DOCSLIB.ORG

2. Aspecte Ale Culturii Tradiționale În Romanul Răscoala

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
2. Aspecte Ale Culturii Tradiționale În Romanul Răscoala DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Aspecte ale culturii tradiționale în opera lui Liviu Rebreanu“ Verfasserin Claudina Palade angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, 2013 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 236 354 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Diplomstudium Romanistik, Rumänisch Betreuerin Doz. Dr. Phil. Bojoga Eugenia 2 Aspecte ale culturii tradiționale în opera lui Liviu Rebreanu 3 4 CUPRINS Introducere..............................................................................................................................7 1. Proza interbelică.................................................................................................................9 1.1 Contextul istoric..............................................................................................................9 1.2 Proza românească din prima jumătate a sec. XX..........................................................12 1.3.Scriitorii reprezentativi ai epocii...................................................................................19 1.3.1 Hortensia Papadat-Bengescu...............................................................................19 1.3.2 Gib Mihăescu.......................................................................................................23 1.3.3 Camil Petrescu.....................................................................................................26 1.3.4 Mihail Sadoveanu................................................................................................30 1.4 Locul lui Liviu Rebreanu în literatura interbelică.........................................................34 2. Aspecte ale culturii tradiționale în romanul Răscoala...................................................39 2.1 Prezentarea romanului..................................................................................................39 2.2 Subiectul romanului......................................................................................................41 2.3 Personajele principale...................................................................................................58 2.4 Protagonistul romanului................................................................................................64 2.5 Rolul mulțimii...............................................................................................................67 3. Aspecte ale culturii tradiționale în romanul Ion............................................................71 3.1 Prezentarea romanului.................................................................................................. 71 3.2 Universul rural.............................................................................................................. 76 3.3 Personajele principale................................................................................................... 84 3.4 „Glasul pământului”......................................................................................................89 3.5 „Glasul iubirii”..............................................................................................................91 4. Concluzii..............................................................................................................................95 5. Bibliografie..........................................................................................................................97 6. Anhang.................................................................................................................................99 Zusammenfassung in Deutsch..............................................................................................99 Lebenslauf...........................................................................................................................102 5 6 Introducere ”Pentru mine arta - zic artă și mă gândesc mereu numai la literatură - înseamnă creație de oameni și de viață. (...) Creând oameni vii, cu viață proprie, cu lume proprie, scriitorul se apropie de misterul eternității. (...) Când ai reușit să închizi în cuvinte câteva clipe de viață adevărată, ai realizat o operă mai prețioasă decât toate frazele frumoase din lume”. Liviu Rebreanu Liviu Rebreanu s-a impus în literatura română din prima jumătate a secolului XX ca unul dintre cei mai remarcabili prozatori. Autor de nuvele și romane originale, el a abordat o tematică extrem de variată. În același timp, explorând medii sociale diferite, a reușit să ilustreze prin scrierile sale diverse formule narative. În ce privește tematica de ansamblu a operei lui Rebreanu, vom remarca de la bun început predilecția autorului spre aspecte ale culturii tradiționale românești. Privită din această perspectivă, opera sa reprezintă un moment de cotitură în proza românească, deoarece preia tema rurală de la înaintașii săi și o transpune în manieră tipic realistă. În lucrarea noastră de diplomă, intitulată Aspecte ale cuturii tradiționale în opera lui Liviu Rebreanu, ne-am propus să urmărim această tematică mai ales în cele două romane ale sale: Răscoala și Ion. Cu toate că tematica țărănească transpare aproape din toate textele autorului, în cele două capodopere ale sale universul rural este prezentat poate pentru prima dată în literatura română în mod obiectiv, iar țăranul apare în adevărata sa dimensiune, cu dramele și bucuriile sale cotidiene. Spre deosebire de înaintașii săi, Rebreanu demitizează satul românesc, arătând care sunt adevăratele sale probleme. Văzut ca axă principală a existenței țăranului, pământul are un rol fundamental și primordial în viața acestuia. Posedarea sau lipsa acestuia canalizează viața și destinul perosnajelor lui Rebreanu. Țăranii din Răscoala își doresc pământ pentru a putea supraviețui și a-și întreține familiile. La fel și Ion care este obsedat de ideea de a avea cât mai mult pământ pentru a-și putea depăși propria condiție socială. În jurul problemei țărănești abordate cu măiestrie de Liviu Rebreanu gravitează de fapt și aspectele principale ale culturii tradiționale românești. 7 Pornind de la această premisă, am structurat lucrarea noastră din trei capitole: Proza românească din perioada interbelică, Aspecte ale culturii tradiționale în romanul Răscoala și Aspecte ale culturii tradiționale în romanul Ion. La acestea se adaugă Concluziile și Bibliografia. În primul capitol prezentăm contextul istoric și pe principalii prozatorii din perioada interbelică: Hortensia Papadat-Bengescu, Gib Mihăescu, Camil Petrescu, Mihail Sadoveanu. În ultima parte ne referim la locul ce îi revine lui Liviu Rebreanu în literatura interbelică. Obiectul analizei din cel de-al II-lea capitol îl constituie romanul Răscoala, un roman unic în literatura română, prin rolul acordat mulțimii și mobilizarea acesteia în dorința de a intra în posesia pământului. În capitolul al III-lea ne ocupăm de romanul Ion, capodopera lui Rebreanu, insistând asupra semnificației profunde a satului Pripas, văzut ca vatră primordială a spiritualității românești, precum și a obiceiurilor tradiționale prilejuite de naștere, botez, nuntă și moarte, ca momente cruciale ale vieții și mentalității țărănești. În Concluzii rezumăm rezultatele cercetării noastre, iar la Bibliografie prezentăm principalele noastre surse de documentare. 8 1. Proza interbelică 1.1 Contextul istoric Cum se știe, anul 1918 a însemnat destrămarea imperiului Austro-Ungar și implicit întregirea teritorială a altor state, printre care și România. Ca urmare a unirii Basarabiei, Bucovinei și Transilvaniei la restul teritoriilor românești, are loc încheierea procesului de formare a statului național unitar român. Actul unirii din 1 decembrie 1918 a avut consecințe pozitive asupra întregii societăți. Concomitent se produce o schimbare pe toate planurile: politic, economic și cultural. În ce privește cultura română, aceasta se îmbogățește substanțial prin încorporarea intelectualității ardelene, bucovinene și basarabene. Despărțiți decenii de-a rândul de frații lor din Regat prin faptul că s-au aflat sub dominație străină, acești intelectuali au luptat în condiții vitrege pentru menținerea identității naționale și a conștiinței românești. În ce privește literatura română, în această perioadă se afirmă scriitori de valoare precum Liviu Rebreanu, Octavian Goga, Constantin Stere, care alături de Mihail Sadoveanu, Mircea Eliade, Camil Petrescu, Tudor Arghezi, Ion Barbu, Hortensia Papadat-Bengescu și mulți alții, vor contribui la sincronizarea literaturii autohtone cu literatura occidentală. Din acest moment, cultura română începe să se raporteze tot mai frecvent la cultura europeană. Nu întâmplător, unii dintre scriitorii citați mai sus vor deveni exponenți ai unor orientări ideologice și literare importante. Conform opiniei lui Crohmălniceanu, în cadrul literaturii române se manifestă ”o tendință de depășire a unui spirit oarecum provincial” și se simte o preocupare tot mai accentuată ”pentru europeism și totodată pentru valorificarea originalității naționale”1. De altfel, în această perioadă are loc o amplă dezbatere cu privire la căile de dezvoltare pe care România putea să le urmeze. Pe de o parte, se pune problema dacă România trebuie să urmeze modelul occidental, alăturându-se rapid națiunilor europene moderne sau, pe de altă parte, dacă trebuie să păstreze tradițiile seculare țărănești, agrare și ortodoxe și, în felul acesta să rămână credincioasă sie însăși. În plus, exista și o a treia cale, de ”compromis”, ce putea să le ofere românilor posibilitatea de a-și păstra modul lor
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Turn. Liviu Rebreanu's Hungarian Drama and Drama Fragments
    Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica, 3, 1 (2011) 79-88 The Turn. Liviu Rebreanu’s Hungarian Drama and Drama Fragments Béla BÍRÓ Sapientia University Department of Humanities [email protected] Abstract. The paper focuses on that moment of Liviu Rebreanu’s activity as a writer when his linguistic turn takes place. The author of Romanian nationality living in the Hungarian state before Trianon, who, according to the ambitions of the family wishing to rise, pursues his school studies in the Hungarian language, writes his first literary experiments (dramas, novel fragments and short stories) in Hungarian. However, while writing the drama fragment entitled Gigi (Ghighi), the writer, dismissed from the army and going through an existential crisis, continues to write in Romanian; through a few pages he translates the text started in Hungarian into Romanian, then he continues it exclusively in Romanian. But the change of the target public – due to significant social and cultural differences – does not make it possible for him to render the selected life material of autobiographical character as originally planned. The text remains in a fragmentary form. The adequate rendering of the autobiographical motifs chosen as the materials of the first works can take place only in his great novels (first of all in Ion and in The Forest of the Hanged [Pădurea spânzuraţilor]), as long as it is in these that the author and his public (implicitely the narrator of the novels and the fictitious readers) can really meet. Based on the reconsideration of the problem of form-content, the study follows the changes that the autobiographical motifs undergo in the communicative space of successive works, as well as the functional mechanisms of rendering.
    [Show full text]
  • Romance Languages 506 LITERATURE
    506 Romance Languages LITERATURE By Mircea Anghelescu, Professor of Romanian Literature in the University of Bucharest 1. Works of reference and of general interest Last year’s main event in the field of reference literature must be the publication of: Dict¸ionarul esent¸ial al scriitorilor romaˆni, ed. M. Zaciu, M. Papahagi, and A. Sasu, Albatros, 920 pp., in collaboration with a team of 48 authors, mostly well-known academics. Elaborated by the group which since 1994 has been publishing the still unfinished Dict¸ionarul scriitorilor romaˆni, the dictionary benefits from first-hand information: the 332 entries, most of them on modern and contempo- rary authors, have a short introductory text briefly characterizing the author, and a brief biography; and each entry ends with a biblio- graphy of the author’s work and of its critical reception. Among those featured in the dictionary, there are 20th-c. writers who began their career as Romanian authors but then made a name for themselves in foreign literatures: Fondane, Ionescu, Istrati, Tzara. However, none of the old literary authors who wrote in other languages — Slavonic, Latin, or Greek — is included here. Several regional literary or cultural dictionaries have been published in this period. George Vulturescu, Cultura˘ ¸si literatura˘ ˆınt¸inuturile Sa˘tmarului: Dict¸ionar 1700–2000,Sa˘tma˘rean, Muzeului, 297 pp., presents the authors, periodicals, and literature-oriented institutions of the county of Satu- Mare, in the Hungarian, Ukrainian, and other languages, as well as in Romanian, together with biographical and bibliographical data and short characterizations. The dictionary favours the modern and contemporary epoch.
    [Show full text]
  • The Uprising” Novel Map
    International Review of Social Research 2016; 6(2): 91–97 Research Article Open Access Theodor Cepraga “The Uprising” Novel Map. Real and Imaginary Space in Liviu Rebreanu’s Vision DOI 10.1515/irsr-2016-0012 representations of the space in literary works, while the Received: February 23, 2016; Accepted: April 29, 2016 third is called géopoétique and concentrates on the Abstract: The literary works represent a genuine source relations between the space and the literary genres. for researching and understanding the geographical On the other hand, the idea of the “Literary Atlas of space. Most of the time, this space is perceived and Europe” contributes to the creation of a bridge between figured in various ways by the different authors referring literature and the geographical space with the help of GIS to it. When available, the best way to study these (Geographical Information System) (Reuschel, Piatti, and mental representations is by using maps created by the Hurni, 2013). In this project the authors have developed a authors themselves. This article concentrates on Liviu method to map the different spatial data encountered in a Rebreanu’s novel “The Uprising” and on the map which given text. A similar study uses GIS to map qualitative data helped him to better depict the plot and the characters. extracted from literary works, associating the emotions The cartographical representation was created by Liviu and the feelings described with the geographical space Rebreanu and was published together with other drafts (Cooper and Gregory, 2011). from the author’s personal archive. The paper analyzes the In Romania, Andreea Răsuceanu (2013) uses the map using cartographical, historical and literary sources concepts of narrative space and literary geography to with the aim of understanding how the author reshaped examine the writings of Mircea Eliade from a spatial the real space to better suit his literary imagination.
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Communist Romanian Cinema: Context and the Turn to Realism
    MA MAJOR RESEARCH PAPER Post-Communist Romanian Cinema: Context and the Turn to Realism Dana Iliescu j. Supervisor: Janine Marchessault Second Reader: Jean Bruce The Major Research Paper is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Joint Graduate Program in Communication & Culture Ryerson University - York University Toronto, Ontario, Canada May 6, 2009 o Contents Introduction .....................................................................................................................2 Part 1: The Reality of Romanian Cinema ........................................................................ 8 Contexts ........................................................................................................................... 9 Pre-Communism .............................................................................................................14 Communism and After .................................................................................................... 17 The Mode of Film Production .......................................................................................... 19 Part 2: Realism ................................................................................................................22 Origins .............................................................................................................................23 The Visibility of Post-Communist Space .......................................................................... 33 Moralities ..........................................................................................................................39
    [Show full text]
  • Romanian Literary Perspectives and European Confluences
    IULIAN BOLDEA Romanian Literary Perspectives and European Confluences 2011 1 Romanian Literary Perspectives and European Confluences: Iulian Boldea, Edition asymetria, 2011 ISBN 978-2-9536827-0-0. EAN 9782953682700. Edition asymetria 16, residence Les Nouveaux Horizons, 78990 Elancourt, France Printed at S.C. Cromatic Tipo S.R.L. Tg. Mureș, Romania, Calarasilor Street No. 58, Post code 540046 ISBN 978-2-9536827-0-0 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS AN INTRODUCTION. THE CANON IN THE ROMANIAN LITERATURE ................................... 5 FAIRIES IN ROMANIAN FAIRY TALES .......................................................................................... 11 LITERATURE AND NATIONAL SPECIFICITY: LIVIU REBREANU ............................................ 18 SACRED AND PROFANE IN TUDOR ARGHEZI’S POETRY ........................................................ 23 LUCIAN BLAGA – METHAPHYSICAL COORDINATES OF THE POETIC DISCOURSE .......... 34 REPRESENTATIONS OF THE IMAGINARY IN THE ROMANIAN POETIC AVANT-GARDE 54 E. LOVINESCU AND THE ART OF PORTRAIT .............................................................................. 63 GEORGE BACOVIA AND THE AVATARS OF DAMNATION ..................................................... 75 THE SPACE OF THE CITY BETWEEN MYTH AND REALITY. ................................................... 83 IDENTITY AND RUPTURE IN E. CIORAN’S WORK ..................................................................... 87 N. STEINHARDT – THE WAY TO THE TRUTH ............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Romanian Bard: a Case Study of Shakespeare's Adaptations In
    The Romanian Bard 106 DOI: 10.2478/abcsj-2013-0007 The Romanian Bard: A Case Study of Shakespeare’s Adaptations in Contemporary Romania DANA PERCEC and ANDREEA ŞERBAN West University of Timişoara Abstract In Romania, Shakespeare played an important role in the construction of Romania’s cultural identity and in the reshaping of political awareness during the communist dictatorship. In recent years, the Bard’s work has been translated into a contemporary, accessible Romanian language, with theatrical or musical adaptations targeted at a public whose tastes are shaped by popular culture. The authors discuss, from this perspective, two recent adaptations: The Taming of the Shrew (2005), acclimatized to contemporary Romanian realities (names, locations and folk music), and Romeo and Juliet (2009) that relocates the tragedy in the musical genre. The choice of two musical genres popular with the most widely spread segments of the public – the conservative, but less educated middle-aged group of non-theatre-goers and the youth – indicates an attempt, still new for the Romanian cultural market, to accommodate Shakespeare to the interests of two different communities of consumers, so far absent from this country’s high culture circuit. Keywords: William Shakespeare, adaptation, assimilation, Romania, local culture, theatre Introduction The field of Shakespeare studies has, in the past decade, gained a new dimension in Romania. The notion of appropriation has become attractive for Romanian scholars, who see the advantages of an intercultural approach in the analysis of Shakespeare’s reception. Looking into the dynamics of the contact between the mainstream and the sub-culture, between the national and the global identity, but also between the 107 The Romanian Bard international and the local/ regional culture, has been a fruitful line of theoretical investigation recently.
    [Show full text]
  • Pamfil Şeicaru. Author and Literary Character (Summary of the Doctoral Thesis)
    Pamfil Şeicaru. Author and literary character (Summary of the doctoral thesis) Supervising professor: Prof. univ. dr. Ionel Funeriu Candidate: Ando Andrei The myth of greatly talented journalist, but also of blackmailer and immoral person created around Pamfil Șeicaru an unwanted crust which covered entirely his qualities and important contribution to the Romanian literature. The drama chronicles, the plays and novels, the setting up of the supplement Curentul literar (Literary trend), where young writers had been promoted, his activity as literary criticist, the literary portraits (real micro-novels) were put in shade by the harsh indictments written as editor and journal director by one of the most gifted Romanian pamphleteers of all times. It is the biographers‟, detractors‟ fault, the fault of all those who analyzed from a unilateral perspective, of bad will or ignorance, the meaning of the journalist‟s activity and the structure of his works. Only recently, the literary size of Seicaru‟s works was explored, fragmentary, roughly, in studies and media papers. We intend to search the universe of the Seicaru‟s pamphlets from a perspective not used until now – themes, stylist, contextual. Another objective of the thesis is the novel research of Pamfil Șeicaru‟s literary profile, which we identified as main character in 14 literary works. Argument Far from idealizing his image, this paper intends to carry on a lucid, objective analysis, based upon a vast documentation, without ideological views on Seicaru‟s personality and works. We have started in this adventure of knowledge, we have started from the premise of the recovery of the literate size, less known for that that remained nevertheless in the first plan of the intellectual life as gifted journalist.
    [Show full text]
  • RIN Central Hotel
    http://www.seemice.com/Hotel/rin-central-hotel- bucharest RIN Central Hotel Address: 55A, Traian Street City: Bucharest ZIP code: 051783 Country Romania Phone [email protected] No of rooms No of halls NAJVEĆA SALA 107 4 120 Surrounding City About us Facilities With an elegant interior and pleasant atmosphere, RIN Central Hotel guarantees a unique experience. Due to its convenient location, the hotel offers a beautiful view of WiFi the city, providing easy access to tourist attractions during the day and many options Restaurant for entertainment at night. Open parking lot Business center Accommodation RIN Central Hotel offers the 107 rooms, 21 rooms with 3 star classification and the rest of 86 with 4 stars classification. Also, there are 10 non-smoking rooms, 1 room for persons with special needs and 1 room for hypoallergenics. Conference capacities RIN Central Hotel offers a conference center with 4 halls accommodating up to 300 people, suitable for conferences, meetings and trainings. Equipped with the modern facilities, the conference center is the perfect venue for any event or presentation. Additional facilities Bar, limo service, laundry and cleaning services, concierge, room service U T TOTAL CLASSROOM BOARDROOM SQUARE THEATER CABARET BANQUET COCKTAIL W x L x H SHAPE SHAPE m2 Nicolae Iorga 45 - 60 84 - 120 - 80 120 139 - George Calinescu 28 - 30 48 - 70 - 40 60 70 - Mircea Eliade 28 - 30 48 - 70 - 40 60 70 - Liviu Rebreanu 12 - 8 10 - 15 - 10 10 25 - * Capacities by halls for different seating styles Technical equipment Projector Projection canvas Sound System Location Center of Bucharest, 19 km away from Henry Coanda International Airport, 1 km away from University Square (kilometer 0).
    [Show full text]
  • Rebreanu-Liviu-Ion-I-Cartea.Pdf
    Liviu REBREANU ION * Colec\ie ini\iat[ =i coordonat[ de Anatol Vidra=cu =i Dan Vidra=cu Concep\ia grafic[ a colec\iei: Vladimir Zmeev Coperta: Isai C`rmu REFERIN|E ISTORICO-LITERARE: Ov. S. Crohm[lniceanu, Lucian Raicu, Petru Mihai Gorcea, Alexandru Piru, Dumitru Micu, Mircea Zaciu. Grupul Editorial „Litera“ str. B. P. Hasdeu, mun. Chi=in[u, MD-2005, Republica Moldova tel./fax +(3732) 29 29 32, 29 41 10, fax 29 40 61; e-mail: [email protected] Difuzare: Libr[ria „Scripta“ str. +tefan cel Mare 83, mun. Chi=in[u, MD-2012, Republica Moldova, tel./fax: +(3732) 221987 Prezenta edi\ie a ap[rut ]n anul 2001 ]n versiune tip[rit[ =i electronic[ la Grupul Editorial „Litera“. Toate drepturile rezervate. Editori: Anatol =i Dan Vidra=cu Redactor: Ion Ciocanu Corector: Raisa Co=codan Tehnoredactare: Marin Popa Tiparul executat la Combinatul Poligrafic din Chi=in[u Comanda nr. 11432 CZU 821.135.1-3 R 35 Descrierea CIP a Camerei Na\ionale a C[r\ii Rebreanu, Liviu Ion: roman/ Liviu Rebreanu; col. ini\. =i coord. Anatol =i Dan Vidra=cu; conc. gr. col./ Vladimir Zmeev/ coperta Isai C`rmu. — Ch.: Litera, 2001 (Combinatul Poligrafic). — (Bibl. =colarului, serie nou[, nr. 234). Vol. I. — 2001. — 256 [p]. ISBN 9975-74-374-9 821.135.1.-3 ISBN 9975-74-374-9 © LITERA, 2001 CUPRINS Tabel cronologic . 7 GLASUL P{M~NTULUI Capitolul I }nceputul . 14 Capitolul II Zv`rcolirea . 46 Capitolul III Iubirea . 78 Capitolul IV Noaptea . 114 Capitolul V Ru=inea . 164 Capitolul VI Nunta . 201 CUPRINS Ion TABEL CRONOLOGIC 1885 27 noiembrie Se na=te, la T`rli=iua, Liviu, primul copil (din 14) al ]nv[\[torului Vasile Rebreanu =i al Ludovic[i (n[scut[ Diu- ganu).
    [Show full text]
  • How Journalism Escorts Daily Life from Oltenia in Years 1920-1930
    International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences Online: 2014-03-02 ISSN: 2300-2697, Vol. 23, pp 57-65 doi:10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILSHS.23.57 CC BY 4.0. Published by SciPress Ltd, Switzerland, 2014 How journalism escorts daily life from Oltenia in years 1920-1930 Dan Ionescu “Nicolae Titulescu” High School, Doljului Street, Craiova, Romania E-mail address: [email protected] ABSTRACT The research is situated in the domain of the thematic history of the press. It approaches the topic of living, of the mundane existence of citizen's middle standard. Related to authorized views on this topic, the paper highlights: a) imagological inductions in everyday life, b) living in America of years 1920-1930 and Danish journalists’ living analyzed at 1930 journalists from Oltenia, and c) the Romanian villagers life (in the range 1881-1937). Keywords: journalism; thematic history of the journalism; objectivity and subjectivity in journalism 1. INRODUCTION Imagological valences of the newspapers contributed to prediction of what is happening in the world. Looking into the magazines, regardless of the period in which they appeared, we will find out the attention that, only in a corner of the page, the editors have given a life from abroad. They caught in reviews, of what it was in other countries, the common points of their vision and ultimately, with the publication where they were employed. The contacts with the other are shown as if they had occurred in his own language of I. We have to mention that still are relatively numerous foreignness linguistic influences of some Romanian texts in the first part of the nineteenth century (Dascălu, 2006, p.
    [Show full text]
  • THOMAS AMHERST PERRY (Commerce, Tex., U.S.A.)
    THOMAS AMHERST PERRY (Commerce, Tex., U.S.A.) The Contribution of Petru Comarnescu to Romanian-American Literary Relationships With Allied victory in World War I, there were two major changes in Romania. It had doubled its territory, bringing in Romanians with much more diverse cultural experiences, creating the Greater Romania; and thou- sands of Romanian emigrants who had fled pre-war and wartime Habsburg lands, began to return to the homeland-at least ten thousand of them from the United States, with tastes acquired there. .. Many had children bom in the United States, children who had joined the Boy and Girl Scouts, gone to Sunday School, followed "Barney Google" and "The Katzenjammer Kids" in the comics, rooted for Babe Ruth and Jack Dempsey, read Pollyanna and the Motorboat Boys, and spoke American slang, some of which was absorbed into Transylvanian and other dialects. Many of the adults had read Zane Grey and the new Sinclair Lewis, and gone to the movies. Back in Romania, they scattered throughout the country, mostly in the provinces. The post-war Europe-wide vogue of American pop culture-which in its broadest sense included not only jazz and the movies, but the cowboy story, the detective mystery, and the best seller-had already reached many of the repatriate's stay-at-home neighbors. Publishers from Bucharest to Craiova and last began to capitalize on this popular interest by issuing not only small pamphlet-like books of Jack London, Mark Twain, and Poe stories but printing of Helen's Babies and a collection of stories by Habberton, Pollyanna, Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, Aldrich's Story of a Bad Boy, Janney's The Miracle of.the Bells, Helen Keller's autobiography, stories by Seton-Thompson, The Adventures of Nick Winter, and tales of Buffalo Bill as well as selections from O.
    [Show full text]
  • Lost Generation”
    Abstracts Volume V, no. 1(9) /2014 Research Articles THEORY, HISTORY AND LITERARY CRITICISM The Poetry of Defiance, the Defiance of Poetry. A Special Case of the “Lost Generation” Sorin Ivan Abstract: The “war generation”, also known as the “lost generation”, marks a moment of rupture in Romanian literature, by denouncing the literary tradition and the aesthetic canons and by the wish to renew it. A particular case of the “lost generation” is Ion Caraion. The poet expresses a structural existential apostasy, an aesthetic revolt, historically circumscribed, and an iconoclastic attitude toward everything “old” and “outdated” in existence, mentality, and literature, in the name of the new and of the future, driven by messianic ideals. In resounding manifesto texts and fulminant poems, he pleads for the separation from tradition, for an aesthetic revolution, for the new literature, for a new poetry, inspired from the original sources of existence, close to the genuine and intense life, for authenticity and originality. In his conception of literature context, under the auspices of the “new poetry”, Caraion writes poetry of defiance, defying, in this way, the poetry in “traditional” vision. Through his poetic work under the sign of rebellion and renewal, but also through his tragic existence, Ion Caraion is an exemplary poet of the “lost generation”. Keywords: the lost generation, literary canon, aesthetic revolt, iconoclastic attitude, renewal, the new poetry The Literary Icon of the Byronic Hero and Its Reincarnation in Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights Ecaterina Oana Brîndaş Abstract: The present study aims at investigating the Romantic literary embodiments of the archetype of the Byronic hero as depicted in three of Byron’s most representative poems, followed by an overall view of Emily Brontë’s (re)creation of Byron’s gothic hero in her famous novel, Wuthering Heights.
    [Show full text]