Pak-US Relations: a Study of Geo- Political and Strategic Location of Pakistan 1990-2004

Pak-US Relations: A Study of Geo- Political and Strategic Location of Pakistan 1990-2004 IMRANA MUSHTAQ Ph.D: Roll No. 10 Session: - 2004-2009 Supervisor PROF. DR. UMBREEN JAVAID Centre for South Asian Studies University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus Lahore. 1 Pak-US Relations: A Study of Geo- Political and Strategic Location of Pakistan 1990-2004 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirement for Degree of Ph.D in Geography from Centre for South Asian Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore. Supervisor Submitted by PROF. DR.UMBREEN JAVAID IMRANA MUSHTAQ H.E.C. Nominee Roll No. 10 Centre for South Asian Studies Ph.D University of the Punjab, Lahore. Session:- 2004-2009 Centre for South Asian Studies University of the Punjab Quaid-i-Azam Campus Lahore. 2 DEDICATION Dedicated to the Last Prophet of Allah for providing so many privileges to women along with enlightenment and ray of hope in the darkness of life. 3 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis is a result of my individual research and I have not submitted this concurrently to any other university for any degree what so ever. IMRANA MUSHTAQ 4 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the research carried out in this thesis is an original work. I have personally gone through all the material reported and certify its correctness. Material included in this thesis has not been submitted in partial or full for the award of any other degree from any other institution. I endorse its evaluation for the award of Ph.D degree through official procedure of the university. PROF. DR. UMBREEN JAVAID 5 CONTENTS Sr. No. Page No. 1 LIST OF MAPS xviii 2 LIST OF TABLES xix 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT xx 4 ABSTRACT xxi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 01-09 1.1 Objective of the Research 02 1.2 Research Methodology 03 1.3 Research Questions 03 1.4 Literature Review 03 CHAPTER 2 HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE PARADIGM 10-21 OF THE STUDY 2.1 Geo Strategy 10 2.2 Contemporary Theories of Geo-Strategy 11 2.3 Heartland Theory 11 2.4 The Influence of Sea Power upon History 13 2.5 Theory of Rimland 17 2.6 Applicability of Contemporary Theories on Pakistan 19 CHAPTER 3 GEO-POLITICAL AND STRATEGIC LOCATION 22-100 6 OF PAKISTAN 3.1 Introduction 22 3.2 Geo-Strategy 22 3.3 Geo Politik 26 3.4 Pakistan Geo-Politics 28 3.5 Some Distinctions 29 3.6 Internal Geo-Politics 30 3.7 External Geo-Politics 32 3.8 Interaction 32 3.9 Pakistan’s Geopolitical Determinants 34 3.10 Pakistan’s Geo Political Location 34 3.11 Pakistan’s Political Ideology 34 3.12 Geopolitical Parameters 34 3.13 South Asia and the SAARC 35 3.14 South-West and Central Asia 35 3.15 The Afro-Asian Ocean 36 3.16 The Indian Factors 38 3.17 The Afghan Issue 39 3.18 China 40 3.19 Kashmir 40 3.20 Population 40 3.21 Army 41 7 3.22 Navy 41 3.23 Air Force 42 3.24 Rivers and Streams 42 3.25 Climate and Weather 42 3.26 Relief 45 3.27 The Western Highlands 45 3.28 The Mountainous North 47 3.29 The Karakoram Mountains 47 3.30 The Hindu Kush Mountains 49 3.31 The Kohistan, Swat and Dir Ranges 50 3.32 The Himalayas 50 3.33 The Great Himalayas 51 3.34 The Lesser Himalayas 51 3.35 The Sub-Himalayas 52 3.36 The Potwar Plateau and the Salt Ranges 52 3.37 The Safed Koh Ranges, Waziristan Hills and 54 Intermountain Valleys 3.38 The Sulaiman-Kirthar Mountains 56 3.39 The Sulaiman Mountains 56 3.40 The Quetta Syntaxis-Zarghun Knot 56 3.41 The Kirthar Mountains 57 3.42 The Balochistan Plateau 57 3.43 The Makran Cost 57 8 3.44 The Indus Plains 58 3.45 The Tributaries of the Indus 58 3.46 Physiographic Divisions of the Indus Plains 59 3.47 The Piedmont Plains 60 3.48 Active Flood Plains 60 3.49 Old Flood Plains 61 3.50 Alluvial Terraces 61 3.51 The Deltaic Plains and the Rann of Kutch 62 3.52 Rolling Sand Plains, Ridges and Dunes 63 3.53 Significance of Pakistan’s Location 65 3.54 Location 66 3.55 Unique Geography 66 3.56 Geopolitical Importance 67 3.57 General Aspects 69 3.58 Karachi as an Important Sea Port 71 3.59 Centre of the Muslim World 71 3.60 Access to Indian Ocean 72 3.61 Geopolitical Importance 72 3.62 Geo Strategic Significance 73 3.63 Importance of the Hindu Kush 77 3.64 Khyber Pass 78 3.65 The Khayber Pass as A High Road 78 9 3.66 The Wakhan Corridor and Pamir Knot 80 3.67 Khunjerab Pass 80 3.68 Malakand Pass 81 3.69 Khojak Pass 81 3.70 The Durand Line 83 3.71 Pakistan’s Geo-Political Vulnerabilities 93 CHAPTER 4 AN OVERVIEW OF OBTAINING GLOBAL 101-120 SECURITY ENVIRONMENT 4.1 General 101 4.2 Threat of Terrorism 101 4.3 Anti-Islamism 102 4.4 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 102 4.5 American Policy of Pre-Emption 102 4.6 Rhetoric of Rogue States 103 4.7 Post Cold War United Nations Backed 103 Interventions and Murky State Sovereignty 4.8 Globalization 104 4.9 Pakistan’s National Security, Its International 104 Importance and Interests of other Countries 4.10 Pakistan’s International Importance of Geo 105 Strategic Location 4.11 Front Line State’ in War Against Terrorism 105 4.12 Reservations About Hard Liner’s Rule 105 10 4.13 Drug Trafficking 106 4.14 Need for Economic Stability 106 4.15 Interests of Other Countries having Implications 107 for Pakistan’s National Security 4.16 US Interest In Central Asian Region 107 4.17 Russia 107 4.18 China 108 4.19 EU and Japan 108 4.20 Muslim World 108 4.21 Conclusion 108 4.22 Fragile Internal Security and Perception of 109 International Community 4.23 Islamic Fundamentalism 110 4.24 Nuclear Proliferation and American Policy of 110 Pre-emption 4.25 Anti-Terrorism Euphoria and Freedom Struggle 111 in Kashmir 4.26 Deni Madaris Controversy 111 4.27 Poor Economy 111 4.28 Provincial Prejudice/Disharmony and Ethnic 112 Unrest 4.29 Militarized Society 112 4.30 Political Instability 113 4.31 Drug Trafficking 113 11 4.32 Extra Regional Threat to Security of Pakistan 113 4.33 Economic Sanctions and Policies 113 4.34 Trade Embargoes 114 4.35 Hostile Diplomatic Campaign 114 4.36 Arms Race 114 4.37 Print / Electronic Media Onslaught 115 4.38 Military Threats 115 4.39 The US and its Allies 115 4.40 Indo-American Axis 116 4.41 Israel – India Nexus 117 4.42 Extra Regional Forces 117 CHAPTER 5 RELATIONSHIP WITH NEIGHBOURS 121-162 5.1 Pak - India Relations 121 5.2 Eve of Independence (1947) – 1948 War 124 5.3 1965 Wars 124 5.4 1971 War 125 5.5 Nuclearization of South Asias 126 5.6 The Lahore Declaration 128 5.7 Pakistan India Composite Dialogue 130 5.8 Sino – Pak Relations 131 5.9 Soviet - Pak Relations 137 12 5.10 Afghan - Pak Relations 148 5.11 From Independence till Taliban 149 5.12 Return of Democracy 149 5.13 Pashtoon Factor 151 5.14 Tribalism 151 5.15 Politico-Economic Significance 151 5.16 An Uneasy Starts 151 5.17 Durand Line 152 5.18 Pakhtoonistan / Greater Balochistan 152 5.19 Affiliation with Opposing Camps 152 5.20 Fallout of Soviet Invasion 153 5.21 Emergence of Taliban 153 5.22 Karzai Government and Indian Factor 153 5.23 Iran - Pak Relations 153 5.24 The Power Struggle 154 5.25 Pragmatism to Isolation 154 5.26 Present Iran 155 5.27 Internal Dynamics 156 5.28 Geographical Significance 156 5.29 Regional Power Aspiration 156 5.30 Economy 157 5.31 Enviable Beginning 157 13 5.32 Regional Organizations 157 5.33 Stance on Kashmir and Other Muslim Minorities 157 5.34 Varying Interests 158 CHAPTER 6 PAKISTAN UNITED STATES RELATIONS 163-261 6.1 Brief Overview 163 6.2 Pakistan – US Relations Period 1947- 1989 165 6.3 1947 - A New Nation is Born 166 6.4 The Korean War 167 6.5 Period of Alliances (1954-1962) 168 6.6 Pakistan’s Objective in Joining the Alliances 171 6.7 Security Problems 171 6.8 Economic Objectives 177 6.9 United States Objectives 178 6.10 The Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement May 182 19th, 1954 6.11 The Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement 182 6.12 The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) 185 at Manila 8th September, 1954 6.13 The Central Treaty Organization 24th February, 189 1955 6.14 Agreement of Cooperation between the United 192 States and Pakistan on 3rd March, 1959 6.15 The United States Aid to Pakistan 194 14 6.16 Defence Assistance 196 6.17 US Till Towards India 197 6.18 Towards people’s Republic of China 200 6.19 Shifting Global Realities 202 6.20 The 1965 Pakistan – India War 204 6.21 Rapprochement with China 205 6.22 The 1971 Indo-Pakistan War 205 6.23 A Diverging Road 208 6.24 A Relationship Nadir 209 6.25 1979 – The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan 210 6.26 Nuclear Concerns Continue 211 6.27 Features of Pakistan – US Relation (1947-1989) 212 6.28 Pakistan – US Relations Period 1989 - 2001 213 6.29 Afghanistan Situation 214 6.30 Kashmir Uprising 215 6.31 New World Order 217 6.32 Application of Pressler Amendment 217 6.33 Nuclear Issue 219 6.34 Defence Cooperation 220 6.35 Kashmir Issue 221 6.36 Narcotics 222 6.37 Human Rights 222 15 6.38 Terrorism 222 6.39 Afghanistan and the Taliban 2235 6.40 Change in Policies 225 6.41 Brown Amendment 226 6.42 Relations From May’98 to Oct’01 228 6.43 Pakistan- US Relations Post 9/11 Period 231 6.44 Pakistan Joins War Against Terrorism 232 6.45 Domestic Political Dynamics After 9/11 234 6.46 Military Bases/Logistic Support to USA 234 6.47 Deployment Along Pak Afghan Border 234 6.48 Logistic Support 234 6.49 Tracking Terrorists 235 6.50 Formation of a Joint Working Group 235 6.51 Revival of Defence Consultative Group 235 6.52 Joint US-Pakistan Military Exercises 236 6.53 Coalition Planning Group 236 6.54 Financial/Economic Benefits to Pakistan 236 6.55 Lifting of Sanctions 238 6.56 Major Non NATO Ally Status to Pakistan 239 6.57 Narcotics Control 240 6.58 Pakistan’s Strategic Assets Safety/Non 240 Proliferation 6.59 Democratization and Human Rights Concerns 241 16 6.60

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