3 Use of Earth Observation Technology to Monitor Forests Across the Globe
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K15197_C000.indd 1 10/5/2012 6:11:27 PM Earth Observation of Global Changes Series Editor Chuvieco Emilio Global Forest Monitoring from Earth Observation edited by Frédéric Achard and Matthew C. Hansen K15197_C000.indd 2 10/5/2012 6:11:28 PM Edited by Frédéric Achard • Matthew C. Hansen Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business K15197_C000.indd 3 10/5/2012 6:11:28 PM Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2013 by European Union and Matthew Hansen, CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Version Date: 2012928 International Standard Book Number: 978-1-4665-5201-2 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Global forest monitoring from earth observation / edited by Frederic Achard and Matthew C. Hansen. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4665-5201-2 1. Forests and forestry--Remote sensing. 2. Forest monitoring. I. Achard, Frédéric. II. Hansen, Matthew C. SD387.R4G56 2012 333.75--dc23 2012018562 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com K15197_C000.indd 4 10/5/2012 6:11:29 PM Contents Preface .................................................................................................................... vii Editors ......................................................................................................................ix Contributors ............................................................................................................xi 1. Why Forest Monitoring Matters for People and the Planet ...................1 Ruth DeFries 2. Role of Forests and Impact of Deforestation in the Global Carbon Cycle ................................................................................................. 15 Richard A. Houghton 3. Use of Earth Observation Technology to Monitor Forests across the Globe ............................................................................................39 Frédéric Achard and Matthew C. Hansen 4. Global Data Availability from U.S. Satellites: Landsat and MODIS ...55 Thomas R. Loveland and Matthew C. Hansen 5. Sampling Strategies for Forest Monitoring from Global to National Levels .........................................................................................65 Stephen V. Stehman 6. Use of Coarse-Resolution Imagery to Identify Hot Spots of Forest Loss at the Global Scale...................................................................93 Matthew C. Hansen, Peter Potapov, and Svetlana Turubanova 7. Use of a Systematic Statistical Sample with Moderate- Resolution Imagery to Assess Forest Cover Changes at Tropical to Global Scale ............................................................................ 111 Frédéric Achard, Hans-Jürgen Stibig, René Beuchle, Erik Lindquist, and Rémi D’Annunzio 8. Monitoring Forest Loss and Degradation at National to Global Scales Using Landsat Data...................................................... 129 Peter Potapov, Svetlana Turubanova, Matthew C. Hansen, Ilona Zhuravleva, Alexey Yaroshenko, and Lars Laestadius v K15197_C000toc.indd 5 9/28/2012 10:13:17 AM vi Contents 9. The Brazilian Amazon Monitoring Program: PRODES and DETER Projects ................................................................. 153 Yosio Edemir Shimabukuro, João Roberto dos Santos, Antonio Roberto Formaggio, Valdete Duarte, and Bernardo Friedrich Theodor Rudorff 10. Monitoring of Forest Degradation: A Review of Methods in the Amazon Basin ............................................................................................. 171 Carlos Souza, Jr. 11. Use of Wall-to-Wall Moderate- and High-Resolution Satellite Imagery to Monitor Forest Cover across Europe .................................. 195 Jesús San-Miguel-Ayanz, Daniel McInerney, Fernando Sedano, Peter Strobl, Pieter Kempeneers, Anssi Pekkarinen, and Lucia Seebach 12. Monitoring U.S. Forest Dynamics with Landsat ................................. 211 Jeffrey G. Masek and Sean P. Healey 13. Long-Term Monitoring of Australian Land Cover Change Using Landsat Data: Development, Implementation, and Operation .........229 Peter Caccetta, Suzanne Furby, Jeremy Wallace, Xiaoliang Wu, Gary Richards, and Robert Waterworth 14. Assessment of Burned Forest Areas over the Russian Federation from MODIS and Landsat-TM/ETM+ Imagery ................................... 245 Sergey Bartalev, Vyacheslav Egorov, Victor Efremov, Evgeny Flitman, Evgeny Loupian, and Fedor Stytsenko 15. Global Forest Monitoring with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Data.................................................................................................... 273 Richard Lucas, Ake Rosenqvist, Josef Kellndorfer, Dirk Hoekman, Masanobu Shimada, Daniel Clewley, Wayne Walker, and Humberto Navarro de Mesquita, Jr. 16. Future Perspectives (Way Forward) ........................................................299 Alan Belward, Frédéric Achard, Matthew C. Hansen, and Olivier Arino Index .....................................................................................................................307 K15197_C000toc.indd 6 9/28/2012 10:13:17 AM Preface Forest resources are crucial in the context of sustainable development and climate change mitigation. Dynamic information on the location and evo- lution of forest resources are needed to properly define, implement, and evaluate strategies related to multilateral environmental agreements such as the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Convention on Biological Diversity. For the global change scientific com- munity and the UNFCCC process, it is important to tackle the technical issues surrounding the ability to produce accurate and consistent estimates of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from forest area changes world- wide and at the country level. The following compilation of chapters constitutes a review of why and how researchers currently use remotely sensed data to study forest cover extent and loss over large areas. Remotely sensed data are most valuable where other information, for example, forest inventory data, are not available, or for ana lyses of large areas for which such data cannot be easily acquired. The ability of a satellite sensor to synoptically measure the land surface from national to global scales provides researchers, governments, civil society, and private industry with an invaluable perspective on the spatial and tem- poral dynamics of forest cover changes. The reasons for quantifying forest extent and change rates are many. In addition to commercial exploitation and local livelihoods, forests provide key ecosystem services including cli- mate regulation, carbon sequestration, watershed protection, and biodiver- sity conservation, to name a few. Many of our land use planning decisions are made without full understanding of the value of these services, or of the rate at which they are being lost in the pursuit of more immediate economic gains through direct forest exploitation. Our collection of papers begins with an introduction on the roles of forests in the provision of ecosystem services and the need for monitoring their change over time (Chapters 1 and 2). We follow this introduction with an overview on the use of Earth observa- tion datasets in support of forest monitoring (Chapters 3 through 5). General methodological differences, including wall-to-wall mapping and sampling approaches, as well as data availability, are discussed. For large-area moni- toring applications, the need for systematically acquired low or no cost data cannot be overstated. To date, data policy has been the primary impedi- ment to large-area monitoring, as national to global scale forest monitor- ing requires large volumes of consistently acquired and processed imagery. Without this, there is no prospect for tracking the changes to this key Earth system resource. The main section of the book covers forest monitoring using optical data sets (Chapters 6 through 14). Optical datasets, such as Landsat, constitute vii K15197_C000p.indd 7 9/28/2012 10:12:28 AM viii Preface the longest record of the Earth surface. Our experience of using them in mapping and monitoring forest cover is greater than that of other datasets due to the relatively rich record of optical