SOCIAL IMPACT OF RAILWAY PROJECT A CASE STUDY OF MASS (MRT) , DAMPAK SOSIAL PROYEK KERETA API STUDI KASUS MASS RAPID TRANSIT (MRT) JAKARTA, INDONESIA

Listifadah Research and Development Land Transportation-Ministry of Transportation Jl. Medan Merdeka Timur No. 5 Jakarta Pusat 10110 email: [email protected]

Diterima: 11 November 2014, Revisi 1: 1 Desember 2014, Revisi 2: 10 Desember 2014, Disetujui: 19 Desember 2014

ABSTRACT Jakarta MRT system had been planned since the 1980’s. Many constraints such as political, finan- cial, as well as bureaucratic make the project delayed for a long time. When the plan scheduled to be implemented in a couple years ago, some protests arise. Communities and some interest group against. The fears of income decline and loss of livelihood become their main concerns which in- duce protests before the project really started. Based on this experience, this paper tries to reveal social impacts of transport development in case MRT Jakarta. Now the project construction is being carried out. Social impact as well as the project construction continues. This study investigate how social impact of railway project was happened. Literatures and documents analysis was used to analyze this study. The result of the study were the MRT Jakarta project inevitably have negative and positive impacts both for society and environment. But with the start of the project after a long delay, it gives hope to the community for better transportation. It is a positive impact before the project was completed. Community engagement in a meeting or discusssion should more be em- phasized in the process in order to minimize the conflicts of interest. Stakeholders, including com- munities, should involved earlier to anticipate and avoid the possible conflict. Keywords: social impact, social change, Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), community engagement

ABSTRAK Sistem MRT Jakarta telah direncanakan sejak 1980-an. Banyak hambatan seperti politik, sosial serta birokratis yang membuat proyek tersebut tertunda dalam waktu yang lama. Ketika rencana yang telah dijadwalkan akan diimplementasikan beberapa tahun yang lalu, beberapa protes muncul. Masyarakat dan beberapa kelompok menolak. Ketakutan penurunan pendapatan dan kehilangan tempat tinggal manjadi fokus utama yang mengundang protes sebelum proyek dimulai. Berdasarkan pengalaman tersebut, paper ini mencoba mengungkap dampak sosial dari pengembangan transportasi dalam hal ini MRT Jakarta. Saat ini proyek sedang berjalan. Dampak sosial sekaligus konstruksi terus berjalan. Penelitian ini menelaah bagaimana dampak sosial dari proyek kereta api terjadi. Analisis literatur dan dokumen terkait digunakan untuk menganalisis penelitian ini. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah MRT Jakarta tidak dapat disangkal memberikan dampak negatif sekaligus positif bagi masyarakat maupun lingkungan. Akan tetapi, dengan permulaan proyek setelah ditunda dalam waktu yang lama, proyek ini memberikan harapan kepada masyarakat akan adanya transportasi yang lebih baik. Hal ini merupakan dampak positif dari proyek tersebut. Keterlibatan masyarakat dalam rapat atau diskusi sebaiknya lebih ditekankan dalam prose untuk meminimalkan konflik kepentingan. Para pemangku kepentingan, termasuk masyarkat, sebaiknya dilibatkan lebih awal untuk mengantisipasi dan mengurangi konflik yang mungkin muncul. Kata kunci: dampak sosial, perubahan sosial, Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), keterlibatan masyarakat

Social Impact of Railway Project, A Case Study of Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Jakarta, Indonesia, Listifadah 19 INTRODUCTION and commuter railways could be categorized Congestion and air pollution often become ma- to mass transportation. In fact, both of them jor transportation issues especially in urban area. still not sufficient to accommodate the trans- Trend to use private car in mobilization could port demand which continue to increase. The increase the level of traffic and impact on con- lacks of capacity of bring to gestion as well as air pollution. Public trans- crowded situation especially in peak hours. port believed as one of solution for dealing with Moreover, the number of trips in Jakarta is congestion because it can move people much not only movement inside the city, but also more than private car. Fundamentally, construct- the movements of people from neighbor- ing existing public transport systems in a city is hoods area such as Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, needed for some aims: to reduce traffic conges- Bekasi. Indonesian Statistic Central Agency tion, to improve public transport, to serve the (2013) reported that the average number of city centre better, to improve the environment, commuter passenger approximately 500.000 and to stimulate development (Mackett, 1998). in a day. Uncomfortable situation makes people reluctant to use public transport, es- The concept of urban mass transportation was pecially for middle and high class. They pre- much proposed to make greater transportation fer to use private vehicles, either motorcycle in both quality and quantity. MRT (Mass Rapid or car. It leads the situation of traffic conges- Transit), according to its name, is a public trans- tion in Jakarta became worse. Therefore, MRT portation that is able to carry passenger in large was necessary for improving public transport quantities by rapid speed. The forms of MRT as well as an effort to reduce congestion. could be or railways. MRT in form of buses is also well known as BRT ( -based MRT in Jakarta (which named Transit). All forms of MRT should have own lane “MRT Jakarta”) was planned from South for keeping its speed. Bogota is an example of (Lebak Bulus) to the North (Kampung Bandan). successfully implemented BRT. Most of Euro- It is about 23,8 km. The construction will be pean countries have been using concept of MRT carried out in 2 stages. Stage I will connect for urban transport as well. Lebak Bulus with Bundaran HI over 15.7 km railway with 13 stations (7 elevated stations The main purpose of this paper is to investigate and 6 underground stations) which is tar- the social impacts of the implementation of the geted to operate by 2018. Furthermore, stage project construction of MRT. Based on literature, II will continue from Bundaran HI to Kampung the social impacts can be grouped into seven Bandan over 8.1 km railway, which construc- categories (see Vanclay, 2002); however, this study tion will have been initiated before Stage I will focus on three groups of impacts: economic operate and it is targeted to be completed on and material well-being and quality of living envi- 2020. Feasibility study for this stage has been ronment impacts which consider being relevant completed, but the construction not con- with the subject that can be affected by the new ducted yet. The East-West Corridor is still on government project. This study investigate how progress for feasibility study. It planned social impact of railway project was happened. about 87 km. This paper only focuses on first South-North Corridor (Lebak Bulus-Bundaran THEORITICAL REVIEW HI) in which it is in period construction. A. Plan of MRT Development in Jakarta Whilst, the construction of second South- North Corridor (Bundaran HI-Kampung Public transports in Jakarta is currently con- Bandan) East-West Corridor was not sisting of busses, (smaller busses), disscussed in this paper. Map of develop- mikrolet (sized like regular cars), Bus Rapid ment plan for rail-based MRT in Jakarta can Transit (BRT), and commuter railways. BRT be seen in Figure 3. The idea of building the MRT Jakarta was first

20 Warta Penelitian Perhubungan, Volume 27, Nomor 1, Januari-Februari 2015 proposed in the 1980s. However, it was ham- pered when the economic crisis in 1997. It dis- turbed the plan and made it delayed. Moroever, in 1998 the Indonesian political situation is un- stable because of the reform period. In 2002, City Government revived the proposal but it agreed by National Government and Japan In- ternational Cooperation Agency (JICA), as finance partners and lender, in 2006. First phase was the corridor between Lebak Bulus until Dukuh Atas but based on further study, it extended until Bundaran HI. It because of high demand passenger and mini- Source: website of MRT Jakarta mal construction impact. Briefly, the summary and Figure 1. Plan of MRT Jakarta Network details of MRT Jakarta shown in table 1.

Table 1. The summary of MRT Jakarta scheme

Source: website of PT. MRT Jakarta

Social Impact of Railway Project, A Case Study of Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Jakarta, Indonesia, Listifadah 21 B. Social Impact change fluctuation (devaluation), concen- It was a common that a project should have a tration of economic activity, economic glo- Social Impact Assessment (SIA) as a require- balization. ment for regulatory approval. However, re- 3. Geographical processes, e.g. conversion cently the focus on SIA is broader. Vanclay and diversification of land use, urban (2003) described SIA as “the processes of sprawl, urbanization, gentrification, en- analysing, monitoring and managing the in- hanced transportation and rural accessi- tended and unintended social consequences, bility, physical splintering. both positive and negative, of planned inter- 4. Institutional and legal processes, e.g. in- ventions (policies, programs, plans, projects) stitutional globalisation and and any social change processes invoked by centralisation, decentralisation, those interventions”. It more about manag- privatization. ing social issue, not solely a formal document 5. Emancipation and empowerment pro- for project approval. cesses, e.g. democratisation, Development activities always associated marginalization and exclusion, capacity with the surrounding areas as well as com- building. munity. MRT Jakarta is a development 6. Socio-cultural processes, e.g. social glo- project aimed for improving quantity as well balization, segregation, social disintegra- as quality of public . Be- tion, cultural differentiation. cause the project is attempted for providing 7. Other processes. benefit for public, then the implementation Continue with social impact, Vanclay should consider social dimension as well. (2002) made seven general categorization The possible social impact should taken into of social impacts. These are: account. a. Health and well-being, e.g. death of Vanclay (2002) made distinctions between self or family member, death in the social impacts and social changes. Actually, community, nutrition (adequacy, se- the discussion in this paper focus on the so- curity and quality of food supply), cial impacts of a government project in ur- actual health and fertility, perceived ban public transport, but it is necessary to un- health and fertility, mental health and derstand this distinction as a theoretical back- subjective wellbeing, aspirations for ground. Social impact more refers to a feel- the future for self and children, au- ing or experience of human either in form of tonomy (individual independence or physical or perceptual. In other hand, social self-reliance), feelings in relation to the change is about a direct result arising from a project, annoyance, dissatisfaction development activity or project. (failure to deliver promised benefits), Further, (Vanclay, 2002) categorize social experience of moral outrage. change processes in seven general groups: b. Quality of the living environment, 1. Demographic processes, e.g. in-migra- e.g. environmental amenity value, per- tion, presence of newcomersout, presence ceived quality of the living and work of seasonal residents, presence of week- environments (dust; noise; risk; enders, presence of tourists and day-trip- odour; vibration; artificial light; safety), pers, resettlement, displacement and dis- actual quality of the living and work possession, rural-to-urban migration, ur- environment, disruption to daily liv- ban-to-rural migration. ing practices, leisure and recreation 2. Economic processes, e.g. conversion and opportunities and facilities, aesthetic diversification of economic activities, im- quality (visual impact; outlook; vistas; poverishment, inflation, currency ex- shadowing), perception of the physi-

22 Warta Penelitian Perhubungan, Volume 27, Nomor 1, Januari-Februari 2015 cal quality of housing, actual physical division of productive labour, gender quality of housing, perception of the division of household labour, gender social quality of housing, availability division of reproductive labour, gen- of housing facilities, adequacy of der based control over; and access to; physical infrastructure, adequacy of resources, personal autonomy of social infrastructure, perception of per- women, political emancipation of sonal safety and fear of crime, actual women. personal safety and hazard exposure, Both social change and social impact group- actual crime and violence. ing would be used to help analysis of social c. Economic impacts, e.g. workload, impact in case MRT Jakarta. standard of living, economic prosper- ity and resilience, income, property METHODOLOGY values, status and type of employ- ment, experience of being unem- A. Study Area ployed, level of unemployment in the Jakarta, Indonesian capital city, grouped into community, loss of employment op- five city administrative areas and one district tions, replacement costs of environ- administrative area. They are the administra- mental functions, economic depen- tive city of , , dency, disruption of local economy, , , , and burden of national debt. the Thousand Islands administrative district. d. Cultural impacts, e.g. change in cultural In the north, Jakarta bordered by the Java Sea. values, cultural affrontage, cultural in- In the south and east are Depok City, Bogor tegrity, experience of being culturally District, Bekasi City, and Bekasi District. In marginalised, profanisation of culture the west are Tangerang City and Tangerang ,loss of local language or dialect, loss District. The growth of Jakarta spread to the of natural and cultural heritage neighborhoods areas. Therefore, they were e. Family and community impact, e.g. grouped into an agglomeration region called alterations in family structure, changes Jabodetabek (Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, to sexual relations, obligations to liv- Tangerang, Bekasi). Nevertheless, their ad- ing elders, obligations to ancestors, ministration still separated each other’s. There family violence, disruption of social is no regional administration officially. networks, changed demographic Jakarta has role as the administration city as structure of the community, commu- well as business city. There are a lot of activi- nity identification and connection, per- ties supporting its role. It generates urban- ceived and actual community cohe- ization thereby increasing the rate of popu- sion, social differentiation and ineq- lation growth. The population in Jakarta was uity, social tension and violence. recorded 10,09 million inhabitant with an area 2 f. Institutional, political and equity im- o f 682,23 k m (BPS-Statistics of DKI Jakarta pacts, e.g. workload on government Province, 2013). Imbalance between popula- organisation, integrity of government tion and land area result in densely popu- agencies, loss of tenure, loss of lated region. subsidiarity, violation of human For high density area like Jakarta, the needs rights, participation in decision mak- for mass transportation become important be- ing, access to legal procedures and to cause it move people in higher quantity more legal advice, impact equity. than private car. The shifting from private car g. Gender relations, e.g. women’s physi- to mass transport is expected can reduce the cal integrity and autonomy, gender number of private car use. Consequently, the

Social Impact of Railway Project, A Case Study of Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Jakarta, Indonesia, Listifadah 23 level of traffic congestion could be dimin- information to be basis on lesson learned. ished. Data collection for empirical cases is also car- ried out through secondary data sources. Data analysis is conducted by enriching the information Data could be collected from many kinds of sources.

RESULT AND ANALYSIS A. Stakeholder Analysis Before discuss social impact of MRT Jakarta, it is better to know stakeholders involved in source: http://sistercities.lacity.org/html/19.htm this project. ‘Stakeholders’ had been a famil- Figure 2. Maps of Study Location iar term in the theories and practices. There are many definitions about stakeholders and most of them refer to relevant parties which have interests and affected by a specific is- sue. Dare et. al. (2011) defined stakeholders as “those who have an interest in a particular decision, including those people who can influence a decision and those affected by it”. The term ‘stakeholder’, ‘the public’, ‘the com- munity’ have close relationship (Figure 4). The public refer to people in general. The community refer to people within a specific location, or with a specific interest. Stakehold- ers analysis is used to identify and analyze all parties related to a particular issue. Stake- source: https://www.google.com/maps holders analysis recently considered as an Figure 3. Jakarta and the neighborhoods area important thing because the nature of world that increasingly interconnected (Bryson, B. Data Collection and Analysis 2004). For example congestion as a transpor- tation issue, it is also associated with other The main idea of this research is to investi- fields such as environment, social, human gate how social impact of railway project was health, well-being etc. happened. To achieve it, the method would be used is document analysis. It is carried out by using relevant document to gain knowledge for analysis. The sources could be used comprises literatures, books, re- search reports, government reports, relevant publications, etc. Many kinds of reports and other publications provided informations about current conditions. However, it also possible that it contained informations in the past. source: Dare et. al, 2011 This research is interpreted as a qualitative Figure 4.Relationship between public, stakeholders,

research because it aimed to obtain as much an d com m u n ity

24 Warta Penelitian Perhubungan, Volume 27, Nomor 1, Januari-Februari 2015 Jakarta MRT project is a rail-based mass began on 2 May 2013. Approximately Al- transportation project aimed for improving though the project sounded great for deal- both quantity and quality of public transport ing with the lack of public transport services in Jakarta. It involved many stakeholders ei- in Jakarta, it still gain an opposition actually. ther directly or indirectly. The project was Residents along Fatmawati streets, one of funded by the Central Government and the area crossed by planned route, protest about Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta. It was the construction design in their area. It would supported by the Japanese Government be built in elevated rail instead of subway. through the Japan International Cooperation They stated that many potential negative Agency (JICA) in the form of loans. They have impacts if it is built in elevated way. Among role in decision making. Meanwhile, a Re- these are business continuity considerations gional Owned Enterprises (ROEs) called PT of local residents and also the social environ- MRT Jakarta has responsibilities to construct, ment. In addition, environmental issues such manage, and operate the future Jakarta MRT as diminishing of trees as well as demolition system. The three governments as funder of cultural heritage also included in reasons and PT MRT Jakarta include stakeholders. for protest. They would like MRT built in un- People who live along planned route (Lebak derground in order to their land use has not Bulus-Bundaran HI) include communities of changed. They held a demonstration as an place (affected community). There are seven act of their protest (Figure 5). The demonstra- administrative area namely Lebak Bulus, tors also questioned about the EIA study Fatmawati, Cipete, Haji Nawi, Blok A, Blok which is announced had been done. They M dan Sisingamangaraja. Those will be di- claimed that the study is not a representation rectly affected by the construction. Commu- of existing condition because it is out of date. nities of interest (interested community) in this case comprises residents of Jakarta and surrounding area that will be user of Jakarta MRT, society associations as well as NGOs that have concern about transportation. In addition, business associations could include to interested community because they have opportunities to expand bussiness in new stations. Influential stakeholders in this case are the existing public transport actors in Jakarta. Either direct or indirect, their busi- source: Rudi, 2013 nesses will be affected by the presence of Figure 5. Protests from Local Residents MRT Jakarta. Another stakeholder who has an important role is media. The media’s pro- vide and deliver information about progress of project and relevant issues to the public. The information could be basis of public su- pervision. It is used to oversee the execution of project. B. Social Impact of The Project After going through a long process, it was approximately 24 years from the first plan, source: Widianto, 2013 the construction of Jakarta MRT officially Figure 6. Protests from Local Residents

Social Impact of Railway Project, A Case Study of Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Jakarta, Indonesia, Listifadah 25 Other rallies took place in the west end of con- dents become one of challenge for this project. struction area. Based on the plan, it is preparing 2. Quality of the living environment impact to demolish a sport stadium and a bus terminal. Bus crew, the merchant, shop owners, street ven- Development of MRT Jakarta in elevated way dors reject the terminal closure because it is a eliminates space for trees along road in place in which they earn their living (Figure 7). planned route. It negatively impact related Meanwhile, the refusal from football fans club to environment. However, relocation was also arise because they considered the stadium prepared as compensation form. The exist- as a historical building. ence of MRT would likely bring to greater quality of the living environment because in the future, when the project has been done, it is expected could attract private user to use MRT. Consequently, level of congestion be- comes lower and air pollution from transpor- tation reduced. In addition, MRT system will be built is rail-based which well known as environment friendly transport. 3. Social impact due to construction project The process of construction which still car- source: Nurcahyani, 2014 ried out, inevitably have adverse impact for Figure 7.Protests Against Bus Terminal Closure community. The presence of heavy equip- ment for project construction disrupted the 1. Economic and material well-being impacts traffic. Some of roads temporary forbidden The protests emerging are forms of residents be passed for continuity running of the expression for potential impact possibly they project. It made the congestion worse, more- felt after the construction. Elevated railway over the project site is located in vurnerable design indeed will use more space than un- areas for congestion. Dust, noise, and risk derground design. The consequence for resi- safety also must be perceived by communi- dents in Fatmawati is possibilities of income ties as effect of project construction. Accord- decline. It because most of them derive their ing to classification of social impacts main income from sales business in their (Vanclay, 2002), communities face health and shops. Actually, the government has offered wellbeing impacts as well as quality of liv- compensation or relocation. However, until ing environment. the project construction began it still not Process of construction likewise disturbed reached agreement. According to Vanclay the operational of TransJakarta, Bus Rapid (2002), it include economic impact that “re- Transit (BRT) system. Some of bus stop also late to the wealth and prosperity of individu- has to be closed due to the project. Some of als and the community as a whole”. Social them closed temporary during the project change in form of conversion of land use (geo- took place, but some other closed perma- graphical process) will be exist because of nently because located in line with MRT elevated railway design. Land use for hous- Jakarta route. ing and shops (business) will change into transport infrastructure and facilities. Indeed it will threat their livelihood if there is no CONCLUSION mutually solution negotiated. So does the The oppositions of MRT Jakarta project are evi- Lebak Bulus terminal closure. It also triggers dence of conflict of interest. As discussed in stake- economic impact. Likely disruptions of lo- holder analysis, there are some stakeholders cal economy as well as income decline of resi- with different role in this project. They have their

26 Warta Penelitian Perhubungan, Volume 27, Nomor 1, Januari-Februari 2015 own interest. The challenge of incorporating their Finally, MRT Jakarta project inevitably have diverse interests as all may have a vital role to negative impact both for society and environ- play in the governance. It need to highlight that ment. But with the start of the project after a long governance not same with government. If gov- delay, it gives hope to the community for better ernment refers to formal institution or state, gov- transportation. It is a positive impact before the ernance much broader with involving non-state project was completed. actor (Rhodes, 2007). Therefore, community en- gagement is significant in governance process. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Actually, in implementation, MRT Jakarta I would like present my great thanks and appre- project has tried involve community in the pro- ciations to Prof. Frank Vanclay for giving me the cess. Some meetings among stakeholders had ideas and lecture about social impact. Also been held to discuss problem that exist. The in- thanks for Dr. Heru Purboyo for the comments terest of communities to participate in the meet- in writing this paper. ing is great. Unfortunately, the discussions of- ten not achieve agreement. Regarding with the elevated design, it is difficult to revise a plan REFERENCES because of lack of time as well as budget. Both Bryson, J. M, 2004. What to do when stakeholders of them indeed frequently become problem es- matter: stakeholder identification and analysis pecially in developing countries where devel- techniques. Public management review, 6(1), opment still much needed in limited budget. 21-53. Meanwhile, communities ask a change in plan. Dare, M., Schirmer, J., Vanclay, F, 2011.Handbook The mismatch and conflict arising leads to con- for Operational Community Engagement within clusion that it was too late involving commu- Australian Plantation Forest Management. Coop- nity. Stakeholders, including communities, erative Research Centre for Forestry, Hobart. should involve earlier to anticipate and avoid possible conflict. Google, 2014. Jakarta, Indonesia. Available online at https://www.google.com/maps/place/ In mitigation hierarchy (João, 2011), if it is not Jakarta/@-6.2297465,106.829518,11z/data=! possible to make changes to the project or plan 3m1! 4b1 !4m2 !3m1 !1s0 x 2e69f3e945e34b9d: to avoid negative effects, there are still some 0 x 5371bf0fdad786a2 accessed at 9 June 2014 other mitigation. They are ‘reduce’; ‘repair’; ‘compensate in kind’, ‘compensate by other Indonesian Statistic Central Agency, 2013. Pas- mean’. In MRT Jakarta project, mitigation in form senger of Railways Transportation, 2006-2014 of ‘avoid’ not possible to carried out. One of João, E., Vanclay, F., & den Broeder, L, 2011. mitigation could be used is compensate in kind. Emphasising enhancement in all forms of impact Loss of trees as an adversely effect of MRT project assessment: introduction to a special issue. Im- construction could be compensated with trees pact Assessment and Project Appraisal, planting in other space. In addition, traffic dis- 29(3), 170-180. turbances during project construction can be tackle through compensate by other mean. The Mackett, R. L., & Edwards, M, 1998. The impact of form is providing information about bottleneck new urban public transport systems: will the ex- area due to project construction. The informa- pectations be met?. Transportation Research tion is delivered through media such as radio, Part A: policy and practice, 32(4), 231-245. television, newspaper, as well as internet. With Nurcahyani, I, 2014. Dirut MRT: MRT lanjut terus the information, people could choose alternative meski ada demo. Available online at http:// road to keep away from congestion. The prepa- www.antaranews.com/berita/412864/dirut- ration of alternative road also need taken into -mrt-lanjut-terus-meski-ada-demo ac- account. cessed at 10 June 2014

Social Impact of Railway Project, A Case Study of Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Jakarta, Indonesia, Listifadah 27 PT. MRT Jakarta. (n.d). MRT Jakarta Increasing sistercities.lacity.org/html/19.htm accessed Mobility Improving Live Quality [online]. Avail- at 9 June 2014 able online from http:// Vanclay, F, 2002. Conceptualizing Social Impacts. www.jakartamrt.com/ accessed at 9 June 2014 Environmental Impact Assessment Review. Rhodes, R. A, 2007.Understanding governance: Ten Vanclay, F, 2003. International principles for social years on. Organization studies, 28(8), 1243- impact assessment. Impact assessment and 1264. project appraisal, 21(1), 5-12. Rudi, A, 2013. Penolak MRT Pasang “Tiang MRT” Widianto, W, 2013. Macet Jakarta Semakin Parah, di Jalan Fatmawati. Available online at http:/ Warga Harusnya Dukung Saja Pembangunan /lipsus.kompas.com/gebrakan-jokowi- MRT. Available online at http:// basuki/read/xml/2013/05/07/11573934/ www.tribunnews.com/metropolitan/2013/ Penolak.MRT.Pasang.Tiang.MRT.di.Jalan.Fatmawati 05/17/macet-jakarta-semakin-parah-warga- accessed at 10 June 2014 harusnya-dukung-saja-pembangunan-mrt Sister City of Los Angeles. (n.d.). Jakarta, Indo- accessed at 10 June 2014 nesia. Available online at http://

28 Warta Penelitian Perhubungan, Volume 27, Nomor 1, Januari-Februari 2015