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Applications of Remote Sensing in Fisheries and Aquaculture

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Applications of Remote Sensing in Fisheries and Aquaculture In the IOCCG Report Series: 1. Minimum Requirements for an Operational Ocean-Colour Sensor for the Open Ocean (1998). 2. Status and Plans for Satellite Ocean-Colour Missions: Considerations for Com- plementary Missions (1999). 3. Remote Sensing of Ocean Colour in Coastal, and Other Optically-Complex, Waters (2000). 4. Guide to the Creation and Use of Ocean-Colour, Level-3, Binned Data Products (2004). 5. Remote Sensing of Inherent Optical Properties: Fundamentals, Tests of Algo- rithms, and Applications (2006). 6. Ocean-Colour Data Merging (2007). 7. Why Ocean Colour? The Societal Benefits of Ocean-Colour Technology (2008). 8. Remote Sensing in Fisheries and Aquaculture (this volume). The printing of this report was sponsored by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), which is gratefully acknowledged. Reports and Monographs of the International Ocean-Colour Coordinating Group An Affiliated Program of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) An Associate Member of the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) IOCCG Report Number 8, 2009 Remote Sensing in Fisheries and Aquaculture Edited by: Marie-Hélène Forget, Venetia Stuart and Trevor Platt A contribution of the SAFARI initiative (Societal Applications in Fisheries & Aqua- culture using Remotely-Sensed Imagery), funded by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and directed by Trevor Platt. This report is based on contributions from (in alphabetical order): Cedric Bacher, Gary Borstad, Alida Bundy, Emmanuel Chassot, Changsheng Chen, Christopher Clark, Nicholas Dulvy, Rashmin Dwivedi, Paul Fanning, Joao Ferreira, John Field, Alain Fonteneau, Marie-Hélène Forget, Kevin Friedland, César Fuentes- Yaco, Jon Grant, Steve Groom, Guoqi Han, Nick Hardman-Mountford, Johanna Heymans, Nicolas Hoepffner, Evan Howell, Chuanmin Hu, Kimberly Hyde, Hidetada Kiyofuji, Donald Kobayashi, Peter Koeller, David Kulka, Beena Kumari, Masahiro Kuno, Alan Longhurst, Vivian Lutz, Satsuki Matsumura, Bruce Monger, Jesus Morales, Shailesh Nayak, Jay O’Reilly, Daniel Pauly, Daniel Pendleton, Andrew Pershing, Trevor Platt, Jeffrey Polovina, Mini Raman, Nicholas Record, Anne Richards, Cristina Rodriguez-Benito, Sei-Ichi Saitoh, Shubha Sathyendranath, Kenneth Sherman, Him- matsinh Solanki, Venetia Stuart, Fumihiro Takahashi, Maureen Taylor, Cara Wilson and Linda Woodard. Series Editor: Venetia Stuart Correct citation for this publication: IOCCG (2009). Remote Sensing in Fisheries and Aquaculture. Forget, M.-H., Stuart, V. and Platt, T. (eds.), Reports of the International Ocean-Colour Coordinating Group, No. 8, IOCCG, Dartmouth, Canada. The International Ocean-Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG) is an international group of experts in the field of satellite ocean colour, acting as a liaison and communication channel between users, managers and agencies in the ocean-colour arena. The IOCCG is sponsored by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES, France), Department of Fisheries and Oceans (Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Canada), European Space Agency (ESA), GKSS Research Centre (Geesthacht, Germany), National Institute for Space Research (INPE, Brazil), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Joint Research Centre (JRC, EC), Korean Ocean Research and Development Institute (KORDI), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, USA), Na- tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, USA), and Second Institute of Oceanography (SIO), China. http://www.ioccg.org Published by the International Ocean-Colour Coordinating Group, P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, B2Y 4A2, Canada. ISSN: 1098-6030 ISBN: 978-1-896246-59-8 ©IOCCG 2009 Printed by Bounty Print Ltd., Halifax, Canada. 4 • Remote Sensing in Fisheries and Aquaculture Contents 1 Introduction to SAFARI 1 1.1 Introduction . 1 1.2 Remote Sensing and Ocean Ecosystems . 1 1.3 Remote Sensing Contributions to Fish Harvesting, Assessment and Management . 3 1.4 A Framework for the Application of Remote Sensing to the Ecosystem Approach . 4 1.4.1 Indicators . 4 1.4.2 Objectives . 6 1.4.3 DPSIR framework . 6 1.4.4 Baselines and reference conditions . 7 1.5 Earth Observations and Societal Benefits . 8 1.6 Scope and Structure of the Report . 9 2 Climate Change, Ecosystem Variability and Fisheries Productivity 11 2.1 Climate Change, Ocean Temperature and Productivity . 12 2.1.1 Sea surface temperature . 12 2.1.2 Ocean productivity . 13 2.2 Fisheries Oceanography: Linking Physical Oceanography, Phytoplank- ton and Fish . 14 2.2.1 Statistical links from plankton to fish . 14 2.2.2 Size spectra . 22 2.2.3 Energetic mass-balance models . 24 2.2.4 End-to-end models . 26 2.3 Concluding Remarks . 28 3 Remote Sensing Applications in Stock Assessments 29 3.1 Introduction . 29 3.2 Northern Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) ..................... 30 3.2.1 Recruitment on the eastern Scotian Shelf . 30 3.2.2 Recruitment in the Gulf of Maine . 32 3.2.3 Latitudinal-spatial differences in growth on the Newfoundland- Labrador shelf . 35 3.3 Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) .................... 36 i ii • Remote Sensing in Fisheries and Aquaculture 3.3.1 Recruitment and the spring bloom on the Scotian Shelf . 36 3.3.2 The relationship between the fall phytoplankton blooms and recruitment on Georges Bank . 37 3.4 White hake (Urophycis tenuis).......................... 39 3.4.1 Recruitment of juveniles on Grand Bank . 39 3.5 Concluding Remarks . 41 4 Remote Sensing Applications to Marine Resource Management 43 4.1 Introduction . 43 4.2 Fisheries Management: Changing the Paradigm . 44 4.2.1 Large marine ecosystems . 44 4.2.2 Open ocean provinces . 46 4.2.3 Marine managed areas . 48 4.2.4 Coral reef monitoring . 49 4.2.5 Use of remote sensing within an ecosystem-based approach to management . 50 4.3 Marine Hazards . 52 4.3.1 Harmful algal blooms . 52 4.3.2 Oil spills . 52 4.3.3 Turbidity events . 53 4.4 Protected Species Research and Management . 53 4.4.1 TurtleWatch, a tool to reduce turtle bycatch in the longline fishery 54 4.4.2 Right whale forecasts . 55 4.5 Concluding Remarks . 56 5 Remote Sensing Applications to Fish Harvesting 57 5.1 Introduction . 57 5.2 Using Remote Sensing for Profitable Fishing: Techniques for Indian Waters . 58 5.2.1 Method 1: Location of PFZ sites using integrated chlorophyll and SST...................................... 59 5.2.2 Method 2: Use of additional information from ocean colour . 59 5.2.3 Method 3: Inclusion of wind vectors to update PFZ locations . 62 5.2.4 Validation of fishery forecasts . 63 5.3 Experimental analysis of skipjack tuna fishing grounds in the Kuroshio region, northwest Pacific . 64 5.3.1 Skipjack tuna fisheries in the Mie prefecture . 64 5.3.2 Skipjack fishing ground analysis using SST and ocean colour . 64 5.4 TOREDAS Remote Sensing GIS Information Service . 68 5.4.1 System overview . 69 5.4.2 Perspectives . 71 5.5 Tuna Purse Seine Fisheries of the Indian Ocean . 73 CONTENTS • iii 5.5.1 Ecological justification for the use of remote-sensing data in tuna fisheries . 74 5.5.2 Commercial remote sensing products for tuna fishing fleets . 74 5.6 Concluding Remarks . 76 6 Remote Sensing Applications in Marine Aquaculture 77 6.1 Introduction . 77 6.2 Site Selection . 78 6.3 Parameterizing Primary Production in Norwegian Fjords . 79 6.4 Case Studies . 80 6.4.1 Food resources for Japanese scallop culture . 80 6.4.2 The SPEAR project . 81 6.4.3 Mussel culture modelling in the bay of Mont St. Michel . 81 6.4.4 Seston depletion in dense mussel cultures, eastern Canada . 82 6.4.5 Harmful algal bloom in Cardigan Bay, eastern Canada . 83 6.4.6 Monitoring harmful algal blooms in southern Chile . 85 6.5 Concluding Remarks . 87 7 Building Links with the Fishing, Aquaculture and Management Communi- ties 89 7.1 Introduction . 89 7.1.1 Building links with resource scientists and managers in the USA 92 7.1.2 Remote sensing and the management of waste water . 92 7.1.3 Borstad Associates/GRIP geographic data portal . 94 7.2 Network, Capacity Building and Coordination . 95 7.2.1 Antares network . 96 7.2.2 ChloroGIN network . 97 7.2.3 The African Marine Information System . 99 7.2.4 InterRisk . 100 7.3 Looking into the Future . 101 References 103 Acronyms 119 iv • Remote Sensing in Fisheries and Aquaculture Chapter 1 Introduction to SAFARI Nick Hardman-Mountford, Alida Bundy, Nicholas Dulvy, and Trevor Platt sa·fa·ri (s@-fär0¯e): Noun a journey (Swahili). 1.1 Introduction The Earth is a blue planet, with three quarters of its surface area covered by water. For many reasons, society needs to keep an eye on conditions in the ocean, but this is not a simple task. Its vast size is a fundamental obstacle, as is our inability to inhabit the ocean for more than the briefest periods. The undertaking is complicated by the dynamic nature of the marine environment: unlike the terrestrial environment, ocean waters move rapidly in three dimensions. The conventional platform for observing the ocean, the ship, has enabled great advances in our understanding of the oceans, but has many limitations, foremost that it can observe only a single point in the ocean at any one time. Only by using instruments carried on spacecraft (satellites) can we hope to observe the whole ocean surface at a frequency high enough to detect change in the ocean. The scope of earth observation by satellite remote sensing, as applied to the ocean, is very broad. It covers the physical system (surface temperature, winds, surface height, surface waves, ice cover and soon, surface salinity), as well as the ecosystem and water quality (both from ocean colour) and surveillance. All of these are relevant to fisheries and aquaculture. Their importance will only increase as we try to understand how aquatic systems, and the fisheries that depend on them, will be affected by the suite of processes known collectively as climate change.
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