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Ethnic Stereotypes and Prejudices of Young People in the Period 2004-2012

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Ethnic Stereotypes and Prejudices of Young People in the Period 2004-2012 Bulgarian Journal of Science and Education Policy (BJSEP), Volume 9, Number 1, 2015 STUDY OF ETHNIC STEREOTYPE OF YOUNG BULGARIANS Zornitza GANEVA University of Sofia, BULGARIA Abstract. Ethnic stereotypes and prejudices as terms were examined from the point of view of the social identity theory (Tajfel, 1981). The results from a carried out longitudinal survey of stereotype and prejudices of young people of Bulgarian origin (n=1154; 453 men and 701 women; average age 21.7 years) in 6 time intervals: in 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014, towards the in-group and the representatives of the main ethnic minorities: Turks, Roma and Jews, were presented. Through free associations, the relation between stereotypes and attitudes was studied in two social contexts: personal and community. The results show that the assessment of the minority groups is more positive in the former than in the latter context. The persons studied perceive most negatively the representatives of the Romani ethnos, more weakly negatively the Turks, and the attitudes towards the Jews are positive. Keywords: longitudinal survey, ethnic stereotypes, ethnic prejudices, ethnic identity Introduction Bulgaria, as a part of the old continent of Europe, and because of its crossroad situation on the Balkan Peninsula, is a variegated, multi-coloured 46 mosaic of various ethnic groups, languages and cultures. These groups are interdependent and in constant interaction. Phenomena, events, conflicts on ethnic bases, which take place in a given territory, exert increasingly great influence on close and distant countries. The mutual influence and the de- pendence among the nations in the world are an increasingly obvious and in- disputable fact. In the world we live in, ethnic diversity become increasingly a norm, a rule, and not an exception. It is a natural and legislatively legitimized reality. We live in a society of “the different,” and it is necessary that people different in their ideas, religions, ethnicities, languages, cultures co-exist, sharing one and the same territory. The problem of ethnic stereotypes, prejudices and discrimination takes an important position in the development of society in a country where the memory of the five centuries of Ottoman rule is irrevocably present in the collective ideas; where the Turkish minority is numerous and is of some im- portance in the social life; where the composition of the population changes often by various waves of emigrants, immigrants and refugees. According to final data of the census in 2002, the share of the ethnic Turks in the total num- ber of the Bulgarian population is about 9.4%, of the Roma – about 4.6%, of the remaining ethnic minorities – about 1.5%. Bearing in mind that a consid- erable part of the Roma identify themselves as Bulgarians (or Turks), alto- gether the share of the Bulgarian citizens with minority ethnicity exceeds 16%. Although the name of Bulgaria is usually associated with notions such as interethnic, interreligious tolerance, due to which, irrespective of our prox- imity to Yugoslavia, no serious civil conflicts took place like there, one may still find here manifestations of a number of prejudices that sometimes prove to be a serious obstacle to the realization, on the one hand, of the processes of intercultural communication and, on the other hand, of processes such as inte- gration and desegregation of minority communities. Mostly problematic today 47 is the negative attitude towards the representatives of the Romany ethnos, with respect to whom the representatives of the Bulgarian ethnos have some al- ready typified prejudices proving to be a reason for difficulties in the intercul- tural communication between those two ethnoses and for emergence of con- flict situations with manifestations of verbal and non-verbal aggression. The greater part of Roma in Bulgaria, like Roma in Central and East- ern Europe, lives in poverty and isolation. To them, the period of transition from communism to market economy and democracy is especially difficult. Most of them are poorly educated and have insufficient skills, which leads to wide-spread permanent unemployment and deteriorated living conditions. Often, they have no access to education, health care and other services. In the last 20 years, the Government, the civil society and the international commu- nity actively support initiatives to keep Romany children in school, to extend the access to jobs and to surmount the discrimination. Their aim is to achieve a higher degree of incorporation and inclusion of Roma. The biggest ethnic group in Bulgaria are the Turks. The Turks have preserved to a considerable degree their cultural identity, with the main reason for this being their concentration in rural areas, the traditional occupation and the family traditions, predetermined to a great extent by the Islamic religion professed by them. Characteristic of that community is the still relatively poor educational structure, which hinders the optimum realization of its members. At present, the children study Turkish language at school, there are news in Turkish language on the radio and TV and printed editions are published. There are deputies and representatives of the Turkish minority in the Bulgar- ian Parliament and the local government. The Jews have important contribution to the cultural, social and eco- nomic life of the Bulgarian state. During World War II, the attempts at de- portation of Jews from Bulgaria encountered stubborn resistance among influ- ential circles of Bulgaria public, in which the Bulgarian orthodox church also 48 took part. As a result of this and of the successful development of the military actions in favour of the allies, about 50,000 Bulgarian Jews evaded the death camps. After September 1944, the anti-Semitic laws and measures were im- mediately rescinded, and the rights of the Bulgarian Jews – restored. Never- theless, however, at the end of the 1940s, about 32,000 Jews emigrated to Is- rael. In 1922, the Jewish communities of individual centres of population were integrated into a confederation, called Consistory. After the end of World War II, more than 45,000 Jews immigrated to Israel. After 1944, the Consistory worked for the Jewish community as a Public Cultural and Educational Or- ganization of the Jews in Bulgaria. In 1990, the Shalom Organization of the Jews in Bulgaria was registered as a successor of the Consistory and the Pub- lic Cultural and Educational Organization of the Jews in Bulgaria. It unites currently over 6,000 Bulgarian citizens of Jewish descent. The organization co-ordinates all forms of the Jewish life in the country, organized under vari- ous social, educational and cultural programmes. The Sofia synagogue was officially opened on 9 September 1909. It is the biggest one in the Balkan Peninsula and the third biggest one in Europe after those in Budapest and Am- sterdam. The aim of this study is to analyse: (1) the stereotypes through free as- sociations of words, evaluation and taking into account of their probability when examining the attitude towards the minority groups and towards the majority group. More specifically, the methodology applied has been devel- oped in order to: (i) perform a summarization of the results of previous sur- veys (Valencia et al., 2004; Valencia & Ganeva, 2006) for typical minority groups in other cultural context; (ii) summarize the application of the “free associations of words” strategy and (iii) analyse the effect of the context: per- sonal (I, my opinion) and community (my opinion of the public opinion); (2) the prejudices of young Bulgarians both towards Turkish, Romany and Jewish minorities and towards the majority group. More specifically, the methodol- 49 ogy applied has been developed in order to perform a summarization of the results obtained from previous surveys (Valencia et al., 2004; Valencia & Ga- neva, 2006; Ganeva, 2009; 2012) for minority groups in other cultural context and (3) analyse the effect of the context, personal and community. Following research hypotheses have been formulated. Expected is: (i) difference in the stereotypes in the two social contexts: personal and commu- nity; (ii) difference in the attitude towards minority groups surveyed: Jews, Turks and Roma, and towards the majority group as well as (iii) difference in the stereotypes of the persons surveyed in the six periods of time: 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014, towards the representatives of different ethnoses by gender, age and establishment of contact with them; (iv) positive associa- tion between the stereotypes and the national and religious identity of the re- spondents; (v) difference in the prejudices in the two social contexts: personal and community; (vi) difference in the attitude both towards minorities sur- veyed: Turks, Jews and Roma, and towards the majority group; (vii) differ- ence in the prejudices of the persons surveyed in the six periods of time: 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014, towards the representatives of different ethnoses by gender, age and established contact with them; (viii) difference in the prejudices according to the degree of contact with representatives of a giv- en ethnos; (ix) positive association between the prejudices and the national and religious identity of the respondents. Method Participants A total of 1154 young Bulgarians at a mean age M=21.7 years, stand- ard deviation SD=4.5 years, participate in the survey (Table 1). The stereo- types of the Bulgarians towards Bulgarians were not calculated in 2004
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