Illustrations

BOOK ONE

FOLLOWING PAGE 338

I. Mid-seventeenth-century map of Asia 2. Willem Blaeu's map of Asia 3. Map of the Mughul Empire, from Dapper's Asia, 1681 4. South and Southeast Asia, fromJohan Blaeu's Atlas major, 1662 5. Ceylon and the Maldives, from Sanson d'Abbeville's L'Asie, 1652 6. Continental Southeast Asia, from Morden's Geography Rectified, 1688 7. Course of the Menam, from La Loubere's Du royaume de Siam, 1691 8. and its environs, from Dampier's Voyages, 1700 9. The Moluccas, from Blaeu's Atlas major 10. Asia from Bay of Bengal to the Marianas, from Thevenot's Relations, 1666 II. Japan and Korea, from Blaeu's Atlas major 12. Harbor of Surat 13· Dutch factory at Surat 14· Market at Goa 15· English fort at Bombay 16. Harbor and wharf of Arakan 17· Batavia, ca. 1655 18. Amboina and its inhabitants 19· Dutch factory at Banda 20. Tidore and its fort 21. Dutch envoys in Cambodia 22. Fort Zeelandia in Taiwan 23· Dutch ambassadors in Peking, 1656

[xvii] Illustrations 24. Macao 25. Canton 26. Dutch factory at Hirado 27. Dutch factory on Deshima 28. Palanquins 29. Merchants of Bantam 30. Man and woman of Goa 3 I. Chinese merchant couple ]2. Dutch fleet before Bantam in 1596 33. Thee (tea), or cha, bush 34. King of Ternate's banquet for the Dutch, 1601 35. Coins of Siam 36. 1601 Malay-Latin vocabulary 37. 1672 Oriental-Italian vocabulary 38. Warehouse and shipyard of in 39. Old East India House in London 40. East India House in Amsterdam 41. East Indian birds 42. Japanese converts suspended head down 43. Execution of three Japanese converts 44. A Japanese 45. Preparation for an execution by suspension 46. Persecution of Christians in Japan 47. Christians being burned alive 48. Suspension of a Christian 49. Torture of Christians at Arima 50. Portrait ofJohann Adam Schall as court mandarin 51. Miraculous cross of Thomas the Apostle at Mylapore 52. Portrait of Matteo Ricci and his convert Paul 53. Portrait of Nicolas Trigault 54. Frontispiece, Gian Filippo de Marini, Delle missioni, 1663 55. Title page, Trigault, Christiana expeditione, 1615 56. Title page, Trigault, Christian is triumphis, 1623 57. Title page, Luis de Guzman, Historia de las missiones, 1601 58. Title page, Declaration Given by the Chinese Emperour Kam Hi in the Year 1700 59. Title page, Nicolas Pimenta, Epistola, 160I 60. Title page, Johann Adam Schall, Historica relatio, 1672 61. Title page, Trigault, Vita Gasparis Barzaei, 1610 62. Title page and another page from Antonio de Gouvea, Innocentia victrix, 1671 63. Portrait of Philippus Baldaeus 64. Portrait of Wouter Schouten 65. Portrait ofJohann Nieuhof

[xviii] Illustrations 66. Portrait of Alvarez Semedo 67. Portrait ofJean de Thevenot 68. Frontispiece, Olfert Dapper, Asia, 1681 69. Frontispiece, Johann Nieuhof, GesandtschajJt, 1666 70. Frontispiece,]. T. and]. l. De Bry, India orientalis, 1601 71. Frontispiece, Johann von der Behr, Diarium, 1669 72. Title page of Regni Chinensis descriptio, with Chinese landscape painting, 1639 73. Title page, Edward Terry, Voyage to East India, 1655 74. Title page, Johan van Twist, Generale beschrijvinge van Indien, 1648 75. Title page, Johan Albrecht von Mandelslo, Ein Schreiben, 1645 76. Title page, Philippe de Sainte-Trinite, Orientalische Reisebeschreibung, 1671 77. Frontispiece, ibid. 78. Title page, Giuseppe di Santa Maria Sebastiani, Seconde speditione, 1672 79. Title page, Giovanni Filippo Marini, Historia, 1665 80. Title page, Louis Le Compte, Memoirs and Observations, 1697 81. Title page, Robert Knox, Historical Relation of the Island ceylon, 1681 82. Title page, Adam Olearius, OjJt begehrte Beschreibung der cewen orientalischen Reise, 1647 83. Title page, Bernhard Varen, Descriptio Regni Japoniae et Siam, 1673 84. Title page, Simon de La Loubere, Du royaume de Siam, 1691 85. Title page, Gabriel Dellon, History of the Inquisition at Goa, 1688 86. Title page, Athanasius Kircher, China illustrata, 1667 87. Portrait of Athanasius Kircher 88. Title page, Johann Jacob Saar, Ost-Indianische fonfzehen-jiihrige Kriegs- Dienste, 1672 89. Title page, Abbe Carre, Voyage des Indes Orientales, 1699 90. Title page, Pietro Della Valle, Travels, 1665 91. Title page, Johann von der Behr, Diarium, oder Tage-Buch, 1668 92. Title page, Gotthard Arthus, Historia Indiae Orientalis, 1668 93. Title page, David Haex, Dictionarium Malaico-Latinum et Latino- Malaicum, 163 I 94. Title page, Nicolaas Witsen, Noord en Oost Tartarye, 1692 95. Title page, Thomas Herbert, Some Yeares Travels, 1638 96. Title page, A. andJ. Churchill, Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1744 97. Frontispiece, Arnoldus Montanus, Die Gesantschaften an die Keiser van Japan, 1669 98. Title page, Willem Lodewyckszoon, Premier livre, 1609 99. Malay-Latin phrases from Haex's Dictionarium 100. Malay-Latin wordlist (ibid.) 101. German-Malay wordlist from Dapper's Beschreibung, 1681 102. Portrait of Edward Terry

[xix] Illustrations

103. Portrait of Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri 104. Portrait of Sir Thomas Roe 105. Portrait ofJar is van Spilbergen 106. Portrait of Ove Gjedde

BOOK TWO

FOLLOWING PAGE 756 Introduction: The Mughul Empire on European Printed Maps 107. Map of the Mughul Empire, from Terry's Voyage, 1655 108. Map of the Mughul Empire, from Sanson d'Abbeville's L'Asie, 1652 109. Map of the Mughul Empire, from Blaeu's Asia major, 1662 110. Map of the Mughul Empire, from Melchisedech Thevenot's Relations, 1663 III. Map of Kashmir, from Bernier's Voyages, 1723 112. Portrait of Akbar 113. Indian paintings ofJahangir, Khurram, and slave 114. The same Mughul miniatures in a French translation I 15. Prince Salim, or Jahangir 116. Nur Mahal, Jahangir's empress 117. SealofJahangir, from Purchas 118. SealofJahangir, by a French engraver 119, 120, 121. Portrait, standard, and seal ofJahangir 122. Aurangzib in camp 123. Mughul court at Agra 124. Woman and man of Surat 125. Court and throne of "Great Mogul" at Lahore 126. Wrestlers of Surat 127. Fakirs under a banyan tree 128. Means of transport in Sind 129. Elements of 130. Hook-swinging 13 I. Yogi austerities 132. Festival of Hassan and Hossein 133. Brahma, the Creator Introduction to seventeenth-century printed maps of South India 134. Map of South India 135. Map of places in India 136. South India and its periphery 137. Frontispiece, Hendrik Adriaan van Rheede, Hortus indicus malabaricus, 1678 138. Frontispiece, Willem Piso, De Indiae utriusque re naturali et medica, 1658

[xx] Illustrations 139. Malabar (Tamil) alphabet 140. Malabar vowels 141. Malabar cyphers 142. Letter from Brahmans of Malabar in the Malayalam language 143. Letter of Emanuel Carneiro in Malayalam 144. Letter of "Itti Achudem" in Malayalam 145. Portrait ofJohn Fryer 146. Title page, Fryer, A New Account, 1698 147. Specimen of "Malabar" script 148. The Zamorin's palace at Calicut 149. The Zamorin and his palace 150. "Ixora" (Siva) 1 5 I. Ganesha, son of Siva 152. Ten avatars of Vishnu 153. "Nareen," first avatar according to Kircher 154. "Ramchandra," the Embodiment of Righteousness 155. "Narseng," the Man-Lion avatar I 56. The goddess "Bhavani," the ninth avatar 157. The horse avatar 158. Vishnu: the fish incarnation, from Baldaeus 159. The tortoise incarnation 160. Boar incarnation 161. Man-Lion incarnation 162. The Dwarf, or fifth avatar 163. Rama-with-the-Ax 164. Ravana in Lanka: Ramachandra, the Embodiment of Righteousness 165. Eighth avatar: 166. Buddha as ninth avatar 167. Kalki, or tenth avatar 168. Frontispiece, Baldaeus, Ajgoderye der Oost-Indische heydenen, 1672 169. Portrait of Hendrik Adriaan van Rheede tot Drakestein 170. The Indian tamarind and papaya 171. Arabian jasmine 172. Snake-charmer of Malabar 173. Learning to write the alphabet in the sand 174. Map of Ceylon, ca. 1602 175. Map ofJaffna and adjacent islands 176. Map of Kandy on Ceylon 177. Map of the Maldives and Ceylon 178. Spilbergen and the king of Kandy 179. City of Kandy in 1602 180. Arms and seal of the king of Ceylon 181. The god of the king of "Matecalo" on Ceylon I 82. Raja Sinha (Lion-King) of Kandy

[xxi] Illustrations

183. Noble of Kandy 184. Cinnamon harvesting in Ceylon 18S. Butter making in Ceylon 186. Sinhalese preparing for rice planting 187. On smoothing their fields 188. Treading out the rice 189. Treading out the rice indoors 190. Execution by elephant 191. Cremation in Ceylon 192. Drinking custom in Ceylon 193. Sinhalese pond fishing 194. Wild man of Ceylon 19S. Talipot parasol of Ceylon 196. Title page, Abraham Roger, De open-deure tot het verborgen heydendom, 16S1 197. Frontispiece, Roger, French translation, 1670 198. Title page, Daniel Havart, Op en Ondergangh van Cormandel, 1693 199. Hook- 200. Brahman austerities 201. Sepulchre of the kings and princes of Golconda 202. Portrait of Sultan Muhammed Qutb 203. Portrait of Sultan Abdullah Qutb Shah 204. Portrait of Sultan Abu'l Hasan 20S. Persian miniature portrait of Abu'l Hasan 206. Portrait of Akkana of Golconda 207. Sultan Abu'l Hasan visits the Dutch church at Masulipatam 208. Laurens Pit and the sultan

BOOK THREE

FOLLOWING PAGE 1380

209. French map of Siam, 1691 210. King Narai of Siam on the royal elephant 21 I. Imperial three-tiered vase of gold filigree 212. Crocodile of Siam: anatomical description 213. Title page, Observations physiques et mathematiques, 1688 214. Mandarin's "balon" (galley) 21S. Noblemen's "ballon" 216. Water-pipe smoked by the Moors of Siam 217. Siamese rhythmic musical instruments 218. Siamese song in Western notation 219. Siamese alphabets, Pali alphabets, Siamese numbers 220. Buddhist monastery in Siam

[xxii] Illustrations

22 I. Siamese images of the Buddha 222. The three Siamese envoys to France, 1686 223. Second Siamese emissary 224. Third Siamese emissary 225. Reception of the Siamese emissaries by Louis XIV 226. Title page, Histoire de la revolution de Siam, 1691 227. Title page, Abbe de Choisy, Journal du voyage de Siam, 1687 228. Title page, Pierre Joseph D'Orleans, Histoire ... de la revolution, 1692 229. Title page, Alexandre de Chaumont, Relation de l'ambassade, 1686 230. Audience hall of the king of Siam 231. Illustrative plate ofl693 showing maps of Ayut'ia and Bangkok, Siamese trees, plough, insect, and golden imperial vase 232. Map of India extra Gangem 233. Insulindia: Western archipelago 234. Map of Borneo, 1601 235. Map of the Moluccas, 1688 236. Map of the Moluccas, from Blaeu's Atlas major, 1662 237. Map of Banda, 1609 238. Dutch map of Vietnam and Hainan Island, ca. 1660 239. Frontispiece, Vremde reyse inde coninckrycken Cambodia ende Louwen, 1669 240. Daniel Tavernier's map of Tongking 241. Map recording the gradual uncovering of the Austral lands 242. Map of the Philippines and the Ladrones 243. Mrauk-u, royal capital of Arakan, in 1660 244. Procession of the queen of Patani 245. Royal palace of Tub an 246. French-Malay-Javan vocabulary, 1609 247. soldiers with blowpipes 248. Sketch of Bantam 249. Foreign merchants at Bantam 250. Javanese of Bantam on the way to market 251. Principal Chinese merchants at Bantam 252. Muslim legate from Mecca with governor of Bantam 253. Chinese shrine in Bantam 254. King of Bali in royal chariot drawn by white oxen 255. Gentleman of Bali on the move 256. Sumatran chief and his people 257. Javanese gong orchestra 258. Javanese dancers 259. Takraw, Malay football 260. Javanese cockfight 261. Mosque ofJapara in Java 262. Harbor of Gamulamo in Ternate

[ xxiii] Illustrations 263. The "Tygers Graft," a canal street of Batavia 264. Batavia: betel and pynang garden 265. Batavia: Fort Ryswick 266. Soldier of the imperial guard in Tongking 267. Mandarin of Tongking 268. Fishing at Ternate 269. Indian salamander or gecko 270. A strange bat, or the flying fox 271. The melon tree, or the papaya 272. Close-up of the durian fruit 273. The Javanese rhinoceros 274. The dodo 275. Animals of the Indian Ocean islands 276. Emu, or cassowary 277. The Orang-Utan 278. Durians, banyan, and bamboo 279. Title page, Antonio de Morga, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, 1609 280. Market at Bantam 281. Title page, Christophoro Borri, Cochin-China, 1633 282. Title page, Vremde geschiedenissen in de koninckrijcken van Cambodia en Louwen-lant, 1669 283. Title page, Sebastian Manrique, Itinerario de las missiones, 1653

BOOK FOUR

FOLLOWING PAGE 1730 284. Purchas' map of China 285. Map of China and its eastern periphery (1652) 286. Martini's map of China and its periphery 287. Map of China dated 1654 288. Map of China dated 1655 289. Couplet's map of China 290. Kircher's map of China 291. Nieuhof's map of China 292. Map with route of Dutch embassy from Canton to Peking 293. Route of Dutch ambassadors in China 294. Frontispiece, Blaeu, Atlas major, Vol. X 295. Frontispiece, Martini, Novus atlas sinensis 296. Title page, Kircher, Chine illustree 297. Title page, Blaeu, Atlas major, Vol. X 298. Portrait, Johann Nieuhof 299. Mysterious flying bridge of Shensi 300. The Great wall myth

[xxiv] Illustrations 301. Mountains of the Five Horses' Heads 302. Map of Metropolitan Peking 303. Peking with Great Wall in the distance 304. City plan of Peking 305. Imperial city at Peking 306. Imperial throne in Peking 307. Observatory at Peking 308. Tartar Gate in the Great Wall near Hsi-ning 309. Confucius in the Imperial Academy 310. Johann Schall in Mandarin dress 3 I I. Shun-chih, the first Manchu emperor 312. Portrait of the K'ang-hsi emperor published 1697 313. Portrait of the K'ang-hsi emperor published 1710 314. Reception of emissaries at the imperial court 315. Mughul envoys to Peking 316, 317. Two Chinese noble ladies 3 18. Nanking Province 319. Vista of Nanking 320. Street in Nanking, 1656 321. Porcelain Pagoda of Nanking 322. Banquet in honor of Dutch emissaries 323. Portrait of "Old Viceroy" of K wangtung 324. Xaocheu, or Sucheu 325. Chinese map of Chekiang Province 326. "Nangan" (Nan-an) in Kiangsi Province 32 7. Different types of Chinese vessels 328. Floating village 329. "Tonglou" (Dong-liu), a Yangtze town 330. Dragon boat 33 I. Dutch Fort Zeelandia on Taiwan 332. Macao 333. Celestial, terrestrial, and infernal gods of the Chinese 334. Temple of "Sang-Won-Hab" 335. Chinese idols 336. Various types of Chinese priests 337. Chinese priests or monks 338. Chinese temple and pagoda 339. Chinese sepulchre 340. Chinese costumes 341. Chinese ladies 342. "Porcelain" couple 343. Title page, Magalhaes, History 344. Magalaes' Chinese commentary on Confucius 345. Title page, Confocius Sinarum philosophus

[xxv] Illustrations 346. Title page, Martini, Decas prima, official Jesuit version 347. Title page, Martini, Decas prima, Blaeu version 348. Martini's hexagrams of the I Ching, published 1658 349. The sixty-four hexagrams, from Confocius Sinarum philosophus, 1687 350. "Letters" invented by Fu-hsi, the first emperor 351. Examples of the Chinese writing system 352. Attempt to alphabetize Chinese 353. Sample page from Chinese-French dictionary 354. Title page, Couplet, Tabula chronologia 355. Chung yung, or Doctrine of the Mean 356, 357, 35 8. Parts of the body, pulses, and acu-points in Chinese medicine 359. Title page, Boym, Clavis medica 360. Draag Zetel, or palanquin 361. Chinese farmers 362. Ruffian and his prize 363. Chinese actors in costume 364. Popular performers 365. The mango 366. The phoenix and the "forest chicken" 367. Cormorant, or fishing bird 368. Chinese fruit trees: persimmon, custard, and a nameless fruit 369. Chinese fruit trees: cinnamon, durian, and banana 370. "Giambo" and litchi trees and fruit 371. Title page, Palafox, History of the Conquest of China by the Tartars 372. Map of Great Tartary from the Volga to the Strait of "Iessu" (Yezo) 373. Title page, Foy de la Neuville, Relation de Muscovie 374. Emissary of the Lamas 375. Kalmuks and their habitations 376. Tanguts 377. Emissaries from South Tartary to Peking 378. Costume of a Tartar archer 379. Costume of a Tungusic warrior 380. Tartar cavalier and Tartar woman 381. Tartar (Manchu) women 382. Tartar (Manchu) men 383. Woman in the dress of northern Tartary 384. The Potala 385. The Dalai Lama and "Han," revered king ofTangut 386. The idol "Manipe" in Lhasa 387. "Pagodes," deity of the Indians, with "Manipe" 388. Title page, Semedo, History 389. Title page, Baudier, Histoire 390. Map ofJapan

[xxvi] Illustrations 391, 392. Title page and frontispiece, Montanus, Ambassades 393. Miyako (Kyoto) 394. Title page, Varen, Descriptio regni Japoniae 395. Imperial palace at Miyako 396. Daibutsu temple and its idol 397. Buddhist temple of a thousand images 398. Idol at "Dubo" near Miyako 399. Rich carriage of a lady-in-waiting 400. (Tokyo) 401. The Tokaido (road from Osaka to Edo) 402. Shogun's castle at Edo 403. Part of the shogunal castle 404. Shogunal audience in Japan 405. Sepulchre at Nikko, grave ofTokugawa Ieyasu 406. Temple of the Golden Amida in Edo 407. Shaka (Buddha) in an Edo temple 408. Japanese Buddhist priest 409. Bonze preaching 410. Japanese god with three heads and Buddha Amida 41 I. Wandering Buddhist priests 412. Temple of "Vaccata" in Kyushu 413. Temple of "Vaccata" in Kyushu, in reverse image 414. Temple of Kannon in Osaka 415. Chateau and pleasure house near Fisen (Hizen) 416. Japanese cross 417. Costumes ofJapanese women in Edo 418. Dress of women of quality 419. Urban costume of "Suringa" (Suruga) 420. Daimyo and wife 421. Japanese clothing 422. Noble Japanese woman and her entourage 423. Japanese men of substance 424. Seppuku-ritual in Japan 425. "Faisena," a Japanese pleasure yacht or fiyboat 426. Japanese emblems and decorations 427. Japanese writing instruments 428. Two types of "Tzudtzinsic" trees 429. Japanese prostitutes of a pleasure quarter 430. Wandering players 431. Japanese fisherman and wife 432. Japanese charter of privileges granted the English by the "Emperour ofJapan," 1613 433. Japanese beggars of the road

[xxvii]