Evolution Equations with Applications to Population Dynamics Elisa Affili

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Evolution Equations with Applications to Population Dynamics Elisa Affili Evolution equations with applications to population dynamics Elisa Affili To cite this version: Elisa Affili. Evolution equations with applications to population dynamics. Analysis ofPDEs [math.AP]. Sorbonne Université; Università degli studi (Milan, Italie), 2021. English. NNT : 2021SORUS015. tel-03257094 HAL Id: tel-03257094 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03257094 Submitted on 10 Jun 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Universit`adegli Studi di Milano Sorbonne Univerist´e Corso di Dottorato in Ecole´ doctorale de Scienze Matematiche Sciences Mathematiques´ Ciclo XXXIII de Paris Centre MAT-05 : Analisi Matematica Specialite´ : Mathematiques´ Dipartimento di Matematica Centre d'analyse et de mathematique´ sociales Evolution equations with applications to population dynamics Doctoral thesis in conjoint program Dottoranda Elisa Affili Matr. R12038 Relatore Directeur Prof. Enrico Valdinoci Prof. Luca Rossi Directeur de l'´ecoledoctorale Coordinatore del Corso di Dottorato Prof. Elisha Falbel Prof. Vieri Mastropietro Anno accademico 2019-2020 ii Abstract The main topic of this thesis is the analysis of evolution equations reflecting issues in ecology and population dynamics. In mathematical modelling, the impact of environmental elements and the interaction between species is read into the role of heterogeneity in equations and interactions in coupled systems. In this direction, we investigate three separate problems, each corresponding to a chapter of this thesis. The first problem addresses the evolution of a single population living in an en- vironment with a fast diffusion line. From a mathematical point of view, this corre- sponds to a system of two coupled reaction-diffusion equations working on domains of different dimensions, which is called as in [20] a “road-field model". We introduce a periodic dependence of the reaction term in the direction of the fast diffusion line; in the ecological interpretation, this corresponds to the presence of more and less favourable zones for the growth of the population. Necessary and sufficient condi- tions for persistence or extinction of the population and the effects of the presence of the road are analysed through the study of a suitable generalised principal eigenvalue, originally defined in [16]. By comparison with the literature about reaction-diffusion equations in periodic media, we show that the presence of the road has no impact on the survival chances of the population, despite the deleterious effect that is expected from fragmentation. The second investigation regards a model describing the competition between two populations in a situation of asymmetrically aggressive interactions { one is the at- tacker and the other the defender. We derive a system of ODEs from basic principles, obtaining a modified Lotka-Volterra model relying on structural parameters as the fitness of the population and the frequency and effectiveness of the attacks. The evolution progresses through two possible scenarios, where only one population sur- vives. Then, the interpretation of one of the parameters as the aggressiveness of the attacker population naturally raises questions of controllability. With the aid of geo- metrical arguments we characterise the set of initial conditions leading to the victory of the attacker through a suitable (possibly time-dependant) strategy. Indeed, we prove that bang-bang strategies are sufficient and sometimes necessary over constant controls. Finally, we treat a time minimization question. The third and last part of this thesis analyses the time decay of some evolution equations with classical and fractional time derivatives. Carrying on an analysis started in [43], we deal with evolution equations with a possibly mixed Caputo and classical time derivative. By using energy methods, we prove quantitative estimates of polynomial or exponential type; the different behaviour depends heavily on the choice of the time derivative. The decay results apply to a large class of diffusion iii iv operators, comprehending local, nonlocal, real, complex, and even nonlinear ones, of which we provide concrete examples. Riassunto Il principale argomento di questa tesi `el'analisi delle equazioni dell'evoluzione che riflettono questioni di ecologia e di dinamica della popolazione. Nell'ambito della modellizzazione matematica, l'impatto degli elementi ambientali e delle interazioni tra le specie viene studiato mediante il ruolo dell’eterogeneit`anelle equazioni e nel- le interazioni nei sistemi accoppiati. In questa direzione, indaghiamo tre problemi distinti corrispondenti a tre capitoli di questa tesi. Il primo problema riguarda l'evoluzione di una singola popolazione che vive in un ambiente con una linea di diffusione rapida. Dal punto di vista matematico, lo studio riguarda un sistema di due equazioni di reazione-diffusione accoppiate, che lavorano su domini di dimensioni diverse, chiamato come in [20] un modello \campo-strada". Introduciamo una dipendenza periodica in direzione della linea di diffusione per il termine di reazione, che nell'interpretazione ecologica corrisponde alla presenza di zone pi`ue meno favorevoli alla crescita della popolazione. Le condizioni necessarie e sufficienti per la persistenza o l'estinzione della popolazione e gli effetti della presenza della strada sono analizzati attraverso lo studio di un adeguato autovalore principale generalizzato, recentemente definito in [16]. Tramite il confronto con la letteratura in mezzi periodici, si mostra che la presenza della strada non ha alcun impatto sulle possibilit`adi sopravvivenza della popolazione, nonostante l’effetto deleterio che ci si aspetta dalla frammentazione. La seconda indagine riguarda un modello che descrive la competizione tra due po- polazioni in una situazione di aggressione asimmetrica, in cui una popolazione aggre- disce una seconda. Deriviamo un sistema di ODE da alcune assunzioni fondamentali, ottenendo un modello Lotka-Volterra modificato che si basa su parametri strutturali come la fitness della popolazione e la frequenza e l’efficacia degli attacchi. L'analisi della dinamica mostra due possibili scenari, in cui una sola delle due popolazioni so- pravvive. Dopodich´e,l'interpretazione di uno dei parametri come l’aggressivit`adella prima popolazione solleva in modo naturale un problema di controllabilit`a.Tramite argomentazioni geometriche caratterizziamo l'insieme delle condizioni iniziali permet- tendo, con un'adeguata strategia eventualmente variabile nel tempo, la vittoria della popolazione che attacca. Infatti, dimostriamo che le funzioni di tipo bang-bang so- no sufficienti a raggiungere l'obiettivo e talvolta sono necessarie rispetto a funzioni costanti. Infine, trattiamo una questione di minimizzazione nel tempo. La terza e ultima parte analizza il decadimento nel tempo in equazioni di evoluzio- ne con una possibile derivata temporale frazionaria. Proseguendo un'analisi iniziata in [43], trattiamo equazioni d'evoluzione con una combinazione di derivata temporale di Caputo e classica. Utilizzando metodi d'energia, dimostriamo stime quantitative v vi di tipo polinomiale o esponenziale; il diverso comportamento dipende principalmente dalla scelta della derivata temporale. I risultati di decadimento si applicano ad una vasta classe di operatori di diffusione, comprendendone alcuni locali, non locali, reali, complessi e anche non lineari, di cui forniamo esempi concreti. R´esum´e Le sujet principal de cette th`eseest l'analyse des ´equations d'´evolution refl´etant les questions d'´ecologie et de dynamique des populations. En mod´elisation, la compr´ehensionde l'impact des ´el´ements environnementaux et de l'interaction entre les esp`ecesd´epend de la compr´ehensiondu r^olede l'h´et´erog´en´eit´edans les ´equations et les interactions dans les syst`emescoupl´es.Dans cette direction, nous ´etudionstrois probl`emesind´ependents correspondant `atrois chapitres de cette th`ese. Le premier probl`emeconcerne l'´evolution d'une seule population vivant dans un environnement avec une ligne de diffusion rapide. L'analyse porte sur un syst`eme de deux ´equationsde r´eaction-diffusioncoupl´ees,travaillant sur des domaines de di- mensions diff´erentes, qui est appel´ecomme dans [20] un mod`ele\champ-route". Nous introduisons une d´ependance p´eriodique dans la direction de la ligne de diffusion pour le terme de r´eaction,qui, dans l'interpr´etation ´ecologique,correspond `ala pr´esence de zones plus ou moins favorables `ala croissance de la population. Les conditions n´ecessaireset suffisantes pour la persistance ou l'extinction de la population et les effets de la pr´esencede la route sont analys´espar l'´etudede la valeur propre princi- pale g´en´eralis´eeappropri´ee,d´efiniepour la premi`erefois dans [16]. Par comparaison avec des ´etudessimilaires dans des environnements p´eriodiques, nous prouvons que la pr´esencede la route n'a aucun impact sur les chances de persistence de la population, malgr´el’effet d´el´et`ereattendu li´e`ala fragmentation. La deuxi`eme´etudeporte sur un mod`eled´ecrivant l'interaction comp´etitive
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