in -the 86th Congress, but it major portion of six consecutive terms people who are in receipt of social se­ was not acted upon, although the meas-· and Senators after serving all or the curity benefits are greatly in need of ure received favorable attention from major part of two consecutive 6-year increased earning power. The higher many sources. terms would not be eligible to succeed cost of food, clothing, housing, and med­ I have today introduced a slightly themselves. . · ical care is working a severe hardship amended version of the·legislation to au­ There are two sound bases for this. · on thousands of our older citizens. thorize the Secretary of the Interior to ­ proposal. One deals with the operation My bill would permit social security construct, ·operate, and maintain the of the National Legislature itself, the beneficiaries to earn as much outside in­ mid-State reclamation-project. My col- · other with the qualifications of the indi­ come as possible without jeopardizing leagues from the State in the House of . vidual Members. their right to social security benefits. Representatives are introducing identi­ The former refers to the seniority The enactment of my bill would permit cal bills, and Senators CURTIS and system. There is much of value in the many of our elderly people, who now HRUSKA will introduce the legislation in seniority system and there are some real find it impossible to maintain a decent the Senate. Most of the old difficulties · drawbacks to it. Many critics have standard of living on their social security have been ironed out in this new legisla- · called for the elimination of this system payments, to increase their income from tion, through discussions with responsi­ for setting congressional heirarchy but outside sources to a level adequate for ble individuals in the Department of the none, apparently, have offered an alter- · their proper maintenance. Due to the Interior, and other Members of Congress, native that has proven workable. This age of our social security beneficiaries including the chairman of the House amendment would have the effect of . and the limited job opportunities they Committee on Interior and Insular Af­ breaking the chain of seniority from · have, my measure would not decrease fairs, WAYNE ASPINALL. The Bureau of time to time and would add a :flexibility the job opportunities for younger people. Reclamation is working with the mid­ to the committee processes of Congress. On the contrary, it would offer a meas­ State reclamation district. The second basis deals with the ability ure of hope and assistance to thousands I will ·not, at this time, go into the of the individual Representative or Sen­ of our older citizens who must now sup­ many aspeets of the project. The bene­ ator." Because of the complexity of · plement their meager social security fits arid potential value of the project are legislative business and the demands CVII--143 2252 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ~- HOUSE February 16 upon Members of both the House and Resolved, That copies of this resolution ings have been held on the question of ex­ the Senate, there is a tendency of Na­ be transmitted to the Honorable WILBUR D. · tending this temporary wartime tax since MILLS, ·chairman of ·the House Committee on 1953, : I feel - that your ·committee should tional Legislators to lose touch with the Ways and Means, to the Honorabie CHARLES permit hearings on this critical issue at an people they represent. Too often. the CHAMBERLAIN, . Representative of the Sixth early date. Each year since 1953 this tax Member of Congress becomes a resident District of Michigan; to the Honorable has been extended. without an opportunity of Washington and loses his place as a PHri.IP A. HART, and PATRICK V. McNAMARA~ for any public expression of the impact of member of the community which elected Senators from the State of Michigan. · such action on our total economy and the him. By requiring a period of leave, as issue has been presented to the House under this amendment would, the individual Mr. Speaker., hearings on the question a closed rule that would not permit the con­ Member of .Congress would have the of extending the temporary wartime tax sideration of any amendments. chance to reacquaint himself with those have not been held since 1953. There.:. Thus, with many, many suggestions being fore, I, too, urged Chairman MILLS to advanced to stimulate our economy, I sub­ he represents an~ take a fresh look at give serious consideration to scheduling mit that the r~quest . for t.l:le public to be the problems he must face if, after his heard on this vital issue is most reasonable leave period, ·his constituency chooses to such hearings at an early date. Under and would provide your committee with return him to office. previous unanimous consent, I include much valuable and essential thought on the I believe that this amendment would the remarks in my communication to intervening economic developments during serve the best interests of the country. him on February 10: this 8-year period. I most respectfully re­ CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, quest that this matter be given your HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, thoughtful consideration. Washington, D.C., February 10, 1961. With my kindest personal regards, I am Hon. WILBUR D. MILLS, Sincerely yours, Surplus Labor Areas Chairman, House Committee on Ways and . CHARLES . E. CHAMBERLAIN. Means, House Office Building, Washing­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS ton, D.C. OF DEAR MR. MILLS: Recently I introduced in the House H.R. 3647, a bill to repeal the Lithuanian Independence Day HON. CHARLES E. CHAMBERLAIN excise tax on automobiles and trucks-:-a proposal that I made in the 85th and 86th OF MICHIGAN · Congresses. EXTENSION OF REMARKS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES You know from our past correspondence OF Thursday, February 16, 1961 how strongly I feel that this tax discrim:. inates against the automobile industry and HON. WILLIAM W. SCRANTON Mr. CHAMBERLAIN. Mr. Speaker, its workers. However, I would like to re- OF PENNSYLVANIA unemployment among automobile work­ iterate my reasons: · IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ers in Michigan becomes more acute '!. It is discriminatory because it levies every day. This is an extremely serious a tax on automobile manufacturing that Thursday, February 16, 1961 problem in Flint, designated last week by is not levied on other general manufactur­ Mr. SCRANTON. Mr. Speaker, as the ing. While I recognize the need for Federal the U.S. Department of Labor as an area revenue, and that the automobile should pay Representative of Pennsylvania's lOth of substantial and persistent labor sur­ its share, I contend that the excise tax District-an area of the United States plus. As it has sought means to alleviate burden should be more equitably distrib­ which has been particularly blessed by this unemployment, the Flint City Com­ uted. its large Lithuanian heritage-! am most mission endorsed my proposal to repeal 2. The excise tax was levied as a temporary privileged to add my voice to those who the discriminatory automobile excise tax, measure d'l!l'ing the Korean war to put the will today salute Lithuanian Independ­ which would stimulate sales and produc-. brake on automobile production and utiliza­ ence Day. tion of cars, .and adopted unanimously, tion. The situation is now completely changed · and several of the automobile Perhaps this day has no significance on February 13, the following resolution plants in my district are temporarily closed more important than that it also gives requesting the chairman of the House and their employees are out of work. It is us pause to remember that Lithuanian Ways and Means Committee to hold time we take the brake off and take action independence is a past victory, long since heariilgs: to increase automobile production. warped by Soviet enslavement. The Whereas one in every six business firms in 3. The automobile industry is one of the Lithuanian people struggled bitterly for the United States is engaged in the auto­ cornerstones of our economy. Economists many years to gain their independence, motive field; and universally recognize the direct effect of this ollly to· h·ave it shut off behind the Iron Whereas one of every seven employed per­ key industry on our Nation's economic well­ Curtain. · sons in the United States works in a high­ being. way transport industry; and 4. The automotive industry is vitally re­ Americans, whatever their national Whereas many other business enterprises lated to many other industries such as steel, origins, ought to join Lithuanian Amer­ are dependent on the manufacture, distribu­ glass, rubber, leather, cotton, . and turpen­ icans today in a double pledge. tion, use, and servicing of motor vehicles; tine, to mention but a few. One out of · First, we must resolve that what the and every six business firms in the United States Communist system has done to Lithu­ Whereas the automobile industry, directly is in the automotive field--one out of every ania must never happen here in America. and indirectly, is the most vital force in the seven employed person works in a highway Second, we must remember always that American economy; and transport industry-a total of 10.4 million automotive jobs. Three-fourths of all auto­ Lithuania is not an integral part of the Whereas, exclusive of the present Federal Soviet Union, ·but· rather is -a captive excise tax, the automobile industry con­ mpbile trips are connected with people's tributes substantial tax revenues to the Gov­ jobs or business and professional work. nation. · Friendship between our peo­ ernment of the United States; and 5. The automotive tax represents multiple ples must forever be kept warm, and Whereas a repeal of the excise tax upon taxation at its worst. our hand must go out in sympathy to the manufacture of motor vehicles would 6. During the past few years it has been the brave Lithuanian people in their un­ stimulate sale of such vehicles and would increasingly dimcult for the American auto­ d.erstandable and very human desire to thereby immeasurably stimulate the econ­ mobile to compete with foreign-made cars. The excise tax aggravates this situation. once again be free. omy of the United States, of the State of Coming as it does so close to the sud­ Michigan and of the city of Flint: Now, 7. The excise tax has been removed or reduced with respect to most articles during den and untimely death earlier this week therefore, be it of Thomas F. Connor, a lOth District Resolved, That the City Commission of the the years since the war, but the automotive City of Flint does hereby express its unqual­ excises have been extended annually at their native ·who was the executive director ified support of House blll 3647, a bill now wartime rate for the past 9 years. of the Captive Nations Week Committee, pending in the U.S. House of Representatives 8. We are now hearing many suggestions Lithuanian Independence Day has ex­ which would repeal said excise tax; be it about possible solutions for unemployment traordinary significance for my constitu- further and aid to depressed areas. We should not ents this year. · Resolved, That this city commission does wait for our automotive areas to become fur­ Mr. Connor had dedicated himself and hereby request the Honorable WILBUR D. ther depressed when amrmative and remedial MILLS, chairman of the House Committee on action would correct a longstanding in­ his considerable talents to the cause of Ways and Means, to hold public hearings equity and also supply the necessary stimu­ putting the spotlight of world public upon House blll 3647 in order that interested lus to increase production. opinion on the plight of. the Lithuanian par~ies may testify as to the necessity. for . To ~Y mind, there is no doubt that this and the other captive peoples of the passage of said ~ill; be. Jt fu~ther tax sho-qld be repealed. Further, as no hear- world. 1961 CONGRESSIONAL·JlECORD_- HOUSE 2253 Americans from the lOth Congres­ !or construction mortgages provided by regu­ The real gain to the national economy lar lending institutions. Up to 90 percent will come only from the encouragement of sional District intend to carry on Mr. of the cost of construction can be covered, growth. For this reason, I believe_that Fed­ Connor's work. We urge all of our coun­ and the remainder o! the cost can be pro­ eral area assistance sbould be limited to trymen to join with us. vided by community development founda­ newly formed companies looking for a loca­ tions, another vehicle for local action tion and to the establishment of branch fostered in Maine and in the other New locations of existing companies~ Speaking England States. The principal advantage of for-you people, I know that we would prefer New Life for Distressed Areas this guarantee program is tha~ a company to .have a. branch of a strong company than need not put its own capitaf funds into the main plant of a company that was hav­ bricks and mortar. This program also has ing difficulty staying in business in its orig­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS aided in bringing into Maine a number of inal location. OF new industrial firms. - I al~o believe that my fellow Congressmen In spite of the availability of money at from the great industrial States of New Eng­ HON. F. BRADFORD MORSE reasonable rates, the promotional work of land .and the Northeast will agree with me, OF MASSACHUSETl'S our State's department of economic devel­ in that they do not wish to see the Federal opment, the efforts of our railroads and utili­ Governm~t b~come - a partner in the re· IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ties, and the direct interest of a number of moval of industry which is now providing Thursday, February 16,1961 industrial realtors, in State and out, we still jobs for their people. have vacant buildings and too high a rate of I am concerned also over the possible dis­ Mr. MORSE. Mr. Speaker, our New unemployment. It is in the hope that the sipation of considerable Federal funds and England States are among the hardest added stimulant of a Federal effort will pro­ energy in a vague program to bring industry hit by unemployment. In a recent duce even better results that I favor a na­ to poorly defined, underdeveloped rural speech, our distinguished colleague from tional area assistance program. areas. I recognize the fact thu.t there are Maine, Congressman PETER A. GARLAND, I am hopeful that Congress will act rural are~ · in which people do not· have promptly on area assistance legislation. The sufficient income by today's standards. But gave thoughtful voice to the problems legislation we enact should include a pro­ I am not convinced that they are all suitable confronting our own and other distressed gram of loans !or new industrial develop­ for industry. Nor am I convinced that there areas. ment, for the construction of new factory is to be such a sudden outburst of Industrial Under leave to extend my remarks in buildings, or for the rehabilitation of exist- activity that these new areas,-as well as the the RECORD, I am happy to insert Con­ . ing industrial sites. It should also include older ones, will be readily filled with branch gressman GARLAND's address: authority for loans for needed public facili­ plants and new companies. ties. Authority should be granted, more­ These two provisions contained in the pro­ SPEECH BY REPRESENTATIVE PETER A. GARLAND, over, .for the Federal Government to pro­ posals currently offered by and supported by REPUBLICAN OF MAINE, BEFORE THE Bmi:>E­ vide technical assistance to redevelopment the Kennedy administration sigl)al real dan­ FORD-SACO CHAMBER OF .COMMERCE INDUS­ areas so that local businessmen and com­ ger for Maine and New_England. New Eng­ TRIAL .BANQUET, WONDERBAR STEAK HOUSE, munity leaders may properly direct their land already faces severe -competition from WEDNESDAY FEBRUARY 1 8, 1961 efforts to acquire new business and new other areas of the country. Our transporta­ Perhaps the most pressing domestic prob­ industry. tion costs are high. We depend on other lem facing our Nation today is the large Several of the bills before Congress pro­ areas of the country for the raw materials number of chronically distressed communi­ vide in addition preferential assistance in needed in manufacturing. We are depend­ ties which sutrer from acute and per$istent obtaining Government contracts and in re­ ent wholly for our fuel supply ·on other unemployment. We all know from. our first­ ceiving industrial aid under the urban re­ areas of the country and abroad. - hand experience the devastating effect on the newal program. Several of the bills provide Moreover, we know from bitter experience economy of an area and the human suffering also for vocational retraining so that, for how the South was able to attract our textile that results from persistent unemployment. example, skilled textile workers can become industry away from us. I consider it. there­ Because of the closing down or transfer of proficient ·tn the new skills required by new fore, of vital importance that we eliminate industries, we have experienced right here industries. This would have a particularly from the final bill the provisions granting in Maine severe problems in many of our strong application right here in our Bldde­ aid to rural areas, none of which by the industrial communities. We have, in fact, ford-Saco area. bill's definition would be in New England fll,ced many challenging years during the These are all desirable provisions. I hope and the vast majority of which would be in transition created by the exodus of many of and expect that Congress will include all the South, antl ·that we include protectloli our once prosperous textile plants. of them in the bill it finally enacts, for against the use of Federal money to attract I know, too, of the frustrations that de­ together these proposals will provide an ef­ industry away from New England. velop as effort after effort to bring in new in­ fective means for the Federal Government While I strongly favor depressed area leg­ dustry to a depressed community fail, and 1 to stimulate economic growth and expan­ islation, I will fight any bill which contains know of the rebirth of hope th_at permeates sion, and thus to help crea-te jobs in areas these hazards to our economic welfare here all phases of community life when an indus­ of chronic unemployment. According to in Maine. try does locate in an area and people once the provisions of the bills, three communi· A Federal program for area assistance again have an opportunity to earn their own ties in our own State would be immediately which is designed to encourage and aid State livelihood. eligible for assistance. These are, of course, and local etrort can be one of the most im­ Clearly, Government has assumed a · more the Biddeford-Saco area, the Sanford area, portant contributions this Congress can prominent role in recent years in .creating and the Lewiston-Auburn area. make to the economy of our Nation-and opportunities for economic expansion. Ac­ Combined with the effective services al­ tivities of the Government affect almost particularly to the economy of older indus­ ready available at the State level, this Fed­ trialized areas like we llave in our State. every segm~nt of our Nation's economy. It is eral program ~ould be of immense benefit my conviction, therefore, that the Federal in all of theo\)e areas. The legislation offered Such a program, too, will help to revive hope Government has a responsibility and an ob­ by some of my colleagues, however, con­ in many communities now affected by heavy ligation to assist chronically depressed in­ tains certain proposals which are of deep unemployment. To rebuild these ~ommuni­ dustrial areas-to atrord an opportunity for concern to those of us from New England. ties, to provide new economic opportunities the citizens in those areas to regain economic The so-called Douglas bill, which has re­ f-ar their · citizens and to relieve personal security and opportunity. ceived administration backing, offers no hardship and suffering should be a prime I think we can all be proud of the pioneer protection against federally subsidized pi­ objective of the 87th Congress. efforts of the State of Maine to assist its rating of our industries, and secondly, it own depressed areas. Some 10· years ago, calls .for substantial amounts of assistance the legislature created the Development to rural areas, the vast majority of which Credit Corporation of Maine, through which are located in the South and none of which banks and other lending institutions have are located in-Maine or New England. Lithuanian Independence Day pooled funds .for use by new and growing Accordingly, I would like to see the use industries, otherwise unable to obtain nec­ of the loans for industrial redevelopment EXTENSION OF REMARKS forbidden in connection with the relocation essary capital. Considering the financial re­ OF sources available, our Maine corporation has of industry, regardless of the effect of such been doing a highly effective job, providing a move on the employment situation in the firm's original location. Very little, if any­ HON. JACOB H. GILBERT 74 individual business loans for a total of OF NEW YORK $2,186,283. In Cumberland County, we have thing, is gained for the national economy in the mere_ relocation of an industry. If IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES received 18 loans totaling over one-third of a company is strong, and a change in mar­ a million dollars, and in York- County we kets or raw material sources dictates the Thursday, February 16, 1961 have received 9 loans ior $138,000. necessity of a rel09atiop, it can usually Mr. GILBERT. Mr. Speaker, the 43d · Maine also was among ·the first of the make the move on its own. If it needs as­ States to form an industrial building au• sistance, there are plenty of facilities at anniversa-ry of Lithuanian independence thority and thus provide a State guarantee State and local levels available to it. -' is being comm-emorated today. 2254 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE February 16 It is regrettable that this cannot be a turned to Poland, hoping to carry on the attempt was made during those 24 years to happy occasion and that, instead, there fight for Poland's freedom. _But his ef­ revise the tax structure .. forts in behalf of .his countrymen were The cold facts are that any new and large is sorrow in our hearts for the coura­ spending programs Vlill have to be paid for geous people of Lithuania who are now unsuccessful, and he ended his career by the average taxpayer. If the Government enslaved by Soviet rule. in exile in Switzerland. · We solemnly were to confiscate all personal income over In 1918, after more than 100 years honor the memory of this great son of $10,000 (taxing that income 100 percent) it of oppression under Russian rule, the Poland, this gallant and · gifted soldier would provide the U.S. Treasury with $4.5 people of Lithuania declared their in­ for freedom. billion, or only enough to run the Federal dependence and established their Re­ Government for 3 weeks at the present spend­ public. During the few years of freedom ing rates. Or, if all income over $25,000 were confiscated by a 100 percent tax, the addi­ which followed, they proved their ca­ tional revenue would be $700 million or only pacity for wise self-rule, their industry Legislative Report· enough to run the Federal Government for and their willingness to make great sac­ 3 days. These facts should make it obvious rifices to maintain their freedom. How­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS that future increased tax revenues must be ever, this period of liberty was brought OF borne mostly by individuals of average in­ to a tragic end in 1940 when the Soviet come. Union brought the Lithuanians under its · '- HON. EL-FORD A. CEDERBERG As the various issues come before Congress, domination. Since then, they have been OF MICHIGAN I will welcome your opinions. deprived of their personal liberties and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES they have suffered cruel deprivations and Thursday, February 16,1961 unbearable hardships. It is to be hoped that the brave people Mr. CEDERBERG. Mr. Speaker, un­ Mioimum Wage Legislation of Lithuania will take comfort in the der leave to extend my remarks, I wish fact that our hopes and prayers are with to include my legislative report of Feb­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS them and that Americans and freedom­ ruary 15, 1961. It follows: OF loving people everywhere look forward We have intentionally delayed our first to the day when freedom will again be congressional report for this session because HON. ALFRED E. SANTANGELO theirs. of the slow pace of the new Congress. This OF NEW YORK is a normal situation because it requires time IN THE H.OUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES for a new administration to organize and Thursday, February 16, 1961 Tribute to Tadeusz Kosciuszko take over the reins of Government. The administration's program is beginning Mr. SANTANGELO. Mr. Speaker, 1 . (1746-1817) to unfold and much of its content was cov­ ered in generalities in the state of the Union have introduced today a bill to provide message. It is apparent that massive new coverage under the Fair Labor Stand­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS spending proposals will be presented in the ards Act for employees of large enter­ OF domestic as well as in the foreign fields. prises engaged in retail trade or service The President has stated that he plans and of other employees engaged in com­ HON. EDWARD P. BOLAND to confine his program within the frame­ merce or in the production of goods for OF MASSACHUSETTS work of the budget presented by President commerce, to increase the· minimum IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Eisenhower. This, in my opinion, will not be possible. There is every indication that ~age under the act to $1.25 an hour ..and Thursday, February 16,1961 we can look forward to budget deficits for for other purposes. Mr. BOLAND. ·Mr. Speaker, a large the years ahead. This bill is similar in all respects to number of volunteer fighters from Eu­ With increasing rapidity, task force reports H.R. 3935, the mini.inum wage bill spon­ on various issues are being presented. Al­ sored by Repres.entative JAMES RoosE­ rope took part in our War of Independ­ most every one of these reports requires ad­ ence, and many of them not only dis­ VELT, except that it eliminates the ex­ ditional Federal expenditures. What we need emption from the Fair Labor Standards tinguished themselves but rendered is a task force to study means of saving tax signal services for our cause. Among dollars. Act of hotel, motel, and restaurant em­ these soldiers of freedom, Tadeusz Kos­ I am convinced that the best long-term ployees employed in enterprises grossing ciuszko occupies a place of honor and solution to our economic problem IS" tax re­ $1 million annually as described in the distinction. duction, so that individuals can spend their bill. Consequently; coverage of mini­ This gallant and gifted son of Poland own dollars for consumer items, thus creat­ mum wage would be extended to hotel, ing more jobs. The automobile excise tax is motel, and restaurant employees. was born into a middle-class family on an example of a reduction that I feel would February 12, 1746. In his youth he The reasons for extending the cover­ be helpful to Michigan. age of the act follow: showed exceptional abilities, and par­ We must also become more. competitive in ticular liking for books. His parents world markets. Only by keeping the unit First. This class of employees is the did all in their power to gratify their cost of production as low as possible can this lowest paid in the country and is a de­ promising son and gave him the best be done. It will require vigilance and sacri­ pressed area in that respect. education they could afford. Upon the fice by both labor and management. Second. .The bulk of hotel, motel, and completion of his courses at the Royal I expect to oppose now, as I have in the restaurant workers are workers who do School in Warsaw, he was awarded a past, new large spending programs financed not receive tips. They are maids, house­ by deficit spending. There is ample evidence men, elevator operators, telephone op­ scholarship for study in France. He from the past that massive Government went to France and entered the famous spending is no long-term economic solution. erators, maintenance men, front office Mesieres school of military studies, spe­ There are some areas where already planned clerks, cooks, dishwashers, pantry girls, cializing in artillery and engineering. Government projects can be expedited; this checkers, and cashiers. This class of In 1776 while in Paris, Kosciuszko has merit and should be done. employe~s. · as well as tip workers, was heard of the American Revolution; at At this writing, it appears that withih the originally covered when the act was first once he saw his chance to fight for a framework of the above comments I may passed and was excluded in 1949 in order great cause. He gathered sufficient find it necessary to oppose, in whole or in to get the 75-cent rate for other em­ part, many of the proposals of the new ad­ ployees. They have not been covered money through his friends there and ministration. I am convinced programs from sailed for America, arriving in Philadel­ the Federal level requiring new or higher since and their state has grown increas­ phia in August. Immediately he applied taxes or increased deficits are not in the long­ ingly worse. for military service, of course was ad­ term best interests of our country. I will, Third. The tips of the so-called tip mitted and then charged with drawing of course, support some programs that I deem workers, though subject tp income tax, up plans for fo-rtifying the Delaware. to be a Federal responsibility and urgent in are not computed as wages for social se­ His success in this . first assignment nature. curity purposes. This creates an impov­ 'nlere has been considerable talk about erished group at the time of retirement earned him a colonel's commission, and closing tax loopholes. There is no doubt in 1783 he was made a brigadier gen­ that a general tax revi!3ion is necessary. I because of old age; for their social se­ eral. After having fought for our cause, believe it only fair to point out that since curity benefits· are baSed on their low and thus after seeing the successful 1932 the Democrats have been in control of wages, ·fa·r below the minimum wage set completion of his mission here, he re- Congress for 24 of those 28 years. No serious for other workers under the law. There- 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - . HOUSE 2255 fore, they require protection and should and restaurants .-indicates that much of Markets for State ·and Local Bonds come under the act. ' their. operations are involved with·inter­ · There is a great need fm• a minimum state purchases and services. In addi­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS wage law increase from ·$1 to $1.25 and tion people forget, when this argument the extension pf coverage. · The State is raised, that these workers were covered OF governments in the main have failed to by the Fair Labor Standards Act in the HON. THOMAS B. CURTIS act; consequently, our Federal Govern­ first instance and they were exempted OF MISSOURI ment must cure the eviL What is the from the provisions when the minimum IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES present situation with respect to the wage law was increased. A restoration minimum wage law? of their prior position would be equitable Thursday, February 16, 1961 · Approximately 20 million American and in view of the low standards of Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. Mr. workers are denied the protection of the earning power, Federal action with re­ Speaker, within our Federal system of minimum wage law in any respect.· On · gard to these workers should be taken. government the Constitution divides the a State level, we find 19 States have no Today, there are 7.6 million families responsibility for providing the services minimum wages whatsoever . and single individuals earning under of government between the levels of Five States have provisions for wage $2,000 a year. The-- Labor Department government. Looking at the position of boards, but they have not aded. Arkan­ estimates that a family of four requires the State and local governments in this sas, whose legislators inspired the Lan­ $4,680 per year to have a modest, but country, I believe we can see growing drum-Griffin bill, has a minimum wage adequate standard of living. This group burdens on these governmental units in law for skilled labor of 16 cents an hour. of employees does not make such a sum meeting the responsibilities which are Kentucky has a minimum wage law of and their earnings in many cases are properly theirs. I am sure that all the 40 to 50 cents per hour. Ohio, which supplemented by welfare payment or Members of this body have received let­ people believe is a progressive State, has governmental assistance. It would be ters which indicate that this is a serious a minimum wage of 70 cents per hour for better to raise the minimum wage so problem. hotels and restaurants, and 27 % cents that they can be self-sufficient rather This growing responsibility and the an hour for laundries, and $11 to $15 than receive the assistance of Federal means to meet it must be the concern per week for beauty parlors. Only 11 welfare. of this body just as it is the concern of States have minimum wage laws equal to A longstanding inequity is corrected the legislative bodies of our States, coun­ Federal standards. Therefore 39 States by this bill. ties, and municipalities. In recognition of our Union have substandard wage of this responsibility and of our concern provisions. The States have failed to act for it, I have today reintroduced a bill in this area and it behooves us on a Fed­ which I believe will be of substantial ben­ eral level to fill the vacuum. Lithuanian Independence Day efit to our State and local governments Excluded from the protection of the in finding the means by which they may Fair Labor Standards Act are all our EXTENSION OF REMARKS meet their responsibility. This bill domestic workers, the employees in agri­ OF would broaden the market for the bonds culture, forestry, and fishel'ies; 97 per­ of these governmental units by attracting cent of employees in the retail trades; HON. HAROLD C. OSTERTAG the investable funds of the country's 80 percent in the services as in hotels, OF NEW YORK investment trusts into the market for restaurants, and laundries; 56 percent in IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES them. These investment trusts of which I construction, although by bargaining ar­ Thursday, February 16, 1961 rangements, they can take care of them­ speak are those in which a number of selves ; 34 percent in finance, insurance, - Mr. OSTERTAG. Mr. Speaker, today, relatively small investors join, giving and real estate; 30 percent in wholesale February 16, 1961, marks the 43d anni­ them the capital as a group to acquire a trade. versary of Lithuanian independence. strong and well-rounded investment The objections to the minimum wage This is a day that should be honored by portfolio. Together with this opportu­ law are based upon the mistaken belief every American who holds sacred the nity to diversify the shareholders' in­ that an increase in the minimum wage ideals upon which our liberty and inde­ vestments, these investment trusts also will bring about infiation, cause unem­ pendence were established. allow the individual investor with only ployment, bankrupt industry. History This day is to serve as a reminder to us moderate amounts to invest to go into of previous increases in the minimum of the events of February 16, 1918, when fields normally open only to the very wage law and the experience in the ad­ a significant chapter was written in the large investors. One of these areas in ministration belie these objections. age-old story of man's searches and which large investors dominate the field A study of the Department of Labor struggles for freedom and justice. No is that of State and local bonds. made in 1954 showed that the increase finer example exists, of a people valiantly At present there is little incentive for of minimum wage to 75 cents in 1950 did pursuing this search, than the Lithua­ the investment trusts to be represented not cause unemployment. Rather it re­ nians. Foremost in their minds and in the demand for State and local gov­ tarded it. It demonstrated that the in­ hearts is the goal of na:tional independ­ ernments' bonds. While the interest crease to 75 cents per hour from 1938 ence. from these bonds is tax exempt to indi­ to 1951 brought about an increease in It was on this day, 43 years ago, that vidual purchasers, this attractive feature the level of wages by 171 percent; where­ the Republic of Lithuania, following is not passed through the investment as in high wage employment, the in­ the example of Latvia, and preceding company to its stockholders, however. crease was 121 percent, and the increase Estonia by only a few days, declared her­ They .must pay the full tax rate on in­ in manufacturing wages increased by self to be free of the ancient Russian come which comes to them from the in­ 148 percent. This report showed no loss tyranny; 22 years later this freedom vestment trust whether the pool from of employment and very few bankrupt­ was brutally betrayed by a new tyrant, which this income is drawn comes to the cies, even in the South. The U.S. De­ the late Josef Stalin. investment company from tax exempt partment of Labor reported that the rise But the memory of freedom continues. sources or others. The company itself from 75 cents to $1 per hour did not Subjected to savage persecution under does have the benefit of this tax exemp­ result in an increase in the consumer the iron heel of Communist tryanny and tion but, because there is no provision for passing this benefit along, these price level, nor the wholesale pr~ce level. terrorism, Lithuanians have never lost A study at Cornell showed that the in­ hope of ultimate victory. The spirit of bonds do not attract investment trust crease to $1 per hour did not contribute independence has not been crushed, but funds. to price infiation. lives on to inspire new hope that the The bill which I introduced today day of liberation is near. would provide this passthrough feature Another objection raised against the And so on this day, it is fitting that and would improve the market for State extension of minimum wage to hotel, we join with all friends of Lithuania and local bonds. This would not be the motel, and restaurant workers is that and of other oppressed nations in solemn enactment of a new tax exemption, but these employees are not engaged in fn­ recognition of the noble cause of liberty, rather it would make the existing ex­ terstate commerce. The volume of bUsi­ and for the spread of truth and freedom emption more effective in accomplish­ ness conducted by these motels, hotels, everywhere. ing the purpose for which it was created. 2256 CONGRESSIONAL , RECORD- HOUSE February 16 Nor would this measure result in any We in New York are proud of WNEW, the B:ble, history, biographies, good litera­ substantial loss to the Federal Govern­ its management and its staff. The Na­ ture. He learned well from the . examples ment; little tax revenue is now realized tional Conference of Christians and and great. lessons found there: Most im­ portantly he learned bow to apply these from the requirement that stockholders Jews is also to be congratulated for the lessons in the public domain. For the in investment t·rusts pay taxes on the recognition that it has given to a job people-all the people everywhere. portion of their dividend income dei-ived well done. " Do we know his name?" Well, we could from investment of trust funds in State note the t ribute in the report of the Lincoln ·and local bonds because these organiza­ Sesquicentennial Commission published re­ tions have not, for the reasons stated, cently. It has .193 pages. In the introduc­ invested in them. The effect of this bill Lincoln's Moral Strength tion we read, "February 12, 1960, marked the be conclusion of one of the most extraordinary would to make these securities attrac­ tribut es to an American leader ever under­ tive to these pooled investment funds EXTENSION OF REMARKS taken by the people of this Nation and our and provide a market for the state and OF neighbors throughout the world." local bonds without substantial detri­ · We could tell about the hundreds of ment to the Federal Government. HON. BRUCE ALGER statues and monuments built to his memory Capital improvements by the State ·oF TEXAS and found all over the world where people love liberty. The one in our Capital City is and local governments are usually fi­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES nanced through borrowing, through the visited by more people than any other shrine Thursday, February 16, 1961 in the world; last year over 3 million people use of bonds such as those to which this were given some kind of political and spirit­ bill would apply. We can foresee an in­ Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, it is not ual lift as they entered that classical temple crease in the need for these capital im­ common practice to make public the you can see here in the District of Columbia. provements as the proper responsibilities proceedings of the House prayer break­ It seems, in a mysterious way, to preserve of the local and State governments grow. fast group. However, this week, in hon­ some of the noble spirit of this humani­ By opening these channels of financing oring the birthday of Abraham Lincoln, tarian. there is a great benefit to the govern­ a special message on "Lincoln's Moral In addition, we could point out that there Strength" was given us by our colleague, have been trillions of postage stamps printed mental units concerned, and to the citi­ with his picture on them and used to carry zens of the country. FRED SCHWENGEL, of Iowa, and I am sure messages of love and other communications During the years in which I have been all of you would want to share these all over this world. Over 6,000 books and interested in this proposal and have thoughts. I am, therefore, including it periodicals have been written about him. sponsored it in the Congress, I have been as a part of my extension: Why do so many m1llions from everywhere contacted by a wide range of individuals LINCOLN'S MORAL STRENGTH show so much interest in him and take him now as a personal treasure? and organizations which recognize its (By Hon. FRED SCHWENGEL) It is, I believe, because they feel that he merits. These include organizations in On the left portico as you enter the Ar­ had a philosophy and ideals that should be the municipal and county government chives Building here in Wasl"lington, D.C., placed everywhere in the world. They ad­ and educational fields, economists inter­ you read: "The heritage of the past is the mired how he led a. nation which held out ested in the problems of State and mu­ seed that brings forth the harvest of the fu­ so much hope for so many through its most nicipal finance, and other groups--such ture." We, in America, have a great heritage difficult and challenging time. They ap­ from which to draw inspiration and which proved the firmness with which he contended as the American Farm Bureau Federa­ needs cultivation by all of us, but none that tion and the Council of State Chambers with secession and the political and spiritual is better or can be more fruitful than the clashes in a civil war. A war that produced of Commerce. heritage we have in Lincoln. a valor and sacrifice that has never been In view of the important job which Lincoln once said, "All that I am or ever equaled in the history of mankind. our State and local governments have to hope to be I owe to my angel mother." They are moved by his almost unbelievable do in providing for the needs of our citi­ Rosemary Benet has written some interest­ patience in dealing with the vicious and con­ zens and the problem which exists in fi­ ing lines that introduce both this angel flicting attitudes of people about slavery. nancing their activities, I urge considera­ mother and her illustrious son, with some After reading and learning about the birth tion of this bill. questions that are moving and have great of a nation, the great foundations upon appeal: which liberty is built, and convinced that our "NANCY HANKS forefathers in the Declaration of Independ­ "If Nancy Hanks ence and the Constitution, gave us a system Came back as a ghost, and an ideal that must be preserved and pro­ National Brotherhood Award of the Na­ Seeking news moted, he concluded that the situation de­ tional Conference of Christians and Of what she loved most, manded that reason and commonsense must She'd ask first prevail. It dictated clearly that saving the Jews to Radio Station WNEW Where's my son? Nation must be his first goal, and 1! need be What's happened to Abe? his sole objective; correcting the errors and What's he done? mistakes in law by the people at that time, EXTENSION OF REMARKS in part or in whole, should ·be his second OF Poor little Abe, objective. Left all alone Clinching his argument with the observa­ HON. JOHN V. LINDSAY Except fqr Tom, tion that you don't take the body to save Who's a rolllng stone; OF NEW YORK the arm. He was only nine With his country in the desperate struggle IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The year I died. for survival, with a new political party I remember still Thursday, February 16, 1961 which had not yet been tried, a party that How hard he cried. still lacked deep convictions and unity of Mr. LINDSAY. Mr. Speaker, it has Scraping along purpose, with the demands of abolitionists on just come to my attention that radio In a little shack, one hand and the problems of the border station WNEW in New York City, for With hardly a shirt States on the other, this man assumed the the second consecutive year, has been To cover his back, most demanding and awful responsibilities awarded the National Brotherhood And a prairie wind ever placed on the mind and conscience of To blow him down, any political leader in the history of the Award of the National Conference of Or pinching times human family. Christians and Jews. No other radio If he went to town. As we look back now to that tragic experi­ ence in our history we wonder: or TV station has been so honored. You wouldn't know When WNEW received this same How he could resist the clamor to let the About my son? erring brothers go; award in 1960, I mentioned it to the Did he grow tall? With all that was said and done by re­ House by an insertion in the RECORD and Did he have fun? spectable people, how he could continue am pleased to do so again on this oc­ Did he learn to read? to have faith; casion. Did he get to town? And, from whence came the will to resist Do you know his name? the terrible temptation to be vindictive? This station has consistently and con­ Did he get on'? " How and where did he get such abiding spicuously set the highest standards of In answer to these suggestions we might faith in the people? morality and decency in an extremely say: ye.s, Nancy, he learned to read. He read Where ·did he get the keen and invincible important field of endeavor. what you would have wanted him to read- conviction about the last best hope of earth? 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE 2257 Where did he find the idea that "right . On his trip to Washington, stopping often Because we know it is worth while to give makes might"? en route to address the people, he felt the attention to his homelife, we might say that Where did he develop the patience that need to testify to his faith in a way that this, too, was the husband and father whose was necessary to deal with the shortcomings would-help his people understand the gravity homelife was torn by strife and dissension of strong and important men, the under­ of the situation and to prepare them, with and the tragic death of two children. standing to direct a p~litical party and to him, to carry the ship of state through some ·Yet, it is not for us, now or ever, to judge control his opposition? perilous times. At Cincinnati he gave this Mary Todd Lincoln. The heart of a wife and How did he get to know the validity of needed quote, "Under the providence of God, the heart of a husband can best be known t he Christian virtue to be charitable to one's who has never deserted us, we shall be broth­ only to themselves, and what a woman says enemies? ers again." to a man or what a man says to a woman Where did he learn about the simple elo~ In Columbus, expressing his faith in the should often, as the ancients knew, be writ~ quence he used to sway people? people, he said, "I look to the American ten on the wind. It will become us better In answer to all these questions, we should people and to that God who has never for­ to remember that Mary Todd and Abraham point out that his two mothers must re­ saken them." Lincoln sat fondly holding hands in a dark­ ceive much credit. The record reveals and With an admonition to the people at Buf­ ened box in Ford's Theater on the night of confirms that he inherited from Nancy, his falo, he said, "One must trust in that Su­ Good Friday; 1865. mother, his abillty and his great heart. His preme Being who has never forsaken this But this, too, was the President-the Presi~ education was initiated by her and his an~ favored land through the instrumentality dent and Commander in Chief--devoted gel stepmother help~d him so much in so of this great and intelligent people." above all else to preserving the Union "with many ways. From both he learned to love At Trenton, catching the spirit of his the dignity, equality and rights of the sev­ mercy, do justly, and walk humbly. patron saint, George Washington, he pledged eral States unimpaired." So he said; so he From the reading and thinking that they that, "I shall be most happy indeed if I shall did. inspired and encouraged he developed a · be a humble instrument in the hands of the And in so doing, he brought freedom to great moral strength, a faith, and devotion Almighty and of His almost chosen people the enslaved. As he wrote in his Annual to ideals, without which, as he once indi­ for the perpetuating of the object of the Message, following the Emancipation Proc­ cated, he would fail, and with which he great struggle." lamation: "In giving freedom to the slave, could not fail. At Philadelphia, that city of brotherly love we assure freedom for the free, honorable Many books have been written about the and the cradle of liberty, sensing a need for alike in what we give and in what we pre­ many other early associations and influences supreme sacrifices, he offered what an as­ serve." in his life that helped him grow mentally sassin's bullet was to take on that fateful day in April 1865, when he told those people, "I Supported in this objective by the aboli­ and spiritually. tionists, yes, but fought by them every step In the record are accusations about his be­ have said nothing but that I am willing to live by and, if it be the pleasure of God, to of the way, for moderation was a word they ing a nonconformist. In many ways he was never knew. He counseled with them pa~ that. For instance, he didn't belong to a die by." We know the circumstances under which tiently when. he could; he blocked. them church, but this did not indicate immaturity ruthlessly when he must, fondly hoping that and spiritual poverty. What he said and did Lincoln had to travel on the last leg of his trip to Washington. in time they'd learn, fervently praying that shows him to have been a man who had a they'd learn in time. trusting, deep, religious faith-a faith that Having arrived on the scene and taken the oath of office, it then became his obligation While agreeing with Grant in his objec~ had content-a sturdy, religious content. tive in the closing days, he sometimes ques­ Historians have estimated that his spoken to apply his convictions about things that dealt· with morality and to take command tioned the method but he had learned when and written record adds up to over a.million he was a boy that you "never cuss a good words. It seems to me that in his own record of a tragic situation in Government, and to put things in proper perspective for himself ax." He tried to keep up with Grant, study­ we find revealed best his humanity, his ing tactics late into the night but night greatness, and his moral strength. What he and for the Nation. In the ensuing 4 years, he did this mag­ and day studying human nature as well; was and believed is better expressed by him~ taking time out for needed laughter and self than by someone else trying to tell about tlificently-applying the admonition of him who preached a gospel of love. He demon~ humor; writing with a wry smile to a it. woman who had asked him for a sentiment When asked about belonging to a church, strated throughout this whole period that true humility is a great virtue in adversity. and his autograph: he replied, "When any church will inscribe "DEAR MADAM: When you write to a over its altar, as its sole qualification for Knowing that no doctrine, faith or knowl­ edge is of value to man except as it stranger for something which is of interest membership, the Saviour's condensed state­ only to yourself, always enclose a stamp. ment of the substance of both Law and bears fruit in action, he kept pressing toward There's your sentiment and here's your auto~ Gospel, 'Thou shalt love the Lord thy God his goal, of union a.nd liberty-revealing al~ ways a rare kind of courage, wisdom, and graph. with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, A. LINCOLN." and with all thy mind, and thy neighbor, as goodness. There are so many evidences of his great And, finally, most Americans will recog~ thyself,' that church will I join with all my nize this was the martyr, the martyr to the heart and all my soul." understanding of the other man's problems, his willingness to go the extra mile, to turn Union, to freedom and to peace. Lincoln had Having said that he, through word, deed, the other cheek and to be a friend to man; a presentiment of death all his life, but and example, set about to show his approval but none better, it seems to me, than when never more strongly or clearly than on the of the church's activities. He attended morning of April14. Yet he knew that death church regularly. He paid $150 to join the he went to call on Gen. George Pickett in Richmond to renew an old friendship, dat~ was not the worst of life, that defeat was Methodist Missionary Society in Washington, ing back to when George Pickett lived in not the worst of failure, that not to have D.C., and spoke kindly and often about the Quincy, Ill., and Mrs. Pickett was to re~ tried to do his best was failure and in his great and good influences of the church. member always that afternoon at the war's relentless trying to preserve this Union, for His simple statement of faith and assur­ end when she answered a knock at the door us and forever, he achieved one of the great­ ance that solemn day in Springfield, Feb~ of her home. She opened it to find a tall est successes in all recorded time. ruary 11, 1861, when he was bidding his stranger standing there in the shadow of It was America's darkest hour since Valley neighbors and friends goodby bears repeat­ the porch, asking her if George were at Forge when they carried him out of Ford's ing. Recognizing the load he was to assume home, ma'am? Theater and into the little Petersen House as greater than that of George Washington She replied that George wasn't and across lOth Street and Dr. Charles Leale, 23 he said: wouldn't be for some time, but might she years old, assistant surgeon, U.S. Volun~ "Without the assistance of that Divine Be~ ask who the visitor was. The tall man in teers, who had been the first to attend ing who ever attended him, I cannot sue~ the frock coat, stovepipe hat in hand said him when he fell, sat through those long, ceed. With that assistance, I cannot fail." simply, "Just an old friend of George's black night hours and the long, gray morning While he was yet a candidate the first time, ma'am; just an old friend from before the ones that followed holding tightly to the in 1860, he let himself be used as a prophet war." With that he turned and stepped out President's hand, knowing, as he was to write and expressed his complete willingness to be into the sunlight and walked slowly down later, that reason and recognition occasion~ used as God's servant in government, saying: that Richmond street, leaving Mrs. Pickett ally returned to the affiicted at the moment "I know there is a God and He hates in~ to the startled realization that the Presi­ of departure and wanting the President to justice and slavery. I see a storm coming. dent of the United States had come to call. understand in his blindness that he was in I know His hand is in it. If He has a place The President of the United States. Abra~ touch with humanity and had a friend. and work for me, and I think He has, I be­ ham Lincoln was that, of course, he was, So it was that George Pickett's old friend lieve I am ready. I am nothing, but truth but really a great deal more than that. For from before the war himself had a friend at is everything-! know I am right because I this was a man of many parts, all of them hand when the long war years were over. know that libe~ty is right, for Christ teaches human and most of them great. This was Abraham Lincoln, politician, hus­ it and Christ is God." Arguing and making decisions with a firm~ band and father, President and Commander This became his acceptance speech for the ness in the right as God gave him to see in Chief, martyr for all mankind. He was a office of President. He made it before he was the right, he made many difficult and right man of such dimensions that he made all even nominated. So, none was needed after deCisions. And, if he stated a reason, he others seem small, though he would have the nomination. Has anyone or could any- did it clearly, using effectively the art of been the very last to wish to do so. Those one make a better one? · friendly persuasi'On. dimensions were not merely physical, not 2258 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE February 16 just the 6 feet 4 of him or the gaunt, bony duced many progressive social and eco­ Such was the evidence of the spirit frame of him, but tbe greal soul and heart nomic legislative measures, and in a short of the Lithuanians which has persisted of him as well. time Lithuania became a respected mem­ For-this was the Bible-reading, pondering, through the ages. Independent minded, praying lad come out of the wilderness, ber in the family of nations. Un­ freed()m loving, they have maintained following a prairie star, filled with wonder at fortunately, however, the new state was their traditions and their ideals despite the world and its Maker, who all bis life, boy not in position to weather a major inter­ all repression. Their belief in the in­ and man, not only knew the 23d Psalm but, national crisis, for in the ensuing world alienable rights of men to national in­ more importantly, knew the Shepherd. turmoil of the late 1930's its independ­ dependence and individual freedom has Now, in 1961, it seems possible that we ence was seriously endangered. In the endured. shall never see his like again. This is a fall of 1939, it was forced into a non­ sobering thought, but it should be a kindling Lithuanians the world over, I am sure, one, for upon us now, as a people, has been aggression pact with the Soviet Union, look to the peoples of the free world laid parhaps the greatest responsibility any and in the summer of 1940 it was in­ to share in their effort to realize again nation was ever asked to shoulder, yet cer­ corporated into the Soviet Union. their ideals. We in the United States tainly not greater than we can bear. Our Since then Lithuanians have not are proud to cheer this spirit, this hope, days are no longer than were Lincoln's, our known freedom. Today they remain im­ this determination. Lithuanian endur­ nights are no darker, and if there is any dif­ prisoned in their homeland, behind the ance is inexorably grounded in the ference between his time and this, it lies in Iron Curtain imposed by the Kremlin. hearts of her people, and holds the prom­ the tremendous advantage that is ours, that They are thus cut off from the outside he stood so tall before us. ise of recapturing her rights and free­ And, if there is need for more evidence that world, and they are forbidden to move dom. May her endurance be rewarded he understood the Sermon on the . Mount, out of the country. There they are and her hopes fulfilled. that he had great moral convictions to guide forced to work for their heartless task­ and inspire us today, it can be found in that masters, the agents of the Soviet Union, second inaugural address. There we find at and they continue to pray for their free­ least 18 references to the moral lessons found dom. We in the free world observe the Presidential Prayer Breakfast in the Good Book, ending with just 72 words celebration of their independence day in the last paragraph. They are an eloquent, and hope that they attain their cherished elevating, and an everlasting reminder of national goals of freedom and inde­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS what should be our national and interna­ OF tional goal and policy. pendence. .. With malice toward none; with charity HON. W. J. BRYAN DORN for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to Lithuanian Endurance OF SOUTH CAROLINA finish the work we are in; to bind up the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Nation's wounds; to care for him who shall Thursday, February 16, 19.61 have borne the battle, and for his widow, and EXTENSION OF REMARKS his orphan-to do all which may achieve and OF Mr. DORN. Mr. Speaker, our distin­ cherish a just and lasting peace, among our­ guished Vice President, the Honorable selves, and with all nations." HON. WILLIAM B. WIDNALL LYNDON B. JOHNSON, made a superb ad­ Seventy-two words; fifty-nine of them one OF NEW JERSEY syllable words; twelve of them two syllable dress to those gathered for the Presi­ words and one three syllable word-its name IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES dential Prayer Breakfast at the May­ is charity. Thursday, February 16,1961 flower Hotel, Thursday, February 9. It With these few words he testified to his will be remembered in history as truly love for mercy and to his trusting belief in Mr. WIDNALL. Mr. Speaker, under the Beatitudes. Charity seems to be the leave to extend my remarks in the a classic: central theme-Is there anything that Amer­ RECORD, I wish to pay tribute to the peo­ PRESIDENTIAL PRAYER BREAKFAST ica and the world needs more today? ple of Lithuania. Today's celebration To this generation of public men, God has Clearly, with this utterance, he reached of this 43d anniversary of Lithuanian entrusted the care o! great powers. With the summit of forbearance and love. It independence is indicative of the spirit those powers, we can do God's work on this may be true that not all of us have or can of Lithuania throughout its long his­ earth. Or we can put asunder all that God reach the genius of his devotion and human­ tory. The joy of the occasion. though has wrought. ity, but we can try. Nothing could give us veiled in sadness, is a joy deep and abid­ Such .alternatives demand of us the high­ better assurance for the attainment of a est order of responsibllity. We can have no grander national purpose for ourselves and ing. It is the more triumphant because real sense of responsibility in our public for the world. · of this very sadness. We are celebrating lives until we have a very real spir it of the endurance of a people despite all reverence in our private lives. vicissitudes. These times often require responsible pub­ Today Lithuania is named among the lic men to forget their politics--but never Lithuanian Independence Day captive nations of the Soviet Union. But permit them to forsake their prayers. Every this superimposed blanket of Soviet au­ public .servant is tallest on his knees. EXTENSION OF REMARKS thority only thinly veils the independent It is appropriate that we remind ourselves spirit of Lithuania which refuses to be of this as we do today. OF smothered. This spirit of Lithuania In recent months, our Nation has reexam­ ined and reaffirmed the principle of sep­ HON. EDNA F. KELLY has endured despite all efforts at domi­ aration of church and state. We cherish OF NEW YORK nation. that principle and the protection it affords IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Nor is this true only of the Lithuania for the integrity of each man's soul. I of 43 years ago. There is a centuries­ am sure the principle has no stronger de­ Thursday, February 16, 1961 old record of Lithuanian resistance to fender than the man who sits with us as Mrs. KELLY. Mr. Speaker, through­ subjugation. The Lithuanian people President of the United States. out the 19th century, for more than 100 have remained an entity for more than But we need to remember that the sep­ years, some 3 million devout and patri­ 1,500 years, and this in the face of cen­ aration of church and state must never mean otic Lithuanians worked and prayed for turies of onslaught from east, west, and the .separation of religious values from the lives of public servants. In our Nation's the day of their deliverance from czarist south. early years, William Penn warned that, " If oppression. At last they saw their Forty-three years ago Lithuania we will not be governed by God, we must be cherished dream come true in 1918. emerged as an independent "democra­ governed by tyrants." If we who serve free When the czarist regime in Russia was tic republic." The Lithuanian nation men today are to differ from the tyrants of overthrown, the Lithuanians saw their of the 20th century, which had burst this age, we must balance the powers in chance for freedom and proclaimed their the bonds of tyranny from without, was our hands with God in our hearts. national independence on February 16 determined to admit no tyranny from America need fear no man who fears God­ of that year. within. The Constitution of 1922, which and the nation that fears God need fear no man. The man who first held the ofilce For about two decades they enjoyed followed the liberation of 1918, guaran­ I now hold-John Adams-put it this way: their newly won independence. They teed to the Lithuanian people freedom .. Ask me not, whether I am a Catholic or formed a democratic form of govern­ of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom Protestant, Calvinist, or Arminian. As far ment, rebuilt their war-ravaged country, of religion, and freedom of communi­ as they are Christians, I wiSh to be a fellow revived their national institutions, intro- cation. disciple with them all." 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE 2259. We live in a world where free men wor­ put into circulation almost a billion dollars I saw its impact on worker& and their fam­ ship in many dl.1ferent ways. But insofar of purchasing power to buy the necessities ilies. We cannot ignore their plight. as they worship a power greater than the of life. And this purchasing power would The need to minimize the harmful effects state, we wish to be fellow disciples with be paid out to the largest number, and of unemployment led Congress to establish them all-upholding together the cause of therefore at its highest rate, during the an unemployment insurance system 25 years freedom on ttrls earth. early months of the program, when it will ago. By that action, Congress recognized It is for the ultimate triumph of this high be most beneficial to our economy. that there is a national interest in providing calling and joint labor that we "pray with­ The President recognized the importance adequate income maintenance for the unem­ out ceasing." In our prayers, as public men, of this program in his February 6 letters ployed. The Employment Act of 1946 further let us follow the injunction of the early when he stated: "• • • The costs and ef­ established the responsibility of the Federal American clergyman who told his flock: fects o! mass unemployment arising from a Government in assuring high levels of em­ "Do not pray for easy lives. Pray to be national recession clearly reach across State ployment and the adoption of policies stronger men. Do not pray for tasks equal lines. The problem is national in scope, and making for greater stability in the economy. to your powers. Pray for powers equal to the Federal Government has the responsi­ I am convinced that the enactment of H.R. your tasks." bility for taking action as soon as possible 3864 would be an important step in the right to meet it. That is why I propose this tem­ direction; it would on the one hand meet the porary program as a first step. The exten­ needs of the workers and their families, and, sion of the unemployment compensation pro­ on the other, would help to create and sus­ Secretary of Labor Goldberg Urges gram will permit 3 million workers to receive tain a demand for the goods and services benefits totaling about $950 million." available under our economy. Prompt Action To Extend Unemploy­ It is unnecessary, I am sure; for me to Briefly, H.R. 3864 provides for federally ment Benefit Payments belabor the need for this program. financed additional unemployment compen­ As we all know, unemployment in this sation to each unemployed worker who has country has assumed serious dimensions. exhausted his rights, equal to 50 percent of EXTENSION OF REMARKS We are experiencing high levels of unem­ the benefits provided him by State law, up to OF ployment not only because we are now in a maximum of 13 times his weekly benefit a recession, but because we have had a amount, that is, 13 weeks for total unemploy­ HON. THADDEUS M. MACHROWICZ gradual rise in unemployment, apart from ment. Where a State after the effective date OF MICHIGAN recessions over the last decade. Our re­ of this program has paid unemployment ben­ covery from the 1958 recession was anemic efits to the individual under its law in excess IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and incomplete. As a matter of fact, each of 26 weeks for total unemployment, the Thursday, February 16, 1961 of the last three recessions began with a Federal Government will reimburse the State. volume and rate o! unemployment higher Whether by reimbursement to the State or Mr. MACHROWICZ. Mr. Speaker, than at the outset of the preceding reces­ by the payment of Federal benefits to the the Secretary of Labor, the Honorable sion. This is shown by a few comparisons individual, the total payable out of Federal Arthur J. Goldberg, testified before the of present unemployment and exhaustion funds may not exceed a maximum of 13 Committee on Ways and Means Wednes­ figures with those of recession year 1958. times his weekly benefit amount !or the day, February 15, on the administra­ There were almost a million more persons duration of this program. Nor will Federal tion's proposal for immediate enactment unemployed in January 1961 than there funds be used for payments with respect to of legislation providing a temporary ex­ were in January 1958. In January 1961, 5.4 an individual if any such payment would tension of unemployment benefit pay­ million workers were without jobs; at about bring his total benefits (Federal and State) the same time in 1958 about 4.5 million with respect to a benefit year, including ex­ ments. The Secretary very effectively were unemployed. Even more serious is the tended duration, to more than 39 times his presented the case for immediate action fact that about one-half million of today's weekly benefit amount. on this legislation. insured unemployed have already ex­ The provision for reimbursement is in­ I was also very pleased to note that hausted their rights to unemployment com­ cluded in recognition of the action taken by the Secretary plans to submit in the pensation, and we estimate that by April some States in providing more than 26 weeks very near future proposals to strengthen 1, 600,000 workers will have exhausted their of normal or extended duration to some or our permanent unemployment insurance compensation and will still be unemployed. all workers. Without such a provision, these system. This is more than the entire population of States would be placed at a disadvantage. Seattle, Buffalo, or Memphis. In the 12 since they would have assumed the cost Under leave to extend my remarks, I months following April 1 at least another burden of long-term unemployment that am inserting the full text of Secretary 3 million workers are expected to exhaust would in other States be met from Federal Goldberg's statement on this legislation: benefits before they get jobs, of which about funds. In addition, reimbursement would help replenish the reserves of those States STATEMENT OF ARTHUB J. GOLDBERG, SECRE­ 2.4 millions are expected to draw extended benefits under this program. For the same which have had heavy compensable unem­ TARY OF LABOR, BEFORE THE HOUSE COMMIT• ployment. TEE ON WAYS AND MEANS ON H.R. 3864, THE months in 1959-59 there were only 2.7 mil­ lion exhaustees, of which on the basis of The Federal extended benefits under the "TEMPORARY EXTENDED UNEMPLOYMENT bill would be payable promptly; that is, for COMPENSATION ACT OF 1961," FEBRUARY 15, the 1958 experience about 75 percent, or 1961 over 2 million workers, would have drawn weeks of unemployment beginning as soon as 15 days after enactment of the legislation. I appreciate the opportunity to appear be­ TUC benefits if the program had been in effect in all States for this period. Workers who had exhausted their benefit fore this committee to urge prompt and fa­ rights after October 31, 1960, and are still vorable consideration of a proposal, H.R. The latest statistics with respect to claims for unemployment insurance attest to the unemployed would be entitled to the tempo­ 3864, that would carry out a part of the rary benefits. The program would remain program recommended by the President growing seriousness of the problem. During the week ending February 4, 496,000 initial in full effect for approximately a year, that earlier this month to alleviate the distress is, until the end of March 1962. Individuals arising from unsatisfactory performance of claims were filed, and during the week of January 28 insured unemployment reached who had filed a claim and who had been our economy and to stimulate economic found entitled to extended benefits by that recovery and growth. 3.4 m1llion, 1.1 million higher than for the same period last year. date, however, could draw their benefits for The legislation embodied in H.R. 3864 weeks of unemployment beginning after was more specifically recommended by the Clearly the current situation is grave enough to warrant immediate attenticn. April 1 but before July 1, 1962. President to the Congress in letters of Feb­ Benefits and reimbursement would be paid ruary 6 transmitting the bill to the Presi­ Unemployment statistics are a measure of personal hardship as well as economic cost. only in States which enter into an agreement dent of the Senate and the Speaker o! the with the Secretary of Labor. The State may House. It would establish a temporary Fed­ Unemployment in our modern industrial so­ ciety has a direct and immediate impact on choose to enter an agreement only to act as eral program that would operate during the agent for the United States in the payment present recession period to provide extended the worker affected and his family. It un­ of the emergency Federal benefits; it may unemployment benefits for workers who dermines the spirit of the worker. It destroys enter into an agreement providing only for have exhausted their rights under State his ability to maintain a decent standard of living for his family. Equally important are reimbursement to the State for benefits paid laws and to asstst; the States in meeting by it in excess of 26 weeks; or it may enter the exceptional problems currently posed by the destructive effects of unemployment on into an agreement providing for both. The the rapid rise In the number of long term the economic health of our communities and agreement wlll be very simple, designed to unemployed. the Nation. Workers suffering a wage loss assure that the statute is complied with and While H.R. 3864 is of course only a part due to unemployment cannot sustain de­ that the Federal funds are safeguarded. It of a broader program, it is a very crucial mand for goods and services produced by our will, in fact, be very much like the agree­ part of this program. In fact, I believe economy. ments now in effect between the State em­ that I can scarcely overstate its importance This I have seen at firsthand. As you ployment security agencies and the Depart­ in meeting the needs of the unemployed know, at the direction of the President, I ment of Labor under which Federal benefits and providing purchasing power to those took very recently a trip to several States are paid to Federal employees and ex-service­ who will use it. This program wm quickly with heavy unemployment, and everywhere men. 2260 CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD ·-· HOUSE' February 16 If all the States enter into agreements, the ployment Security Agencies in its 1960 re­ seen their way clear to make· any modifica­ costs of. this program, it is estimated, would port recommended.that States increase their tion in the $3,000 limitation. Only six States be about ·$950·million. These costs would be tax base, but recognized that a number of have done so, and, with o:n.e exception, they financed initially out of general funds of States will not do so due to economic com­ have acted only in a very modest manner. t:l;) Treasury. Ultimately, however, they petition between States and the awaiting, of Four of the ·six have a taxable wage base of would be financed out of proceeds of the Federal action for a uniform base and rate $3,600, one of $3,800, ahd one 'of $7,200. Federal unemployment tax, which would be for all States. In this circumstance it is It seems clear that faced by this kind of returned to the general funds of the Treas­ again fitting for the Federal Government-­ hard choice in maintaining even the present ury. Thus, the cost of financing the pro­ this Congress-to take the initiative in rais­ largely inadequate benefit levels; States have gram would be spread among employers in ing the taxable wage base so as to enable little opportunity to rebuild.reserves or im­ all the States. Since no State is a self-con­ the unemployment compensation system prove their benefits. Benefits remain inade­ tained economic unit, we should not except more effectively to achieve its objectives. quate and reserves depleted and declining, a St ate to carry alone the crushing burden The financing problems encountered by even while a diminishing percentage of pay­ of long-duration unemployment. This is es­ many States even before 1958 have been ac­ rolls is subject to tax. An increase in the pecially so when the causes of prolon ged un­ centuated by the brief interval between the Federal base would afford the States an op­ employment cross State lines. The proposed 1958 and 1961 recessions, as well as .by the portunity to approach the problems of in­ financing would pool the risk and costs of fact that unusually high benefit costs due adequate reserves and benefits in a more recessionary unemployment, which is more a to heavy unemployment have tended in realistic manner. While it is true that the National than a State problem. recent years to become normal in some States could, in fact, offset the increase by There is another advantage to financing States. The continued existence of an obso­ adjusting their tax rates, it is highly un­ the program in the manner proposed by the lete $3 ,000 limitation, by limiting the re­ likely that the financial capacity added to the bill; namely, that Federal benefits can be sources of the system, has contributed sub­ permanent Federal-State unemployment in­ paid promptly in all States, since no State stantially to these problems. Let us take surance system would go unused in most legislative action would be necessary in order Michigan for example. It received a title States. Adjustments will be made, in vary­ to do so. Speed in putting the money made XII advance from the Federal unemployment ing degrees in different States. But the available by the program into the hands of account in 1958. In 1960 it had an average States have long recognized the possibility, the unemployed is a significant factor in State contribution rate of 2.9 percent with if not the probability, of action by. the Fed­ the program's value as an emergency anti­ a maximum rate of 4.5 percent. Yet, it was eral Government in this area, as is evidenced recession measure. able to increase its reserve by only $~5 mil­ by the provisions in 27 State laws providing The cost of the program proposed by the lion, while its benefit costs exceeded $147 for automatic adjustment of the State wage bill would be substantially met out of the million. What happened in Pennsylvania is base to conform to any change made under increased revenues resulting from the pro­ also enlightening in this regard. Pennsyl­ the Federal Unemployment Tax Act. posed increase in the wages taxable under vania received a title XII advance in 1959. It has been suggested that raising the tax the Federal Unemployment Tax Act. At Although its average State contribution rate base would destroy experience rating: In present the taxable wage base under this act for 1960 was about 3.1 percent, with a maxi­ my opinion, increasing the tax base will pre­ is $3,000. It is proposed to increase it to mum rate of 4 percent, its reserve declined serve and make experience rating more ef­ $4,800, effective January 1, 1962. This would by $7.6 million, while its benefit costs ex· fective. With a higher tax base, it is possible produce additional Federal revenues through ceeded $265 million. to have a wider range of tax rates for indi­ fiscal year 1966 of about $695 million, or an If there had been a $4,800 taxable wage vidual employers to more adequately reflect annual average approximating $172 million. base in each of these States, in Michigan their individual cost experience. In this These receipts, combined with the additional about 42 percent, and in Pennsylvania about way, experience rating with the higher tax revenues resulting from the recent 0.1 per­ 32 percent, more wages would have been base can yield the same income and, at the cent increase in the Federal unemployment subject to taxation. This would have en­ same time, more realistically reflect costs of tax will make it possible to cover the cost of abled them with the same rates to have sub­ individual employers to the system. the program proposed by H.R. 3864 by the stantially increased their reserves. As wages have continued to increase un­ end of fiscal year 1966. The total Federal un­ A State confronted by mounting benefit evenly among employers in the States and employment tax income, after paying all em­ costs can, of course, raise its rate, even be­ taxable wages have been frozen at the $3,000 ployment security administrative costs, Fed­ yond the common 2.7 percent maximum rate. ceiling, inequities have grown up. There eral and State, including the costs of the A State may also, on its own, increase its tax has been much discussion-and great con­ proposed program, would be sufficient also to base, or combine an increase in the base with fusion-with respect to whether these in­ build up a balance in the Federal unemploy­ an increase 1n rates. It is important, how­ equities would be decreased or increased by ment account for advances under title XII ever, that these alternatives be considered raising the tax base as this would affect low to States which are in financial difficulty. realistically. When State reserves have gone wage paying, high wage paying, stable and The balance would be increased by the $225 down. the pressure has generally been for unstable employers. We believe that these m111ion of outstanding title XII advances to an increase in maximum rates, rather than inequities would be reduced. the States which will have been repaid by for an increase in the tax base. This has Since the Federal tax is at a flat rate, the then. been based on the false assumption that un­ inequity that would be created by a further · Apart from its role in financing the emer­ stable, high-benefit-cost employers are also increase in the tax, without an increase in gency program, an increase in the taxable low-wage employers. To the contrary, I the tax base, is clear. This inequity can be wage base has the further advantage· of be­ need only mention such industries as con­ simply 1llustrated. For example, employer ing a long overdue improvement that would struction, steel, automobiles, as examples of A pays $3,000 to each of his employees· and assist in augmenting the capacity of our high-wage industries whose benefit costs are employer ' B pays $4,800 to each of his em­ present unemployment insurance system to high. But there is a practical limit to how ployees. Each has 100 employees, so that do a better job. Only about 60 percent of far such increases may go. To the extent employer A's payroll is $300,000 and em­ covered wages are now being taxed. Com­ that a State cannot, or will not, raise the ployer B's is $480,000. If the tax rate were pare this with the 100 percent subject to maximum rate beyond this ·limit, the burden increased to, say 3.3 percent instead of the tax when the system was established, and must be shared by all employers, including present 3.1 percent, the new increase of 0.2 the 97 percent subject to tax when the $3,000 those who would otherwise be entitled to percent ($600 for both employers A and B) limit was established in 1939 for the purpose lower rates. This could result in the suspen­ would mean that the rate of increase in the of achieving the technical advantages of con­ sion of experience rating, as it has in four taxes on employer A's total payroll would be forming the wage base of the Federal unem­ States, or even a uniform rate above 2.7 per­ 0.2 percent, while the rate of increase on ployment tax to the wage base of the old-age cent. Thus, when the problem is met face e]11ployer B's total payroll would be only and survivors' insurance tax. to face, increasing tax rates will affect all 0.125 percent. In other words, an increase The Federal unemployment tax has a employers just as will increasing the tax in the rate of the Federal unemployment function in the Federal-State system aside base. tax, whatever it may be, will fall more heavily from raising Federal revenues. It was this An increase in the tax base, however, has on industries payilig $3,000 or le~s than on tax and the credit allowed against it that proved a particularly difficult step for the industries paying more than $3,000, if the overcame the States' original reluctance to States to take. Although the $3,000 limita­ tax base is left at $3,000. pass unemployment compensation legisla­ tion has long since lost the original reason Before concluding, I should like to stress tion, out of fear primarily of interstate for its existence, and bears no logical re­ the fact that over the years the unemploy­ competition. lationship to anythi.ng in particular, it has ment insurance program has made a great The States generally have been just as re­ become institutionalized by inaction. Partly contribution to the cou try. Four out of luctant--and largely for the same reason­ because of its long continuation, partly be­ five wage and salary workers are now pro­ to increase the taxable wage base above cause an increase in the tax base potentially tected by the system. It has poured billions $3,000. In New Jersey, for example, the at least touches all employers, partly. because o! dollars into the economy, when consumer State legislature has not enacted a necessary of the haphazard advantages and disadvan­ purchasing power has been threatened by increase in the tax base although the State tages, real or supposed, which have grown up loss of wages during periods of heavy unem­ advisory council and the Governor have for on both sides of the arbitrary $3,000 figure, ployment. During the postwar period, an 4 years recommended such an increase. and partly because of the operation of ~hese average of $1.5 . billion per year has been Moreover, the benefit financing committee very same considerrutions in inhibiting paid out .in benefits to over 5 mtllion unem­ of the Interstate Conference of State Em- changes in other States, very few States have ployed wc,>rke:rs. In 1958 alone, 8 miJlion 1961 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD- HOUSE 2261 workers received $4 billion through unem­ I hope, continue to be a symbol in their subject has estimated thaj; this giveaway ployment insurance. Nevertheless, it is nec­ hearts of the worthwhile efforts they program, and I call it that advisedly, could essary at this time that a temporary Federal have made and will continue to make in well cost the American consumer more than· program be enacted. Temporary Federal $100 billion over a 20-year period. This is programs do not constitute either an ade­ their fight for ·freed01ll . . the estimate of a man who ha.s given con­ quate or desirable approach to the long-term I join with all the Members of this siderable time and thought to this matter. needs of our Federal-State unemployment House in honoring those who strive for I refer to Senator RusSELL B. LONG of Louisi­ insurance system. The very necessity for freedom and fervently hope the day will ana, chairman of the Senate Small Business such temporary programs merely serves to soon come when Lithuania will have true Committee's Subcommittee on Monopoly .1 highlight the fact that our Federal-State independence. I think that those who favor having pri­ system is not doing the job that it was vate concerns acquire the patent rights to designed to do and that it must do in the inventions and discoveries resulting from the future. As the President pointed out in his expenditure of public funds for research and message of February 2: development have adopted a "public-be­ "It would be a tragic mistake to embark Address on Government Patent Policies damned" attitude . . upon a Federal supplemental program by Congressman Bernard F. Sisk, of The Government has not taken a con­ geared to the present emergency without sistent position on this matter. Some de­ strengthening the underlying system. A - California, Presented to the Federal partments and agencies follow one policy, mere stopgap approach ignores the ro~e our others follow another. The Department of permanent unemployment insurance system Bar Association Defense, the Post Office Department, and the was designed to play, and establishes in­ National Science Foundation give away all stead a precedent for falling back on tem­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS commercial rights to the firm doing research porary remedies whenever the system is really OF for the Government. A cont1·ary policy is needed." followed by the Atomic Energy Commission, Pursuant to the President's recommenda­ HON. JOSEPH E. KARTH the National Aeronautics ap.d Space Admin­ tions, we are presently engaged in working OF MINNESOTA istration, the Department of Agriculture, the out details of proposals that will strengthen Department of Health, Education, and Wel­ our permanent unemployment insurance IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES fare, and the Federal Aviation Agency. system. I hope to have an opportunity to Thursday, February 16, 1961 There are those who say that as between discuss these proposals with the committee the Departmeht of Defense and the Atomic in the very near future. Mr. KARTH. Mr. Speaker, our col­ Energy Commission, two of the Govern­ · With the committee's permission, I would league, Congressman BERNARD F. SisK, ment's greatest spenders of public funds, like to submit a set of tables giving per­ presented to a conference of the Federal the patent policies followed by DOD are the tinent data on unemployment insurance. Bar Association in Philadelphia on Feb­ correct ones from the standpoint of the The other measure before 'the committee, ruary 9 an outstanding statement on the national interest and the national economy. H.R. 3865, which will provide aid to chil­ There is a man who is well acquainted dren who are in need in families where a subject of the ownership of patents aris­ with the procurement practices of ·both. parent is unemployed, will be discussed later ing· out of ·Government-financed re­ agencies. He is · Vice Adm. Hyman G. today by Secretary Ribicoff. This measure search. Rickover, the · "father of the nuclear sub­ as well as H.R. 3864 will be of great assist­ Congressman SisK's views on this marine." What does this man have to say ance to the unemployed. I hope you will . matter are important because as a mem­ about it? give both of them favorable consideration. ber of the Committee on Science and He says, "When the Government bears all or nearly all of the cost, where the facilities Astronautics and before it, the Select belong to the Government, and where the Committee on Astronautics and Space Government bears all the risk, the people Lithuanian Independence Day Exploration, he has given much study should own the patents. The American peo­ and thought to the patent policies of the ple are spending their money for the Federal agencies. research and development. Therefore, the EXTENSION OF REMARKS . I believe his remarks to be ·so impor­ patents should belong to them." s OF tant that I request they be printed in the I have heard it said by those who favor an opposite policy that many contractors won't HON. WILLIAM T. CAHILL CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SO that we all do business with Government agencies which may have the benefit of them. insist on retaining title to inventions and OF NEW JERSEY The remarks follow: IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES discoveries resulting from Government-fi­ ADDRESS BY CONGRESSMAN BERNARD F. SISK nanced R. & D. contracts. Frankly, gentle-· Thursday, February 16, 1961 Members of the Federal Bar Association men, I think that's a lot of hogwash. Mr. CAHILL. Mr. Speaker, it has and guests, it is a pleasure for me to appear The Federal Space Agency is spending hun­ been 21 years since the Soviets first oc­ before such a distinguished audience. I do dreds of mlllions of dollars on research and so with the hope that I wlll not wear out my development. Soon this investment will cupied Lithuania. We in the United welcome before I am through. grow to billions. I've still to hear that the States, who have enjoyed freedom, can For a. layman to address himself on Gov­ Nation's space program is being hampered sympathize more than any other people ernment patent policies before an audience by inab1lity to obtain suitable contractors with the Lithuanian people because we such as this, including as it does attorneys, to do the work. On the contrary. When can recognize better the tremendous and especially patent attorneys, and contractors, the Space Agency recently held a briefing brave struggle they have maintained· is a somewhat hazardous undertaking, I for prospective bidders for study contracts throughout the years against the tyranny have been told. It is especially hazardous, on Project Apollo, 88 firms attended the con­ I w~ advised by colleagues in Washington, ference. .They all knew what NASA's patent of the Soviet Union. poli.cies were. They all knew that the Gov­ It gives me a great deal of pleasure to when the position taken favors the Govern­ ment claiming title to all inventions result­ ernment would probably retain title to in­ join with my colleagues in the House of ing from Government-financed research. ventions and discoveries resulting from the Representatives in noting the 43d anni­ Some of my colleagues went so far as to Apollo project. Did that scare them off? versary of the independence of the urge me not to appear before your group. It did not. Lithuanian people. Each year the Con­ They remarked, "Their minds are all set. Ernest W. Brackett, NASA's procurement gress of the United States pays tribute You're not going to change their views one chief, had this to say: "Some companies to the bravery, courage, faith, and pa­ iota. You'll just be wasting your time." have objected te NASA's patent policies and Well, I don't think I'll be wasting my time one large concern, General Electric, pro­ triotism of the Lithuanians. vided that no contract would be accepted We note this important day as a com­ and if you're willing to listen to me, I'm glad to have this opportunity of talking to unless. it was approved by the president of memoration of the steadfastness of the you and explaining my views on this very the company and possibly some other offi­ Lithuanian people throughout the world thorny problem. I told my colleagues in cials." "But," he added, "I have just ap­ and encourage them to continue their Washington: "The people I'll be addressing proved two contracts with GE, so I gather fight against the Communist philosophy. are all practical men. They're accustomed they're not refusing to do business with us." We recognize· the admirable struggle to straight-from-the-shoulder talk, so I'm Similarly, the AEC is spending tremendous which has been carried on and sympa­ sure they won't be offended, or surprised, if sums in the field of atomic energy. Its thize more than any other peoples with I give it to them straight with both bar­ the courage of these people. · rels." And that's just what I intend to do. 1 CONRGESSIONAL RECORD, VOl. 106, pt. 7, I think it's a public scandal the way the pp. 9215-9228. in This ceremony the Congress of the Department of Defense, through its patent ~ . Patent .Policies of Government Depart­ United States serves as a useful weapon policies, gives away property rights which be­ ment and Agencies,1960: Conference on Fed­ in bringing to the attention·of the world long to the Government and. through it, to eral Patent Pollcies, Senate Small Business the struggles of the ~tliuanians and will. the American public. One authority on the Committee, Apr. 8, 1960, p. 2. 2262 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE February 16 patent policies are similar to those of NASA. duced to practice by subcontractors vests stated compensation. Whose property was Have these policies hampered the AEC in its in the company."" the 'process and machinery' to be when de­ work? · Is that being consistent? veloped? The answer would seem to be Admiral Rlckover says flatly: "I have never The Boeing Airplane Co. · has a similar inevitable and resistless--of him who en­ had a single case where the patent provision policy. Frank L. Dobbi~, director of mate­ gaged the services and paid for them, they of the Atomic Energy Act influenced a com­ riel, told the Senate Small Business Com­ being his _in<;Iucement anG. compensation, pany not to undertake Government R. & D. mittee April 24, 1959, that the company they being not for temporary use but per­ work. • • • We have had no difficulty in receives royalties on developments resulting · petual use, a provision for a business, a the Atomic Energy Commission getting con­ from the use of Boeing funds. fac111ty in it, and an asset of it, therefore tractors, large and small, to do research and He stated: "We have gotten out and got­ co11;tributing to it whether retained or development work. In fact, many of them ten other people to develop something and sold." are constantly urging us to give them such then claimed a royalty on that, or claimed In 1927 a U.S. district court held that work." 3 a patent on.that • • *"o where an employee of the Public Health Now, we cannot expect everyone to agree The same is true of Western Electric. Service made a discovery or invention while with us, but we can at least ··hope that those This firm informed the Defense Department employed to conduct experiments for the who are opposed to our views are at least on February 16, 1960, that while the Bell purpose of making it, his invention was the consistent in _the position they take. Telephone Laboratories do most of the re- property of his employer, the United States. Are those privat.e concerns which favor re­ . search, developmental, and experimental This was the decision in the case of the taining title to inventions and discoveries work of . the Bell System, where it is neces­ United States v. Houghton (D.C. Md.; 1927, resulting from Government-financed re­ sary to subcontract, title is requested of the 20 F. 2d 434), affirmed in 1928 by the Fourth search and development following a con­ subcontractor. Circuit Court of Appeals (23 F. 2d 385). sistent position in the policies they endorse? President H. I. Romnes stated: The . following year, in 1929, the courts Or, to put it another way, what happens "Western Electric, in the course of its pinned the matter down stm further. In when they spend their own money on re­ manufacturing and supply activity, has oc­ Ordnance Engineering Corp. v. U.S., the search and development instead of the Gov­ casion to procure some incidental research, court held that a Government contractor ernment's money? developmental, or experimental work from may occupy the same position as a Govern­ Well, now, that's an interesting question outside companies. Its policy is to acquire ment employee with respect to rights in which you and I might profitably look into. title to resulting inventions." 7 an invention made at the Government's Let's rephrase the question so we'll all be Still another concern, this time the giant direction and expense. The U.S. Supreme clear as to what we're talking about. When a General Dynamics Corp., advised the Defense Court in effect sustained the lower court's private concern subcontracts some of its Department on February 12, 1960, as follows: ruling by refusing to review the decision. own research and development on which it is "With respect to the matter of contrac­ (67 C. Cls. 301, cert. denied, 302 U.S. 708.) spending its own money, does it permit the tors' inventions under nondefense research, Now it is true that while private industry subcontractor to retain title to inventions development, and experimental contracts fi­ has not been consistent in its approach to and discoveries resulting from such work? nanced by this corporation from its own this problem, neither has the Federal Gov­ funds, it is the policy of our operating divi­ ernment. The Federal Government has no A well-known former official of General sions to seek to acquire title to these Motors Corp. was once reputed to have stated overall policy on patents and various agen­ inventio'ns." s cies have differing policies. that what is good for General Motors is General Dynamics' vice president and good for the Government. But it would ap­ But what is significant, to my point of chief counsel, Roger I. Harris, disclosed that view, is this: Where the Government has pear that this does not necessarily follow in this policy was followed by its Convair, the field of patents. taken a definite stand and legislation has Electric Boat, Stromberg-Carlson, and Gen­ been enacted, the Congress has provided The general comisel of GM informed the eral Atomic Divisions. Defense Department on January 21, 1960, that the Government shall own the patents David F. Doody, patent counsel for the resulting from work it has financed. that--and I quote-"When the corporation Hughes Aircraft Co., which also hews tO finances research and development work to The trend ori Capitol Hill has been in that this double-standard policy, informed the direction. As recently as July 7 of last year, be performed by others in connection with Defense Department on January 27, 1960, its commercial operations, it ordinarily ex­ President Eisenhower signed into law an act as follows: ' "to encourage and stimulate the production pects to get rights with respect to any inven­ "It is the policy of this company to ac­ tions made in the course of the work." 4 and conservation of coal in the United States quire title to inventions conceived or first through research and development." This Could this so-called double-standard pol­ reduced to practice by a contractor or his act prohibits, with one exception, participa­ icy be widespread in industry? From what employees in the performance of any work tion in research unless all patents, informa­ I have been able to gather, it is. under our own nondefense contracts sup­ tion, and developments resulting from it are Many companies apparently believe that ported by company funds involving re­ available to the public. The only permissi­ when they invent something with Govern­ search, development, or experimentation." ble exception is in cases in which the Secre­ ment money, they (the companies) should I could cite other instances, but it would tary of the Interior finds that imposition of retain title to the invention, but they do serve no useful purpose. It is apparent that the public availability requirement would not hew to this policy when the shoe is on many contractors feel that what is sauce be inconsistent with national defense.0 the other foot. When subcontractors make for the goose is not necessarily sauce for I, therefore, believe that the patent policies new discoveries while performing research the gander. of the Atomic Energy Commission, the space and development programs for the prime Now, the law holds that when an employee agency, etc., are in accordance with the contractors, with the prime contractors' of the Government invents something while policy established by the Congress and not funds, many of these companies will not working for the Government, his invention in accordance with the patent policies permit their subcontractors to retain title. becomes the property of his employer, the adopted by the Department of Defense, Another example of adherence to this Government. The law also holds that a which has been left free to set its own rules. double-standard policy is the Martin similar master-servant relationship appar­ Although the Government has not estab­ Company. When the Martin Co. obtains ently exists when a contractor handles an lished an overall patent policy, both Demo­ an R. & D. contract from the Defense De­ R. & D. program for the Government. cratic and Republican administrations have partment, the company can retain all This master-servant, or employer-em­ recognized the need for some affirmative commercial rights to inventions and discov­ ployee relationship goes back to common action. eries resulting from the contract. But law. The common law in this respect has In 1947, Attorney General Tom Clark sub­ what happens when the Martin Co. gives been strengthened by the Peck and other mitted a report in which he recommended a. subcontractor an R. & D. contract to cases. that "where patentable inventions are made be paid for out of its own funds? Does the In 1926, in Standard Parts Co. v. Peck in the course of performing a Government­ subcontractor retain commercial rights to (246 U.S. 59) the court held: financed contract for research and develop­ inventions and discoveries resulting from "By the contract Peck engaged to 'devote ment, the public interest requires that all such a contract? It does not. his time to the development of a process and rights to such inventions be assigned to the On December 31, 1959, the Martin CO., machinery' and was to receive therefor a Government and not left to the private own­ 1n response to a request for informa­ ership of the contractor." to tion from the Department of Defense, wrote 6 Hearings of the Senate Small Business Clark cited some of the advantages that Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Philip Subcommittee on-Monopoly, "Patent Policies would accrue to American industry and the LeBoutillier, Jr., as follows: of Departments and Agencies of the Federal public from Government ownership of "When the Martin Co.'s own funds are in­ Government-1959," p. 448. patents, as well as some of the disadvan­ volved, title to inventions conceived or re- 6 Hearings of the Senate Small Business tages that would be avoided by such a policy. Subcommittee on Monopoly, "Small Business a Patent Policies of Government Depart­ Participation in Defense Contracting," 1959, e H. Rept. 1241, 86th Cong., 2d sess; ments and Agencies; 1960: Conference on p. 170. 10 U.S. Department of Justice: Investiga­ Federal Patent Policies, Senate Small Busi­ 7 Files of the Senate Small Business Com­ tion of Government Patent Practices and ness Committee, Apr. 8, 1960, p. 4. mittee. Policies. Report . and Recommendations of 4 Files of the Senate Small Business Com­ 8 Files of the Senate Small Business Com­ Attorney General to .the President, vol. 1, mittee. mittee. p. 4. 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE 2263 · I would like to list them 'for you. The value ·of Government R. & D. con­ shares in the royalties which industry re­ 1. "Public control will assure free and tracts in building \lP a company's know­ ceives from non-Government applications. equal availability of the inventions to Amch·­ how, with resulting profit to it in the fu­ Representative Harris B. McDowell, Jr., of ican industry and science." · · · · ture, is well illustrated by what happened Delaware, told the House March 15, 1960, 2. It "will eliminate any competitive ad­ during tpe war wl,len Raytheon developed that the British Government has been doing vantage to a contractor chosen to perform radar for the Navy. this for over 50 years. He added: research work." A Raytheon official was quoted in the Wall "The Vickers Viscount, developed under 3. It "will avoid undue concentration of Street Journal of June 10, 1959, with making Government contract, has returned enough economic power in the hands of a few large this frank acknowledgment: "Today we're to the British treasury to pay off the origi­ corporations." . a leading producer of commercial ship radar, nal research cost and yield a profit. Jet 4. It "will tend to increase and diversify the basic know-how for which we gained engines have proved to be a profitable in­ available research facilities within the frmn the Navy work." vestment for the British Government." 17 . United States to the advantage of the Gov­ He further stated: "We always benefit I am confident _that Government owner­ ernment and of the. national economy and from military R. & D. inasmuch as it per­ ship of patents would rebound to the ad- . will thus strengthen our American system mits us to maintain a large, well-rounded vantage of both industry and the public. Now, the question' is raised·, if the Gov­ of free competitive enterprise." w · scientific and engineering· staff. · From their research efforts, we derive a preadth and ernm~nt takes title to thousands of patents In 1956 Attorney General Herbert Brownell resultmg from federally-financed R .' & D. also expressed concern over the concentra­ 'Clepth of technical knowledge that we would not be able to achieve solely from commer­ . wor~. what will it do with all the patents? tion of economic power in the national I h ave touched upon this briefly already. economy. He warned that, and I quote, cial R. & D." H Similarly, A. E. Raymond, senior vice presi­ I wou~d like to say further, however, that "Present patent policy may well be one of there are various courses that could be the major factors tending to concentrate dent qf the Douglas Aircraft Co., gave Gcv­ adopt~d to insure exploitation of the patents economic power." 11 ernment R ..& D. work the credit for furnish­ ing Douglas with the know-how that made for the benefit of the national economy. I The Comptroller General of the United am not prepared at this time to express an States, Joseph Campbell, has also stated the it possible later for the company to build the DC-8. He stated: "If we hadn't had the opinion on any of them, but I would like to case for Government ownership of patents. note in concluding that Senator LONG is ad­ In a letter March 10, 1960, he advised Chair­ military experience, we couldn't have built it at all." l G vancing an interesting solution to this man EMANUEL CELLER of the House Judiciary problem. committee as follows: Another argument made in opposition to having the Government retain control of He plans to introduce soon in the Senate "The circumstances that the work was a Federal Inventions Act which will pro­ sponsored and financed by the Government patent rights to inventions perfected with public funds is that the Government will not vide, among other things, that the Govern­ and performed for the express purpose of ment acquire title to all inventions and accomplishing research and development in exploit the patent and it will therefore serve no useful purpose, whereas, on the other scientific and technical information result­ the particular field seems to afford persua­ ing from public-financed R. & D. programs. sive reasons for urging that, in addition to hand, if title is left in private hands, the -invention will be used for the advancement Senator LONG's bill would establish a Fed­ the right to the free use of any inventions, eral Inventions Authority to administer improvements, or discoveries resulting there­ of American industry. . Well, that sounds convincing if you assume Government-owned patents. from, the Government should retain the In closing, may I be frank with you. I ~ee property rights thereto, • including any the premises are correct, which they are not. very little chance that Congress will take In the first place, if title to an invention or patents that might be granted therefor." u any affirmative action this year on revision Various arguments have been raised by discovery rests with the Government then it is open to use by any American of the patent policies of the National Aero­ opponents of Government control of bu~iness­ nautics and Space Administration. In fact, I patents. Let us analyze a few of. them to man, large or small, who wishes to avail question whether any such legislation will . determine whether they have merit. himself of its benefits. · even be approved by the committees which One argument has been that the Govern­ On the other hand, there is no assurance have jurisdiction. ment doesn't pay enough profit to com­ that if the patent rights are left in private The trend in Congress is toward enact­ panies performing research and develop­ hands it will be exploited at all. In fact, ment of legislation requiring Government ment work and it is therefore unprofitable warns Senator LoNG, the contractor may sup­ ownership of patents resulting from Govern­ press the invention. for them to accept Government contracts ment-financed R. & D. work. And that is unless patent rights to new discoveries can He states:· the way it should be. be held by the contractor. "There is no obligation on the part of the Thank you for listening. Admiral Rickover has pointed out, how­ eontractor to exploit the patent or to make ever, that Government contracts provide the invention. available for use by others. cpncep1;s with large additional sums of He may even suppress the invention if this would serve his economic interests, with the money for R. & D. work. Recog·nition for Gen. Douglas MacArthur "In essence," he stated, "Government­ result that technological improvements fi­ financed research and development sub­ nanced with public funds would be denied sidizes . and augments their own research . to the public to serve a private interest." 1a EXTENSION OF REMARKS and development efforts, and so enhances In conclusion, it is my strong belief that OF their competitive position. These com­ the Government should (1) establish an panies realize that in order to stay in busi­ overall policy on patents resulting from re­ HON. THOMAS B. CURTIS search and development work financed with ness, to be healthy, to prosper, they must OF MISSOURI P:Ublic funds and (2) that policy should pro­ do research and development work. The IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES very fact they constantly keep urging the Vlde for Government ownership of such Government to give them more research and patents. Thursday, February 16, 1961 development contracts despite the sup­ The patent policies of all Government posedly low profit rate is ample proof of the agencies, especially the Department of De­ Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. Mr. Speak­ great value they attach to obtainil1g such fense, should be brought in line with such er, I have today introduced a joint reso­ contracts. OUr. large corporations are more a policy. Incidentally, it is interesting to lution which would confer on General aware of the desirability of doing Govern­ note that the .military departments made a of the Army Douglas MacArthur the ment research and development than the practice before World War II of retaining rank of General of the Armies. I would small companies." w title to inventions and discoveries resulting like at this time to join my voice to those Rickover commented also that companies from R. & D. contracts financed with public funds. that have been calling for this recogni­ should spend more of their own money and tion of America's foremost military in this way build up their position through Will Government control of patents have their own efforts. In that case, he added, an adverse effect on industry? It has leader of recent years. the patents would belong to them without not in such a highly industrialized country This does no ·discredit to the other question. as Great Britain, where the patent rights leaders whom our Nation has honored for work financed by the Government belong with the five-star rank of General of the entirely to the Government. There, the Army or Admiral of the Fleet. It singles 11 Report of the Attorney General on Re­ Government licenses industry and even search and Development, pursuant to sec. out General MacArthur as the most out­ 708 standing military genius of the galaxy of (e) of the Defense Production Act of u Wall Street Journal, June 10, 1959. Re­ 1950, as amended, Nov. 9, 1956, p. 42. fine military and naval leaders which printed ~n CO,NGRESSIONAL RECORD, June 19, l.!! CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, Mar. 15, 1960, p. 1959, pp. A5307~A5309. this country· produced to lead her forces. A2320. 15 Wall S_treet Journal, June 10, 1959. Re­ I shall not trace .the meteoric rise of Mac­ 1a Patent Policies of Government Depart­ printed in CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, June 19, Arthur in his military career nor his ments and Agencies, 1960: Conference on 1959, pp. A5S07- 9. Federal Patent Policies, Senate Small Busi­ 18 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, VOl. 106, pt. 9, 17 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, vol. 106, pt. 5, ness Committee, Apr. 8, 1960, p. 3. pp. 11450-11459. p. 5689. 2264 CONGRESSIONAL' RECORD -HOUSE February ·16 military successes; these are well known . This · situation applies also in other man from leaving his sack ·out of sight. to a grateful Nation. metropolitan areas. Rural localities Great ·stress was laid on the ·necessity It gives me .great pleasure to join the have but one deliver.y each day. They for such laws· and regulations. Now, gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. do not need any more. I have lived in under the order, postmasters are au­ MARTIN] in calling for the elevation of a rural district where-there is no de­ thorized to · make relays to ·business Douglas MacArthur to the rank of Gen­ livery and where the people do not want places or well protected porches of resi­ eral of the Armies. one. "Going for the mail" is the most dences. enjoyable of daily rituals. But, it is in In the entire Brooklyn, N.Y., post of­ the cities that our former service must fice which is a $21 million oflice show­ be restored. ing every indication of reaching the $40 H.R. 4442 A breakdown of the Department's cur­ m:illion mark, there is a total of 35 car­ tailment order will show too many rier stations. In my district, there are EXTENSION OF REMARKS changes that would prove damaging to exactly eight of these stations. In the OF the finest postal system in the world. 35 carrier stations in the Brooklyn post Bear in mind that this system has been office there were, prior to the Depart­ HON. EDNA F. KELLY in existence as long as our Government ment's order, 1,745 carrier delivery OF NEW YORK and that it has improved with the years routes. As a result of its order, every IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and with the progress of our Nation. Too fourth route must be absorbed. All of many of these changes seem to me, to these have been absorbed. The carriers Thursday, February 16,1961 be based on opinions of the Post Office for these 411 routes are actually our own Mrs. KELLY. Mr. Speaker, "neither Department. In its instructions to post­ displaced persons right here in America. rain nor snow, nor heat, nor gloom of masters, it orders a readjustment of city Let us take the entire picture of the night stays these couriers from the delivery routes so as to provide one de­ delivery personnel. We have regular swift completion of their appointed livery a day. It orders collection of mail carriers, auxiliary carriers, and substi­ rounds." But, the Postmaster Gener­ from street letter boxes to be scheduled tute carriers. These are Civil service al's order does. for a minimum number of collections to personnel. The regulars are those with The continuing storm of protests I provide for the essential needs of the regular, assigned routes; the auxiliaries have received from residents of my community. It states that it should be are regular carriers without any assigned district, added to my own personal anal­ understood that neighborhood stores and routes; and the substitutes are those who ysis concerning the Post Office Depart­ professional offices do not require more are used to fill vacancies caused by sick­ ment's order of curtailing mail deliver­ than one delivery each day. Now that ness, vacations and compensatory leaves ies to one a day, prompted my is a restricted opinion-restricted en­ for Saturday, Sunday, and holiday per­ introducing H.R. 4442 directing that this tirely to the Post Oflice Department. It formance of service. But, under this new order be rescinded and directing also goes on further to order deliveries of order, the regular carrier is absorbed that the Post Office maintain such serv­ parcel post restricted to one delivery each into other carrier stations. He will be ices as existed prior to the issuance of weekday except in business areas in those a floater. He will report to his newly this order. instances where the volume of parcel assigned carrier assignment and fill in The Department tells us that they are post mail is so great that it exceeds the where needed. Some of these men have in agreement with the activities of the storage capacity of the post oflice. In 25 years of _service. Is this the treat­ Bureau of the Budget and the Congress other words, the number of parcel post ment we should give them after those in their laudable efforts to reduce the deliveries will depend on the size of the long, faithful years of hard work? They expense of the Government. I want to post office in the community and not on will not know where they will be as­ go on record, emphatically, as one the needs of the community. signed until they report each day. Is Member of Congress who cannot find Here is the trip schedule of a carrier this efliciency? What confusion can re­ after careful study, any saving by this on the two-trip assignment under the sult. The auxiliary carrier is one who order. order: He reports for work at 6 a.m. must be given 8 hours' work a day. A great many of my colleagues evi­ Leaves his station at 8:10 a.m. He re­ Many of them are being assigned cleri­ dently are of the same opinion, judging turns at 12:20 p.m. and leaves at 1:05 cal duties at the general post o:f!lce. Ap­ by the number of similar bills that have p.m. Returns to his station at 2:20 p.m. proximately 300 substitute carriers have been introduced in an effort to restore and his day ends at 2:30 p.m. Now also been ordered to report to the gen­ our postal service as we knew it before analyze this. His first trip takes at least eral post oflice and, together with substi­ the curtailing order was issued. I will 3 hours in the morning, but the second tute clerks, will share the allotted sub­ support any bill or resolution to have trip--over the same route-must be cov­ stitute time. this controversial order argued on the ered in 1 hour and 15 minutes. That They must be given 3 hours' work a floor of the House. Once and for all, time must include his trip to and from day. Most of the substitutes-at least a definite policy must be established his station. How much can be accom­ 90 to 95 percent--are veterans with toward the Post Office Department. It plished in this time? It is ridiculous families. Eventually, they can face ex­ is the one Department of the Govern­ to consider. In other words, thel'e will tended leaves and complete dismissal as ment that truly represents a service be but one delivery a day even in busi­ a result of these transfers to the city department. ness areas. division. I have devoted a great deal of time Here is the one-trip schedule. The Now let us get on to this Post Office to an analysis of this order particularly carrier reports at his station at 6: 10 Department deficit, which, we are led to as it actually affects my congressional a.m. He leaves his station at 8:30 a.m. believe, has created the necessity for this district. I am sure I can prove that my Returns at 2 : 15 p.m. and quits for the curtailment in services and the resulting lOth Congressional District of New York day at 2: 30 p.m. All carriers- must bring confusion. It tells us the Post Oflice is an area most seriously affected. This along their lunches or find restaurants Department, like all other Government is a residential district. What business en route. They must lunch from 11 to agencies, operates under appropriations houses we have in it are the neighbor­ 11: 30 a.m. My own letter carrier would allowed by the Congress. Congress ac­ hood stores. They, too, receive but one not be within six city blocks of a restau­ tually :fixes the amounts that may be mail delivery a day. Definitely, this will rant at that time. Does the Post Office expended for postal services. This De­ affect the purchasing power in the com­ Department suggest that the carrier sit partment, being a revenue producing munity. Their dependence on mail de­ on the curbstone and unpack his lunch? agency, is authorized by law to pay its liveries and on pickup service is very And another thing-naturally, on the expenses from its revenues. When the important. Distances from carrier sta­ one-trip schedule, the sack of mail is revenues are insufficient to meet the ex­ tions and transportation services vary. heavier. We can break the mailman's penses, Congress authorizes the with­ From my own home, using transit serv­ back carrying it or we can allow him drawal of the necessary money from the ·ice at a cost of 30-cent carfare, to and to deposit it en route. Where? In some general funds of the Treasury. from the post oftlce would consume 1 unguarded hallway or on someone's This is a businesslike arrangement, as hour's time. Waiting in line-at· the post front porch? Postal laws and regula­ it enables the Department quickly to . office would add to this amount of time. tions have always prohibited the mail- liquidate its obligations- throughout the 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - ·HOUSE 2265 country from the money it takes in and us feel that we are losing this struggle, los­ The American Medical Association, for to supplement the income with funds ing it to a foe who is far inferior in all the instance, continues to mount a losing but basic material and spiritual sources of formidable rearguard action against suc­ withdrawn from the Treasury, which ob­ strength, losing because we do not work the cessive attempts by the Federal and State viously are secur~d from general taxa­ will to win. Governments to do needed things in the field tion. The amount by which the postal There is a need for sacrifice. There is a of health and medical care. revenues are insufficient to cover the ex­ need for painful exertion. We all know this And what of the legal profession? penditures for the maintenance of the in our hearts. Yet for too long our people We bear heavy responsibility for the sad service represents the postal deficit. have been left only to cheer the call to arms, condition of justice and law enforcement in Is this a deficit or does it represent and never assigned a place in the battle this country, and I say it is time to rethink the cost to the taxpayer for the services lines. our roles. On January 20, the 35th President of the We must ask ourselves how much and how of the Post Office Department? The United States was inaugurated. A new era Department has referred to a business­ often we have placed our own advantage of history began. Upon the shoulders of above the cause of justice to which we are like arrangement. Does this look like a this remarkable man at once descended a pledged. How often are our skills hired out businesslike arrangement? grim catalog of awesome problems. He to those who seek deliberately to circum­ I do not believe in deficit spending has responded with candor and with action. vent the law? any more than anyone else. And, I do His first messages have sought to imprint ·How many of us subscribe to the code of not believe you can reduce expenditures deeply in the minds of the American people the grave crisis confronting us all around the Abraham Lincoln, who would not take a case by reducing efficiency. Why must the · globe. he did not believe in, who would not accept American public be penalized for this He has called forth the spirit of self-denial a fee for a task that involved no effort, who deficit by the reduction in delivery and and patriotism that has lain dormant, would not refuse a case from those who could other postal services? Since the enact­ waiting to be summoned. He has told us not pay? ment of the order and shortly prior that time and tide are running against us. Our sacrifice must take the form of selfless thereto the Congress authorized an in­ He has challenged us: "Ask not what your effort to strengthen inadequate laws, not to country can do for you, ask what you can find loopholes in them; to turn down wrong crease in postal rates. How can we now, cases from rich men, and to accept right cases in good conscience, ask the American do for your country." The world watches the words and actions from poor men; and by our conduct to make public to pay higher postage rates for of this man hopefully and prayerfully. But our American system of justice something reduced services? one man, even though he is President, can­ that people everywhere look up to and trust. The Congress of the United States has not lead where the people refuse to follow. The number of. government employees of a duty to the American public. It is All of us in public life must help in the all descriptions-local, State, and Federal­ time for a congressional board of in­ task of laying the cards on the table. All has reached 11,500,000. quiry to look into this situation and to of us must aid in preparing the people to One out of every six employed persons is report the facts to the public. I want to respond to the demands that must be made on a government payroll somewhere, and if of them if our country is to survive. It is current plans to increase public service and know these facts and judging by the mail in this spirit that I speak to you today. public benefits are carried into effect, this I have received on this subject during We are all in this cold war. number will rapidly increase. the past years, so does every other tax­ We are all partners in the most significant I think we have reached the point where payer in my district. and crucial enterprise of our long and mo­ we have so many people on the public pay­ mentous history: the task of throwing back roll that the burden is sapping the national the advancing wave of Communist tyranny strength. True enough, many of these em­ and sowing the seeds of freedom and social ployees are underpaid. Yet most are under A. Call to Duty justice throughout the earth. · various forms of civil service tenure that Every man, woman and child in this make it impossible to establish those effi­ country, young or old, highly or humbly cient procedures and rigid standards of per­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS placed, has a part to play if we are to re­ formance that ought to prevail. OF build the ramparts of Western civilization, Public employees are so numerous that now rocked to their foundations. they constitute a tremendous political HON. JAMES J. DELANEY In the end, success or failure will depend force. They can use their power to delay OF NEW YORK not only on great plans and deeds, but upon the establishment of new standards of vigor IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES whether or not the small task is done, the and competence in the public service. The individual sacrifice is made, the humble role national interest asks them to use this power Thursday, February 16, 1961 is acted well. to advance these causes. Mr. DELANEY. Mr. Speaker, under What, then, must we do? For American consumers, who compose 7 First of all, we must try to reestablish in percent of the population of the non­ leave to extend my remarks, I include a men's minds the overriding concept of the Communist world but who consume 50 per­ notable address given by Senator THOMAS national interest in a land that so often cent of its annual production of raw ma­ J. DoDD, of Connecticut, at the annual seems divided into a thousand special inter­ terials, national survival requires that we luncheon of the Fordham Law Alumni est groups. put an end to extravagant and frivolous Association in New York on February 11. In the absence of a commonly shared dedi­ use of irreplaceable resources. It is for pru­ Senator DODD spelled out the sacrifices cation to the national welfare, a host of in­ dent Government to assess the need and pre­ that will be required of all groups of dividual groups, organized to gain new bene­ scribe the remedy, and for the public to Americans if we are· to survive in our fits from the Government or to preserve and respond willingly. enlarge old benefits, perpetually sounds the For the underprivileged, who have long struggle with the Communist world. call of self-interest. waited for various forms of needed Govern­ The address follows: Groups of manufacturers skirt the anti­ ment assistance, the national interest asks A CALL To DuTY-REMARKS oF SENATOR trust laws and combine to eliminate com­ that they wait longer. We must delay THOMAS J. DODD BEFORE THE FORDHAM LAW petition, and to fix prices at unjustified worthy programs that increase comfort and ALUMNI ASSOCIATION !WALDORF-ASTORIA, levels, adding to the speed with which well-being until we have accomplished those NEW YORK, N.Y., SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 11, American industry is pricing itself out of tasks which directly and immediately build 1961 the world market. This must stop. national strength. It is a coincidence which I should like to Groups of unions combine to force em­ For those among the privileged who are note, that we are meeting on the eve of the ployers to grant wage increases that cannot not making that contribution to the public birthday of the most famous and beloved of be justified by increased output, and to good which their station in life requires, the all lawyers, Abraham Lincoln. maintain unnecessary jobs and outmoded Nation asks that idleness and self­ Once, during a placid afternoon in the work rules that should be scrapped in the indulgence be put aside, and that the quali­ Springfield law office that he loved so well, name of efficiency. This must stop. ties and talents which wealth and leisure Lincoln remarked, "Everyone feels compelled Groups of farmers, unable to agree on a time have made possible be devoted to the to remind me of my great mission but·no­ common farm policy but unwilling to sur­ public welfare. body will ten me what that mission is." render the benefits of a failing policy, have For all those who indulge in racial dis­ The American people have often been in successfully blocked any rational solution of crimination, whether out of sincere con­ much the same position. Everyone reminds the farm problem based on smaller Govern­ viction or selfish pride, out of respect for them of the great duty before them; every­ ment payments to farmers. Our Nation can old traditions or out of contempt for other one challenges them to sacrifice for the good no longer afford to spend billions annually men, out of fear or out of avarice; the na­ cause; but few seem willing to spell out just on products for which there is no demand. tional interest asks that they sacrifice what how all this should apply to ordinary people. This must stop. they claim to be their personal good for the This is a great pity. For many of us know Groups of professional men are not to be clear good of the Nation. that we are ·in a mortal struggle against a outdone in their efforts to enthrone the spe­ The United States can no longer afford the remorsele&s and implacable enemy, Many of cial interest in place of the public good. cost of racial prejudice. We cannot afford 2266 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - .HOUSE February 16 the loss of manpower, intellect, and inven­ What ought to be a sure and guiding done for. If we rearm materially and mor­ t!veness which discrimination en tails. Our principle of conduct-the firm refusal to ally and intellectually, we can prevail for­ system cannot endure this corroding en­ yield ground to the Communists anywhere ever in justice. For ours is the system that is shrinement of pride, this rejection of charity in the world-is recurrently smothered over in harmony with the nature of man. and humility which poisons us and mocks by enlightened talk about partitions, disen­ · In the summer of 1863, ·decisive victories our words with our deeds. gagements, neutralizations, all of which are at Vicksburg and Gettysburg turned the tide To the Americans in uniform, sacrifice the dread harbingers of Red triumph. at last to the Union cause after years of means a longer period of military service, This attitude disarms us in a way that mortal peril. a tougher course of training, a more de­ espionage could never do. President Lincoln, his heart almost broken manding rJgimen of discipline, if our serv­ It.. has suc.ceeded, for instance, in causing with grief over the dread cost of war, his icemen are to become the indomitable, us to abandon nuclear experiments for 2 mystical intellect perceiving the eternal sig­ skilled defenders of freedom that the con­ years, tests that our military leaders insist nificance of what had been won, his eye en­ tinuing crisis requires them to be. are vitally needed for the development of compassing the broad range of sacrifice, large To the average American youth, who is badly needed nuclear weapons, large . and and small, which had made the triumph unable to pass basic physical and scholastic small. possible, expressed his gratitude to those tests that his contemporaries in Europe pass I take the view that the basic causes of who had saved the Union in simple yet- sub­ easily, sacrifice takes on a special meaning, conflict between Western civilization and lime words. for the strength of the Nation is directly communism are irreconcilable. There is no "Thanks to all-for the great Republic, involved. We have got to do something common ground, save the common instinct for the principles it lives by and keeps alive, about the shameful fact that one out of for survival. This sole meeting ground will for the vast future of man-thanks to all." every two American boys is physically or occasionally make it possible to reach agree­ I believe, my friends, that most of us Will mentally unfit to serve in the Armed ment on some aspects of the cold war. We live long enough to witness the climactic Forces of this country. should therefore be willing to negotiate when turning point of the cold war toward one Our society must demand and get from there is even the dimmest hope of success, side or the other. Let us hope and pray that its young people higher standards of strength so long as we can do so with honor. Those our descendants, as heirs of continuing free­ and scholarship. On the part of the Na­ who lead the cause of peace and justice in dom, will be able to look back upon those tion, this means an organized drive to raise the world can do no less. We should sit who fought the good fight in this decade and standards all along the line. On the part down around the conference table with them say, "Thanks to all." of the individual youth, it means more to see if they have changed in any way, to physical exertion, longer hours of study, an ask them to withdraw their preposterous end of self-indulgence, and a beginning of -claims, to give them fresh evidence that we self-discipline. are on to them, that we are strong and grow­ To the person of advanced years, whose ing stronger, that we will never be deterred Disability Insurance for the Blind productive life has ·been extended by the from our resolve to preserve our freedom. progress of science, sacrifice means a reversal I support this kind or negotiation. But EXTENSION OF REMARKS of the trend toward earlier retirement, and we should never fool ourselves or our people commonsense requires an end of those ob­ or our friends into believing that there can OF stacles to the employment of older persons be any progress toward resolving the basic which have been set up by employers and causes of the cold war so long as Commu­ HON. VICTOR L. ANFUSO encouraged by Government. nists remain Communists. OF NEW YORK While we live and work in different walks If negotiations some day bear fruit, it IN THE HOUSE OF' REPRESENTATIVES of life, we all share one thing in common. will not be because of words spoken at the We are all taxpayers. The cost of the cold conference table. It will be because of deeds Thursday, February 16, 1961 war is going up, and we are ready to pay it, done over a period of years, deeds which Mr. ANFUSO. Mr. Speaker, it has and to go on paying it, this year, next year, shift the balance of power decisively in our long been my conviction that the dis­ and every year until freedom is secure. favor. None of these things can be achieved by For the present, the gulf between East ability cash benefits provisions of the laws alone. But few of them can be achieved and West, based upon the most profound Social Security Act are inadequate to without some Government action. moral and philosophic differences, is un­ provide protection against the worst Which brings us to the politician. Where bridgeable. Either they or we must change economic consequences of blindness. does he fit into the picture? fundamentally if there is to be any In the last Congress I introduced a For the politician the most painful form agreement. bill