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Cold War 1945 - 1991

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Cold War 1945 - 1991 Lycée Evariste Galois Terminale OIB Handbook History 2008-2009 Cold War 1945 - 1991 2 Few Cold War signs • ABM : Anti Ballistic Missile treaty • CIA : Central Intelligence Agency • COMECON : Abbrev. Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ; Also known as CMEA • FBI : Federal Bureau of Investigation • ICBM : Intercontinental Ballistic Missile ; IRBM : Intermediary Range Ballistic Missile • INF : Intermediate -Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (ended the Euro missiles crisis in 1989 • KGB (transliteration of "КГБ") is the Russian-language abbrev. for State Security Committee • NATO : North Atlantic Treaty Organization • NSA : National Security Agency • NSC : National Security Council • Politburo is short for Political Bureau . A Politburo is the executive organization for a number of political parties, most notably for Communist Parties. • SALT : Strategic Armament Limitation Talks • SDI : Strategic Defence Initiative • SLBM : Sea Launched Ballistic Missile • START : Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty • USSR : Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics • Warsaw Pact or Warsaw Treaty , officially named the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance . Timeline of the Cold War 1940s 1945: February 4-11-- Yalta Conference 1945: August 6 -- United States first used atomic bomb in war 1945: August 14 -- Japanese surrender 1946: March -- Winston Churchill delivers "Iron Curtain" Speech 1947: March -- Truman declares active role in Greek Civil War 1947: June -- Marshall Plan is announced 1948: February -- Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia 1948: June 24 -- Berlin Blockade begins 1949: July -- NATO ratified 1949: May 12 -- Berlin Blockade ends 1949: September -- Mao Zedong, a Communist, takes control of China 1949: September -- Soviets explode first atomic bomb 1950s 1950: February -- Joe McCarthy begins Communist witch hunt 1950: June -- Korean War begins 1953: June 19 -- Rosenberg executions 1953: July -- Korean War ends 1954: March -- KGB established 1954 -- CIA helps overthrow unfriendly regimes in Iran and Guatemala 1954: July -- Vietnam split at 17th parallel 1955: May -- Warsaw Pact formed 1956: October - November -- Rebellion put down in Communist Hungary. Egypt took control of Suez Canal; U.S. refused to help take it back 1957: October 4 -- Sputnik launched into orbit 3 1958: November -- Khrushchev demands withdrawal of troops from Berlin 1959: January -- Cuba taken over by Fidel Castro 1959: September -- Khrushchev visits United States; denied access to Disneyland 1960s 1960: May -- Soviet Union reveals that U.S. spy plane was shot down over Soviet territory 1960: November -- John F. Kennedy elected President 1961: April -- Bay of Pigs invasion 1961: July -- Kennedy requests 25% spending increase for military 1961: August 13 -- Berlin border closed 1961: August 17 -- Construction of Berlin Wall begins 1962: -- U.S. involvement in Vietnam increased 1962: October -- Cuban Missile Crisis 1963: July -- Nuclear Test Ban Treaty ratified 1963: November -- President Kennedy assassinated in Dallas, Texas 1964: August -- Gulf of Tonkin incident 1965: April -- U.S. Marines sent to Dominican Republic to fight Communism 1965: July -- Announcement of dispatching of 150,000 U.S. troops to Vietnam 1968: August -- Soviet troops crush Czechoslovakian revolt 1969: July 20 -- Apollo 11 lands on the moon 1970s 1970: April -- President Nixon extends Vietnam War to Cambodia 1972: July -- SALT I signed 1973: January -- Cease fire in Vietnam between North Vietnam and United States 1973: September -- United States helps overthrow Chile government 1973: October -- Egypt and Syria attack Israel; Egypt requests Soviet aid 1974: August -- President Nixon resigns 1975: April 17 -- North Vietnam defeats South Vietnam 1979: July -- SALT II signed 1979: November -- Shah of Iran overthrown; Iranian Hostage Crisis 1979: December -- Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 1980s 1983: -- President Reagan proposes Strategic Defense Initiative 1983: October -- U.S. troops overthrow regime in Grenada 1985: -- Iran-Contra Affair (arms sold to Iran, profits used to support contras in Nicaragua) 1985: -- Mikhail Gorbachev ascends to power in Soviet Union 1986: -- Gorbachev ends economic aid to Soviet satellites 1986: October -- Reagan and Gorbachev resolve to remove all intermediate nuclear missiles from Europe 1986: November -- Iran-Contra Affair revealed to public 1987: October -- Reagan and Gorbachev agree to remove all medium and short-range nuclear missiles by signing treaty 1989: January -- Soviet troops withdraw from Afghanistan 1989: June -- China puts down protests for democracy; Poland becomes independent 1989: September -- Hungary announces the settling of free elections 1989: November -- Berlin Wall falls 1989: December -- Communist governments fall in Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Rumania 1990s 1990: March -- Lithuania becomes independent 1990: May 29 -- Boris Yeltsin elected to presidency of Russia 1990: October 3 -- Germany reunited 1991: April -- Warsaw Pact ends 1991: August -- End of Soviet Union ; Cold War Ends 4 Introduction : Leaving the Second World War (19441946) When the war ends in 1945, it is considered as the maJor turmoil in the world history of the twentieth century with following figures concerning destructions, casualties and civilian atrocities A world in ruins At the end of the war, millions of refugees were homeless, the European economy had collapsed, and 70% of the European industrial infrastructure was destroyed. Casualties In total, almost 70 million people lost their lives in World War II—almost 20 million soldiers and 50 million civilians (estimates on the precise number vary widely). ♦ Allied forces suffered approximately 12.3 million military deaths (of which 8 million were Soviet) and Axis forces 7.2 million (of which 5 million were German). ♦ The Soviet Union suffered by far the largest death toll—approximately 28 million Soviets died in total. Civilian impact & atrocities The Second World War saw large-scale atrocities aimed against the civilian populations of many of the nations involved. The scale of the atrocities of the Second World War is a key part of the wars legacy, and they have had a lasting impact on world civilisation. • Germany killed between 11 million and 24 million civilians in deliberate acts of genocide and mass murder. This includes the estimated 11 million lives lost due to the Holocaust, con- sisting of 6 million Jews and 5 million non-Jews made up of Poles, Roma, homosexuals, communists, dissidents, Afro- Germans, the disabled, Soviet prisoners and others. • Japan killing around 6 million civilians in areas they occupied, • and the Soviets approximately 4 million civilians, half of these were from among the Soviet Union's own citizens. • While British and American forces did not directly massacre civilians, they carried out strategic and atomic bombings against Japanese cities where the indus- trial facilities were intermixed with the civilian populations, resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths. Allied strategic bombing, including the firestorm bombing of Japanese and German cities including Tokyo, Hamburg and Dresden by Anglo-American forces and the American atomic bombing of two Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, likely killed over 400,000 Ger- man civilians and between 350,000 and 500,000 Japanese. All these facts are contributing to the growing idea for the allies that they have to build peace around world cooperation and talks. The USA, USSR, and others are strongly thinking that, once their enemies destroyed or erased, they have to act in this direction. We will explain that very quickly and while they are still finishing the war, their relations will get worse before falling into a clear and direct logic of opposition Plan of the section I) An aspiration toward peace A) The Yalta conference B) The birth of UNO C) The denazification II) Growing tensions A) The Soviet choices for Eastern Europe B) The Potsdam conference C) A clear opposition 5 I) An aspiration toward peac e A) The Yalta conference One of the main meeting of the Grand Alliance was made in Yalta and has been considered as one of the moment which will settled the post war world organization. It was a meeting of Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill between the 4 th and the 11 th of February Four main issues were under discussion : • Allied strategy to complete the defeat of Germany and the terms and ground- rules for the occupation and denazification of Germany • Defeat of Japan . Secret agreements between the USA and the Soviet Union cov- ered the status-quo in Mongolia, and extension of Soviet interests to cover the Kourile Islands and South Sakhalin, in return for Stalin’s commitment to enter the war against Japan. Churchill was excluded from this agreement. • The “declaration on liberated Europe” was issued to cover the future settlement in Eastern Europe concerning territory “liberated” and/or “occupied” by the Soviet Red Army. Agreements were reached on the constitution of a Polish Government of National Unity (a combination of the Lublin Committee of Stalin-controlled com- munist Poles together with the London-based Polish government in exile) and Pol- ish frontiers (Eastern borders with the USSR on the Curzon line). • Establishment of a peaceful world order based upon the United Nations , in which both the US and the USSR would participate, and which should, therefore, be better constituted for its purpose than the League of Nations had been. There was
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