Us/them: Geographical Fantasies, Frictions and Disappointments GREENE — DE ABRANTES — TRIMANO
If coexistence were easy, it just wouldn’t be an issue. Because, beyond idealizations, the practice of encountering difference is complex, and its folds are rough. Based on examples of people who are moving to live “far from Keywords the city,” this article depicts the clash Coexistence between metropolitan and rural culture, Migration proposing alternatives for a possible Towns balance between the two. Cities Essay
Introduction “20 years ago, everything was quiet,” says a dweller born in a mountainous town in Argentina. Then, from the metropolises – she says – new residents and new ways of life began to arrive and, with them, asphalt, traffic jams, shopping malls, density, and diversity. Another local, this time from a seaside resort, agrees: “all this started recently, with the growth and migrations coming from Buenos Aires.” Furthermore, he affirms that these changes are not only material, they also impact social dynamics in ways that are not always welcome: “they come and stay. Every time we are more. This growth of people, of buildings, of the city, was changing our landscape, but also the way in which we relate to each other [...] we no longer know each other, and it is hard to know who is who.” In the current scenario – marked by Coronavirus pandemic –, the desires to flee the metropolis have intensified, especially in young professionals from the middle and upper classes, who calculate budgets and showcase distant properties fantasizing about other lives (Bontempo, 2020). Some real estate agents even speak of a “corona-exodus” (Quiroga, 2020), where the beach, the forest, the hills, or the mountain range are strengthened as peaceful destinations where to settle permanently or at least spend a few days in 92 confinement. This was revealed, for example, by the (c ySociedad Cultura sobre yEstudios Investigaciones I LUciana Instituto d DeLUcía aBrantes S Américas, Las de Universidad Espacio, del Producción Centro r Argentina Universidad N nvestigadora deconicet e i iecs-conicet yU carDo e Al antiago, C triMano greene tos E acional d tudios S s nc), Argentina hile e S an M ( ociales n el Centro de de Centro n el ( artín DAes i UnsAM ), ), ), ), 1 spiritual development, less frenetic and rhythms, a dietetics, and sports through body the of care the among other things, the requalification of thefamily, implies, that life a“purer” for search the cities: large in emerge to began comfort” of “ethics (2020) called 1990s, the since strongly migrating been have natural” “the in outside.” “the from bodies biohazard of flows the limit to designed technologies the implementation of identification among tests, other control swabs, the deployment customs of or sanitary of application the barricades, improvised the read can you From there masse?” en come to want townspeople the when do to wegoing are “What commented: interviewee one As paradises. immune their invade to come soon will that horde aforeign of sensation [Fi disease of carriers threats, biological as reimagined been have metropolitans of bodies the cities,1 large decreed. was quarantine traffic jams theon highways thein days beforethe g Despite local efforts, many metropolitans interested interested metropolitans many efforts, local Despite On the other hand, as the virus mainly affects affects mainly virus the as hand, other the On .
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93 ARQ 106 — SANTIAGO, CHILE closer contact with nature. This way of conducting existence usually finds its ideal locus in geographically remote spaces – “the country” – [Fig. 2]. As one migrant tells us: “We went looking for another life, for another healthier way of living.” Contemporary Latin American architecture reflects this movement, insofar one of its most internationally recognized areas has been the design of rural rest houses for the elite, bucolic, and inserted in isolated places. Now, metropolitans who decide to pack their bags put various fantasies about their future lives in them, but when they unpack, reality rarely adjusts to their wishes. The countryside is no longer exhausted in that GREENE — DE ABRANTES — TRIMANO “deep rural,” away from industrialization processes, and non-metropolitan cities which, more than being community utopias, are witnesses of profound changes and the object of new vocations. The bubble soon bursts to find that host communities are not as open as they hoped, nature is less pristine than in real estate advertising, and their job ends up being as or more intense than in the capital. So “arriving with the permaculture4 manual under your arm,” as one interviewee tells us, does not guarantee a full life. Although there is no doubt that metropolitans are fully entitled to migrate and that their actions also promote a necessary deconcentration of Argentine prime cities, both they and the authorities rarely take the actions required to appropriately conduct their effects and externalities. Population movements tend to develop without the implementation of public policies capable of regulating the modes of settlement and urbanization, producing radical changes in land use, threats to landscape heritage, saturation of local infrastructure, real estate speculation, and residential segregation (Llambí, 2004; Kay, 2009). Faced with this scenario, local residents tend to resist the arrival of “outsiders,” whom they also fear because they carry other “vices” such as the urban way of life or a different moral order (Trimano, 2019). As one resident of the seaside town says: “This paradise cannot continue to be destroyed with the practices they bring from Buenos Aires. This is a community of good people. We don’t want Buenos Aires’ liveliness here.” Based on these antecedents, the research5 that we have developed in a set of non-metropolitan scenarios in Argentina investigates the geographical fantasies (Rowles, 1978) that configure these encounters and frictions, raising an analysis of how a common territory based on diverse subjectivities is built – or not.
The Transformation of the Territory One of the changes that locals suffer most is the impact on ecosystem structures. The arrival of migrants tends to misalign the established morphological, architectural and landscape identities, with an anthropization that produces tensions which are announced to us in phrases such as: “now we have asphalt everywhere,” “we are becoming more and more like a big city,” “they want to 94 put up traffic lights,” “they are moving over the forest and renovated, and Wi-Fi and central heating installed, as as installed, heating central and Wi-Fi and renovated, are kitchens demolished, are walls redesigned, are spaces the inside: refurbishments major undergo world. rural the of reading urban the reinforcing [Fi these like expressions of infinity an show mountains The Style. Cottage or Bohemian, Country Chic, Shabby as traditional architectural heritage into foreign such styles the of reconversion of processes undertaking ones, old renovate to decide migrants the of many homes, (Argentina) Azul Mar in Kruk by House Concrete the or (Paraguay), Benítez by Anitas Las (Chile), Klotz by Reutter as such Houses elite. amigrant for but residents local for not designed settings, rural in built houses for awarded be to America Latin in professionals prominent most the of some for usual become has it architecture, In idealized. is that environment winter.” the spend to difficult so be would it think not wedid wecame, “When states: town mountain the from migrant ayoung As 2004). Girola, (Carman, 2011; are subjected inhabitants autochthonous the which to events unforeseen the or fauna, local the weather, inclement the consider not does nature of romanticization The reality. with consistent not is that generators of the idyllic construction of a “countryside” circulate about smaller-scale territories, becoming in this, the supporting imaginaries that metropolitans role important an plays advertising estate Real attributes. landscape and 2010) (Bourdieu, taste” “legitimate one. This shows divergent perceptions regarding present an architecture different from the traditional which urbanizations, private of form the following territory. the of occupation adifferent displaying Argentine Atlantic Coast (Pastoriza and Torre, 1999), thus the on urbanization first the of dwelling characteristic a roofs, gabled with chalets Californian the to ground a gaining process of buildings, of multiplication high-rise expose also archive local the in found images the of Some t roads with a more dense housing disposition [Fi disposition housing dense amore with roads paved parallel, grid: the with dialogue to –began dunes the of physiognomy the to bend that –streets fabric urban original the of undulation the which in way the in “unfriendly” way with the environment. an in built often are that devices networks, infrastructure and the expansion of road and telecommunications chains), restaurant groomers, dog gyms, malls, (shopping complexes, high-rise buildings), commercial enterprises tourist developments, private (cabins, projects estate real of development the with penetrated being is place” the of essence landscape “the call residents the What space.” land tiny little on a house a and cabins five building are they “here and territory,” our with we have he waterfront,” “they do not respect the relationship relationship the respect not do “they waterfront,” he g These homes, in general, retain their facades but but facades their retain general, in homes, These new of construction the for opt not do they If It is not only the landscape but also the built built the also but landscape the only not is It advance to tends part, its for sprawl, urban The In the seaside, these transformations can be observed observed be can transformations these seaside, the In .
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FIG. 3 Imagen satelital de well as other common elements in urban homes. In la ciudad de Villa Gesell, this way, it is possible to reside in “natural,” apparently con ondulaciones hacia la costa y cuadrícula hacia el rustic environments, without sacrificing comfort. A interior / Satellite image of local mountain woman tells us: “You can’t imagine the the city of Villa Gesell, with screams I heard from the front-house neighbor when she undulations towards the coast and grid towards the arrived, because here it is very common for the water interior. Fuente / source: in the pipes to freeze in winter, you can’t imagine the Google Earth. things that woman said!”
FIG. 4 Casa de Hormigón, The transformations of rural and non-metropolitan de Luciano Kruk y María settings are also accompanied by processes of social Victoria Besonías, ubicada stratification, which find their expression in space. In en Mar Azul (Argentina). / Concrete House by Luciano the seaside, the areas near the beach and the forest are Kruk and María Victoria inhabited by the local elite, and it is here that public Besonías, located in Mar policies aimed at beautifying, regulating and ordering the Azul (Argentina). © María Victoria Besonías. space focus. In the mountains, on the other hand, the possibility of being close to the mountains, having a house with views, and inhabiting an area that is as less dense as possible, become elements of desire and competition that articulate the processes of segregation. The elitization of nature operates as a mask for these processes: “This area is said to be more beautiful and exquisite because they brought trees from Europe,” “if you look at it, all the beautiful houses are in the forest and near the sea,” “there is a great division that is expressed in the aesthetics of the houses and in the proximity to nature.” Social and material borders, as an effect of migration, are drawn on space from the location of this resource (de Abrantes and Trimano, in press). Some appeals to nature can even become arguments for the exercise of “civilized violence” (Carman, 2011) over those considered “other,” “rustic,” “savage,” “countrymen” or “poor.” The following reflection by a newcomer to the mountain town, about the weeding process carried out by the locals, portrays this exercise: “The worker is forced to kill the species in his own habitat. How would you feel if you had to liquidate your habitat, with which you had an emotional relationship?” Residential growth is not the only process that drives morphological and architectural mutations. Tourism is another factor capable of unfolding disputes between ideas of development and conservation (Urry, 2002). The advance of the urban frontier, from the conformation of both residential and tourist developments, competes for land and water, displacing, in some cases, those who 96 live and work in said settings. Real estate projects take development, coexist. territorial regulations other hand, a population that is organized to implement enviable tranquility, one is not born with that internal an have they Here move. to decided and everything, up gave crisis, existential an Ihad happy. being call they what [...] model-family, money, Ihad Aires. Buenos in aday hours 12 worked “I out: points migrant one As innately. apparently, locals, the to available a capital tranquility, of state natural acertain to “returning” of The metropolitansrhythms. move with the intention from. escape to trying were they what replicating up end they and cultural than spatial say, more is wecould relocation, Their practices. and subjectivities urban them with carry usually locations7 urban or rural to migrate who those because occurs disagreement this of Part geography. a particular produce interests dissimilar whose and converge, tension in groups social where spaces are cases study The Encounters and Tensions a a common good on a regional scale [F seeks short-term private benefits without responding to market that, in complicity with venal political sectors, estate real the hand, one the on where, tension in azone is encounters these of result The living. of ways the control over the production and reproduction of drive forms of collective resistance, which make evident dynamics these time, same the At potential. tourist with places in valuable especially is which sector, urban future as a profitability possible its of also and land, dvantage, on the one hand, of the low values of rural rural of values low the of hand, one the on dvantage, This configuration can be observed in the disparity of disparity the in observed be can configuration This 6 that promote sustainable I G .
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ARQ 106 — SANTIAGO, CHILE GREENE — DE ABRANTES — TRIMANO
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FIG. 6 La propuesta peace.” However, they soon realize that the biggest para desarrollar el barrio challenge is reorganizing their own temporality; in this cerrado El Salvaje sobre la reserva natural más regard, another migrant tells us: “When I arrived [...] I importante del Partido didn’t know what to do with the time, it was as if I had de Villa Gesell generó hours to spare. I was quite confused until I settled into descontento, disputas y manifestaciones en the routine of this place.” la comunidad local. / Capitalism is a difficult subjectivity to dismantle. The proposal to develop As much as you want to abandon it, the metropolitans the closed neighborhood El Salvaje on the most arrive, as a mountain person indicates, “at an accelerated important natural pace and one has to adapt. People here move at other reserve of the Partido de speeds. In the valley, I’m not in a hurry, but I feel like I Villa Gesell, generated discontent, disputes and have to keep a schedule with the landscape” [FIG. 7]. demonstrations in In a similar sense, a migrant declares himself stupefied the local community. when temporal logics do not respond to metropolitan Por los autores, imagen con superposición del standards: “What’s the matter with the businesses of plan maestro de El Salvaje this town? – he wonders – I don’t understand when sobre planimetría de they open and when they close! It is impossible [...] Google Earth. / By the authors, image overlaying here there are other times” These dissonances are also El Salvaje master plan, and detected by the locals, who affirm: “Those who arrive Google Earth planimetry. do not stand the rhythm [...] you realize who they are [...] They come looking for tranquility, but the waiter takes a little longer and they are already moving their feet impatiently. That is generating changes in our pacing.” On the other hand, for the locals, the region is lived from a historical daily life, marked by the efforts of generations and by the “work from sunup to sundown,” where the landscapes provide a framework of collective identification. The following testimony of a mountain person expresses this well: “The people of the area work on the road. [...] We fought all of those stones that are there with a barrette. The work was from ‘sunup to sundown,’ we put a lot of effort into our place: how can we not defend it?” In a very different sense, the bond of the “outsiders” with the territory is 98 experienced as a way of escape and reencounter with and multiply?” The most successful cases that we have wehave that cases successful most The multiply?” and grow it making by precisely line the dividing folding, figures, its thickening, complicating, misaligning, multiplying in but limit the erasing “not in suggests, 46) (2008: Derrida as consists, that a “limitrophy” weconstruct do How border? the and transition the negotiate to possible it is way what in asking: worth is it landscapes, dwellings, temporalities, and morphologies, the interior”? “from abroad,” “from there,” “from here,” “from “migrants,” “natives,” “newcomers,” raised,” and “born “Locals,” we? are who identity: cultural about doubts as well As land? the of defense speculation, estate real cement; nature, grid; the plot, undulating the one; artificial an landscape, apristine acity; Atown, we? are what alterity sharpens questions about territorial identity: of display This involved. localities and actors the all of transformation radical the by also but displacement, environments non-metropolitan to city big the from Migration Dwell “ This place saved me.” saved place This mantle. green the feel and morning You the in up get considered. even not is this cities, big In alive. feel you are, you what measure really to you allows nature in “Living years: fifteen than more for area mountainous the in settled who amigrant by described accurately As 2017). (Trimano, time and place idealized an in rooted “us/them” be possible? of a configuration the will more, even Or other? each between coexistence aharmonious of think to possible be it will disappointments: and frictions, impacts, its as well as trend migratory this intensifying of capable fantasies geographical of aseries awakened has that crisis ahealth by traversed acontext In reduced. be could externalities which in ways the on reflect to us prompt among the different actors. of 1995) symbolic authority” (Thompson, the place for “rivalry of akind producing thus trajectories, their share who those with only ties daily their weaving dimensions, present and historical their in both story, territory, but they tend to omit the natives asacred as landscape local the imagine Metropolitans rhythms.” natural more living of search in cities the leave who people of type asimilar valley; the in people known many Ihave community, agreat is “It says: mountains the in living ametropolitan as ghetto”; the of celebration “the called (2002) Sennett what of terms in understood be also can representation This dinner.” for together get wedon’t but locals, the with bond [...]. agood me Ihave to hard very was it rooted, Ifelt ago years of acouple [...]. Just place this I know much how imagine ago, years 20 valley the to came “I distinctions: class and relations power maintain they what is essential”; as contemplation and desire to be be to desire and contemplation as essential”; is what Faced with this coexistence of subjectivities, subjectivities, of coexistence this Faced with Although migrants mobilize alternative utopias, All these expressions of a stressed coexistence coexistence astressed of expressions these All in Differences in 10 is characterized not only by geographical geographical by only not characterized is 9 from the the 9 from 8 99 ARQ 106 — SANTIAGO, CHILE GREENE — DE ABRANTES — TRIMANO
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FIG. 7 «Vivir sin prisa» es surveyed in the fieldwork show us that it is possible to el eslogan de Mar de las live in differences. Coexistence in the territory lessens Pampas (Partido de Villa Gesell), ciudad balnearia their frictions when, first, the metropolitans weigh in que se postula, bajo el advance the ideas they have about the smaller-scale movimiento de la slow territories, guarding their fantasies and anticipating the city, como «patrimonio de la lentitud». / “Living consequences of their migration. Locals, for their part, without a hurry” is the produce more prosperous spaces when they recognize slogan of Mar de las the right of others to migrate, and offer – but also Pampas (Partido de Villa Gesell), a seaside resort demand – respect and recognition, both for the different that is postulated, under ways of life and for the territories and their heritage: the slow city movement, as “Perhaps the moment of learning to coexist without a “heritage of slowness.” © Gabriel Noel, autor del problems, respecting what each one brings along, has artículo “De la ciudad slow arrived,” an inhabitant of the seaside told us when a vivir sin prisa” / Gabriel discussing the potential that comes with “learning what Noel, author of the article “From the slow city to a each group has to share” [Fig. 8]. slow-paced life”. Fieldwork has shown us the virtues of crossed knowledge: “These new houses that the people from FIG. 8 Evento de Traslasierra Jazz Club. / Buenos Aires make upset us because they have nothing Traslasierra Jazz Club to do with the spirit of this place,” said a local from event. © Andrea Induni. the seaside, “but the truth [is that] our architecture is already quite old.” One should be able to recognize that what they did is good.” It is to value the “encounters,” as Preciado (2019) would say. On the other hand, as a local architect told us, in addition to transmitting certain situated knowledge to the newcomers, the locals have to be able to disarm some monolithic associations that they have built on them:
“One also had to negotiate with those who were arriving. Tell them: you can’t do what you want [with your houses]. Here there were forms, regulations, a whole special relationship with the environment, with 100 materials, such as wood, and they had to be taught 8 future, an interviewee from the mountain told us: told mountain the from interviewee an future, the about uncertainties with plagued one, current the as such acontext In possible. is coexistence of kind “what” of question the by replaced is scenarios, these in gravitating so “who,” of question the that implies This aus/them. of coexistence the on light shed that practices “communalization” trace to possible be may it us, separate that distances the beyond think to dare we If formulation. interstitial of way its found yet not has logic, binary by skewed that, solidarity alatent is there contrary, if,the or on difference of limbo the in “individualistic communities” that coexist territorially of interaction the to simply refers observing we are encounter. of place anew but programs, competing as “urban” nor “rural” neither produced, socially be to begins space adifferent assumed, be should it this, With assets. local protecting while speculation, estate real drive and contain can that tools territorial for need the out point actors interviewed the Likewise, brands. social and material new managing of capable communities, and the development of infrastructures with work policies, public by accompanied not are they if friction generate processes migratory these that out point actors various and disappointments, fantasies Beyond guaranteed. be should conditions structural certain differences, these inhabit to However, order in differences: host must institutions also but people only not that out pointing resources, strategic certain of mobilization the about us to spoke mountain the from aperson sense, asimilar In point to question narratives and draw other possible possible other draw and narratives question to point starting the as serves life of ways of organization social another imagine to us allows that grammar Rethinking territorial complexities from a new At this point, one might wonder if the phenomenon years; that contributes alot.” contributes that years; for not could we what achieved we and Education, of Ministry the in someone knew or a position brought them among someone came, outside’ from ‘people and school; rural poor avery was it because anything, off living years, six for cooperative school the in Iwas town. this help they contrary, the on that; like not is it and town; the change to want ‘outsiders’ that think who people are “There it.” of care take to want they and paradise, this in live to came also they end, [...] the in well worked that [...] and this is over, we must continue to build the common.” the build to continue over, is must we this When vain. in not is isolated long so That strong. am I others, with Iam if that discover me helped has it well, confinement handle I again, say So, I flourishes. and me in up springs agraft, like other, the of struggle the laughter, the projects, the strength, The me. inspires collective the why understood have “I 101 ARQ 106 — SANTIAGO, CHILE horizons. Metropolitan migrations map a new society, with renewed and unexpected forms of production and reproduction of life. Coexistence feeds uncertainty and, therefore, strangeness. This should not be evaluated as a weakness, but rather from its transformative power. As stated by Turner (1988), we must put ourselves in the presence of the inventive capacity of a society, now impacted in the insides of its normality. ARQ GREENE — DE ABRANTES — TRIMANO Bibliografía / Bibliography
ÁLVAREZ, Lucrecia; MARKARIAN, Ana. «En Traslasierra. La reforma del PASTORIZA, Elisa; TORRE, Juan Carlos. «Mar del Plata, un sueño de los casco de una plantación de naranjos de 1930». En Revista Living, La Argentinos». En: MADERO, M.; DEVOTO, F. (eds.). Historia de la vida Nación, 23 de junio 2020. privada en la Argentina, tomo 3. Buenos Aires: Taurus, 1999. BONTEMPO, Catalina. «Coronavirus en la Argentina». En: La Nación, PICCININI, Daniel. «Concentración, desconcentración y 17 de junio, 2020. reconcentración urbana en Argentina». En: XVII Jornadas de BOURDIEU, Pierre. El sentido social del gusto. Elementos de una sociología Geografía de la Universidad Nacional de la Plata, 2019. Recuperado de la cultura. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 2010. de: http://jornadasgeografia.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/xvii-jornadas-2015/ CARMAN, María. Las trampas de la naturaleza. Medio ambiente y a11.pdf segregación en Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires: FCE, 2011. PRECIADO, Paul. B. Un apartamento en Urano. Crónicas del cruce. DE ABRANTES, Lucía; TRIMANO, Luciana. «Entre motivaciones y Barcelona: Anagrama, 2019. efectos. Hacia un registro móvil del movimiento residencial en la QUIROGA, Carla. «Cambio de vida. Irse de CABA o buscar más verde, Argentina contemporánea». En: Cadernos Metrópole. (En prensa). otros efectos de la cuarentena». En: La Nación, 21 de junio 2020. DERRIDA, Jacques. El Animal que luego estoy si(gui)endo. Madrid: REPLUS. El Salvaje, Villa Gesell, 2020. En: https://www.replus.com. Trotta, 2008. ar/propiedades/ventas/el-salvaje/villa-gesell/buenos-aires/ FOUCAULT, Michel. Historia de la sexualidad, vol. II. «El uso de los emprendimientos/el-salvaje-villa-gesell-lote-185-ba-7165/26952/ placeres». Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 1984. RIVERA, María. La ciudad no era mi lugar. Los significados residenciales GIROLA, María. «Imaginarios urbanos en zonas verdes y zonas rojas de la vuelta al campo en Navarra. Pamplona: Universidad Pública de de la Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires». En: Cuadernos de Navarra, 2007. Antropología Social, no. 20 (2004): 93-111. ROWLES, Graham. Prisoners of space? exploring the geographical GREENE, Ricardo. A line in the sand. Racism, elite and comfort in Argentine experience of older people. Boulder Colorado: Westview Press, 1978. gated communities, 2020. Unpublished doctoral thesis. Goldsmiths SENNETT, Richard. El declive del hombre público. Barcelona: College, London. Península, 2002. GREENE, Ricardo; DE ABRANTES, Lucía. «El modo de vida en Ciudades THOMPSON, Edward Palmer. «Introducción: Costumbre y cultura No Metropolitanas: Disolviendo el binario urbano-rural». EURE, y Patricios y Plebeyos». En: Costumbres en común. Barcelona: en prensa. Grijalbo, 1995. KAY, Cristóbal. «Estudios rurales en América Latina en el período TRIMANO, Luciana. «Paisas y gringos. Neorruralidad serrana, de globalización neoliberal: ¿una nueva ruralidad?». En: Revista transformaciones relacionales e identidades emergentes». En: Mexicana de Sociología, vol. 71, no. 4, (2009): 607-645. Chungara. Revista de Antropología Chilena, vol, 49, no. 3 (2017): LLAMBÍ, Luis. «Nueva ruralidad, multifuncionalidad de los espacios 461-471. rurales y desarrollo local endógeno». En PÉREZ, E.; FARAH, M. (eds.). TRIMANO, Luciana. «¿Qué es la neorruralidad? Reflexiones sobre la Desarrollo rural y nueva ruralidad en América Latina y la UE. Bogotá: construcción de un objeto multidimensional». En: Territorios, no. 41 PUJ, 2004. (2019): 119-142. MOSS, Laurence. The amenity migrants. Seeking and sustaining mountains TURNER, V. El proceso ritual. Estructura y antiestructura. Madrid: and their cultures. UK: CABI, 2006. Taurus, 1988. NATES CRUZ, Beatriz; RAYMOND, Stéphanie. Buscando la naturaleza. URRY, John. The tourist gaze: leisure and travel in contemporary societies. Migración y dinámicas rurales contemporáneas. Barcelona: Londres: Sage, 2002. Anthropos, 2007.
Notas / Notes
1 The Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires currently concentrates more than 95 % of the positive cases of Covid-19 in the country. 2 The migratory trend from large cities to small and medium-sized settings is based on data from the last four censuses (1980, 1991, 2001, 2010), which confirm that the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires – the capital city and its conurbations – has maintained its population stable for four decades, while some non-metropolitan cities, and even distant rural areas, have grown by up to 50% 102 (Piccinini, 2015).
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U ACSO outstanding practices. outstanding most the of some are trade, direct or producers of networks collectivist the markets, nearby of strengthening the agroecology, traditional agricultural activity, the reactivation of orchards, to out carry self-management experiences of horizontality: cities (De Abrantes and Greene, in press). the natural ecosystem. of characteristics and patterns the on based principles design social Rivera, 2007; Nates Cruz and Raymond, 2007). Raymond, and Cruz Nates 2007; Rivera, 2006; (Moss, addressed are that territories the of particularities the 2020). (Greene, suburbs metropolitan of urbanization the in communities gated of residents by or country, the of south the of processes occupation I P U Trimano, in press). and Abrantes (De living of management the in consultation and participation their ensure to order in resistance collective of forms as communities by used often are approach, ecosystem an I analysis of sources, documentary among others. observations, commented tours, collective mapping, life stories, and interviews, in-depth techniques: collection data various of application the involves which present), the to (2010 fieldwork prolonged on based is methodology The them. in acquiring been has qualitative and quantitative, that the metropolitan migratory flow both strength, the to due potential analytical great present and corridor tourist the to belong Both Córdoba. region, Traslasierra the in located town, rural amountainous, is second the and Aires; Buenos of province the of coast Atlantic the on located inhabitants, 40,000 with town, resort aseaside is first the towns: Argentine T P A T NSA n an operation equivalent to that carried out by settlers in the the in settlers by out carried that to equivalent operation n an n Argentina, territorial organization plans are tools that, from F ermaculture is a system of agricultural and economic, political, and and political, economic, and agricultural of asystem is ermaculture rojects that value the family and regional economy and try try and economy regional and family the value that rojects his phenomenon is also studied in other latitudes, reconstructing reconstructing latitudes, other in studied also is phenomenon his two in out carried work ethnographic on based is article his s a form of self-control over oneself (Foucault, 1984). (Foucault, oneself over self-control of s aform nderstood as the predominant way of life in non-metropolitan non-metropolitan in life of way predominant the as nderstood IL IT M ) , o , fellow and doctoral student in Anthropology from the the from Anthropology in student doctoral and , fellow a C ONIC f the Association of Documentalists of Chile Chile of Documentalists of Association f the nd actively participates in the program, based at this this at based program, the in participates actively nd CI E C E (2018). He is part of the collective Cosas Maravillosas collective the of part is He (2018). S T - ) a C ONIC t the Center for Research and Studies on Culture Culture on Studies and Research for Center t the E T a nd U nd , the chrono-photographic project NC U NSA ) , Argentina. M ) . She is a professor aprofessor is . She UB A A F ) , Master in in , Master ) a . His recent recent . His A nd the book book the nd D O I C D a O nd of of nd CS
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