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A Study of Print Journalism in Postcommunist Poland Lena Ziegert University of Wollongong

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A Study of Print Journalism in Postcommunist Poland Lena Ziegert University of Wollongong University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2000 Between freedom and control: journalism's role in the media system : a study of print journalism in postcommunist Poland Lena Ziegert University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Ziegert, Lena, Between freedom and control: journalism's role in the media system : a study of print journalism in postcommunist Poland, Master of Arts (Hons.) thesis, Graduate School of Journalism, University of Wollongong, 2000. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/ 2254 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] BETWEEN FREEDOM AND CONTROL Journalism's Role in the Media System. A Study of Print Journalism in Postcommunist Poland A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree MASTER OF ARTS (HONOURS) from UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by Lena Ziegert Graduate School of Journalism 2000 DECLARATION I, Lena Ziegert, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Master of Arts (Honours), in the Graduate School of Journalism, University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Lena Ziegert 23 March 2000 1 INTRODUCTION 4 1.1 RESEARCH METHODS 6 1.2 LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH 7 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9 2.1 THE CONCEPT OF "TRANSITION" 9 2.2 STUDIES OF "TRANSITIONAL" MEDIA SYSTEMS 11 2.2.1 THE TRANSITIONAL PRESS SYSTEM - MASS MEDIA IN BULGARIA 11 2.2.2 POST-SOVIET RUSSIA 14 2.2.3 CHINA IN THE 1990s 15 2.2.4 THE FORMER GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC 17 2.2.5 FORMER YUGOSLAVIA 18 2.3 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE MASS MEDIA AND JOURNALISM 19 2.3. l CLASSIFICATION OF MEDIA SYSTEMS AS FREE OR REPRESSIVE 19 2.3.2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE IDEA OF " FREEDOM OF THE PRESS" 22 2.3.3 MASS MEDIA AS A SYSTEM 27 2.3.4 THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF JOURNALISM 32 2.3.5 MASS MEDIA IN A PROCESS OF CHANGE 36 2.3.6 POWER RELATIONS IN THE MASS MEDIA 39 2.3.7 THE "ROLE" CONCEPT 41 2.3.8 JOURNALISM AND POPULAR CULTURE 47 2.3.9 MASS MEDIA AND THE PUBLIC 51 2.4 SUMMARY 55 3 A THEORY OF JOURNALISM'S ROLE IN THE MEDIA SYSTEM 57 3.1 POINTS TO ADDRESS IN A THEORY OF MEDIA SYSTEMS 57 3.1.1 SUMMARY 60 3.2 THE DEFINITION OF A MEDIA SYSTEM 61 3.3 ANALYSIS OF A MEDIA SYSTEM: THREE FACTORS 63 3.3. l FORMS OF REGULATION 63 3.3.2 ACCESSIBILITY 66 3.3.3 RECIPROCITY 67 4 JOURNALISM IN POLAND: AN OVERVIEW 70 4.1 WHY POLAND? 70 4.2 J~ALISM IN COMMUNIST POLAND 73 4.3 JOtJitNALISM IN POLAND TODAY 74 · 5 LEGAL REGULATION OF T•MEDIA IN POLAND 77 2 5.1 LEGAL REGULATION UNDER COMMUNISM 77 5.2 CURRENT POLISH MEDIA LAWS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR JOURNALISTS 83 5.3 SUMMARY 89 6 POLITICAL REGULATION 90 6.1 INFORMAL POLITICAL REGULATION IN COMMUNIST POLAND 90 6.2 POSTCOMMUNIST POLITICAL REGULATION 91 6.2.1 PRIME MINISTERS AND THE MEDIA 92 6.2.2 PRESIDENTS AND THE MEDIA 95 6.2.3 DISPUTES BETWEEN MEDIA 0RGANISATIONS AND POLITICAL PARTIES 96 6.2.4 CONNECTIONS BETWEEN POLITICAL PARTIES AND NEWSPAPERS 99 6.2.5 PERSONAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN POLITICIANS AND JOURNALISTS 104 6.2.6 UNFRIENDLY RELATIONS BETWEEN POLITICIANS AND JOURNALISTS 106 6.3 SUMMARY 107 7 ORGANISATIONAL REGULATION 109 7.1 ORGANISATIONAL REGULATION IN COMMUNIST POLAND 109 7.2 ORGANISATIONAL CHANGES DURING THE LIQUIDATION PROCESS 114 7.3 THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN OWNERSHIP ON THE POLISH PRESS 117 7.4 THE IMPACT OF NEW TECHNOWGY 125 7.5 NEWSPAPERS IN POLAND: SURVIVORS AND NEWCOMERS 127 7.6 OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF THE LoCAL AND REGIONAL PRESS 136 7. 7 THE INFLUENCE OF ADVERTISING 139 7.8 THE GROWTH OF PlIBLIC RELATIONS AGENCIES 143 7.9 ORGANISATIONAL GUIDELINES 144 7.10 SUMMARY 149 8 PROFESSIONAL REGULATION 151 8.1 DEFINING PROFESSIONALISM 151 8.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PROFESSIONAL VALVES IN JOURNALISM 153 8.3 NEWSPAPERS AND POLITICAL PARTISANSHIP 154 8.4 PROMOTING TRADITIONAL VALVES 158 8.5 JOURNALISM EDUCATION 161 8.6 JOURNALISTS' AsSOCIATIO NS 168 8.7 PROTECTION OF JOURNALISTS' RIGHTS 172 8.8 JOURNALISTS DIVIDED 174 8.8.1 COMPETITION BETWEEN NEWSPAPERS 174 8.8.2 COMPETITION WITHIN NEWSPAPERS 176 8.8.3 COMPETITION OR SOLIDARITY? 177 8.9 PR'OFESSIONAL VALVES IN THE JOURNALISTS' CODE OF ETHICS 179 8.10 sLJMMMty 192 9 11ffi MASS MEDIA AND THE PUBLft 194 3 9.1 ACCESSIBILITY 195 9.2 RECIPROCITY 200 9.3 1990s POLAND AND THE MEDIA 206 9.4 SUMMARY 224 10 CONCLUSION 227 10.l THE POLISH MEDIA SYSTEM 227 10.2 THE ROLE OF THE JOURNALIST 232 11 BffiLIO{!RAPHY 235 12 FIGIJlWS 4 BETWEEN FREEDOM AND CONTROL: Joufhalism's Role in the Media System. A Study of Print Journalism in Postcommunist Poland 1 INTRODUCTION The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989 and the dramatic political, economic and social change, which occurred almost simultaneously throughout the region, has been the subject of a variety of studies. Different theories on the collapse of communism have approached this from perspectives based on assumptions such as the system's inability to "modernise" or secure progress, relative deprivation, loss of legitimacy, and institutional dysfunction, to name just a few (Wnuk-Lipinski 1995,Juchler 1996). All of these studies were based on some kind of "transformation" concept, or more recently, "transition", which is extended to studies of mass media in postcommunist societies. "Transition" conceptually can have very different meanings and needs to be clarified. It suggests that there is a movement from one stage to another, that is, from communism/ authoritarianism to capitalism/ democracy. The problem with this view is its inherent value-ladenness: these labels referring to different political systems have the connotations of "control" on one hand and "freedom" on the other. This duality is too simplistic, and does not accurately describe the way media systems function. The research presented here challenges the idea that political and economic labels can be used exclusively to describe ~ media system. Such labels tend to redefine 5 the media systems of postcommunist countries as "progressing" from one type to another. Theoretically, it can be said that all media systems are in transition, in the sense of continuous adaptation, and that this is a process of mediation, adjustment, and trying to reach a compromise between freedom and control. The role of the journalist, at the centre of this transitional process, will be examined. This research on the press in postcommunist Poland is geared towards three outcomes. Firstly, previous research on the media, specifically the press, in Poland and other postcommunist or "transitional" countries will be analysed to suggest a more general theory which can be used to describe and compare media systems. Secondly, based on the general theory, a model for describing media systems, including those in transition, will be proposed, using Poland as an example. Thirdly, the role of journalists in Polish print media today is examined within this framework. In examining the practice of journalism in postcommunist Poland, this study recognises that journalists are a product of society, and more specifically, a media system. I intend to address two main issues. The first is to identify the components of a media system and to describe how media systems may vary according to the interaction of these components. The second issue I will inquire into is the role of the journalist within the media system. The analysis will be based on the following questions. On what basis can we describe, or cl~, different media systems? Is it valid to classify a media system according to political, cultural and economic conditions? Is 6 the concept of a "free" media a valid one for describing media systems, and if not, which term could be used instead? Secondly, how can we describe the journalist's role in the Polish media system? Does the role of the journalist vary depending on the type of media system, and if so, how? Studying the practice of journalism in Poland, a country that is undergoing political, economic and cultural change, may offer an answer to these questions. 1. 1 Research Methods This research methodology comprises a literature review and an empirical survey of Polish journalists. The review focused on developments in the Polish media and other societies in transition; a range of relevant materials were gathered from journalism, media studies and sociological journals. Polish newspaper and magazine articles, particularly the English-language newspaper The Warsaw Voice, available on the internet, are the main sources of up-to-date information. Other sources acquired through the internet included international journalists' and media research organisations: the Open Media Research Institute (OMRI), Freedom Forum, Freedom House, and the Committee to Protect Journalists. Statistics- are mainly drawn from research conducted by the Press Research Centre in Krakow, Poland (OBP), the Polish Bureau for Foreign Investment (PAIZ), the private market research organisation SMG/KRC Poland, and the official polling centft! CJJOS. 7 The empirical survey involved face-to-face in-depth interviews with Polish journalists from a variety of national newspapers, conducted in Krakow and Warsaw in October and December 1998. These were semi-structured interviews intended to assess journalists' opinions on their role, their attitude to social change in Poland and its effects on their working conditions.
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