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Evaluation of the Orientation of 90° and 180° Reinforcing Bar Hooks In

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Evaluation of the Orientation of 90° and 180° Reinforcing Bar Hooks In Research Note RN-2009-2 Evaluation of the Orientation of 90° and 180° Reinforcing Bar Hooks in Wide Members Introduction Longitudinal reinforcing steel bars in flexural members are often developed at discontinuous ends with a 90° or 180° standard hook. These hooks are usually oriented in the vertical direc- tion, which generally corresponds with being perpendicular (or normal) to the member’s major axis. Because standard hook sizes can be quite large, especially for large diameter bars, detailing of hooked bars can be critical. In some instances, such as the case of a shallow member that is Figure 1 ‒ Example of tilted reinforcing bar hooks heavily reinforced, the standard hook height in ac- shown at the edge of a cantilever balcony slab cordance with the ACI 318-11 Code (2011), plus the required concrete cover above and below the search Note bar, may exceed the member depth. In this case, one solution used in practice to satisfy the cover requirements and maintain the hook length is to rotate the bar along its longitudinal axis, such that the hook is no longer vertical. Hook tilting is illus- trated in Figures 1 and 2. Re This Research Note describes results of a study initiated as part of the CRSI Graduate Re- search Fellowship Program to evaluate the influ- ence of hook angle tilt on hook performance and behavior. The research also examined the poten- tial limitations of hook tilt in a concrete member, depicted in Figure 3. Figure 2 ‒ Recommended bar details for solid slabs (CRSI 2008) Background Hook Behavior Forces are transferred between 90° or 180° hooked bars in tension and the surrounding con- crete through bond along the bar surface and bearing of the bar on the enclosed concrete. Ninety-degree (90°) hooked bars tend to straight- en under tension, resulting in bearing against the concrete in the inner radius of the hook, and compressive stresses on the hook tail as it bears against the surrounding concrete. Figure 3 ‒ Schematic of a hooked bar in concrete Failure of both hook types can result from slab crushing of concrete within the bend of the bar, which may cause cracks to propagate to a nearby side Provisions for development of standard hooks in ten- face of the member. Splitting failure, originating within sion are provided in ACI 318-11, Section 12.5. The ten- the bar bend due to high stress concentrations, can also sion development length of deformed bars with standard occur within the plane of the hook. Cracking of the con- hooks ℓdh (determined in accordance with the Code) is crete behind the hook tail is possible, as well. a function of the reinforcing bar diameter, yield strength, presence of epoxy coating, concrete type, and speci- Code Requirements fied compressive strength of concrete. The development Hooks can be provided to develop reinforcing bars length can be reduced by various modification factors, in tension in locations where there is limited length to which account for the effects of excess reinforcement, develop a straight reinforcing bar. Standard hook dimen- confinement from stirrups or ties, and/or adequate con- sions including the minimum finished inside bend diame- crete cover. The parameters and factors that influence ter “D” and extension length “A” are given in ACI 318-11, the development length account for the magnitude of the Sections 7.1 and 7.2.1, and CRSI’s Design Handbook compressive stresses or the resistance to splitting. (2008), as shown in Figure 4. Summary of Study Scope and Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the limits of reinforcing steel hook tilt from vertical to ensure ulti- mate performance of the member is not compromised. This was achieved experimentally by comparing the load-slip responses of modified beam-end specimens with different hooked bar orientations and configura- tions. Concrete reinforcement in this study included de- formed reinforcing steel bars with standard hooks em- bedded in normal weight concrete. The test variables included hook tilt angle, hook bend type, reinforcing bar size, and group-effect. Four hook tilt angles were evalu- ated: 0° (horizontal), 22.5°, 45°, and 90° (vertical). Both 90° and 180° standard hooked reinforcing bars were in- vestigated. #5 and #8 bars were examined in this study since they are commonly used in practice. The effect of multiple bars was also examined to evaluate the effects of interaction of adjacent bars, as shown in Figure 1. Ad- ditionally, bar spacing and position were evaluated. The test specimen matrix is shown in Table 1. Experimental Program Test Specimens Modified beam-end specimens used in this study were modeled after previous tests reported in the literature (Minor 1971, Jirsa and Marques 1972, Minor and Jirsa 1975, Ehsani, et al. 1995) and in ASTM A944-10 (2010). The specimen was elongated so the reinforcing hook ex- tended beyond the reaction plates and the compression strut developing between the reactions. A PVC pipe bond breaker was provided along the straight portion of the bar to isolate the performance of the hooked portion of the bar. Test specimen dimensions are summarized in Table 1. The specimen height was a function of the concrete above the hook extension (3 in.), the diameter (db), the length of the hook tail extension (12db), and the concrete cover (3db) of the test bar. The length of the specimen was the height plus the distance beyond the reaction plate. The distance beyond the reaction plate was the Figure 4 ‒ Hooked bar details for development of standard sum of 4 in., the diameter of the test bar, and 3 in. to ac- hooks (CRSI 2008) count for the cover of the tail extension of the bar. The width of the test specimens varied to accommodate the 2 Evaluation of the Orientation of 90° and 180° Reinforcing Bar Hooks in Wide Members [RN 2009-02] Table 1 ‒ Test Specimen Matrix Hook Angle of Standard Specimen1 Bar Size Tilt from Length (in) Width (in) Height (in) Hook Bend (°) Horizontal (°) BE-5-180-0 #5 180 0 17 1/2 17 3/8 9 7/8 BE-5-180-22.5 #5 180 22.5 17 1/2 16 5/8 9 7/8 BE-5-180-45 #5 180 45 17 1/2 14 1/2 9 7/8 BE-5-180-90 #5 180 90 17 1/2 8 5/8 9 7/8 BE-5-90-0 #5 90 0 22 1/2 27 3/8 14 7/8 BE-5-90-22.5 #5 90 22.5 22 1/2 25 7/8 14 7/8 BE-5-90-45 #5 90 45 22 1/2 21 1/2 14 7/8 BE-5-90-90 #5 90 90 22 1/2 8 5/8 14 7/8 BE-8-90-0 #8 90 0 30 39 22 BE-8-90-22.5 #8 90 22.5 30 36 5/8 22 (a) side view BE-8-90-45 #8 90 45 30 29 5/8 22 BE-8-90-90 #8 90 90 30 9 22 BE-5-90-0-G2A2 3-#5 90 0 22 1/2 67 3/8 14 7/8 BE-5-90-0-GA2 3-#5 90 0 22 1/2 47 3/8 14 7/8 BE-5-90-0-G0.5A2 3-#5 90 0 22 1/2 37 3/8 14 7/8 BE-5-90-22.5-G2A 3-#5 90 22.5 22 1/2 62 3/4 14 7/8 BE-5-90-22.5-GA 3-#5 90 22.5 22 1/2 44 3/8 14 7/8 BE-5-90-22.5-G0.5A 3-#5 90 22.5 22 1/2 35 1/8 14 7/8 BE-8-90-0-G2A2 3-#8 90 0 30 103 22 BE-8-90-0-GA2 3-#8 90 0 30 71 22 BE-8-90-0-G0.5A2 3-#8 90 0 30 55 22 BE-8-90-22.5-G2A 3-#8 90 22.5 30 95 3/4 22 BE-8-90-22.5-GA 3-#8 90 22.5 30 66 1/8 22 BE-8-90-22.5-G0.5A 3-#8 90 22.5 30 51 3/8 22 (b) end view Notes: Figure 5 ‒ Single bar specimens (90° hook 1. The following notation system is used to identify the variables of each specimen. The first term indicates the type of test: BE (Modified beam-end test).The sec- bar shown) ond term indicates the bar size: #5 or #8 standard. The third term is hook bend type: 90° or 180°. The fourth term is the angle of tilt from horizontal: 0°, 22.5°, 45° or 90°. Term G in the fifth term denotes specimens with multiple bars, and bar spacing is denoted as a multiple of bar extension length “A” defined in Figure 4. 2. Angle of tilt from horizontal is nominal. Actual angle is slightly larger than zero due to bar placement. tilt arc of the hooks on the bar ends. The cover distance on the side of the reinforcing steel hook was 4 in., based on ASTM A944-10. Specimens were constructed with the reinforc- ing bar(s) on the bottom surface to mitigate the “top Figure 6 ‒ Multiple bar specimens – end view bar” effect; they were then later inverted for testing. Single bar specimens with 180° and 90° hooks are shown in Figure 5, and multiple bar specimens are shown in Figure 6. In the figures, ϴ is the angle of tilt Test Procedure from horizontal. The test setups for the single bar and multiple bar specimens are shown in Figures 7 and 8, respectively.
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