DOCSLIB.ORG

"Strengthening Cooperation of Central-Asian Countries in Using Ad- Vanced Technologies in Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Sources"

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Office des Nations Unies à Genève United Nations Office at Geneva Project of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) "Strengthening cooperation of Central-Asian countries in using ad- vanced technologies in energy efficiency and renewable energy sources" Compiled by Expert Vladimir V. Kouzmitch Minsk 2013 List of Content I. Progress in energy efficiency and renewable energy in the countries of Central Asia ............ 4 • Review of the status of the energy efficiency sector in the countries under study................ 5 Kazakhstan ................................................................................................................................. 5 Kyrgyzstan .................................................................................................................................. 6 Tajikistan .................................................................................................................................... 8 Turkmenistan ........................................................................................................................... 10 Uzbekistan ................................................................................................................................. 11 • Review of the sector of renewable energy sources (RESs) .................................................. 12 Kazakhstan ............................................................................................................................... 12 Kyrgyzstan ................................................................................................................................ 13 Tajikistan .................................................................................................................................. 14 Turkmenistan ........................................................................................................................... 16 Uzbekistan ................................................................................................................................. 17 • Review of the legislative base in the area of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources (stimulation mechanisms, main barriers for implementing projects in energy efficiency and renewable energy sources) and key institutions and organizations, responsible for implementing the policy in the sphere of increase of energy efficiency and use of RESs ......... 19 Normative-legal base ................................................................................................................. 19 Kazakhstan ............................................................................................................................... 19 Kyrgyzstan ................................................................................................................................ 19 Tajikistan .................................................................................................................................. 20 Turkmenistan ........................................................................................................................... 21 Uzbekistan ................................................................................................................................. 21 Review of the climate policy of the countries of the region in the part related to the increase of energy efficiency and progress with RESs ................................................................................. 22 Main institutes, responsible for implementing the state policy in the sphere of energy efficiency and RESs .................................................................................................................................... 23 Mechanisms to stimulate the increase of energy efficiency and progress of RESs .................... 23 Main obstacles to increase of energy efficiency and progress of RESs ..................................... 25 II. Analysis of results of fulfilment of national programmes in the area of renewable energy sources ............................................................................................................................................... 27 1. Analysis of the goals of national programmes ....................................................................... 27 Kazakhstan ............................................................................................................................... 27 Kyrgyzstan ................................................................................................................................ 27 Tajikistan .................................................................................................................................. 28 Turkmenistan ........................................................................................................................... 29 Uzbekistan ................................................................................................................................. 30 2. Implementation of national programmes by types of RESs ................................................. 30 Kazakhstan................................................................................................................................. 30 Kyrgyzstan .................................................................................................................................. 31 Tajikistan ................................................................................................................................... 31 Turkmenistan............................................................................................................................. 32 Uzbekistan .................................................................................................................................. 32 Wind energy sector ................................................................................................................... 32 Kazakhstan................................................................................................................................. 32 Tajikistan ................................................................................................................................... 33 Turkmenistan............................................................................................................................. 34 Uzbekistan .................................................................................................................................. 34 Solar energy, including photovoltaic ...................................................................................... 34 Kazakhstan................................................................................................................................. 34 2 Kyrgyzstan .................................................................................................................................. 35 Tajikistan ................................................................................................................................... 35 Turkmenistan............................................................................................................................. 35 Uzbekistan .................................................................................................................................. 35 Use of biomass ........................................................................................................................... 36 Kazakhstan................................................................................................................................. 36 Kyrgyzstan .................................................................................................................................. 36 Tajikistan ................................................................................................................................... 36 Uzbekistan .................................................................................................................................. 37 Geothermal energy ................................................................................................................... 37 Kazakhstan................................................................................................................................. 37 Tajikistan ................................................................................................................................... 37 Turkmenistan............................................................................................................................. 38 3. Overview of the developed technologies and renewable energy equipment produced in Central Asia countries. Their effectiveness .................................................................................. 38 Kazakhstan ............................................................................................................................... 38 Kyrgyzstan ................................................................................................................................ 39 Turkmenistan ........................................................................................................................... 40 Uzbekistan ................................................................................................................................. 41 4. Review of international cooperation in the field of energy efficiency
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Simulation of the Potential Impacts of Projected Climate Change on Streamflow in the Vakhsh River Basin in Central Asia Under CMIP5 RCP Scenarios
    water Article Simulation of the Potential Impacts of Projected Climate Change on Streamflow in the Vakhsh River Basin in Central Asia under CMIP5 RCP Scenarios Aminjon Gulakhmadov 1,2,3,4 , Xi Chen 1,2,*, Nekruz Gulahmadov 1,3,5, Tie Liu 1 , Muhammad Naveed Anjum 6 and Muhammad Rizwan 5,7 1 State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (N.G.); [email protected] (T.L.) 2 Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China 3 Institute of Water Problems, Hydropower and Ecology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734042, Tajikistan 4 Ministry of Energy and Water Resources of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734064, Tajikistan 5 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; [email protected] 6 Department of Land and Water Conservation Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan; [email protected] 7 Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geospatial Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-136-0992-3012 Received: 1 April 2020; Accepted: 15 May 2020; Published: 17 May 2020 Abstract: Millions of people in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan are dependent on the freshwater supply of the Vakhsh River system. Sustainable management of the water resources of the Vakhsh River Basin (VRB) requires comprehensive assessment regarding future climate change and its implications for streamflow.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Research Division Country Profile: Tajikistan, January 2007
    Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Tajikistan, January 2007 COUNTRY PROFILE: TAJIKISTAN January 2007 COUNTRY Formal Name: Republic of Tajikistan (Jumhurii Tojikiston). Short Form: Tajikistan. Term for Citizen(s): Tajikistani(s). Capital: Dushanbe. Other Major Cities: Istravshan, Khujand, Kulob, and Qurghonteppa. Independence: The official date of independence is September 9, 1991, the date on which Tajikistan withdrew from the Soviet Union. Public Holidays: New Year’s Day (January 1), International Women’s Day (March 8), Navruz (Persian New Year, March 20, 21, or 22), International Labor Day (May 1), Victory Day (May 9), Independence Day (September 9), Constitution Day (November 6), and National Reconciliation Day (November 9). Flag: The flag features three horizontal stripes: a wide middle white stripe with narrower red (top) and green stripes. Centered in the white stripe is a golden crown topped by seven gold, five-pointed stars. The red is taken from the flag of the Soviet Union; the green represents agriculture and the white, cotton. The crown and stars represent the Click to Enlarge Image country’s sovereignty and the friendship of nationalities. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Early History: Iranian peoples such as the Soghdians and the Bactrians are the ethnic forbears of the modern Tajiks. They have inhabited parts of Central Asia for at least 2,500 years, assimilating with Turkic and Mongol groups. Between the sixth and fourth centuries B.C., present-day Tajikistan was part of the Persian Achaemenian Empire, which was conquered by Alexander the Great in the fourth century B.C. After that conquest, Tajikistan was part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state to Alexander’s empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Public Disclosure Authorized Nurek Hydropower Rehabilitation Project Phase 2 Republic of Tajikistan
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized FINAL Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Public Disclosure Authorized Nurek Hydropower Rehabilitation Project Phase 2 Republic of Tajikistan May 2020 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Nurek HPP Rehabilitation Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Purpose of the ESIA ............................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Organization of the ESIA ....................................................................................................... 3 2 Project description .......................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Description of Nurek HPP ..................................................................................................... 4 2.2 The Project ............................................................................................................................ 7 Dam Safety ............................................................................................................... 9 Details of work to be performed ............................................................................. 9 Refurbishment
    [Show full text]
  • Water Resources Lifeblood of the Region
    Water Resources Lifeblood of the Region 68 Central Asia Atlas of Natural Resources ater has long been the fundamental helped the region flourish; on the other, water, concern of Central Asia’s air, land, and biodiversity have been degraded. peoples. Few parts of the region are naturally water endowed, In this chapter, major river basins, inland seas, Wand it is unevenly distributed geographically. lakes, and reservoirs of Central Asia are presented. This scarcity has caused people to adapt in both The substantial economic and ecological benefits positive and negative ways. Vast power projects they provide are described, along with the threats and irrigation schemes have diverted most of facing them—and consequently the threats the water flow, transforming terrain, ecology, facing the economies and ecology of the country and even climate. On the one hand, powerful themselves—as a result of human activities. electrical grids and rich agricultural areas have The Amu Darya River in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, with a canal (left) taking water to irrigate cotton fields.Upper right: Irrigation lifeline, Dostyk main canal in Makktaaral Rayon in South Kasakhstan Oblast, Kazakhstan. Lower right: The Charyn River in the Balkhash Lake basin, Kazakhstan. Water Resources 69 55°0'E 75°0'E 70 1:10 000 000 Central AsiaAtlas ofNaturalResources Major River Basins in Central Asia 200100 0 200 N Kilometers RUSSIAN FEDERATION 50°0'N Irty sh im 50°0'N Ish ASTANA N ura a b m Lake Zaisan E U r a KAZAKHSTAN l u s y r a S Lake Balkhash PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC Ili OF CHINA Chui Aral Sea National capital 1 International boundary S y r D a r Rivers and canals y a River basins Lake Caspian Sea BISHKEK Issyk-Kul Amu Darya UZBEKISTAN Balkhash-Alakol 40°0'N ryn KYRGYZ Na Ob-Irtysh TASHKENT REPUBLIC Syr Darya 40°0'N Ural 1 Chui-Talas AZERBAIJAN 2 Zarafshan TURKMENISTAN 2 Boundaries are not necessarily authoritative.
    [Show full text]
  • Sino-Indian Competition for the Resources of Central Asia; Implications for Pakistan
    SINO-INDIAN COMPETITION FOR THE RESOURCES OF CENTRAL ASIA; IMPLICATIONS FOR PAKISTAN Quaid Ali Department of Political Science Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan 2019 SINO-INDIAN COMPETITION FOR THE RESOURCES OF CENTRAL ASIA; IMPLICATIONS FOR PAKISTAN Quaid Ali Roll No.34882 A thesis submitted to Hazara University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA, PAKISTAN 2019 SINO-INDIAN COMPETITION FOR THE RESOURCES OF CENTRAL ASIA; IMPLICATIONS FOR PAKISTAN BY QUAID ALI SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE Research Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Ayaz Khan Department of Political Science Co-supervisor: Dr. Abdur Rehman Department of Political Science DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA, PAKISTAN 2019 Declaration of the Supervisor It is hereby certified that the thesis entitled, “Sino-Indian Competition for the Resources of Central Asia; Implications for Pakistan” the original work of Mr. Quaid Ali and has not been presented and submitted previously for PhD. Quaid Ali has done this research work under my supervision. He has fulfilled all the requirements and is qualified to submit the thesis for the degree of PhD in Political Science. Dr. Muhammad Ayaz Khan Author‘s Declaration I Quaid Ali hereby state that my PhD thesis entitled, “Sino-Indian Competition for the Resources of Central Asia; Implications for Pakistan” is my own work and has not been submitted previously by me for taking my degree from this University, Hazara University Mansehra or anywhere else in the county/world. At any time if my statement is found to be incorrect even after my graduate the University has the right to with draw my PhD degree.
    [Show full text]
  • The Amu Darya River – a Review
    AMARTYA KUMAR BHATTACHARYA and D. M. P. KARTHIK The Amu Darya river – a review Introduction Source confluence Kerki he Amu Darya, also called the Amu river and elevation 326 m (1,070 ft) historically known by its Latin name, Oxus, is a major coordinates 37°06'35"N, 68°18'44"E T river in Central Asia. It is formed by the junction of the Mouth Aral sea Vakhsh and Panj rivers, at Qal`eh-ye Panjeh in Afghanistan, and flows from there north-westwards into the southern remnants location Amu Darya Delta, Uzbekistan of the Aral Sea. In ancient times, the river was regarded as the elevation 28 m (92 ft) boundary between Greater Iran and Turan. coordinates 44°06'30"N, 59°40'52"E In classical antiquity, the river was known as the Oxus in Length 2,620 km (1,628 mi) Latin and Oxos in Greek – a clear derivative of Vakhsh, the Basin 534,739 km 2 (206,464 sq m) name of the largest tributary of the river. In Sanskrit, the river Discharge is also referred to as Vakshu. The Avestan texts too refer to 3 the river as Yakhsha/Vakhsha (and Yakhsha Arta (“upper average 2,525 m /s (89,170 cu ft/s) Yakhsha”) referring to the Jaxartes/Syr Darya twin river to max 5,900 m 3 /s (208,357 cu ft/s) Amu Darya). The name Amu is said to have come from the min 420 m 3 /s (14,832 cu ft/s) medieval city of Amul, (later, Chahar Joy/Charjunow, and now known as Türkmenabat), in modern Turkmenistan, with Darya Description being the Persian word for “river”.
    [Show full text]
  • 東中jr09004 中央アジア概況調査-En 0
    No. Regional and Country Profile: Central Asia, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan June 2009 Japan Interntional Cooperation Agency OPMAC Corporation 東中 JR 09-004 Outline of the Study 1-1 Backgrounds Bordered by Asia to the east and Europe to the west, Central Asia occupies a vital position in the Eurasian Continent. Possessing abundant underground reserves of petroleum, gas, gold, uranium ore and other underground resources, and occupying a strategically vital geopolitical location, Central Asia has historically been the focus of competing interests by various powers. Central Asia is surrounded by the superpowers of Russia and China, and today is affected by regional instability in the neighboring Middle East, Afghanistan and Pakistan, etc. Especially in the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States in 2001, worldwide attention has been directed towards the stability and development of the whole South Asian region including this area and Afghanistan, and vested interests have become increasingly complicated. Moreover, against a background of growing energy demand in China, India and other parts of Asia, the stable supply of petroleum and natural gas from Central Asia helps stabilize the international energy market and enhances regional importance from the viewpoint of energy security too. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the republics of Central Asia respectively gained independence, and a number of regional organizations, i.e. the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and Eurasia Economic Community (EAEC), etc. were established under a mélange of economic, diplomatic and military interests in Central Asia and environs. Concerning relations with Japan, the concept of Silk Road Diplomacy was enunciated in 1997.
    [Show full text]
  • New Technologies for Human Development in Kazakhstan National Human Development Report - 2006
    New technologies for human development in Kazakhstan National human development report - 2006 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY for the development of human potential and the current status of technological development in Kazakhstan. Present-day development trends The purpose of create the need for a new approach to Technologies as a tool for social and economy is human defining the purpose of development and human development the economy. The traditional definition development The first chapter looks at human aiming to ensure a states the main purpose of an economy is to meet growing human needs with development as an end, to which human decent life finite resources. Today, recognizing the development factors such as economic important role of human development, growth, education, healthcare and go- this definition should be changed to say: od environment are the means: new “The purpose of an economy is human technologies are regarded as a tool for the development aiming to ensure a decent development of human potential. life”. Human development is understood Thus, innovations improve productivity, to be the continuous expansion of profits and people’s income and ensure human opportunities to enjoy or have access to better quality goods and a choice of political, economic, social, services. New technologies have a positive spiritual and cultural participation. A effect on human and social health by decent life implies broad-based access reducing deaths and increasing births and to high-quality education, healthcare, life expectancy. The introduction of new social schemes, healthy food, extensive technologies in education is vital to the participation in society and other benefits competitiveness of national human capital.
    [Show full text]
  • DRAINAGE BASIN of the ARAL SEA and OTHER TRANSBOUNDARY SURFACE WATERS in CENTRAL ASIA Chapter 3
    68 DRAINAGE BASIN OF THE ARAL SEA AND OTHER TRANSBOUNDARY SURFACE WATERS IN CENTRAL ASIA Chapter 3 ARAL SEA AND OTHER WATERS IN CENTRAL ASIA 69 71 AMU DARYA RIVER BASIN 75 ZERAVSHAN RIVER BASIN 76 SYR DARYA RIVER BASIN 83 ARAL SEA 84 CHU-TALAS RIVER BASINS 89 ILI RIVER BASIN 91 LAKE BALQASH 91 MURGAB RIVER BASIN 91 TEJEN RIVER BASIN Chapter 3 70 ARAL SEA AND OTHER WATERS IN CENTRAL ASIA This chapter deals with major transboundary rivers in Central Asia which have a desert sink, or discharge either into one of the rivers (or their tributaries) or the Aral Sea or an another enclosed lake. It also includes lakes located within the basin of the Aral Sea. Practically all of the renewable water resources in this area are used predominantly for irrigation, and the national economies are developing under conditions of increasing freshwater shortages. TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS IN THE BASIN OF THE ARAL SEA AND OTHER TRANSBOUNDARY SURFACE WATERS IN CENTRAL ASIA1 Basin/sub-basin(s) Total area (km²) Recipient Riparian countries Lakes in the basin Amu Darya …2 Aral Sea AF, KG, TJ, UZ, TM - Surkhan Darya 13,500 Amu Darya TJ, UZ - Kafirnigan 11,590 Amu Darya TJ, UZ - Pyanj 113,500 Amu Darya AF, TJ -- Bartang … Pyanj AF, TJ -- Pamir … Pyanj AF, TJ - Vakhsh 39,100 Amu Darya KG, TJ Aral Sea Zeravshan …2 Desert sink TJ, UZ Syr Darya …2 Aral Sea KZ, KG, TJ, UZ - Naryn … Syr Darya KG, UZ - Kara Darya 28,630 Syr Darya KG, UZ - Chirchik 14,240 Syr Darya KZ, KG, UZ -Chatkal 7,110 Chirchik KG, UZ Chu 62,500 Desert sink KZ, KG Talas 52,700 Desert sink KZ, KG Assa … Desert sink KZ, KG Ili 413,000 Lake Balqash CN, KZ Lake Balqash Murgab 46,880 Desert sink AF, TM - Abikajsar … Murgab AF, TM Tejen 70,260 Desert sink AF, IR, TM 1 The assessment of water bodies in italics was not included in the present publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Wind Power Potential of the Central Asian Countries.Pdf
    Central Asia Regional Data Review 17 (2019) 1–7. Central Asia Data Gathering and Analysis Team CADGAT Wind Power Potential of the Central Asian Countries Bahtiyor Eshchanov,a,b* Alina Abylkasymova,b Farkhod Aminjonov,b,c Daniyar Moldokanov,b Indra Overland,b,d Roman Vakulchuk b,d a Westminster International University in Tashkent b Central Asia Data-Gathering and Analysis Team (CADGAT) c College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Zayed University d Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) * Corresponding author: B. Eshchanov; [email protected]; [email protected] A B S T R A C T This data article surveys the wind energy potential of the five Central Asian countries; Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The dataset presents the theoretical wind power supply capacity in the region as well as existing wind power installations. Keywords: wind power, renewable energy, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Background Data Gathering and Analysis Team (CADGAT) is In addition to abundant fossil fuel and hydro- producing a series of data articles on renewable power resources, the Central Asian countries of energy in Central Asia. These data are also Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan available in a unified database in excel format from and Uzbekistan have vast amounts of other http://osce-academy.net/en/research/cadgat/. renewable energy sources. Among these, wind energy has the greatest potential for exploitation. Data collection Due to its vast territory, almost three- Data collection was carried out between November quarters of the theoretical wind power potential in 2018 and January 2019, and the figures presented Central Asia belongs to Kazakhstan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of the Geographical Location of the Fergana Valley In
    International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS) ISSN: 2643-640X Vol. 4 Issue 11, November - 2020, Pages: 219-222 The Importance of the Geographical Location of the Fergana Valley in the Study of Rare Plants Foziljonov Shukrullo Fayzullo ugli Student of Andijan state university (ASU) [email protected] Abstract: Most of the rare plants in the Fergana Valley are endemic to this area, meaning they do not grow elsewhere. Therefore, the Fergana Valley is an area with units and environmental conditions that need to be studied. This article gives you a brief overview on rare species in the area. Key words: Fergana, flora, geographical location, mountain ranges. Introduction. The Fergana Valley, the Fergana Valley, is a valley between the mountains of Central Asia, one of the largest mountain ranges in Central Asia. It is bounded on the north by the Tianshan Mountains and on the south by the Gissar Mountains. Mainly in Uzbekistan, partly in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. It is triangular in shape, extending to the northern slopes of the Turkestan and Olay ridges, and is bounded on the northwest by the Qurama and Chatkal ridges, and on the northeast by the Fergana ridge. In the west, a narrow corridor (8–10 km wide) is connected to the Tashkent-Mirzachul basin through the Khojand Gate. Uz. 300 km, width 60–120 km, widest area 170 km, area 22 thousand km. Its height is 330 m in the west and 1000 m in the east. Its general structure is elliptical. It expands from west to east. The surface of the Fergana Valley is filled with Quaternary alluvial and proluvial-alluvial sediments.
    [Show full text]
  • Access to Drinking Water and Sanitation in the Republic of Kazakhstan
    Committee for Water Resources Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan UNDP Project National Plan for Integrated Water Resources Management and Water Efficiency in Kazakhstan RepORT AcceSS TO DrinkinG WATer and SaniTATION in THE RepuBLic OF KAZakHSTan January 2006 Foreword Supplying population of the Republic of Kazakhstan with adequate quality drinking water is one of the priority directions of the social-economic development of the country. For Kazakhstan the Millennium Development Goals are the long-term goals, which are closely related to the National Development Strategy “Kazakhstan-2030”. The problem of supply of population with drinking water is reflected in such national documents as the Conception of the Water Economic and Political Sector Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2010, the Strategy for Industrial and Innovation Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2003-2015, as well as the Water Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan carries out a systematic work on water supply and sanitation in the framework of the sectoral Program “Drinking water” and the National Program on Development of Rural Territories. Under these programs the construction and reconstruction of the water supply systems in urban and rural areas is carried out. For the next 10 years of the program implementation 115 billion tenge are planned to be allocated from the republican budget. At the same time the factors inhibitory to stable and successful programme implementation are the following: a high level of deterioration of water supply networks and units, insufficient development and equipment of the water pipes traffic departments, as well as insufficiency in reliable official data on the accessibility of drinking water to population of Kazakhstan.
    [Show full text]