DOCSLIB.ORG

Diacritics-ELL.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Diacritics-ELL.Pdf Diacritics J.C. Wells, University College London Dkadvkxkdw avf ekwxkrhykwjkrh qavow axxadjfe xs pfxxfvw sg xjf aptjacfx, gsv f|aqtpf xjf adyxf addfrx sr xjf ‘ kr dag‘. M swx parhyahf svxjshvatjkfw cawfe sr xjf Laxkr aptjacfx qaof wsqf ywf sg ekadvkxkdw, aw kreffe es xjswf cawfe sr sxjfv aptjacfxw are {vkxkrh w}wxfqw. Tjf gsdyw sg xjkw avxkdpf kw sr xjf vspf sg ekadvkxkdw kr xjf svxjshvatj} sg parhyahfw {vkxxfr {kxj xjf Laxkr aptjacfx. Ireffe, xjf svkhkr sg wsqf pfxxfvw xjax avf rs{ a wxareave tavx sg xjf aptjacfx pkfw kr xjf ywf sg ekadvkxkdw. Tjf pfxxfv G {aw krzfrxfe kr Rsqar xkqfw aw a zavkarx sg C, ekwxkrhykwjfe c} xjf dvswwcav sr xjf ytwxvsof. Tjf pfxxfv J {aw rsx ekwxkrhykwjfe gvsq I, rsv U gvsq V, yrxkp xjf 16xj dfrxyv} (Saqtwsr 1985: 110). Tjf rf{ pfxxfv 1 kw sczksywp} a zavkarx sr r are ws dsype cf wffr aw krdsvtsvaxkrh a ekadvkxkd xakp. Dkadvkxkdw tvstfv, xjsyhj, avf wffr aw qavow axxadjfe xs a cawf pfxxfv. Ir xjkw wfrwf, m y 1 es rsx krzspzf ekadvkxkdw. Tjf f|xfrwkzf ywf sg ekadvkxkdw xs wyttpfqfrx xjf Laxkr aptjacfx kr dawfw {jfvf kx {aw wffr aw kraefuyaxf gsv xjf wsyrew sg sxjfv parhyahfw kw hfrfvapp} axxvkcyxfe xs xjf vfpkhksyw vfgsvqfv Jar Hyw (1369-1415), {js efzkwfe a vfgsvqfe svxjshvatj} gsv C~fdj krdsvtsvaxkrh 9addfrxfe: pfxxfvw wydj aw ˛ ¹ = > ?. M swx ekadvkxkdw avf tpadfe acszf xjf cawf pfxxfv {kxj {jkdj xjf} avf awwsdkaxfe. A gf{, js{fzfv, avf tpadfe cfps{ kx (aw “) sv xjvsyhj kx (aw B). 1 Laxkr pfxxfvw dsqf kr ps{fv-dawf are yttfv-dawf zfvwksrw. Dkadvkxkdw dar cf a{o{ave {kxj xjf paxxfv, are xjfvf kw a dsrzfrxksr kr Fvfrdj, gsv f|aqtpf, xjax yrefv wsqf dkvdyqwxardfw xjf ekadvkxkdw sg Ø, • fxd. qa} cf sqkxxfe. Tjf tvkrdktap ekadvkxkdw avf aw gspps{w. Ar f|aqtpf kw hkzfr sg fadj, {kxj xjf raqf sg a parhyahf kr {jswf svxjshvatj} kx kw ywfe. Tjswf tpadfe szfv xjf cawf pfxxfv avf xjf adyxf (ô «, Starkwj), xjf hvazf (` ≈, Fvfrdj), xjf dkvdyqgpf| (J …, Fvfrdj), xjf davsr (sv j«˛fo, L ˛, C~fdj), xjf cvfzf (M Ô, Rsqarkar), xjf qadvsr (O Ï, Laxzkar), xjf esx (Q Ý, Lkxjyarkar), xjf ekfvfwkw (å Õ, Gfvqar), xjf xkpef (U À, Psvxyhyfwf), xjf esycpf adyxf (X Y, Hyrhavkar), xjf vkrh (Z œ, Darkwj), are xjf jsso ( \ ], Vkfxraqfwf). Tjswf tpadfe xjvsyhj xjf cawf pfxxfv avf xjf wxvsof (/ „, Nsv{fhkar), are xjf cav (- š, Cvsaxkar). Tjf jsvr ( b c, Vkfxraqfwf) kw axxadjfe apsrhwkef. Tjf tvkrdktap ekadvkxkdw tpadfe yrefv xjf cawf pfxxfv avf xjf dfekppa (ù “, Tyvokwj) are kxw zavkarx xjf dsqqa (, e, Rsqarkar), xjf shsrfo (f Û, Pspkwj), are xjf esx (. h, Vkfxraqfwf). Fsv f|jaywxkzf pkwxkrhw sg xjf dsqckraxksrw sg aptjacfxkd pfxxfvw are ekadvkxkdw xs cf gsyre kr parhyahf svxjshvatjkfw, are {jax xjf} wxare gsv, wff W fppw (2001). Sff apws Tjf Urkdsef Csrwsvxkyq (2003). Tjf waqf ekadvkxkd qa} cf attpkfe xs zfv} ekggfvfrx tyvtswfw kr ekggfvfrx svxjshvatjkfw. Fsv f|aqtpf, xjf adyxf addfrx sr zs{fp pfxxfvw dar krekdaxf {sve wxvfww (Starkwj), zs{fp pfrhxj (C~fdj), zs{fp uyapkx} (Fvfrdj ‘), a ektjxjsrh (Idfparekd «), jkhj xsrf (Vkfxraqfwf), sv vkwkrh xsrf (xjf Pkr}kr vsqark~axksr sg Cjkrfwf). Ir Dyxdj kx wkhrapw fqtjawkw sv xjf wxvsrh gsvq sg a {sve (f.h. ‘‘r). Or dsrwsrarx pfxxfvw kx krekdaxfw tapaxapk~axksr (Pspkwj l). T}tshvatjkdapp}, xjf adyxf 2 addfrx wjsype tvstfvp} cf ax a wxfftfv arhpf kr Pspkwj xjar kr Fvfrdj sv Starkwj (T{avesdj, 1999). Euyapp}, xjf waqf tjsrfxkd uyapkx} qa} cf krekdaxfe c} a varhf sg ekggfvfrx ekadvkxkdw kr ekggfvfrx parhyahfw. Tjf tapaxsapzfspav [o] kw {vkxxfr ? (C~fdj fxd.), e (Rsqarkar), q (Tyvokwj), r (Ewtfvarxs), are s (Ysvyca). Tjf esx kw rsx a ekadvkxkd kr m rsv, ywyapp}, kr k. Ir Tyvokwj, js{fzfv, yresxxfe Iu are esxxfe vk avf xvfaxfe aw ekwxkrdx, wxarekrh gsv cado are gvsrx zs{fpw vfwtfdxkzfp}. T{s sv qsvf ekadvkxkdw qa} cf dsqckrfe sr xjf waqf pfxxfv. Tjkw kw gvfuyfrx kr xjf svxjshvatj} sg Vkfxraqfwf, {jfvf kr w x y z {, gsv f|aqtpf, srf ekadvkxkd krekdaxfw xsrf, xjf sxjfv zs{fp uyapkx}. Lfxxfvw cfavkrh ekadvkxkdw jazf ap{a}w tvfwfrxfe wsqfxjkrh sg a tvscpfq xs x}tshvatjfvw. Bsxj sr xjf {fc are kr tvkrx, dsqckrkrh a 9gpsaxkrh: srf-wk~f-gkxw-app ekadvkxkd {kxj a cawf pfxxfv xfrew xs hkzf yrwaxkwgadxsv} vfwypxw, wkrdf kx kw ekggkdypx xs tswkxksr xjf ekadvkxkd tvstfvp}. Ir xjf ea}w sg x}tf{vkxfvw, ekadvkxkdw (kg tvszkefe) {fvf x}tkdapp} tyx sr 9efae: of}w, are xjf x}tkwx jae xs wxvkof gkvwx xjf ekadvkxkd are xjfr xjf cawf pfxxfv. Ns{aea}w, kr Urkdsef are xjfvfgsvf kr HTM L, xjf dsef gsv xjf ekadvkxkd qywx gspps{ xjf dsef gsv xjf cawf pfxxfv. Ig tswwkcpf, js{fzfv, tvfdsqtswfe (vfae}-qaef) dsqckraxksrw avf rs{aea}w tvfgfvvfe. Tjf Urkdsef wxareave tvszkefw wftavaxf dsef tskrxw gsv apqswx app dsqckraxksrw ywfe kr parhyahf svxjshvatjkfw (xjsyhj rsx rfdfwwavkp} gsv xjswf rffefe kr tjsrfxkd xvarwdvktxksr, tjkpspshkdap {svo, sv qaxjfqaxkdw, pshkd are tj}wkdw). Tjswf vfuykvfe gsv W fwxfvr Eyvstfar parhyahfw 3 )f.h. « “ ” Ÿ ‡ Á) avf xs cf gsyre kr xjf Laxkr-1 Syttpfqfrx cpsdo, U+ 00A0 xs U+ 00FF. M swx sg xjswf rffefe gsv sxjfv Laxkr-pfxxfv svxjshvatjkfw (f.h. Ï ¸ ¹ ş Č … † B Y ‡ ˆ ‰) avf kr xjf Laxkr E|xfrefe-A cpsdo, U+ 0100 xs U+ 017F. Vavksyw yrywyap dsqckraxksrw avf kr xjf Laxkr E|xfrefe-B cpsdo, U+ 0180 xs U+ 0236 (f.h. ‹ Œ • Ž •) sv xjf Laxkr E|xfrefe Aeekxksrap cpsdo U+ 1E00 xs U+ 1EDE (f.h. • ‘ ’ “ ”). Tjf psdapk~axksr sg dsqtyxfv wsgx{avf are jave{avf krdpyefw xjf tvszkwksr sg wtfdkap of}csavew (tj}wkdap sv zkvxyap) xs gadkpkxaxf addfww xs xjf ekadvkxkdw sv ekadvkxkd-pfxxfv dsqckraxksrw vfuykvfe kr psdap parhyahfw. W jfvf a efekdaxfe of}csave kw rsx azakpacpf, xjfwf wtfdkap djavadxfvw dar cf frxfvfe kr sxjfv {a}w, f.h. c} ywkrh ar attpkdaxksr wydj aw Cjavadxfv M at sv, kr xjf qswx vfdfrx zfvwksrw sg W sve, c} x}tkrh xjf Urkdsef jf| dsef ryqcfv gspps{fe c} Apx-X. References Apzfwxvare, H.T., 1995. 9Larhyahfw are djavadxfv wfxw:. Or xjf {fc ax {{{.apzfwxvare.rs/kfxg/parh-djavw.x|x. Ksvtfpa, J., r.e. 9A xyxsvkap sr djavadxfv dsef kwwyfw:. Or xjf {fc ax {{{.dw.xyx.gk/Émosvtfpa/djavw.jxqp. Saqtwsr, G., 1985. W vkxkrh S}wxfqw. Lsresr: Hyxdjkrwsr. Tjf Urkdsef Csrwsvxkyq, 2003. Tjf Urkdsef Sxareave, Vfvwksr 4.0. Rfaekrh, M A: Aeekwsr-W fwpf}. ISBN 0-321-18578-1. Apws sr xjf {fc ax {{{.yrkdsef.svh. T{avesdj, Aeaq, 1999. 9Pspkwj ekadvkxkdw: js{ xs?:. Or xjf {fc ax wxye{fc.fyz- gvarogyvx-s.ef/x{avesdj/g/fr/x}ts/shsrfo 4 i ppw, J.C., 2001. 9Ovxjshvatjkd ekadvkxkdw:. Larhyahf tvscpfqw are parhyahf tparrkrh 24, 3. Tjfvf kw a vfzkwfe are yteaxfe zfvwksr sr xjf {fc ax {{{.tjsr.ydp.ad.yo/jsqf/{fppw/eka/ekadvkxkdw-vfzkwfe.jxq. W sse, A., r.e. 9Csqckrkrh ekadvkxkdap qavow:. Or xjf {fc ax {{{.apar{sse.rfx/yrkdsef/dsqckrkrh_ekadvkxkdap_qavow.jxqp. W sse, A., r.e. 9Urkdsef djavadxfv varhfw are xjf Urkdsef gsrxw xjax wyttsvx xjfq:. Or xjf {fc ax {{{.apar{sse.rfx/yrkdsef/gsrxwc}varhf.jxqp. 5 Microsoft keyboard localization. Layouts for Slovak, Maltese, Latvian and Swedish-with-Sami, including precomposed letter-diacritic combinations. The Latvian keyboard is shown with Shift and Alt-Gr depressed, the Swedish-Sami with Alt-Gr depressed. (from www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/keyboards.aspx) 6 ABSTRACT Dkadvkxkdw avf ekwxkrhykwjkrh qavow axxadjfe xs pfxxfvw sg xjf aptjacfx, gsv f|aqtpf xjf adyxf addfrx sr xjf ‘ kr dag‘. M swx parhyahf svxjshvatjkfw ywkrh xjf Laxkr aptjacfx wyttpfqfrx kx kr xjkw {a}, ywkrh a zavkfx} sg qavow tpadfe szfv, xjvsyhj, cfwkef sv yrefv xjf cawf pfxxfv. Tjf Urkdsef wxareave gsv dsqtyxfvw tvszkefw gsv tvfdsqtswfe zfvwksrw sg qswx pfxxfv-ekadvkxkd dsqckraxksrw rffefe kr svxjshvatjkfw. Lsdapk~fe of}csavew apps{ xjfq xs cf wkqtp} addfwwfe. KEYWORDS svxjshvatj}, ekadvkxkd, addfrx, wtfppkrh, adyxf, hvazf, dkvdyqgpf|, davsr, j«˛fo, cvfzf, qadvsr, ekfvfwkw, xkpef, vkrh, jsso, wxvsof, cav, jsvr, dfekppa, dsqqa, shsrfo, esx, Urkdsef 7.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY N Most Diacritic Letters ( C, I, Ö, ˙ S, Etc.) Are
    BIBLIOGRAPHY Notes Most diacritic letters (ˇc,ı, ö, s, etc.) are alphabetized as separate letters after ˙ the base letter. The abbreviation “ms. NAN KR” stands for “manuscript in the Archives of the National Center for Manasology and Artistic Culture of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic,” followed by the archival shelf number. In the Commentary and footnotes, the form of some of the bibliographic citations of mid-nineteenth century Kirghiz epics (recorded by Radlof from anonymous bards, published under separate headings in his Obraztsy/ Proben [1885], and re-edited by Hatto in The Manas of Wilhelm Radlof [1990]) is nearly identical to the citations of analytical articles on the texts that Hatto published in various journals. These are the references to the Radlovian epic texts, which were coincidentally published by Hatto in his re-edition: “Almambet, Er Kökˇcöand Ak-Erkeˇc”;“Birth of Manas”; “Birth of Semetey”; “Bok-Murun”; “Köz-Kaman”; and “Semetey.” Hatto’s articles are cited as: Hatto, “Almambet, Er Kökˇcöand Ak Erkeˇc”;Hatto, “Birth of Manas”; Hatto, “Köz-Kaman”; Hatto, “Semetey.” Listed below by language are references to the main bibliographic entries of the dictionaries, grammars, and other aids used, sometimes without citation, in the preparation of this edition: Arabic Baranov, Arabsko–russkii slovar’ Steingass, A Learner’s Arabic–English Dictionary Baˇskir Akhmerov, Bashkirsko–russkii slovar’ Chaghatay Budagov, Sravnitel’nyi slovar’ turetsko–tatarskikh narechii Shcherbak, Grammatika starouzbekskogo iazyka Radlov, Opyt/Versuch Eastern Turki Jarring, An Eastern Turki–English Dialect Dictionary (Uyghur) Nadzhip, Uigursko–russkii slovar’ Kalmyk Ramstedt, Kalmückisches Wörterbuch Kirghiz Batmanov, Sovremennyi kirgizskii iazyk Hu and Imart, A Kirghiz Reader Imart, Le kirghiz Iudakhin, Kirgizsko–russkii slovar’ ———, Russko–kirgizskii slovar’ 374 bibliography Kirghiz (cont.) Muqambaev, Qır ˙gıztilinin dialektologiyalıq sözdügü, vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Tugboat, Volume 11 (1990), No
    TUGboat, Volume 11 (1990), No. 2 G.A. Kubba. The Impact of Computers on Ara- to Computer Modern fonts-I strongly support the bic Writing, Character Processing, and Teach- principal idea, and I pursue it in the present paper. ing. Information Processing, 80:961-965, 1980. To organize the discussion in a systematic way, I Pierre Mackay. Typesetting Problem Scripts. will use the notions - borrowed from [2]-of text Byte, 11(2):201-218, February 1986. encoding, typing and rendering. J. Marshall Unger. The Fiflh Generation 2 Text encoding Fallacy- Why Japan is Betting its Future on Artificial Intelligence. Oxford University Press, In the context of w,encoding means the character 1987. sets of the fonts in question and their layouts. In the present section I will focus my attention on the X/Open Company, Ltd. X/Open Portability character sets, as the layouts should be influenced, Guide, Supplementary Definitions, volume 3. among others, by typing considerations. Prentice-Hall. 1989. In an attempt to obtain a general idea about the use of the latin alphabet worldwide, I looked up the o Nelson H.F. Beebe only relevant reference work I am aware of, namely Center for Scientific Computing and Department of Languages Identificatzon Guzde [7] (hereafter LIG). Mathematics Apart from the latin scripts used in the Soviet Union South Physics Building and later replaced by Cyrillic ones, it lists 82 lan- University of Utah guages using the latin alphabet with additional let- Salt Lake City, UT 84112 ters (I preserve the original spelling): USA Albanian, Aymara, Basque. Breton, Bui, Tel: (801) 581-5254 Catalan, Choctaw, Chuana, Cree, Czech, Internet: BeebeQscience .utah.edu Danish, Delaware, Dutch, Eskimo, Espe- ranto, Estonian, Ewe, Faroese (also spelled Faroeish), Fiji, Finnish, French, Frisian, Fulbe, German, Guarani, Hausa, Hun- garian, Icelandic, Irish, Italian, Javanese, Juang, Kasubian, Kurdish, Lahu, Lahuli, - Latin, Lettish, Lingala, Lithuanian, Lisu, On Standards Luba, Madura.
    [Show full text]
  • Letter a Accents
    All Letter A Accents Unspeakably sung, Barnabas prosing Klansman and misdoubt accessions. Well-built Parrnell logs barehanded or knock-ups hermaphroditically when Redford is cureless. Shakable Freemon pongs, his trichomoniasis abscess slumps serially. How to type n again later chapters will react slightly differently than you wish to pronounce something else. Click on letters, accents do not live in other characters to accented letter key and accented letter you can also have already. Please use latin version you all you want to. Might be happy old answer, note, how can track easily pass them sin a computer? Look however the blow and language option, or Greek characters. When it spent very difficult for two sounds to looking to screw another, as modify as some vast residue of informational content, may cause embarrassing mistakes and frustrating miscommunications. What's the difference between à and á? And all of symbols to all letter a accents. There area some exceptions to the Spanish accent rules. Not all combinations of letters and accents are clutch For example legal entity agrave places a grave accent on the letter a furnace there is which entity ngrave. CTRL ACCENT GRAVE the letter CTRL' APOSTROPHE the letter CTRLSHIFT CARET the. The rules regarding accent marks are his simple stripe of all fire a vowel. Rom disk handy the letters or google docs, all combinations of questions about our office support critical opportunities for which is not each option for. How is supposed to be pronounced English Language. All word processors are bundle of bone proper accent marks in Spanish.
    [Show full text]
  • Frequently Asked Questions Coins and Notes July 2020
    Frequently Asked Questions Coins and Notes July 2020 A. Currency Issuance 1. Under what authority does the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) issue currency? The BSP is the sole government institution mandated by law to issue notes and coins for circulation in the Philippines. In Particular, Section 50 of Republic Act (R.A) No. 7653, otherwise known as The New Central Bank Act, as amended by Republic Act No. 11211, stipulates that the BSP shall have the sole power and authority to issue currency within the territory of the Philippines. It also issues legal tender commemorative notes and coins. 2. How does the BSP determine the volume/value of notes and coins to be issued annually? The annual volume/value of currency to be issue is projected based on currency demand that is estimated from a set of economic indicators which generally measure the country’s economic activity. Other variables considered in estimating currency order include: required currency reserves, unfit notes for replacement, and beginning inventory balance. The total amount of banknotes and coins that the BSP may issue should not exceed the total assets of the BSP. 3. How is currency issued to the public? Based on forecast of currency demand, denominational order of banknotes and coins is submitted to the Currency Production Sub-Sector (CPSS) for production of banknotes and coins. The CPSS delivers new BSP banknotes and coins to the Cash Department (CD) and the Regional Operations Sub-Sector (ROSS). In turn, CD services withdrawals of notes and coins of banks in the regions through its 22 Regional Offices/Branches.
    [Show full text]
  • Ffontiau Cymraeg
    This publication is available in other languages and formats on request. Mae'r cyhoeddiad hwn ar gael mewn ieithoedd a fformatau eraill ar gais. [email protected] www.caerphilly.gov.uk/equalities How to type Accented Characters This guidance document has been produced to provide practical help when typing letters or circulars, or when designing posters or flyers so that getting accents on various letters when typing is made easier. The guide should be used alongside the Council’s Guidance on Equalities in Designing and Printing. Please note this is for PCs only and will not work on Macs. Firstly, on your keyboard make sure the Num Lock is switched on, or the codes shown in this document won’t work (this button is found above the numeric keypad on the right of your keyboard). By pressing the ALT key (to the left of the space bar), holding it down and then entering a certain sequence of numbers on the numeric keypad, it's very easy to get almost any accented character you want. For example, to get the letter “ô”, press and hold the ALT key, type in the code 0 2 4 4, then release the ALT key. The number sequences shown from page 3 onwards work in most fonts in order to get an accent over “a, e, i, o, u”, the vowels in the English alphabet. In other languages, for example in French, the letter "c" can be accented and in Spanish, "n" can be accented too. Many other languages have accents on consonants as well as vowels.
    [Show full text]
  • Combining Diacritical Marks Range: 0300–036F the Unicode Standard
    Combining Diacritical Marks Range: 0300–036F The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 This file contains an excerpt from the character code tables and list of character names for The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0. Characters in this chart that are new for The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 are shown in conjunction with any existing characters. For ease of reference, the new characters have been highlighted in the chart grid and in the names list. This file will not be updated with errata, or when additional characters are assigned to the Unicode Standard. See http://www.unicode.org/charts for access to a complete list of the latest character charts. Disclaimer These charts are provided as the on-line reference to the character contents of the Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 but do not provide all the information needed to fully support individual scripts using the Unicode Standard. For a complete understanding of the use of the characters contained in this excerpt file, please consult the appropriate sections of The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 (ISBN 0-321-18578-1), as well as Unicode Standard Annexes #9, #11, #14, #15, #24 and #29, the other Unicode Technical Reports and the Unicode Character Database, which are available on-line. See http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/UCD.html and http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports A thorough understanding of the information contained in these additional sources is required for a successful implementation. Fonts The shapes of the reference glyphs used in these code charts are not prescriptive. Considerable variation is to be expected in actual fonts.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of the Orientation of 90° and 180° Reinforcing Bar Hooks In
    Research Note RN-2009-2 Evaluation of the Orientation of 90° and 180° Reinforcing Bar Hooks in Wide Members Introduction Longitudinal reinforcing steel bars in flexural members are often developed at discontinuous ends with a 90° or 180° standard hook. These hooks are usually oriented in the vertical direc- tion, which generally corresponds with being perpendicular (or normal) to the member’s major axis. Because standard hook sizes can be quite large, especially for large diameter bars, detailing of hooked bars can be critical. In some instances, such as the case of a shallow member that is Figure 1 ‒ Example of tilted reinforcing bar hooks heavily reinforced, the standard hook height in ac- shown at the edge of a cantilever balcony slab cordance with the ACI 318-11 Code (2011), plus the required concrete cover above and below the search Note bar, may exceed the member depth. In this case, one solution used in practice to satisfy the cover requirements and maintain the hook length is to rotate the bar along its longitudinal axis, such that the hook is no longer vertical. Hook tilting is illus- trated in Figures 1 and 2. Re This Research Note describes results of a study initiated as part of the CRSI Graduate Re- search Fellowship Program to evaluate the influ- ence of hook angle tilt on hook performance and behavior. The research also examined the poten- tial limitations of hook tilt in a concrete member, depicted in Figure 3. Figure 2 ‒ Recommended bar details for solid slabs (CRSI 2008) Background Hook Behavior Forces are transferred between 90° or 180° hooked bars in tension and the surrounding con- crete through bond along the bar surface and bearing of the bar on the enclosed concrete.
    [Show full text]
  • Staar Grade 4 Writing Tb Released 2018
    STAAR® State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness GRADE 4 Writing Administered April 2018 RELEASED Copyright © 2018, Texas Education Agency. All rights reserved. Reproduction of all or portions of this work is prohibited without express written permission from the Texas Education Agency. WRITING Writing Page 3 Writing Page 4 WRITTEN COMPOSITION Writing Page 5 WRITTEN COMPOSITION: Expository READ the following quotation. I do not know of anyone who has gotten to the top without hard work. —Margaret Thatcher THINK about all the hard work you do. It may be work you do at school, at home, or outside. WRITE about one type of hard work you do. Tell about your work and explain why it is so hard to do. Be sure to — • clearly state your central idea • organize your writing • develop your writing in detail • choose your words carefully • use correct spelling, capitalization, punctuation, grammar, and sentences Writing Page 6 USE THIS PREWRITING PAGE TO PLAN YOUR COMPOSITION. MAKE SURE THAT YOU WRITE YOUR COMPOSITION ON THE LINED PAGE IN THE ANSWER DOCUMENT. Writing Page 7 USE THIS PREWRITING PAGE TO PLAN YOUR COMPOSITION. MAKE SURE THAT YOU WRITE YOUR COMPOSITION ON THE LINED PAGE IN THE ANSWER DOCUMENT. Writing Page 8 REVISING AND EDITING Writing Page 9 Read the selection and choose the best answer to each question. Then fill in the answer on your answer document. Maggie wrote this paper in response to a class assignment. Read the paper and think about any revisions Maggie should make. When you finish reading, answer the questions that follow. © Christian Musat/Fotolia © Christian Musat/Fotolia The Rhino’s Horn (1) The rhinoceros is a huge mammal that is native to Africa and Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 1: Introduction to The
    PREVIEW OF THE IPA HANDBOOK Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet PARTI Introduction to the IPA 1. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? The aim of the International Phonetic Association is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. For both these it is necessary to have a consistent way of representing the sounds of language in written form. From its foundation in 1886 the Association has been concerned to develop a system of notation which would be convenient to use, but comprehensive enough to cope with the wide variety of sounds found in the languages of the world; and to encourage the use of thjs notation as widely as possible among those concerned with language. The system is generally known as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Both the Association and its Alphabet are widely referred to by the abbreviation IPA, but here 'IPA' will be used only for the Alphabet. The IPA is based on the Roman alphabet, which has the advantage of being widely familiar, but also includes letters and additional symbols from a variety of other sources. These additions are necessary because the variety of sounds in languages is much greater than the number of letters in the Roman alphabet. The use of sequences of phonetic symbols to represent speech is known as transcription. The IPA can be used for many different purposes. For instance, it can be used as a way to show pronunciation in a dictionary, to record a language in linguistic fieldwork, to form the basis of a writing system for a language, or to annotate acoustic and other displays in the analysis of speech.
    [Show full text]
  • Typing in Greek Sarah Abowitz Smith College Classics Department
    Typing in Greek Sarah Abowitz Smith College Classics Department Windows 1. Down at the lower right corner of the screen, click the letters ENG, then select Language Preferences in the pop-up menu. If these letters are not present at the lower right corner of the screen, open Settings, click on Time & Language, then select Region & Language in the sidebar to get to the proper screen for step 2. 2. When this window opens, check if Ελληνικά/Greek is in the list of keyboards on your ​ ​ computer under Languages. If so, go to step 3. Otherwise, click Add A New Language. Clicking Add A New Language will take you to this window. Look for Ελληνικά/Greek and click it. When you click Ελληνικά/Greek, the language will be added and you will return to the previous screen. 3. Now that Ελληνικά is listed in your computer’s languages, click it and then click Options. 4. Click Add A Keyboard and add the Greek Polytonic option. If you started this tutorial without the pictured keyboard menu in step 1, it should be in the lower right corner of your screen now. 5. To start typing in Greek, click the letters ENG next to the clock in the lower right corner of the screen. Choose “Greek Polytonic keyboard” to start typing in greek, and click “US keyboard” again to go back to English. Mac 1. Click the apple button in the top left corner of your screen. From the drop-down menu, choose System Preferences. When the window below appears, click the “Keyboard” icon.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Edit IPA 1 How to Use SAMPA for Editing IPA 2 How to Use X
    version July 19 How to edit IPA When you want to enter the International Phonetic Association (IPA) character set with a computer keyboard, you need to know how to enter each IPA character with a sequence of keyboard strokes. This document describes a number of techniques. The complete SAMPA and RTR mapping can be found in the attached html documents. The main html document (ipa96.html) comes in a pdf-version (ipa96.pdf) too. 1 How to use SAMPA for editing IPA The Speech Assessment Method (SAM) Phonetic Alphabet has been developed by John Wells (http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa). The goal was to map 176 IPA characters into the range of 7-bit ASCII, which is a set of 96 characters. The principle is to represent a single IPA character by a single ASCII character. This table is an example for five vowels: Description IPA SAMPA script a ɑ A ae ligature æ { turned a ɐ 6 epsilon ɛ E schwa ə @ A visual represenation of a keyboard shows the mapping on screen. The source for the SAMPA mapping used is "Handbook of multimodal an spoken dialogue systems", D Gibbon, Kluwer Academic Publishers 2000. 2 How to use X-SAMPA for editing IPA The multi-character extension to SAMPA has also been developed by John Wells (http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/x-sampa.htm). The basic principle used is to form chains of ASCII characters, that represent a single IPA character, e.g. This table lists some examples Description IPA X-SAMPA beta β B small capital B ʙ B\ lower-case B b b lower-case P p p Phi ɸ p\ The X-SAMPA mapping is in preparation and will be included in the next release.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)
    Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) m kg s cd SI mol K A NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Ambler Thompson and Barry N. Taylor NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Ambler Thompson Technology Services and Barry N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, April 1995) March 2008 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology James M. Turner, Acting Director National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811, 2008 Edition (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, April 1995 Edition) Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 811, 2008 Ed., 85 pages (March 2008; 2nd printing November 2008) CODEN: NSPUE3 Note on 2nd printing: This 2nd printing dated November 2008 of NIST SP811 corrects a number of minor typographical errors present in the 1st printing dated March 2008. Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Preface The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Système International d’Unités), is the modern metric system of measurement. Long the dominant measurement system used in science, the SI is becoming the dominant measurement system used in international commerce. The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of August 1988 [Public Law (PL) 100-418] changed the name of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and gave to NIST the added task of helping U.S.
    [Show full text]