Transport and Climate Change Week: SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA
Ikhwan Hakim Director of Transportation Ministry of National Development Planning Indonesia
Presented at Transport and Climate Change Week Berlin, 18-20 September 2017
Sustainability Issues in Urban Development (1/2) REPUBLIK INDONESIA High Urbanisa on Rate 76% Environmental Impacts 100% 59% 64% 68% 72% 41% 36% • 50% 32% 28% 24% The transport sector accounts for 27% of CO2 emissions. In developing countries, CO2 0% emissions from transporta on will increase 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 by two mes in the period 1980 - 2030. Urban Popula on Rural Popula on • In DKI Jakarta (2008-2013) indicators of In 2015: Indonesia (2.69%), India (2.38%), China (2.3%) urban air quality such as PM10 increased by 20%, CO increased 70%, and NO2 increased Rapid Motoriza on by 350%. 100,000,000 92,976,240
50,000,000 12,599,138 - Massive Urban Land Conversion 1954 1964 1974 1984 1994 2004 2014 • Rapid changes of low density areas into Private Car Bus Truck Motorcycle high densi es. Agricultural land and green areas turned into residen al areas. High Traffic Fatality • In Jakarta Metropolitan Area, within • Traffic fatality in 2016 1985-2002, the residen al land use was almost 26.000. increased from 11% to 22% (2 mes) and • In 2016, 72% of traffic industrial land use increased from 4.75% accidents involve to 7.5%. While, agricultural land use motorcycles. decreased from 45% to 24%. Sustainability Issues in Urban Development (2/2) REPUBLIK INDONESIA Deteriora on of Urban Public Transport (current share is around 20%) URBAN GRIDLOCK V/C Ra o 2020: > 1.2 DKI Jakarta (2010) 2% 19% 62% 23% Hong Kong (2011) 25% 63% 11% Tokyo (2009) 48% 3% 12% 37% Singapore (2011) (2011) 19% 29% 29% 23% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Rail Non-Rail Public Transport Private Transport Others Severe Traffic Conges on • Economic losses due to traffic conges on in Jakarta reach USD 3 billion in 2016. (Source: World Bank) • In 2020, most network in Jakarta Metropolitan will reach V/C Ra o > 1.2 • The current ra o of roads in Jakarta is 6% and decreasing which is not propor onal to the number of private vehicles. Lack of Modern Mass Public Transport System • Urban public transport system has relied on tradi onal mini, medium, and large buses (with ren ng system and poor management and opera on) • BRT was introduced in 2004 in Jakarta and some major ci es (not full BRT). • Among 11 large ci es, 15 medium ci es and 52 small ci es in Indonesia, only 5 ci es have urban railway system (developed in colonial era). Jakarta MRT and Palembang LRT are s ll under construc on. UNRELIABLE PUBLIC TRANSPORT REPUBLIK Towards Modernized Mass Transport System INDONESIA Exis ng Current Efforts Modernized Transport
• • MRT Jakarta Phase I (opera on in 2019): • Individual ownership Railway Commuter Line (Jakarta Metropolitan) Ø Currently up to 1 million passenger / day. Ø 15.7 km, with 13 sta ons (6 sta ons serving the • License system Ø Issue: network developed in colonial era, only 1 CBD). • Rent system sta on serves CBD. Ø Project investment: 1.1 billion USD • Poor management: • BRT Jakarta (2004) and some major ci es Ø Funding scheme of MRT Jakarta: 49% central individually managed. Ø BRT Jakarta heavily subsidized, not all lane are government, 51% local government (no private • Poor service: no metable, segregated, no newly developed lane (except sector funding). low capacity, no fixed rate, corridor 13), currently 400 thousand • Palembang LRT (opera on in 2018): no segregated lane and no passenger / day. Ø Project investment: 750 million USD designated stop. Ø Other ci es are mostly semi-BRT, not Ø 100% central government funding • Low ridership due to poor segregated. • Proposals from other ci es for 100% support from service -> unreliable public Ø Central Government provide bus fleet to some central government to develop LRT: Medan, Batam, transport mode. ci es to support BRT system. Surabaya, Makassar, Bandung. • • Compete among others. Ø Many ci es are not ready in terms of ins tu on No established framework for central government to and financial scheme to support BRT. support urban mass transport system development (currently unequal treatment. Strategy: Institution Financing and Support Framework REPUBLIK INDONESIA
BEST PRACTICE (EXAMPLE MEXICO) NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR URBAN TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT 1 1 Beneficiary Criteria • Economic (GDP contribu on, fiscal capacity); • Regional regula on (Transport and Spa al Plan); • City Size (popula on, density, geography); • Share of exis ng public and private transporta on.
2 1 Selec on of Mode of Transporta on
• Technology and Type of Transport Mode • Integrated planning with Exis ng Transporta on and Transit Oriented Development Facility (TOD). • Pool of Fund (source: donor, grant, and loan); 3 1 • Criteria: City form, technology mode, planning; Funding and Ins tu onal Framework • Central Government support not include opera ons; • Minimum funding share from local government and • Maximum fund sharing from central government, minimum sharing private sector; from municipal government and private sector. • Regional transporta on ins tu onal framework. Source: World Bank, 2017 5 THANK YOU