DOCSLIB.ORG

LESSON 6: Rubber Eggs ESTIMATED TIME Setup: 5–10 Minutes | Procedure: the Effects Can Be Observed Over a 3–5 Day Period

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
LESSON 6: Rubber Eggs ESTIMATED TIME Setup: 5–10 Minutes | Procedure: the Effects Can Be Observed Over a 3–5 Day Period LESSON 6: Rubber Eggs ESTIMATED TIME Setup: 5–10 minutes | Procedure: The effects can be observed over a 3–5 day period. • DESCRIPTION It is recommended that this experiment be Soak eggs in vinegar to initiate a chemical reaction started at the beginning of a week. and dissolve the eggshell. This experiment can be performed with a raw • OBJECTIVE egg, but you will need to remind students to be This lesson demonstrates a chemical reaction between especially careful to avoid a mess. Following the the acetic acid in vinegar and the calcium in eggshells. experiment, a raw egg will be very soft and delicate. Students will add hard-boiled eggs to different solutions to observe a chemical reaction. The lesson Always remember to use the appropriate safety can be extended to explore acids and bases and equipment when conducting your experiment. chemistry in the human body. Refer to the Safety First section in the Resource Guide on pages 421–423 for more detailed information about • CONTENT TOPICS safety in the classroom. Scientific inquiry; elements and compounds; mixtures; chemical reactions; food chemistry; Jump ahead to page 82 to view the chemistry in the human body; health; acids and bases Experimental Procedure. • MATERIALS o Hard-boiled eggs o Vinegar o Clear jars or cups o Measuring cup NATIONAL SCIENCE EDUCATION STANDARDS SUBJECT MATTER This lesson applies bothDimension 1: Scientific and Engineering Practicesand Dimension 2: Crosscutting Concepts from “A Framework for K–12 Science Education,” established as a guide for the updated National Science Education Standards. In addition, this lesson covers the following Disciplinary Core Ideas from that framework: • PS1.A: Structure and Properties of Matter • PS1.B: Chemical Reactions • LS1.B: Growth and Development of Organisms • ETS2.B: Influence of Engineering, Technology, and Science on Society and the Natural World (see Analysis & Conclusion) OBSERVATION & RESEARCH BACKGROUND made up of the elements hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 Matter is often classified as either a pure substance or a ratio. Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom join mixture. All matter is made up of basic elements. together, giving water the chemical formula H2O. Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken Eggshells contain the element calcium in the form of the down further by normal chemical means. They are compound calcium carbonate. Vinegar is a mixture of known as the building blocks of matter. A compound is a water and a substance called acetic acid. A mixture is made pure substance made up of two or more elements joined of two or more substances that are combined physically. in a defined ratio. For example, water is a compound You Be TheLESSON Chemist ® 1:ActivityActivityGoofy Guides Guide Putty || page 79 79 LESSON 6: Rubber Eggs When you let an egg soak in vinegar, the acetic acid will CONNECT TO THE YOU BE THE react with the calcium carbonate in the eggshell (along CHEMIST CHALLENGE with the fats and proteins in the egg). As a result of this reaction, the vinegar completely dissolves the shell, For additional background information, please leaving behind the soft and bouncy hard-boiled egg, review CEF’s Challenge study materials online at covered only by a thin membrane. http://www.chemed.org/ybtc/challenge/study.aspx. • Additional information on pure substances and The reaction in this experiment is an example of a mixtures can be found in the Classification of chemical reaction. A chemical reaction is a change that Matter section of CEF’s Passport to Science takes place when atoms of a substance are rearranged, Exploration: The Core of Chemistry. and the bonds between the atoms are broken or formed. During a chemical reaction, the structure or composition • Additional information on chemical reactions can of the materials changes. When a chemical change is be found in the Chemical Reactions section of complete, the resulting substance(s) is/are different from CEF’s Passport to Science Exploration: Chemistry Connections. the original substance(s). In this experiment, acetic acid reacts with calcium carbonate to form carbon dioxide, • Additional information on food chemistry and calcium acetate, and water. The bubbles that form on the health can be found in the Applications of egg are the carbon dioxide and are a sign that a reaction Chemistry in Everyday Life section of CEF’s is taking place. Passport to Science Exploration: Chemistry Concepts in Action. FORMULAS & EQUATIONS Eggshells are made up of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is HYPOTHESIS CaCO3. uPlacing eggs in vinegar will result in a Vinegar is a mixture made up of very dilute acetic acid. chemical reaction that dissolves the eggshell. Therefore, vinegar contains acetic acid and water. The chemical formula for acetic acid is CH3COOH or C2H4O2. The calcium carbonate in the eggshell and the acetic acid in vinegar interact setting off a chemical reaction. First, the Fun Fact acetic acid and calcium carbonate form carbonic acid, If an adult tooth is knocked out H2CO3, and calcium acetate, Ca(CH3COO)2. and the root is still attached, it is 2CH3COOH + CaCO3 g H2CO3 + Ca(CH3COO)2 recommended to place the tooth in milk, as it is high in calcium. Doing Next, the carbonic acid breaks down to form carbon dioxide and water. so may preserve the tooth long enough for a dentist to possibly H2CO3 g H2O + CO2 reattach it. Therefore, the overall reaction is ... 2CH3COOH (l) + CaCO3 (s) g H2O (l) + CO2 (g) + Ca(CH3COO)2 (s). You Be The Chemist® Activity Guide | page 80 LESSON 6: Rubber Eggs DIFFERENTIATION IN THE CLASSROOM LOWER GRADE LEVELS/BEGINNERS used as an indicator. Blue litmus paper turns red in the Use the experiment to discuss states of matter, physical and presence of an acid, and red litmus paper turns blue in the chemical properties, and physical and chemical changes. presence of a base. Have students describe the properties of the egg and the vinegar and discuss solids and liquids. Then, crack one egg Vinegar is a mixture of acetic acid in water. When you let or pour the vinegar into a glass to illustrate physical an egg soak in vinegar, the acetic acid will react with the changes. Following the experiment, discuss the chemical calcium carbonate in the eggshell (along with the fats and reaction, and ask students how they know a chemical proteins in the egg). As a result of this reaction, the change occurred. (Did they see a gas form in the vinegar? vinegar completely dissolves the shell, leaving behind the What was that gas?) soft and bouncy hard-boiled egg, covered only by a thin membrane. HIGHER GRADE LEVELS/ADVANCED STUDENTS DESCRIPTION Soak an egg in vinegar, which contains acetic acid, to initiate a chemical reaction that dissolves the eggshell. CONNECT TO THE YOU BE THE CHEMIST CHALLENGE OBJECTIVE This lesson demonstrates the properties of acids and the For additional background information, please results of a chemical reaction. Students observe as an review CEF’s Challenge study materials online at acid in vinegar dissolves an eggshell. http://www.chemed.org/ybtc/challenge/study.aspx. OBSERVATION & RESEARCH • Additional information on ions can be found in To describe certain chemical compounds, chemists use the Atomic Structure section of CEF’s Passport to the terms “acid” and “base.” You can determine whether Science Exploration: The Core of Chemistry. a solution is an acid or a base by determining the • Additional information on acids, bases, and concentration of hydrogen ions (H+). An ion is an atom indicators can be found in the Acids, Bases, and or molecule that has lost or gained one or more of its pH section of CEF’s Passport to Science outer electrons. Therefore, the total number of electrons Exploration: Chemistry Connections. is not equal to the total number of protons, so an ion will have either a negative or a positive electric charge. In general, a solution that contains a concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) greater than the concentration in pure water is called an acid. Common household acids include lemon juice, vinegar, soda pop, and orange juice. Likewise, a solution containing an excess of hydroxide ions (OH-) or an H+ concentration less than that of pure water is called a base. Common household bases include ammonia, baking soda, milk of magnesia, borax, and bleach. Solutions containing an H+ concentration equal to that of pure water are neutral. Scientists often need to know if a substance is an acid or base. To do so, they use indicators—substances that change color at different levels of acidity. Litmus paper is often You Be The Chemist® Activity Guide | page 81 LESSON 6: Rubber Eggs EXPERIMENTATION As the students perform the experiment, challenge them DATA COLLECTION to identify the independent, dependent, and controlled Have students record data in their science notebooks or on variables, as well as whether there is a control setup for the following activity sheet. What physical properties did the experiment. (Hint: If the level of acidity of the solution they observe at the beginning of the experiment? How did changes, will it have the same effect on the eggshell?) those physical properties change? You can use the table Review the information in the Scientific Inquiry section provided in the activity sheet (or a similar one of your on pages 14–16 to discuss variables. own) for students to record their data. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 1. Pour one cup of vinegar into a container NOTES (cup or jar). 2. Place an egg in the container. Make sure the egg is completely submerged. 3. Allow the container to remain undisturbed for three to five days. If necessary, add more vinegar to keep the egg submerged.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Carbon Dioxide - Made by FILTERSORB SP3
    Technical Article MAR 2015 Chemistry of drinking water Carbon dioxide - made by FILTERSORB SP3 Carbon dioxide is a molecule with the chemical formula CO2. The linear molecule consists of a Carbon atom O C O that is doubly bonded with two Oxygen atoms. CO2 exists in water in the form of dissolved temporary hardness Ca(HCO3)2. Carbon dioxide is only water soluble when pressure is maintained. As the pressure drops CO2 will escape to air as gas. This event is characterized by the CO2 bubbles forming in /L ] Normal Seawater water. Human use carbon dioxide in many meq different ways. The most familiar example is Coca-Cola, Soft Drinks and Beer to make them fizzy. Carbon dioxide has a specific solubility in [ Alkalinity water as CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3. At any given pH there is an exact mathematical relationship between H2CO3 and both bicarbonate (HCO3) and Carbonate (CO3). For example at a pH of about 9.3 in Drinking pH water the carbonate concentration is 100 The theoretical relationship between times that of carbonic acid (H2CO3). At carbonate alkalinity and pH for seawater higher pH this multiplier rises and (green and freshwater (blue) equilibrated consequently there are more HCO and 3 with the atmosphere (350 ppm carbon CO present 3 dioxide) www.watchwater.de Water ® Technology FILTERSORB SP3 WATCH WATER & Chemicals Making the healthiest water How SP3 Water functions in human body ? Answer: Carbon dioxide is a waste product of the around these hollow spaces will spasm and respiratory system, and of several other constrict. chemical reactions in the body such as the Transportation of oxygen to the tissues: Oxygen creation of ATP.
    [Show full text]
  • A Complete Guide to Benzene
    A Complete Guide to Benzene Benzene is an important organic chemical compound with the chemical formula C6H6. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. As it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon. Benzene is a natural constituent of crude oil and is one of the elementary petrochemicals. Due to the cyclic continuous pi bond between the carbon atoms, benzene is classed as an aromatic hydrocarbon, the second [n]- annulene ([6]-annulene). It is sometimes abbreviated Ph–H. Benzene is a colourless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell. Source: Wikipedia Protecting people and the environment Protecting both people and the environment whilst meeting the operational needs of your business is very important and, if you have operations in the UK you will be well aware of the requirements of the CoSHH Regulations1 and likewise the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) in the US2. Similar legislation exists worldwide, the common theme being an onus on hazard identification, risk assessment and the provision of appropriate control measures (bearing in mind the hierarchy of controls) as well as health surveillance in most cases. And whilst toxic gasses such as hydrogen sulphide and carbon monoxide are a major concern because they pose an immediate (acute) danger to life, long term exposure to relatively low level concentrations of other gasses or vapours such as volatile organic compounds (VOC) are of equal importance because of the chronic illnesses that can result from that ongoing exposure. Benzene, a common VOC Organic means the chemistry of carbon based compounds, which are substances that results from a combination of two or more different chemical elements.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Formula
    Chemical Formula Jean Brainard, Ph.D. Say Thanks to the Authors Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (No sign in required) AUTHOR Jean Brainard, Ph.D. To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other interactive content, visit www.ck12.org CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based collaborative model termed the FlexBook®, CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and distribution of high-quality educational content that will serve both as core text as well as provide an adaptive environment for learning, powered through the FlexBook Platform®. Copyright © 2013 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the terms “FlexBook®” and “FlexBook Platform®” (collectively “CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12 Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international laws. Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium, in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) in addition to the following terms. Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Com- mons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporated herein by this reference.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction, Formulas and Spectroscopy Overview Problem 1
    Chapter 1 – Introduction, Formulas and Spectroscopy Overview Problem 1 (p 12) - Helpful equations: c = ()() and = (1 / ) so c = () / ( ) c = 3.00 x 108 m/sec = 3.00 x 1010 cm/sec a. Which photon of electromagnetic radiation below would have the longer wavelength? Convert both values to meters. -1 = 3500 cm = 4 x 1014 Hz = (1/) = (c / ) = (1/ ) = (3.0 x 108 m/s) / (4 x 1014 s-1) = (1/ cm-1)(1 m/100 cm) = 2.9 x 10-6 m = 7.5 x 10-7 m = longer wavelength = lower energy b. Which photon of electromagnetic radiation below would have the higher frequency? Convert both values to Hz. = 400 cm-1 = 300 nm = (1/ ) = 1/ [(400 cm-1)(100 cm / 1 m)] = (c/) 8 -5 9 = 2.5 x 10-5 m = (3.0 x 10 m/s) / (2.5 x 10 nm)(1m / 10 nm) v = (3.0 x 108 m/s) / (300 nm)(1m / 109 nm) = (c/) v = 1.0 x x 1015 s-1 = (3.0 x 108 m/s) / (2.5 x 10-5 m) v = 1.2 x 1013 s-1 higher frequency c. Which photon of electromagnetic radiation below would have the smaller wavenumber? Convert both values to cm-1. = 1 m = 6 x 1010 Hz = (1 / ) -1 = ( / c) = (1 / 1m) = 1 m-1 100 cm = 100 cm-1 100 cm-1 -1 = (6 x 1010 s-1 / 3.0 x 108 m/s) = 200 m-1 -1 1 m -1 = 20,000 cm smaller wavenumber 1 m Problem 2 (p 14) - Order the following photons from lowest to highest energy (first convert each value to kjoules/mole).
    [Show full text]
  • H2CS) and Its Thiohydroxycarbene Isomer (HCSH
    A chemical dynamics study on the gas phase formation of thioformaldehyde (H2CS) and its thiohydroxycarbene isomer (HCSH) Srinivas Doddipatlaa, Chao Hea, Ralf I. Kaisera,1, Yuheng Luoa, Rui Suna,1, Galiya R. Galimovab, Alexander M. Mebelb,1, and Tom J. Millarc,1 aDepartment of Chemistry, University of Hawai’iatManoa, Honolulu, HI 96822; bDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199; and cSchool of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom Edited by Stephen J. Benkovic, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, and approved August 4, 2020 (received for review March 13, 2020) Complex organosulfur molecules are ubiquitous in interstellar molecular sulfur dioxide (SO2) (21) and sulfur (S8) (22). The second phase clouds, but their fundamental formation mechanisms have remained commences with the formation of the central protostars. Tempera- largely elusive. These processes are of critical importance in initiating a tures increase up to 300 K, and sublimation of the (sulfur-bearing) series of elementary chemical reactions, leading eventually to organo- molecules from the grains takes over (20). The subsequent gas-phase sulfur molecules—among them potential precursors to iron-sulfide chemistry exploits complex reaction networks of ion–molecule and grains and to astrobiologically important molecules, such as the amino neutral–neutral reactions (17) with models postulating that the very acid cysteine. Here, we reveal through laboratory experiments, first sulfur–carbon bonds are formed via reactions involving methyl electronic-structure theory, quasi-classical trajectory studies, and astro- radicals (CH3)andcarbene(CH2) with atomic sulfur (S) leading to chemical modeling that the organosulfur chemistry can be initiated in carbonyl monosulfide and thioformaldehyde, respectively (18).
    [Show full text]
  • Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs)
    Ambient Water Quality Criteria For Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks Province of British Columbia N. K. Nagpal, Ph.D. Water Quality Branch Water Management Division February, 1993 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is indebted to the following individual and agencies for providing valuable comments during the preparation of this document. Dr. Ray Copes BC. Ministry of Health, Victoria, BC. Dr. G. R. Fox Environmental Protection Div., BC. MOELP, Victoria, BC. Mr. L. W. Pommen Water Quality Branch, BC. MOELP, Victoria, BC. Mr. R. J. Rocchini Water Quality Branch, BC. MOELP, Victoria, BC. Ms. Sherry Smith Eco-Health Branch, Conservation and Protection, Environment Canada, Hull, Quebec Mr. Scott Teed Eco-Health Branch, Conservation and Protection, Environment Canada, Hull, Quebec Ms. Bev Raymond Integrated Programs Branch, Inland Waters, Environment Canada, North Vancouver, BC. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds which are non- essential for the growth of plants, animals or humans; yet, they are ubiquitous in the environment. When present in sufficient quantity in the environment, certain PAHs are toxic and carcinogenic to plants, animals and humans. This document discusses the characteristics of PAHs and their effects on various water uses, which include drinking Ministry of Environment Water Protection and Sustainability Branch Mailing Address: Telephone: 250 387-9481 Environmental Sustainability PO Box 9362 Facsimile: 250 356-1202 and Strategic Policy Division Stn Prov Govt Website: www.gov.bc.ca/water Victoria BC V8W 9M2 water, aquatic life, wildlife, livestock watering, irrigation, recreation and aesthetics, and industrial water supplies. A significant portion of this document discusses the effects of PAHs upon aquatic life, due to its sensitivity to PAHs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Life and Times of Carbon, Student Workbook
    ELL Chemistry Assignment # 2 Name: __________________________________ Period: Teacher:_____________________ Collecting Carbon Lesson 1 | page 1 of 4 Where Can We Find Carbon? Carbon compounds are take up carbon dioxide from three-fourths of the dry weight everywhere around us. They the air, and use photosynthesis of plants is carbohydrates. In are in our foods, plastics, soils, to turn carbon dioxide into other words, when you look at in water, in the air, and in our carbohydrates. Carbohydrates plant matter (the stem, leaves, bodies. Carbon compounds can are carbon compounds that roots, and grains) you are come in three physical forms: store energy in the forms we call looking largely at carbohydrates. gas, liquid, and solid. Plants “starches” and “sugars.” About Animals (including humans) get their carbohydrates by eating plants, but they do not store much of what they consume. In fact, less than 1% of the body weight of animals is made up of carbohydrates. The main forms of carbon are: nonliving (abiotic) in rocks, soils, and sediments, and in water, such as bicarbonate, carbonate; living (biotic), such as plant and animal matter and dead organic matter; and carbon-based gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and carbon monoxide (CO). Chemists use a special system to describe compounds. They use a chemical formula of symbols that indicate the elements that make up chemical compounds. A chemical formula is also called a “molecular formula.” The chemical formula of carbon dioxide is CO2 indicating one carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms. The symbol for carbon is C; for hydrogen is H; for oxygen is O; for silica is Si.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Formulas the Elements
    Chemical Formulas A chemical formula gives the numbers and types of atoms that are found in a substance. When the substance is a discrete molecule, then the chemical formula is also its molecular formula. Fe (iron) is a chemical formula Fe2O3 is a molecular formula The Elements The chemical formulas of most of the elements are simply their elemental symbol: Na (sodium) Fe (iron) He (helium) U (uranium) These chemical formulas are said to be monatomic—only an atom in chemical formula 1 The Elements There are seven elements that occur naturally as diatomic molecules—molecules that contain two atoms: H2 (hydrogen) N2 (nitrogen) O2 (oxygen) F2 (fluorine) Cl2 (chlorine) Br2 (bromine) I2 (iodine) The last four elements in this list are in the same family of the Periodic Table Binary Compounds A binary compound is one composed of only two different types of atoms. Rules for binary compound formulas 1. Element to left in Periodic Table comes first except for hydrogen: KCl PCl3 Al2S3 Fe3O4 2 Binary Compounds 2. Hydrogen comes last unless other element is from group 16 or 17: LiH, NH3, B2H4, CH4 3. If both elements are from the same group, the lower element comes first: SiC, BrF3 Other Compounds For compounds with three or more elements that are not ionic, if it contains carbon, this comes first followed by hydrogen. Other elements are then listed in alphabetical order: C2H6O C4H9BrO CH3Cl C8H10N4O2 3 Other Compounds However, the preceding rule is often ignored when writing organic formulas (molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and maybe other elements) in order to give a better idea of how the atoms are connected: C2H6O is the molecular formula for ethanol, but nobody ever writes it this way—instead the formula is written C2H5OH to indicate one H atom is connected to the O atom.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of PAH Databases
    Development of PAH databases Christine Joblin, Hassan Sabbah, Jean-Michel Glorian Odile Cœur-Joly, (Thierry Louge) Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie Université de Toulouse [UPS] – CNRS Giacomo Mulas, (Andrea Saba) INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari IRAP, Toulouse Seminar OVGSO Toulouse, 19/10/2018 1 Outline • The astrophysical context – The AIBs and the PAH model – I.dentification of cosmic PAHs – S.tability of cosmic PAHs – O.rigin of cosmic PAHs • The cosmic PAH experimental database – Scheme – Development of the O.rigin block • The Cagliari PAH theoretical database – Description – Implementation in VAMDC • Perspectives 2 Cosmic carbonaceous molecules Coronene (C24H12 (C60 (C2H2 Phenylalanine (C9H11NO2 3 The Aromatic Infrared Bands (AIBs) ] ] ] ] ++ + [Ar [Ar ] ] + ] ] ] ] ++ ++ [Ne [S [Ne Infrared Space Spitzer Space Observatory Telescope ESA; 1995-1998 NASA; 2003-2009 2 2 H 2 2 2 2 H 2 2 H H AKARI James Webb Space Telescope ISO SWS spectra JAXA; 2006-2011 NASA; 2019-2023? Vertratete et al. 2001, A&A 372, 981 4 PAHs in the galactic dust cycle Adapted from http://www.nrao.edu/pr/2006/gbtmolecules/ Bill Saxton, NRAO/AUI/NSF 5 The AIBs à photochemical evolution PAH clusters? VSGs NGC 7023 NW PDR PAH0 VSGs PAH0 PAH+ UV processing PAH+ 7 9 11 13 15 Wavelength (μm) Graphene? + C60 C60 Rapacioli, Joblin, Boissel, 2005, A&A 429, 193 Berné, Joblin Deville, et al. 2007, , A&A 469, 575 Berné, Mulas, Joblin, 2013, A&A 550, L4 Berné & Tielens 2012, PNAS 109, 401 6 7 8 9 10 11 Wavelength (μm) 6 I.dentification of cosmic
    [Show full text]
  • Line Matching Activity
    Today we use a lot of abbreviated language. Texting and instant messaging are quick ways to communicate that use as few letters and numbers as possible to get your message across. There is a shorthand method for communicating information about chemical compounds. This method uses chemical symbols and numbers to tell you which elements are in a compound and how much of each element is present. Try your hand at using this shorthand method. Complete the activity below by matching up each compound’s common name with its chemical name and chemical formula. Line Matching Activity Instructions Match the following chemical formulas with their chemical names: Chemical Formula Chemical Name Co cobalt chloride H2O baking soda CO2 sulfuric acid NaHCO3 water Br2 cobalt H2SO4 carbon dioxide CoCl2 bromine Chemical names can be very long. Fortunately, we have an abbreviated way to communicate them using symbols and numbers. Chemical formulas have two parts: the symbol of each element in a molecule of the substance a number indicating how many atoms of each element are in each molecule of the substance We will start with a simple example. The chemical formula for the oxygen gas we breathe is O2. There is only one element in oxygen gas: oxygen. O is the symbol for the element oxygen, and the subscript 2 means that each molecule of oxygen contains two atoms of oxygen. The atoms of oxygen are bonded together covalently by sharing pairs of electrons. SubscriptsPrefixes © 2009 Jupiterimages Corporation The same principle applies to molecules of compounds, which contain atoms of more than one element.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental Evidence for Glycolaldehyde and Ethylene Glycol Formation by Surface Hydrogenation of CO Molecules Under Dense Molecular Cloud Conditions
    Experimental evidence for Glycolaldehyde and Ethylene Glycol formation by surface hydrogenation of CO molecules under dense molecular cloud conditions G. Fedoseev1, a), H. M. Cuppen2, S. Ioppolo2, T. Lamberts1, 2 and H. Linnartz1 1Sackler Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, PO Box 9513, NL 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands 2Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, NL 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands Abstract This study focuses on the formation of two molecules of astrobiological importance - glycolaldehyde (HC(O)CH2OH) and ethylene glycol (H2C(OH)CH2OH) - by surface hydrogenation of CO molecules. Our experiments aim at simulating the CO freeze-out stage in interstellar dark cloud regions, well before thermal and energetic processing become dominant. It is shown that along with the formation of H2CO and CH3OH – two well established products of CO hydrogenation – also molecules with more than one carbon atom form. The key step in this process is believed to be the recombination of two HCO radicals followed by the formation of a C-C bond. The experimentally established reaction pathways are implemented into a continuous-time random-walk Monte Carlo model, previously used to model the formation of CH3OH on astrochemical time-scales, to study their impact on the solid-state abundances in dense interstellar clouds of glycolaldehyde and ethylene glycol. Key words: astrochemistry – methods: laboratory – ISM: atoms – ISM: molecules – infrared: ISM. 1 Introduction Among approximately 180 molecules identified in the inter- and circumstellar medium over 50 molecules comprise of six or more atoms. For astrochemical standards, these are seen as ‘complex’ species.
    [Show full text]
  • 671-2121 Vinegar Molecule Vinegar Is a Naturally-Occurring Liquid That Contains Many Chemicals
    ©2016 - v 6/16 671-2121 Vinegar Molecule Vinegar is a naturally-occurring liquid that contains many chemicals. It is approximately 5% acetic acid in wa- ter. The molecular formula for water is H2O. The structural formula for acetic acid is CH3COOH. Acetic acid /əˈsiːtᵻk/, systematically named ethanoic acid /ˌɛθəˈnoʊᵻk/, is a colourless liquid organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH (also written as CH3CO2H or C2H4O2). When undiluted, it is sometimes called glacial acetic acid. Vinegar is roughly 3–9% acetic acid by volume, making acetic acid the main com- ponent of vinegar apart from water. Acetic acid has a distinctive sour taste and pungent smell. In addition to household vinegar, it is mainly produced as a precursor to polyvinyl acetate and cellulose acetate. Although it is classified as a weak acid, concentrated acetic acid is corrosive and can attack the skin. To easily assemble your molecule, notice the holes on each particular atom. Press a connector firmly into this hole until it is flush with the surface of the atom. The connection should be firm but still easy to disassemble. Your molecule can be put together and taken apart as many times as you wish. Warranty and Parts: We replace all defective or missing parts free of charge. Additional replacement parts may be ordered toll-free. We accept MasterCard, Visa, checks and School P.O.s. All products warranted to be free from defect for 90 days. Does not apply to accident, misuse or normal wear and tear. Intended for children 13 years of age and up. This item is not a toy.
    [Show full text]