Water Management Issues of Pakistan Ejaz Ahmad Sayal Centre for South Asian Studies University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan 20
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WATER MANAGEMENT ISSUES OF PAKISTAN EJAZ AHMAD SAYAL CENTRE FOR SOUTH ASIAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB LAHORE, PAKISTAN 2015 1 WATER MANAGEMENT ISSUES OF PAKISTAN A thesis submitted to the University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan in partial fulfilment of the requirement for degree of Doctor of Philosophy EJAZ AHMAD SAYAL CENTRE FOR SOUTH ASIAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB LAHORE, PAKISTAN 2015 2 Certificate This is to certify that the research work described in this thesis is the original work of the author and has been completed under my supervision. I have personally studied all the data/results materials reported in the manuscript and certify their correctness/authenticity. It is further certified that the material included in this thesis has not been used in part or full in the manuscript already submitted or in the process of submission in partial/complete fulfilment of the award of any other degree from any other institution. The thesis has been prepared under my supervision according to the prescribed format and I approve its evaluation for the award of PhD degree through the official procedures of the university. Supervisor (Prof. Dr. Umbreen Javed) Director South Asian Studies, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan. 3 Declaration The material used in this thesis is original and personal. It is further declared that this thesis has not been submitted to this or any other university or institution. Ejaz Ahmad Sayal 4 Dedication I dedicate this thesis to my late parents and my late brother: Muhammad Asghar Ali Mrs. Ruqiyya Ali Iftikhar Ahmad 5 Table of Contents Sr. No. Page No. 1 ABSTRACT xi 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT xii 3 ACRONYMS xiii 4 MEASURES AND EQUIVALENT xv 5 LIST OF TABLES xvi 6 LIST OF MAPS xviii 7 LIST OF GRAPHS xix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 01-16 1.1 Water supply and Demand Management 01 1.2 Indus Basin Scenario 02 1.3 Statement of the Problems 04 1.4 Objectives of the Study 06 1.5 Significance of the Study 06 1.6 Research Questions 06 1.7 Literature Review 07 1.8 Research Methodology 15 CHAPTER 2 GENERAL ENVIRONMENT 17-40 2.1 Water Outlook 17 2.2 Geographical Setting 19 2.2.1 Land Forms-Mountains 21 2.2.1.1 Western Mountains 21 2.2.1.1.1 Western Mountains Economic Activities 22 2.2.2 Glaciers in Pakistan 23 2.2.3 Plateaus: 23 (a) Baluchistan Plateau 23 (b) Potwar plateau 24 2.2.4 Indus plain 25 2.2.5 Deserts & Delta 26 2.3 Climate Setting 26 2.3.1 Climate of Pakistan 26 2.3.2 Climatic Change 29 2.3.2.1 Rise in Sea level 30 2.3.2.2 Retreating Mountain Glaciers 31 2.3.3 Temperature Rise in Pakistan 31 6 2.3.4 Rainfall Importance 33 2.3.4.1 Monsoon and Winter Westerlies 33 2.3.5 Floods 36 2.3.6 Desert Climate 37 2.3.7 Climate Anomalies 38 2.3.8 Climate Change; Effect on Water 39 Resources 2.3.9 Global Warming; Warning 39 CHAPTER 3 WATER DEVELOPMENT: SETTING 41-74 3.1 Indus Rivers System 41 3.1.1 River Indus 41 3.1.2 River Jhelum 43 3.1.3 River Chenab 44 3.1.4 River Sutlej 44 3.1.5 River Beas 44 3.1.6 River Ravi 45 3.2 Irrigation 45 3.2.1 Irrigation Development History 45 3.2.2 Irrigation of the Indus Rivers 46 3.2.2.1 Mega Irrigation Setup 46 3.2.2.2 Irrigation Performance 48 3.2.2.3 Institutional outlook 51 3.3 The Ground Water 52 3.3.1 Dynamics of Groundwater 53 3.3.2 Depletion of Ground Water 57 3.3.2.1 Groundwater Depletion in Cities 57 3.3.3 Ground Water Recharge 57 3.3.4 Riverine Area: Development of 59 Groundwater 3.3.5 Groundwater Quality 60 3.3.5.1 Chemical Content of Ground Water 63 3.3.5.2 Ground Water Pollution 64 3.3.6 Demand Management 65 3.3.7 Ground Water Challenges 67 3.4 Water logging and Salinity 67 3.4.1 The process of water logging 67 3.4.2 Salinity 68 7 3.4.3 Drainage 72 3.4.4 Consequences of Groundwater Table 72 Depth 3.4.5 Government Measures for Water Logging 73 and Salinity CHAPTER 4 INTERNAL-EXTERNAL WATER 75-114 MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES 4.1 Apportionment of Water among Provinces 75 4.1.1 Water Apportionment Background 75 4.1.2 Result of Delay in Apportionment 78 4.1.2.1 Why Consensus Missed 79 4.1.3 Water Apportionment Award (WAA) 79 1991- Particulars 4.1.4 Provincial Consensus for Construction of 82 Reservoirs 4.2 Kalabagh Dam - An Impasse 84 4.2.1 Project (Kalabagh Dam) 84 4.2.2 Pro Kalabagh Rationale 85 4.2.3 Apprehensions of the Provinces and 88 Responses 4.2.3.1 N.W.F.P Apprehensions 88 4.2.3.2 Sindh Apprehensions 90 4.2.3.2.1 Sindh Share Kalabagh 92 4.3 Indus Basin Water Treaty IBWT (1960) 92 4.3.1 Pre Indus Basin Water Treaty (IBWT) 92 Background 4.3.2 IBWT: Retrospect 94 4.3.2.1 Partition of the Subcontinent 94 4.3.2.2 Third Party Mediation 95 4.3.2.2.1 World Bank Participation 96 4.3.2.3 The 1956-Aide Memoire 100 4.3.2.4 Treaty and Financial Agreement 101 4.4 Treaty Defiance 104 (a) Misapprehension Regarding 104 Tarbela Dam (b) Various Provisions of Treaty 104 4.4.1 Dams on Western Rivers 105 8 4.4.1.1 Salal Dam 105 4.4.1.2 Wullar Barrage 106 4.4.1.3 Kishanganga Project 106 4.4.1.4 Baglihar Dam 107 4.4.1.4.1 Baglihar Dispute 109 4.4.2 IBWT Revoke Possibility 112 CHAPTER 5 WATER MANAGEMENT ISSUES OF 115-164 PAKISTAN-DISCUSSION 5.1 Sustainable Water Management 115 5.1.1 Future Core water concerns 115 5.1.2 Government Efforts 116 5.1.3 Integrated Water Resource Management 117 (IWRM) 5.1.3.1 Concerns 117 (a) Low water use efficiency 117 (b) Water wastage 118 (c) Low Water 118 Productivity/Improving Water Application Efficiency 5.1.3.2 Agriculture 118 5.1.3.3 Integrated Use of Water in Agriculture 120 5.1.3.3.1 Cropping patterns 120 5.1.3.3.2 Pressurized Irrigation System 122 (a) Sprinkle irrigation 123 (b) Drip and Trickle irrigation systems 124 5.1.3.3.3 More Crop per Drop / More crop less 125 Drop 5.1.3.3.4 Farm and Field Layout Improvement 125 5.1.3.3.5 Conjunctive use of Water 127 5.1.3.4 Water Recycling and Wastewater Reuse 127 5.1.3.4.1 Water Recycling in Mosques 128 5.1.3.4.2 Water Recycling at Service Stations 129 5.1.3.4.3 Put a Stop to Civic Wastage 129 5.1.3.4.4 Waste Water Reuse 130 5.1.3.4.5 Wastewater irrigation drawbacks 131 5.1.3.5 Ground Water Recharging - As an 131 Integrated Resource Management 9 Approach 5.1.3.6 Hill torrent network of the natural surface 133 water: for growing crops 5.1.3.7 Virtual Water 135 5.2 Dams for Water Management and 135 Development 5.2.1 Down Kotri Water Flow 136 5.2.2 Reservoir Sedimentation 142 5.2.2.1 Sedimentation control 144 5.2.3 Kalabagh Dam 144 5.3 Climate Change 146 5.3.1 Policy Recommendations 148 5.3.2 Forecast Assurance 149 5.4 Environment 149 5.5 Ground Water 151 5.5.1 Groundwater property rights 152 5.6 Water Depletion in Indus basin 153 5.6.1 Irrigation water Availability 154 5.6.2 Irrigation and Rainfall 155 5.6.3 Participatory Irrigation Management 157 5.7 Population effect 158 5.7.1 Population Control 158 5.7.2 Urbanization 162 5.8 Water Management/Projects 163 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND 165-171 RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES 172-198 APPENDICES 199-216 Appendix A 199 Appendix B 200 Appendix C 215 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All praises are for Allah Almighty, Creator of the universe, Who granted me all the opportunities to write this manuscript. My supervisor Dr. Umbreen Javed, a learned fellow, provided easy access to her office in spite of her busy schedule. She simplified even difficult phases during research impasses. At Centre for South Asian Studies P.U. Lahore, all the staff members and different directors of the Centre helped when so ever required. Dr. Masood guided altogether. Mr. Shams and Jafer Kataria managed wisely all the correspondence from center to DPCC. Organizations like WAPDA, IWMI, PIDA, Centre for Water Resource Excellence, UET, Lahore and Centre for Earth & Environmental Sciences, P.U Lahore remained highly cooperative. Mr. Najam Abbas, as a media manager, PIDA, provided sufficient material. Mr. Shafique and Dr .Aslam in PIDA and Power Generation departments respectively solved some of the research queries. Mr. Asad of WAPDA supported in collecting some of the WAPDA publications. Mr. Muhammad Qayum, Cartographer in Geography Department, The Punjab University Lahore provided a number of requisite maps along with helpful comments. At review stage, Mr. Abdulmanan, consulting hydrologist, provided simulation models knowhow, mainly of SMADA 6.00. My maximum write up was completed in Punjab University Main Library Lahore; cooperation of all the staff members was exemplary, Mr. Razzaq, Mr. Imran, Mr. Farooque Mr. Kashif, Miss Faiqa, Mr.