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Iillll 1111 1111 VII 1111 111111111111 II Iliflililu PERPUSTAKAAN UMP IIllll 1111 1111 VII 1111 111111111111 0000072567 II iliflililU EFFECT OF WINE, 11 , L NT ALONG EAST COAST EXPRESSWAY (ECE) NORAIN BINTI MD YUSOF A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources Universiti Malaysia Pahang 15 JUNE 2012 PERPU3TAKAAN1 UMVEFSTI MALAYSIA PAHANG No.P No.Panggilan IIA Tarikh 2 9 MAR 2013 -'. I!A ABSTRACT In becoming a develop country, Malaysia government had built infrastructure including new highway for easy commute. Hence of that, East Coast Expressway (ECE) was build from Kuala Lumpur to Kuantan. This expressway was built through roughness of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC), terrain and topography. From this situation will made cross wind phenomena occurred along that expressway. Consequently, road accident could be happen due to the phenomena of cross wind. Therefore, in this thesis terrain database along East Coast Expressway was establish and relationship slope topographic factor and wind speed was derived. Furthermore, access possibility of the accident prone location due to wind speed induced were identified. The GIS technique was used to establish database of study area and analysis information of topographic effect. The database demonstrates the system analyze in spatial analysis to obtain variation of slope along that area. Indirectly, this technique has enabled GIS database showing the system analysis for the effect of topographic variation in slope was established. In conclusion, the objective prove successful in the relation between data information and slope topographic effect of that area. Therefore, the results for this study can be made as a guideline for road construction and improvement in safety of the road users. L!1I ABSTRAK Dalam menjadi sebuah negara membangun, kerajaan Malaysia telah membina infrastruktur termasuk lebuh raya baru untuk kemudahan berulang alik. Oleh yang demikian, Lebuhraya Pantai Timur (LPT) telah di bina dari Kuala Lumpur ke Kuantan. Lebuhraya mi di bina melalui kekasaran guna tanah dan perindungan tanah, bentuk muka bumi dan topografi. Keadaan mi akan mengakibatkan kejadian angin lintang berlaku di sepanjang lebuhraya itu. Oleh itu, kemalangan jalan raya boleh berlaku di sebabkan oleh fenomena angin lintang. Justeru, dalam kajian mi pangkalan data bentuk muka bumi di sepanjang lebuhraya mi di wujudkan dan hubungan antara topografi cerun dan kelajuan angin di peroleh. Tambahan pula, kemungkinan akses lokasi kemalangan yang terdedah di sebabkan oleh kelajuan angin teraruh telah di kenal pasti. Teknik GIS telah di gunakan untuk mewujudkan pangkalan data kawasan kajian dan makiumat analisis ruang untuk mendapatkan perubahan cerun di sepanjang kawasan itu. Secara tidak langsung, teknik GIS mi telah membo1ean pangkalan data yang menunjukkan analisis sistem untuk kesan perubahan topografi dalam cerun telah di tubuhkan. Kesimpulannya, objektifterbukti berjaya dalam hubungan antara data dan maklumat cerun kesan topografi kawasan itu. Oleh itu, keputusan mi boleh dijadikan sebagai garis panduan bagi pembinaan jalan raya dan peningkatan dalam keselamatan pengguna jalan raya. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE DECLARATION 11 DEDICATION 111 ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv ABSTRACT vi ABSTRAK 'V TABLE OF CONTENTS viii LIST OF FIGURES xii LIST OF TABLES xiv LIST OF SYMBOLS xv LIST OF APPENDIX5 xvi I INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Problem Statement and Justification 2 1.3. Objectives of the Study 3 1.4 Scope and Limitation of Study 3 1.5 Study Area 4 1.6 Significance of Study 4 1.7 Thesis Structure 5 lx H LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 Malaysia Expressway Development 6 2.2.1 East Coast Expressway (Study Area) 7 2.2.2 Characteristic of Study Area 8 2.2.2.1 Agriculture And Plantation Area 8 2.2.2.2 Urban and Village Area 9 2.2.2.3 Forest and Swamps Area 9 2.3 Wind Effect 11 2.3.1 Wind Speed 12 2.3.2 Terrain Affect i 2.3.3 Terrain Roughness 14 2.3.4 Calculation Method of Wind 15 2.3.5 General Effect of Topography 16 2.3.6 Topographic Multipliers 17 2.3.7 Topographic Effect Model 18 2.3.8 Steep Hills, Cliffs, and Escarpments 19 2.3.9 Change Of Terrain 21 2.4 Road Accident 22 2.4.1 Wind Induced Accident 27 2.5 Geographical Information System (GIS) 28 2.5.1 ArcView GIS 29 2.6 Conclusion 30 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 32 3.2 Data Collecting 34 3.2.1 Satellite Image 32 3.2.2 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 35 3.2.3 Ancillary Data 35 3.3 Pre-processing 35 3.4 Processing 36 3.5 Spatial Analysis 39 3.6 Conclusion 40 Lv RESULT AND DISSCUSION 4.1 Introduction 41 4.2 Establish of Road Database 41 4.3 Crosswind Effect Analysis 44 4.4 Conclusion 46 V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Introduction 47 5.2 Evaluation for Objective 44 5.2.1 Objective 1 48 5.2.2 Objective 2 48 5.2.3 Objective 3 48 5.3 Conclusion 49 5.4 Recommendation 52 xii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE 1.1 Accident at ECE involved by vehicle suspect 2 due to crosswind effect 1.2 Location of study image 4 2.1 Kuantan - Karak East Coast Expressway 8 2.2 Decrease Of Wind Speed As Influenced By Varieties 15 Of Terrain Roughness 2.3 Flow Over And Steep Topography 16-17 2.4 Speed Up Description On Hills, Ridge And Escarpment 20 2.5 Effective Upwind Slope For Steep Escarpment 19 2.6 Wind Flow Over A Steep Cliff 19 2.7 Statistic Road Accident In Malaysia (2005) 23 2.9 Road Accident Along ECE 2007 24 2.10 Road Accident Along ECE 2008 25 2.11 Road Accident Along ECE 2009 25 2.12 Road Accident Along ECE2olo 26 2.13 Road Accident Along ECE 2011 26 2.14 Vehicle Accident In Crosswind 27 3.1 Methodology Of Research Flowchart 33 3.2 Base Map From Satellite Image 34 3.3 Satellite Image Of East Coast Expressway 36 3.4 Base Map (Mosaic) Of East Coast Expressway 37 3.5 ECE Mapping On Screen With Point Digitizing 37 xlii 3.6 Attribute Table (Ancillary Accident Data) 38 3.7 Contour Map Slip To Study Area 38 3.8 Slope Variation By Spatial Analysis In GIS Technique 39 4.1 First Layer (East Coast Expressway Location) 42 4.2 Second Layer (Malaysia District Region) 42 4.3 Third Layer (Contour Clip Of Study Area) 43 4.4 Result Of Slope Variation Image In GIS Format 43 4.5 Analysis By Scatter Chart 44 4.6 Highest Slope Area (Critical Area) 45 4.7 Highest Slope Area ( Second Critical Area) 46 xiv LIST OF TABLES TABLES NO. TITLE PAGE 2.1 Rivers that crossed by the East Coast Expressway 10 Phase 1 (Maran to Kuantan) 2.2 Main rivers and the catchment area and crossed by 11 the East Coast Expressway phase 1 (Maran to Kuantan) 2.3 Design speed base on nature of terrain 14 2.4 Topographic factor of slope 18 2.5 The variation of the exponent according to type of terrain 22 xv LIST OF SYMBOLS / SHORT FORMS GIS = Geographical Information System KM = Kilometer JKR = Jabatan Kerja Raya JUPEM = Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia ECE = East Coast Expressway EMP = Environmental Management Program MTD = Malaysia Traffic Development FELDA = Federal Land Development Authority PDRM = Polis Diraja Malaysia 0 = Upwind Slope Of The Topographic Features H Height Oh Hill Or Escarpment Relative To Upwind Terrain Lh = Distance Upwind Of Crest U(z) = Wind Speed As S Function Of Height, MIS U(zr) = Wind Speed At Reference Height, MIS z = Height Above Ground, M zr = Referenced Height, M a' Exponent Dependent Upon Roughness Of Terrain. 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction Highway is one of the infrastructure which will catalyst the economic and growth to any country. For this reason, government take an effort to built highway for the country to give better commute. Since, highway had built between a part of place its inevitable there have variation of terrain which give effect of cross wind to vehicle. Highway should give convenient and safely commute for community. Adversely, occurrence of the fatal accident give local authority concern regarding highway safety. There have much argument within different party regarding cause of accident. Eventually they found the lack of user altitude much contribute to the accident induced. Unfortunately, none party take account to the cross wind effect as one of the contributor to the accident. 2 The aim of this study is to analysis of cross wind effect spatially over LPT highway. Geographical Information System (GIS) technique were used in this study. 1.2 Problem Statement and Justification East Coast Expressway were cross trough variation of topography and this situation, create cross wind phenomena. Therefore it is necessary identified the cross wind spot. - -.. 1¼IUIIL aL u'vwvcu vy venicie, suspect aue to crosswinci ettect. 3 1.3 Objectives of the Study The objectives of this study are:- a) To establish terrain database along East Coast Expressway. b) To identify relationship between slope factor and wind speed analysis. c) To identified and access possibility of the accident prone location due to wind speed induced. 1.4 Scope and Limitation of Study This study is limited to the following: a. Study area was carried out along Bentong - Kuantan expressway from Bentong (KM 76.0) to Kuantan (KM 246.0) Pahang Darul Makmur which is known as exit Kuantan - Karak (E8). b. Accidents record within 5 years collected from Lembaga Lebuhraya Malaysia (LLM) and Kuantan Police Traffic. c. Analysis were perform using GIS technique. 4 1.5 Study Area The study area of the East-Coast Expressway is 169 km (99mi) runs from Kuantan to Karak Expressway through Gambang, Sri Jaya, Maran, Chenor, Temerloh, Lanachang, and Karak interchange.
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