Wittgenstein. La 'Reorientación De La Filosofía'

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Wittgenstein. La 'Reorientación De La Filosofía' WITTGENSTEIN Reorientación de la filosofía por CARLA CORDUA Nº de Inscripción: 99.844 © Carla Cordua Derechos reservados para todos los países ISBN 956-201-322-7 A Roberto Sumario Prefacio................................................................ 5 I Filosofía y ciencia como teoría.................... 7 II La teoría: perspectivas críticas..................... 22 III La filosofía y la vida común y corriente....... 40 IV El fenómeno de la lógica............................. 60 V Necesidad................................................. 73 VI El contexto de la necesidad......................... 89 VII Claridad.................................................... 103 VIII Explicación con ejemplos........................... 122 IX Análogos del lenguaje................................ 140 X El lenguaje y los juegos.............................. 152 APÉNDICES I Torturas y enfermedades............................ 170 II Crítica de la teoría..................................... 172 III Polémicas o el arte de lanzar huevos........... 176 IV Diferentes diferencias................................ 179 V Wittgenstein en inglés............................... 182 VI ¿Qué forma parte de la lógica?................... 186 VII El filósofo y las imágenes........................... 194 VIII Contextos............................................... 200 IX ¿Teoría, investigación o qué?..................... 202 Bibliografía........................................................... 207 Prefacio El asunto de este libro es lo que se podría llamar el talante de la obra de Wittgenstein. Una caracterización fisiognómica de algo tan singular como el legado de este filósofo, que no se limite, sin embargo, a presentar sólo sus rasgos generales sino entre también en los aspectos más detallados y decidores de la expresión, puede servir bien en este momento, creo, a la tarea pendiente de avanzar hacia la recta comprensión de su pensamiento. Pero la filosofía sólo se deja caracterizar discursivamente si queremos algo más que una serie de impresiones del elemento personal e irrepetible que poseen, entre otros aspectos, sus manifestaciones históricas. La exposición discursiva es capaz de operar con conceptos, de analizar y describir, de juzgar y sacar conclusiones. Su notable flexibilidad parece prometer que las cosas más varias pueden ser combinadas en ella sin que nada esté de antemano condenado a perder su propio carácter. Me he propuesto presentar juntos el pensamiento de Wittgenstein y la peculiar fisonomía de su actividad e intenciones filosóficas. De manera que su modo de pensar pueda ser considerado, por una vez, no en el sentido abstracto en que se habla de pensamiento en los libros de filosofía, sino en estrecha relación con los planes y los fines perseguidos por su autor. No, sin embargo, las relaciones entre la vida y la obra, a la manera romántica, sino los lazos entre los propósitos perseguidos y las iniciativas y trabajos llevados a cabo para cumplirlos. El pensamiento resulta ser una parte, en este caso, de un proyecto práctico esforzado, constante y productivo. La filosofía de Wittgenstein ha sido repartida por sus estudiosos en dos épocas, la temprana, dominada por el Tractatus, y la tardía, inaugurada por los cuadernos preparatorios de las Investigaciones Filosóficas y coronada con la publicación póstuma de esta obra. Aunque la división es útil, a medida que se ha vuelto tópica se ha vuelto también peligrosa. El cambio de la manera de pensar de Wittgenstein entre su primera obra y las posteriores al año 1929 es innegable, pero también lo es la unidad de la obra conjunta. Es preciso encontrar una manera de concebir la continuidad del pensamiento de Wittgenstein que comprenda la reorientación a la que el filósofo somete su actividad; es desprendiéndose de parte de su pasado que consigue llevar adelante la misma tarea, depurada ahora de sus errores y confusiones previos. En este libro se trata principalmente del pensamiento maduro de Wittgenstein, producto de la revisión crítica de la obra primeriza y resultado final de los trabajos efectuados hasta los últimos días de su vida. La caracterización que intentamos llevar a cabo recomienda la comparación de ambas épocas, sin embargo. Para efectos comparativos hemos considerado, por eso, también el libro de juventud, pero sólo en relación con lo que viene después. Son los trabajos publicados póstumamente los que ponen de manifiesto todo el alcance de los planes filosóficos de Wittgenstein. La ‘reorientación de la filosofía’ mencionada en el título de este libro pretende abarcar más que el viraje en la obra del propio Wittgenstein: se refiere, en efecto, principalmente a la posición polémica que el filósofo adopta frente a la tradición de la filosofía en su conjunto. El período metafísico de la filosofía, durante el cual ésta se ha entendido como una ciencia y ha imitado los ideales y los procedimientos de las ciencias especiales, debe quedar superado por un nuevo modo investigativo de hacer filosofía. El ataque a la versión metafísica de la actividad filosófica está estrechamente ligado en las obras de Wittgenstein posteriores a 1930 con una crítica de las ciencias, en las que detecta diver-sas formas de confusión conceptual, manifestaciones de dogmatismo, desprecio de lo particular y de lo manifiesto y preferencia por la formulación de leyes generales y el descubrimiento de relaciones causales de dudoso valor cognoscitivo. En conjunto, la polémica contra la filosofía histórica y contra las ciencias redunda en una crítica radical de la teoría como tal y en lo que Wittgenstein llama su propia renuncia a la teoría, a todas las opiniones y las doctrinas filosóficas. Frente a lo que rechaza de esta manera se destacan con claridad las características del trabajo filosófico que Wittgenstein se dispone a llevar a cabo en la segunda etapa de su obra. La filosofía, sostiene, es una actividad investigativa de los usos de aquellos conceptos del lenguaje ordinario que nos confunden y dejan perplejos, generando los llamados problemas tradicionales de la filosofía. La descripción pormenorizada de casos particulares despejará nuestra inteligencia de seudoproblemas y de enredos. Para llevar a cabo esta reorientación del pensamiento desarrolla Wittgenstein un conjunto de métodos filosóficos y estrategias que le permitan mantenerse aparte de la tradición rechazada, distinguir tajantemente a la filosofía de las ciencias y avanzar en la clarificación de usos lingüísticos, la manera en que la nueva filosofía disuelve los rompecabezas heredados del pasado. En el texto y la notas me refiero a las obras que cito mediante abreviaturas que se explican en la Bibliografía al final del libro. En el caso de las obras de Wittgenstein, la abreviatura consiste en una sigla que —para facilitar su retención en la memoria— se basa en la versión castellana del título que doy entre paréntesis al final de la ficha respectiva. Como es habitual, se indica el volumen mediante un número romano, la página mediante un número arábigo. Cuando la obra citada está dividida en parágrafos numerados, me refiero a éstos mediante el número pertinente precedido por el signo ‘§’. Si el parágrafo citado es muy extenso, indico también el número de la página, precedido de la abreviatura ‘p.’. Si la sigla termina en un número, lo separo con una coma del número de la página citada. Como se observará, remito siempre a ediciones del texto original (alemán o inglés, según los casos); las traducciones las he hecho yo. Si la obra citada no es de Wittgenstein, la abreviatura consta generalmente del nombre del autor seguido del año de publicación. Cuando cito varias obras de un mismo autor publicadas en el mismo año, la segunda, tercera, etc., se distinguen mediante las letras ‘a’, ‘b’,… agregadas al año de publicación. En el caso de unas pocas obras clásicas, cuyo año de publicación no se conoce o es muy anterior al de la edición que utilizo, la abreviatura consta del nombre del autor seguido de una sigla alusiva al título. Mientras escribía el libro, Roberto Torretti me ayudó muchas veces a vencer la insubordinación de mi computadora. Además, leyó los sucesivos borradores, discutiendo conmigo puntos oscuros que espero haber despejado en la versión final. Una vez completado el manuscrito, me ayudó a prepararlo para la imprenta, contribuyendo de paso numerosas sugerencias sobre puntuación, reordenamiento de palabras y codificación de referencias que en general he aceptado. Le agradezco muchísimo su ayuda y, en particular, que a menudo me haya hecho provechosamente difícil llegar a los planteamientos que el libro contiene. I FILOSOFÍA Y CIENCIA COMO TEORÍA Las declaraciones de Wittgenstein sobre su propia actividad filosófica excluyen de plano que tal actividad pueda redundar en una teoría.[1] El rechazo de esta posibilidad, en las Investigaciones filosóficas y en los demás escritos tardíos, puede ser tácito o explícito pero no falta nunca. “Era correcto que nuestras consideraciones no debían ser consideraciones científicas… No debemos establecer teoría de ninguna clase. No debe haber nada hipotético en nuestras consideraciones. Debemos eliminar toda explicación…” (IF § 109; cf. §§ 124, 126, 128). “No queremos encontrar una teoría de los colores (ni una psicológica ni una fisiológica) sino la lógica de los conceptos de los colores. Esta proporciona lo que a menudo se ha esperado injustamente de una teoría” (ObC 18; cf. W&CV 116-117). Sólo los escépticos antiguos, que se negaron a considerar que sus enseñanzas fueran doctrinas como las de otros filósofos, se pueden
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