SOCIAL IMPACT OF RAILWAY PROJECT A CASE STUDY OF MASS RAPID TRANSIT (MRT) JAKARTA, INDONESIA DAMPAK SOSIAL PROYEK KERETA API STUDI KASUS MASS RAPID TRANSIT (MRT) JAKARTA, INDONESIA Listifadah Research and Development Land Transportation-Ministry of Transportation Jl. Medan Merdeka Timur No. 5 Jakarta Pusat 10110 email: [email protected] Diterima: 11 November 2014, Revisi 1: 1 Desember 2014, Revisi 2: 10 Desember 2014, Disetujui: 19 Desember 2014 ABSTRACT Jakarta MRT system had been planned since the 1980’s. Many constraints such as political, finan- cial, as well as bureaucratic make the project delayed for a long time. When the plan scheduled to be implemented in a couple years ago, some protests arise. Communities and some interest group against. The fears of income decline and loss of livelihood become their main concerns which in- duce protests before the project really started. Based on this experience, this paper tries to reveal social impacts of transport development in case MRT Jakarta. Now the project construction is being carried out. Social impact as well as the project construction continues. This study investigate how social impact of railway project was happened. Literatures and documents analysis was used to analyze this study. The result of the study were the MRT Jakarta project inevitably have negative and positive impacts both for society and environment. But with the start of the project after a long delay, it gives hope to the community for better transportation. It is a positive impact before the project was completed. Community engagement in a meeting or discusssion should more be em- phasized in the process in order to minimize the conflicts of interest. Stakeholders, including com- munities, should involved earlier to anticipate and avoid the possible conflict. Keywords: social impact, social change, Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), community engagement ABSTRAK Sistem MRT Jakarta telah direncanakan sejak 1980-an. Banyak hambatan seperti politik, sosial serta birokratis yang membuat proyek tersebut tertunda dalam waktu yang lama. Ketika rencana yang telah dijadwalkan akan diimplementasikan beberapa tahun yang lalu, beberapa protes muncul. Masyarakat dan beberapa kelompok menolak. Ketakutan penurunan pendapatan dan kehilangan tempat tinggal manjadi fokus utama yang mengundang protes sebelum proyek dimulai. Berdasarkan pengalaman tersebut, paper ini mencoba mengungkap dampak sosial dari pengembangan transportasi dalam hal ini MRT Jakarta. Saat ini proyek sedang berjalan. Dampak sosial sekaligus konstruksi terus berjalan. Penelitian ini menelaah bagaimana dampak sosial dari proyek kereta api terjadi. Analisis literatur dan dokumen terkait digunakan untuk menganalisis penelitian ini. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah MRT Jakarta tidak dapat disangkal memberikan dampak negatif sekaligus positif bagi masyarakat maupun lingkungan. Akan tetapi, dengan permulaan proyek setelah ditunda dalam waktu yang lama, proyek ini memberikan harapan kepada masyarakat akan adanya transportasi yang lebih baik. Hal ini merupakan dampak positif dari proyek tersebut. Keterlibatan masyarakat dalam rapat atau diskusi sebaiknya lebih ditekankan dalam prose untuk meminimalkan konflik kepentingan. Para pemangku kepentingan, termasuk masyarkat, sebaiknya dilibatkan lebih awal untuk mengantisipasi dan mengurangi konflik yang mungkin muncul. Kata kunci: dampak sosial, perubahan sosial, Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), keterlibatan masyarakat Social Impact of Railway Project, A Case Study of Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Jakarta, Indonesia, Listifadah 19 INTRODUCTION and commuter railways could be categorized Congestion and air pollution often become ma- to mass transportation. In fact, both of them jor transportation issues especially in urban area. still not sufficient to accommodate the trans- Trend to use private car in mobilization could port demand which continue to increase. The increase the level of traffic and impact on con- lacks of capacity of public transport bring to gestion as well as air pollution. Public trans- crowded situation especially in peak hours. port believed as one of solution for dealing with Moreover, the number of trips in Jakarta is congestion because it can move people much not only movement inside the city, but also more than private car. Fundamentally, construct- the movements of people from neighbor- ing existing public transport systems in a city is hoods area such as Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, needed for some aims: to reduce traffic conges- Bekasi. Indonesian Statistic Central Agency tion, to improve public transport, to serve the (2013) reported that the average number of city centre better, to improve the environment, commuter passenger approximately 500.000 and to stimulate development (Mackett, 1998). in a day. Uncomfortable situation makes people reluctant to use public transport, es- The concept of urban mass transportation was pecially for middle and high class. They pre- much proposed to make greater transportation fer to use private vehicles, either motorcycle in both quality and quantity. MRT (Mass Rapid or car. It leads the situation of traffic conges- Transit), according to its name, is a public trans- tion in Jakarta became worse. Therefore, MRT portation that is able to carry passenger in large was necessary for improving public transport quantities by rapid speed. The forms of MRT as well as an effort to reduce congestion. could be buses or railways. MRT in form of buses is also well known as BRT (Bus Rapid Rail-based MRT in Jakarta (which named Transit). All forms of MRT should have own lane “MRT Jakarta”) was planned from South for keeping its speed. Bogota is an example of (Lebak Bulus) to the North (Kampung Bandan). successfully implemented BRT. Most of Euro- It is about 23,8 km. The construction will be pean countries have been using concept of MRT carried out in 2 stages. Stage I will connect for urban transport as well. Lebak Bulus with Bundaran HI over 15.7 km railway with 13 stations (7 elevated stations The main purpose of this paper is to investigate and 6 underground stations) which is tar- the social impacts of the implementation of the geted to operate by 2018. Furthermore, stage project construction of MRT. Based on literature, II will continue from Bundaran HI to Kampung the social impacts can be grouped into seven Bandan over 8.1 km railway, which construc- categories (see Vanclay, 2002); however, this study tion will have been initiated before Stage I will focus on three groups of impacts: economic operate and it is targeted to be completed on and material well-being and quality of living envi- 2020. Feasibility study for this stage has been ronment impacts which consider being relevant completed, but the construction not con- with the subject that can be affected by the new ducted yet. The East-West Corridor is still on government project. This study investigate how progress for feasibility study. It planned social impact of railway project was happened. about 87 km. This paper only focuses on first South-North Corridor (Lebak Bulus-Bundaran THEORITICAL REVIEW HI) in which it is in period construction. A. Plan of MRT Development in Jakarta Whilst, the construction of second South- North Corridor (Bundaran HI-Kampung Public transports in Jakarta is currently con- Bandan) East-West Corridor was not sisting of busses, metromini (smaller busses), disscussed in this paper. Map of develop- mikrolet (sized like regular cars), Bus Rapid ment plan for rail-based MRT in Jakarta can Transit (BRT), and commuter railways. BRT be seen in Figure 3. The idea of building the MRT Jakarta was first 20 Warta Penelitian Perhubungan, Volume 27, Nomor 1, Januari-Februari 2015 proposed in the 1980s. However, it was ham- pered when the economic crisis in 1997. It dis- turbed the plan and made it delayed. Moroever, in 1998 the Indonesian political situation is un- stable because of the reform period. In 2002, City Government revived the proposal but it agreed by National Government and Japan In- ternational Cooperation Agency (JICA), as finance partners and lender, in 2006. First phase was the corridor between Lebak Bulus until Dukuh Atas but based on further study, it extended until Bundaran HI. It because of high demand passenger and mini- Source: website of MRT Jakarta mal construction impact. Briefly, the summary and Figure 1. Plan of MRT Jakarta Network details of MRT Jakarta shown in table 1. Table 1. The summary of MRT Jakarta scheme Source: website of PT. MRT Jakarta Social Impact of Railway Project, A Case Study of Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Jakarta, Indonesia, Listifadah 21 B. Social Impact change fluctuation (devaluation), concen- It was a common that a project should have a tration of economic activity, economic glo- Social Impact Assessment (SIA) as a require- balization. ment for regulatory approval. However, re- 3. Geographical processes, e.g. conversion cently the focus on SIA is broader. Vanclay and diversification of land use, urban (2003) described SIA as “the processes of sprawl, urbanization, gentrification, en- analysing, monitoring and managing the in- hanced transportation and rural accessi- tended and unintended social consequences, bility, physical splintering. both positive and negative, of planned inter- 4. Institutional and legal processes, e.g. in- ventions (policies, programs, plans, projects) stitutional globalisation and and any social change processes invoked by centralisation, decentralisation, those interventions”. It more about manag- privatization. ing social issue, not