TJ and the 47 Ronin
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Illustrations
Illustrations BOOK ONE FOLLOWING PAGE 338 I. Mid-seventeenth-century map of Asia 2. Willem Blaeu's map of Asia 3. Map of the Mughul Empire, from Dapper's Asia, 1681 4. South and Southeast Asia, fromJohan Blaeu's Atlas major, 1662 5. Ceylon and the Maldives, from Sanson d'Abbeville's L'Asie, 1652 6. Continental Southeast Asia, from Morden's Geography Rectified, 1688 7. Course of the Menam, from La Loubere's Du royaume de Siam, 1691 8. Malacca and its environs, from Dampier's Voyages, 1700 9. The Moluccas, from Blaeu's Atlas major 10. Asia from Bay of Bengal to the Marianas, from Thevenot's Relations, 1666 II. Japan and Korea, from Blaeu's Atlas major 12. Harbor of Surat 13· Dutch factory at Surat 14· Market at Goa 15· English fort at Bombay 16. Harbor and wharf of Arakan 17· Batavia, ca. 1655 18. Amboina and its inhabitants 19· Dutch factory at Banda 20. Tidore and its fort 21. Dutch envoys in Cambodia 22. Fort Zeelandia in Taiwan 23· Dutch ambassadors in Peking, 1656 [xvii] Illustrations 24. Macao 25. Canton 26. Dutch factory at Hirado 27. Dutch factory on Deshima 28. Palanquins 29. Merchants of Bantam 30. Man and woman of Goa 3 I. Chinese merchant couple ]2. Dutch fleet before Bantam in 1596 33. Thee (tea), or cha, bush 34. King of Ternate's banquet for the Dutch, 1601 35. Coins of Siam 36. 1601 Malay-Latin vocabulary 37. 1672 Oriental-Italian vocabulary 38. Warehouse and shipyard of Dutch East India Company in Amsterdam 39. -
Suicide: a Unique Epidemic in Japan a High GDP, a Literacy Rate of 99
Suicide: A Unique Epidemic in Japan Magdalena Wilson College of Arts and Science, Vanderbilt University Japan, a country with a long life expectancy, strong economy and stable political system seems like an unlikely place to encounter a deadly global epidemic. Yet, the unique history and culture of Japan, including its religion, media, and economy, create a setting in which rates of suicide are reaching unprecedented levels. The culture of Japan combined with the peculiar nature of suicide, which allows it to evade clear classification as a disease, creates an intriguing public health challenge for Japan in tackling this epidemic. A high GDP, a literacy rate of 99 percent, a performing a form of seppuku more appropriate for healthy life expectancy of 72-78 years, and a health times of peace, junshi or “suicide to follow one‟s lord budget of 1660 international dollars per capita (World to the grave,” (59) as an outlet for expressing their Health Organization 2005) are not the features valor and dedication to their lord. Seppuku emerged typically associated with a country suffering from one yet again in a slightly different form in the 17th of the worst outbreaks of a deadly global epidemic. century Japanese legal system as a somewhat more Then again, nothing is really typical about the suicide dignified alternative to the death penalty. Throughout epidemic in Japan. In general, suicide is a growing the next two hundred years, seppuku remained central public health problem globally, with international to Japanese society in its various forms until Japan suicide rates increasing 60 percent in the last 45 years began to modernize during the Meiji period in the late (World Health Organization 2009). -
Rethinking the Ako Ronin Debate the Religious Significance of Chushin Gishi
Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 1999 26/1-2 Rethinking the Ako Ronin Debate The Religious Significance of Chushin gishi John Allen T ucker This paper suggests that the Tokugawa Confucian debate over the Ako revenge vendetta was, in part, a religious debate over the posthumous sta tus of the forty-six ronin who murdered Lord Kira Yoshinaka as an act of revenge for the sake of their deceased master, Asano Naganori. At issue in the debate was whether the forty-six ronin were chushin gishi, a notion typ ically translated as “loyal and righteous samurai. ” The paper shows, how ever, that in Tokugawa discourse the term chushin gishi had significant religious nuances. The latter nuances are traceable to a Song dynasty text, the Xingli ziyi, by Chen Beixi, which explains that zhongchen yishi (Jpn. chushin gishi) could be legitimately worshiped at shrines devoted to them. The paper shows that Beixi text was known by those involved in the Ako debate, and that the religious nuances, as well as their sociopolitical impli cations, were the crucial, albeit largely unspoken, issues in the debate.1 he paper also notes that the ronin were eventually worshiped, by none other than the Meiji emperor, and enshrined in the early-twentieth century. Also, in prewar Japan, they were extolled as exemplars of the kind of self- sacrijicing loyalism that would be rewarded, spiritually, via enshrinement at Yasukuni Shrine. Keywords: Ako ronin — chushin gishi (zhongchen yishi)—しhen Beixi — Xingli ziyi — Yamasra Soko — Bakufu —apotheosis Chushin gishi 忠、臣義 士 was the pivotal notion in the eighteenth-century controversy among Confucian scholars over the Ako 赤穂 revenge vendetta of 1703. -
Honor and Violence: Perspectives on the Akō Incident
Honor and Violence: Perspectives on the Akō Incident Megan McClory April 4, 2018 A senior thesis, submitted to the East Asian Studies Department of Brandeis University, in partial fulfillment of the Bachelor of Arts degree. Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………1 Law and Morality………………………………………………………………………………...4 Kenka Ryouseibai…………………………………………………………………………5 House Codes……………………………………………………………………………....8 Loyalty as Propaganda…………………………………...………………………………..9 Filial Piety………………………………………………………………………………13 Evolution into Legend……………………………………………………………………………15 Dissemination……………………………………………………………………………15 Audience…………………………………………………………………………………18 Akō as an Example………………………………………………………………………19 Modern Day……………………………………………………………………………...20 Sengaku-ji………………………………………………………………………………. 22 Chūshingura as a Genre………………………………………………………………… 25 Ukiyo-e………………………………………………………………………………...…25 Appeal and Extension to Non-Samurai………………………………..…………………………28 Gihei the Merchant………………………………………………………………………28 Injustice…..………………………………………………………………………………35 Amae …………………………………………………………………………………….38 Collective Honor…………………………………………………………………………41 Women in Chūshingura………………………………………………………………….44 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….47 List of Names and Characters Adapted from David Bell Chushingura and the Floating World: The Representation of Kanadehon Chushingura in Ukiyo-e Prints Enya Hangan A young provincial noble and Lord of the castle of Hoki under the shogun Ashikaga Takauji. Asano Takuminokami Naganori, Lord of Akō in the province of Harima. -
The Death Penalty in Japan: the Law of Silence Going Against the International Trend
The Death Penalty in Japan: The Law of Silence Going against the International Trend International fact-finding mission Article 1 : All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Article 2 : Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. n°505a October 2008 Tokyo Detention Centre FIDH - The Death Penalty in Japan: The Law of Silence / 2 Contents Introduction 4 I. The Japanese Context 6 Context and history of the application of the death penalty in Japan Actors Authorities Officials at Ministry of Justice Detention Centre Personnel Political Parties Civil society Lawyers victims’ families and detainees’ families NGOs and the movements in favour of abolition Religious representatives The influence of media II. Current debates 18 Secrecy Separation of powers Life imprisonment without parole and a toughening of penalties Fallacious arguments Justification by public opinion The confusion between the rights of victims and the death penalty The cultural argument III. Legal Framework 25 Domestic law and norms International law United Nations Japan ratified the United Nations Convention Against Torture in 1999 The Council of Europe The European Union The International criminal court (ICC) IV. -
Analecta Nipponica
5/2016 Analecta Nipponica JOURNAL OF POLISH ASSOCIATION FOR JAPANESE STUDIES Analecta Nipponica JOURNAL OF POLISH ASSOCIATIOn FOR JapanESE STUDIES 5/2016 Analecta Nipponica JOURNAL OF POLISH ASSOCIATIOn FOR JapanESE STUDIES Analecta Nipponica JOURNAL OF POLISH ASSOCIATIOn FOR JapanESE STUDIES Editor-in-Chief Alfred F. Majewicz Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń Editorial Board Agnieszka Kozyra University of Warsaw, Jagiellonian University in Kraków Iwona Kordzińska-Nawrocka University of Warsaw Editing in English Aaron Bryson Editing in Japanese Fujii Yoko-Karpoluk Editorial Advisory Board Moriyuki Itō Gakushūin University in Tokyo Mikołaj Melanowicz University of Warsaw Sadami Suzuki International Research Center for Japanese Studies in Kyoto Hideo Watanabe Shinshū University in Matsumoto Estera Żeromska Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań The publication was financed by Takashima Foundation Copyright© 2015 by Polish Association for Japanese Studies and Contributing Authors. ANALECTA NIPPONICA: Number 5/2015 ISSN: 2084-2147 Published by: Polish Association for Japanese Studies Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warszawa, Poland www.psbj.orient.uw.edu.pl University of Warsaw Printers (Zakłady Graficzne UW) Order No. 1312/2015 Contents Editor’s preface ...............................................................7 ARTICLES Iijima Teruhito, 日本の伝統芸術―茶の美とその心 .............................11 English Summary of the Article Agnieszka Kozyra, The Oneness of Zen and the Way of Tea in the Zen Tea Record (Zencharoku) .............................................21 -
World History--Part 1. Teacher's Guide [And Student Guide]
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 462 784 EC 308 847 AUTHOR Schaap, Eileen, Ed.; Fresen, Sue, Ed. TITLE World History--Part 1. Teacher's Guide [and Student Guide]. Parallel Alternative Strategies for Students (PASS). INSTITUTION Leon County Schools, Tallahassee, FL. Exceptibnal Student Education. SPONS AGENCY Florida State Dept. of Education, Tallahassee. Bureau of Instructional Support and Community Services. PUB DATE 2000-00-00 NOTE 841p.; Course No. 2109310. Part of the Curriculum Improvement Project funded under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part B. AVAILABLE FROM Florida State Dept. of Education, Div. of Public Schools and Community Education, Bureau of Instructional Support and Community Services, Turlington Bldg., Room 628, 325 West Gaines St., Tallahassee, FL 32399-0400. Tel: 850-488-1879; Fax: 850-487-2679; e-mail: cicbisca.mail.doe.state.fl.us; Web site: http://www.leon.k12.fl.us/public/pass. PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom - Learner (051) Guides Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF05/PC34 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Academic Accommodations (Disabilities); *Academic Standards; Curriculum; *Disabilities; Educational Strategies; Enrichment Activities; European History; Greek Civilization; Inclusive Schools; Instructional Materials; Latin American History; Non Western Civilization; Secondary Education; Social Studies; Teaching Guides; *Teaching Methods; Textbooks; Units of Study; World Affairs; *World History IDENTIFIERS *Florida ABSTRACT This teacher's guide and student guide unit contains supplemental readings, activities, -
Learning from SHOGUN
Learning from Shǀgun Japanese History and Western Fantasy Edited by Henry Smith Program in Asian Studies University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, California 93106 Contents Designed by Marc Treib Contributors vi Copyright © 1980 by Henry D. Smith II Maps viii for the authors Preface xi Distributed by the Japan Society, 333 East 47th Street, New York, Part I: The Fantasy N.Y. 10017 1 James Clavell and the Legend of the British Samurai 1 Henry Smith 2 Japan, Jawpen, and the Attractions of an Opposite 20 Illustrations of samurai armor are David Plath from Murai Masahiro, Tanki yǀryaku 3 Shǀgun as an Introduction to Cross-Cultural Learning 27 (A compendium for the mounted Elgin Heinz warrior), rev. ed., 1837, woodblock edition in the Metropolitan Museum Part II: The History of Art, New York 4 Blackthorne’s England 35 Sandra Piercy 5 Trade and Diplomacy in the Era of Shǀgun 43 Ronald Toby 6 The Struggle for the Shogunate 52 Henry Smith 7 Hosokawa Gracia: A Model for Mariko 62 Chieko Mulhern This publication has been supported by Part III: The Meeting of Cultures grants from: 8 Death and Karma in the World of Shǀgun 71 Consulate General of Japan, Los William LaFleur Angeles 9 Learning Japanese with Blackthorne 79 Japan-United States Susan Matisoff Friendship Commission 10 The Paradoxes of the Japanese Samurai 86 Northeast Asia Council, Henry Smith Association for Asian Studies 11 Consorts and Courtesans: The Women of Shǀgun 99 USC-UCLA Joint East Asia Henry Smith Studies Center 12 Raw Fish and a Hot Bath: Dilemmas of Daily Life 113 Southern California Conference on Henry Smith International Studies Who’s Who in Shǀgun 127 Glossary 135 For Further Reading 150 Postscript: The TV Transformation 161 vi Contributors vii Sandra Piercy is a graduate student in English history of the Tudor- Stuart period at the University of California, Santa Barbara. -
The Trouble with Terasaka: the Forty-Seventh Ro¯Nin and the Chu¯Shingura Imagination
Japan Review, 2004, 16:3-65 The Trouble with Terasaka: The Forty-Seventh Ro¯nin and the Chu¯shingura Imagination Henry D. SMITH II Columbia University, New York, NY, U.S.A. Most historians now agree that there were forty-seven ro¯nin of Ako¯ who attacked and killed Kira Yoshinaka in Edo in the twelfth month of 1702, twenty-two months after their lord had been put to death for his own failed attempt on Kira’s life. In the immediate wake of the attack, however, Terasaka Kichiemon—the lowest-ranking member of the league and the only one of ashigaru (foot soldier) status—was separated from the other forty-six, all of whom surrendered to the bakufu authorities and were subsequently executed. Terasaka provided rich material in the eighteenth century for play- wrights and novelists, particularly in the role of Teraoka Heiemon in Kanadehon Chu¯shingura of 1748 (one year after the historical Terasaka’s death at the age of eighty-three). In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Terasaka became an increasingly more controversial figure in debates over his qualifications as a true “Gishi” (righteous samurai), and hence whether there were really “Forty-Seven Ro¯nin” or only forty-six. This essay traces both the literary transformations of Terasaka and the debates over his place in history, arguing that his marginal status made him a constant source of stimulus to the “Chu¯shingura imagination” that has worked to make the story of the Ako¯ revenge so popular, and at the same time a “troubling” presence who could be interpreted in widely different ways. -
Excerpts from Hagakure (In the Shadow of Leaves): on Death
Primary Source Document with Questions (DBQs) EXCERPTS FROM HAGAKURE (IN THE SHADOW OF LEAVES): ON DEATH ON LIVING IN THE MOMENT ON THE QUALITIES OF A GOOD RETAINER ON SPEAKING ON THE TEACHINGS OF YAMAMOTO JIN’ EMON Introduction After the unification of Japan in 1590 and the establishment of the Tokugawa Shōgunate in 1600, the samurai (warriors) remained at the top of the social scale but had fewer and fewer chances to prove their valor in battle. As opportunities to fight decreased, and samurai were employed in peacetime government positions, more attention was given to the values that defined their class. One of the most important was the loyalty samurai owed to the lord they served. In fact, the word samurai itself comes from a verb that means “to serve.” The lord or other high-ranking members of a clan often wrote out codes of behavior for the clan retainers. Among them, a work called Hagakure, or “hidden leaves,” has come to be seen as the one that best describes bushidō, “the way of the samurai.” It was written down in the early eighteenth century by a young samurai named Tashirō Tsuramoto (1678-1748), who was recording the wisdom he had learned over seven years of talks with an older, retired samurai of the Nabeshima clan named Yamamoto Tsunetomo (1659-1719). Yamamoto Tsunetomo’s ideas were expressed in conversations with his young disciple and so the resulting book is not a systematic code of rules. But some ideas are repeated often enough to be seen as essential to his thought. -
Capital Punishment in the United States and Japan: Constitutionality, Justification and Methods of Infliction
Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review Volume 11 Number 2 Article 1 3-1-1989 Capital Punishment in the United States and Japan: Constitutionality, Justification and Methods of Infliction Chin Kim Gary D. Garcia Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/ilr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Chin Kim and Gary D. Garcia, Capital Punishment in the United States and Japan: Constitutionality, Justification and Methods of Infliction, 11 Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 253 (1989). Available at: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/ilr/vol11/iss2/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LOYOLA OF LOS ANGELES INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW JOURNAL VOLUME 11 1989 NUMBER 2 Capital Punishment in the United States and Japan: Constitutionality, Justification and Methods of Infliction By CHIN KIM* GARY D. GARCIA** I. INTRODUCTION A perusal of the celebrated T'ang Chinese legal code of 653 A.D. reveals that there were 223 grounds for capital punishment.' The ac- tual execution of the penalty was nominal, however, because the writ- ten penal rules were riddled with mitigating forces, refined review 2 procedures, and humanitarian currents based on Confucian ethics. The traditional Chinese approach to the death penalty has had a 3 profound influence on neighboring Asian countries, including Japan. -
Geographies of Suicide and the Representation of Self-Sacrifice in Japanese Popular Culture and Media
Megan Rose O'Kane 40082809 Geographies of Suicide and the Representation of Self-Sacrifice in Japanese Popular Culture and Media 27/04/16 Word Count: 13,142 1 This dissertation has been submitted towards the degree of BSc Honours in Geography at Queen's University Belfast. I certify that all material in this dissertation is my own, except where explicitly identified. 2 Abstract Japan's suicide rate is the highest in the developed world. Despite being a nation famous for its economic prosperity, Japan has a multitude of issues relating to social development. Patrick Smith (1997) writes about 'the samurai who carries a briefcase', a visual metaphor which effectively conveys the cultural schizophrenia plaguing the mentalities of modern Japanese society. The convergence of deep- rooted traditional Japanese philosophies with the modern capitalist mindset has resulted in a very unique and convoluted moral code among the contemporary Japanese population. Unlike Western society, suicide carries no social stigma and at times is even celebrated; a mindset inherited from generations of honourable self- sacrifice instilled by the samurai code. This research paper explores two famous pieces of Japanese popular media, and assesses the ways in which representations of suicide are produced and consumed. By focussing on the identification of geographies of suicide, spatially and temporally specific Japanese social maladies, and the sensationalisation of suicide in the media, this paper provides a comprehensive insight into the social realities reflected in these fictional works. 3 Acknowledgements I could not have completed my dissertation without the emotional support from my family and friends. I would like to single out my mother for all her proof-reading and constant support, I cannot thank her enough.