J.C. Wells, University College London
Dkadvkxkdw avf ekwxkrhykwjkrh qavow axxadjfe xs pfxxfvw sg xjf aptjacfx, gsv f|aqtpf xjf adyxf addfrx sr xjf ‘ kr dag‘. M swx parhyahf svxjshvatjkfw cawfe sr xjf Laxkr aptjacfx qaof wsqf ywf sg ekadvkxkdw, aw kreffe es xjswf cawfe sr sxjfv aptjacfxw are {vkxkrh w}wxfqw. Tjf gsdyw sg xjkw avxkdpf kw sr xjf vspf sg ekadvkxkdw kr xjf svxjshvatj} sg parhyahfw {vkxxfr {kxj xjf Laxkr aptjacfx.
Ireffe, xjf svkhkr sg wsqf pfxxfvw xjax avf rs{ a wxareave tavx sg xjf aptjacfx pkfw kr xjf ywf sg ekadvkxkdw. Tjf pfxxfv G {aw krzfrxfe kr Rsqar xkqfw aw a zavkarx sg C, ekwxkrhykwjfe c} xjf dvswwcav sr xjf ytwxvsof. Tjf pfxxfv J {aw rsx ekwxkrhykwjfe gvsq I, rsv U gvsq V, yrxkp xjf 16xj dfrxyv} (Saqtwsr 1985: 110). Tjf rf{ pfxxfv 1 kw sczksywp} a zavkarx sr r are ws dsype cf wffr aw krdsvtsvaxkrh a ekadvkxkd xakp.
Dkadvkxkdw tvstfv, xjsyhj, avf wffr aw qavow axxadjfe xs a cawf pfxxfv. Ir xjkw wfrwf, m y 1 es rsx krzspzf ekadvkxkdw.
Tjf f|xfrwkzf ywf sg ekadvkxkdw xs wyttpfqfrx xjf Laxkr aptjacfx kr dawfw {jfvf kx
{aw wffr aw kraefuyaxf gsv xjf wsyrew sg sxjfv parhyahfw kw hfrfvapp} axxvkcyxfe xs xjf vfpkhksyw vfgsvqfv Jar Hyw (1369-1415), {js efzkwfe a vfgsvqfe svxjshvatj} gsv C~fdj krdsvtsvaxkrh 9addfrxfe: pfxxfvw wydj aw ˛ ¹ = > ?.
M swx ekadvkxkdw avf tpadfe acszf xjf cawf pfxxfv {kxj {jkdj xjf} avf awwsdkaxfe. A gf{, js{fzfv, avf tpadfe cfps{ kx (aw “) sv xjvsyhj kx (aw B).
1
Laxkr pfxxfvw dsqf kr ps{fv-dawf are yttfv-dawf zfvwksrw. Dkadvkxkdw dar cf a{o{ave
{kxj xjf paxxfv, are xjfvf kw a dsrzfrxksr kr Fvfrdj, gsv f|aqtpf, xjax yrefv wsqf dkvdyqwxardfw xjf ekadvkxkdw sg Ø, • fxd. qa} cf sqkxxfe.
Tjf tvkrdktap ekadvkxkdw avf aw gspps{w. Ar f|aqtpf kw hkzfr sg fadj, {kxj xjf raqf sg a parhyahf kr {jswf svxjshvatj} kx kw ywfe. Tjswf tpadfe szfv xjf cawf pfxxfv avf xjf adyxf (ô «, Starkwj), xjf hvazf (` ≈, Fvfrdj), xjf dkvdyqgpf| (J …, Fvfrdj), xjf davsr (sv j«˛fo, L ˛, C~fdj), xjf cvfzf (M Ô, Rsqarkar), xjf qadvsr (O Ï, Laxzkar), xjf esx (Q Ý, Lkxjyarkar), xjf ekfvfwkw (å Õ, Gfvqar), xjf xkpef (U À, Psvxyhyfwf), xjf esycpf adyxf (X Y, Hyrhavkar), xjf vkrh (Z œ, Darkwj), are xjf jsso ( \ ], Vkfxraqfwf).
Tjswf tpadfe xjvsyhj xjf cawf pfxxfv avf xjf wxvsof (/ „, Nsv{fhkar), are xjf cav (- š,
Cvsaxkar). Tjf jsvr ( b c, Vkfxraqfwf) kw axxadjfe apsrhwkef. Tjf tvkrdktap ekadvkxkdw tpadfe yrefv xjf cawf pfxxfv avf xjf dfekppa (ù “, Tyvokwj) are kxw zavkarx xjf dsqqa (,
e, Rsqarkar), xjf shsrfo (f Û, Pspkwj), are xjf esx (. h, Vkfxraqfwf). Fsv f|jaywxkzf pkwxkrhw sg xjf dsqckraxksrw sg aptjacfxkd pfxxfvw are ekadvkxkdw xs cf gsyre kr parhyahf svxjshvatjkfw, are {jax xjf} wxare gsv, wff W fppw (2001). Sff apws Tjf
Urkdsef Csrwsvxkyq (2003).
Tjf waqf ekadvkxkd qa} cf attpkfe xs zfv} ekggfvfrx tyvtswfw kr ekggfvfrx svxjshvatjkfw. Fsv f|aqtpf, xjf adyxf addfrx sr zs{fp pfxxfvw dar krekdaxf {sve wxvfww (Starkwj), zs{fp pfrhxj (C~fdj), zs{fp uyapkx} (Fvfrdj ‘), a ektjxjsrh
(Idfparekd «), jkhj xsrf (Vkfxraqfwf), sv vkwkrh xsrf (xjf Pkr}kr vsqark~axksr sg
Cjkrfwf). Ir Dyxdj kx wkhrapw fqtjawkw sv xjf wxvsrh gsvq sg a {sve (f.h. ‘‘r). Or dsrwsrarx pfxxfvw kx krekdaxfw tapaxapk~axksr (Pspkwj l). T}tshvatjkdapp}, xjf adyxf
2 addfrx wjsype tvstfvp} cf ax a wxfftfv arhpf kr Pspkwj xjar kr Fvfrdj sv Starkwj
(T{avesdj, 1999).
Euyapp}, xjf waqf tjsrfxkd uyapkx} qa} cf krekdaxfe c} a varhf sg ekggfvfrx ekadvkxkdw kr ekggfvfrx parhyahfw. Tjf tapaxsapzfspav [o] kw {vkxxfr ? (C~fdj fxd.), e
(Rsqarkar), q (Tyvokwj), r (Ewtfvarxs), are s (Ysvyca).
Tjf esx kw rsx a ekadvkxkd kr m rsv, ywyapp}, kr k. Ir Tyvokwj, js{fzfv, yresxxfe Iu are esxxfe vk avf xvfaxfe aw ekwxkrdx, wxarekrh gsv cado are gvsrx zs{fpw vfwtfdxkzfp}.
T{s sv qsvf ekadvkxkdw qa} cf dsqckrfe sr xjf waqf pfxxfv. Tjkw kw gvfuyfrx kr xjf svxjshvatj} sg Vkfxraqfwf, {jfvf kr w x y z {, gsv f|aqtpf, srf ekadvkxkd krekdaxfw xsrf, xjf sxjfv zs{fp uyapkx}.
Lfxxfvw cfavkrh ekadvkxkdw jazf ap{a}w tvfwfrxfe wsqfxjkrh sg a tvscpfq xs x}tshvatjfvw. Bsxj sr xjf {fc are kr tvkrx, dsqckrkrh a 9gpsaxkrh: srf-wk~f-gkxw-app ekadvkxkd {kxj a cawf pfxxfv xfrew xs hkzf yrwaxkwgadxsv} vfwypxw, wkrdf kx kw ekggkdypx xs tswkxksr xjf ekadvkxkd tvstfvp}. Ir xjf ea}w sg x}tf{vkxfvw, ekadvkxkdw (kg tvszkefe)
{fvf x}tkdapp} tyx sr 9efae: of}w, are xjf x}tkwx jae xs wxvkof gkvwx xjf ekadvkxkd are xjfr xjf cawf pfxxfv. Ns{aea}w, kr Urkdsef are xjfvfgsvf kr HTM L, xjf dsef gsv xjf ekadvkxkd qywx gspps{ xjf dsef gsv xjf cawf pfxxfv. Ig tswwkcpf, js{fzfv, tvfdsqtswfe
(vfae}-qaef) dsqckraxksrw avf rs{aea}w tvfgfvvfe. Tjf Urkdsef wxareave tvszkefw wftavaxf dsef tskrxw gsv apqswx app dsqckraxksrw ywfe kr parhyahf svxjshvatjkfw
(xjsyhj rsx rfdfwwavkp} gsv xjswf rffefe kr tjsrfxkd xvarwdvktxksr, tjkpspshkdap {svo, sv qaxjfqaxkdw, pshkd are tj}wkdw). Tjswf vfuykvfe gsv W fwxfvr Eyvstfar parhyahfw
3 (f.h. « “ ” Ÿ ‡ Á) avf xs cf gsyre kr xjf Laxkr-1 Syttpfqfrx cpsdo, U+ 00A0 xs
U+ 00FF. M swx sg xjswf rffefe gsv sxjfv Laxkr-pfxxfv svxjshvatjkfw (f.h. Ï ¸ ¹ ş Č … †
B Y ‡ ˆ ‰) avf kr xjf Laxkr E|xfrefe-A cpsdo, U+ 0100 xs U+ 017F. Vavksyw yrywyap dsqckraxksrw avf kr xjf Laxkr E|xfrefe-B cpsdo, U+ 0180 xs U+ 0236 (f.h. ‹ Œ • Ž
•) sv xjf Laxkr E|xfrefe Aeekxksrap cpsdo U+ 1E00 xs U+ 1EDE (f.h. • ‘ ’ “ ”).
Tjf psdapk~axksr sg dsqtyxfv wsgx{avf are jave{avf krdpyefw xjf tvszkwksr sg wtfdkap of}csavew (tj}wkdap sv zkvxyap) xs gadkpkxaxf addfww xs xjf ekadvkxkdw sv ekadvkxkd-pfxxfv dsqckraxksrw vfuykvfe kr psdap parhyahfw. W jfvf a efekdaxfe of}csave kw rsx azakpacpf, xjfwf wtfdkap djavadxfvw dar cf frxfvfe kr sxjfv {a}w, f.h. c} ywkrh ar attpkdaxksr wydj aw Cjavadxfv M at sv, kr xjf qswx vfdfrx zfvwksrw sg
W sve, c} x}tkrh xjf Urkdsef jf| dsef ryqcfv gspps{fe c} Apx-X.
References Apzfwxvare, H.T., 1995. 9Larhyahfw are djavadxfv wfxw:. Or xjf {fc ax
{{{.apzfwxvare.rs/kfxg/parh-djavw.x|x.
Ksvtfpa, J., r.e. 9A xyxsvkap sr djavadxfv dsef kwwyfw:. Or xjf {fc ax
{{{.dw.xyx.gk/Émosvtfpa/djavw.jxqp.
Saqtwsr, G., 1985. W vkxkrh S}wxfqw. Lsresr: Hyxdjkrwsr.
Tjf Urkdsef Csrwsvxkyq, 2003. Tjf Urkdsef Sxareave, Vfvwksr 4.0. Rfaekrh, M A:
Aeekwsr-W fwpf}. ISBN 0-321-18578-1. Apws sr xjf {fc ax
{{{.yrkdsef.svh.
T{avesdj, Aeaq, 1999. 9Pspkwj ekadvkxkdw: js{ xs?:. Or xjf {fc ax wxye{fc.fyz-
gvarogyvx-s.ef/x{avesdj/g/fr/x}ts/shsrfo
4 W fppw, J.C., 2001. 9Ovxjshvatjkd ekadvkxkdw:. Larhyahf tvscpfqw are parhyahf
tparrkrh 24, 3. Tjfvf kw a vfzkwfe are yteaxfe zfvwksr sr xjf {fc ax
{{{.tjsr.ydp.ad.yo/jsqf/{fppw/eka/ekadvkxkdw-vfzkwfe.jxq.
W sse, A., r.e. 9Csqckrkrh ekadvkxkdap qavow:. Or xjf {fc ax
{{{.apar{sse.rfx/yrkdsef/dsqckrkrh_ekadvkxkdap_qavow.jxqp.
W sse, A., r.e. 9Urkdsef djavadxfv varhfw are xjf Urkdsef gsrxw xjax wyttsvx xjfq:.
Or xjf {fc ax {{{.apar{sse.rfx/yrkdsef/gsrxwc}varhf.jxqp.
5
Microsoft keyboard localization. Layouts for Slovak, Maltese, Latvian and
Swedish-with-Sami, including precomposed letter-diacritic combinations. The
Latvian keyboard is shown with Shift and Alt-Gr depressed, the Swedish-Sami with
Alt-Gr depressed. (from www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/keyboards.aspx)
6
ABSTRACT Dkadvkxkdw avf ekwxkrhykwjkrh qavow axxadjfe xs pfxxfvw sg xjf aptjacfx, gsv f|aqtpf xjf adyxf addfrx sr xjf ‘ kr dag‘. M swx parhyahf svxjshvatjkfw ywkrh xjf Laxkr aptjacfx wyttpfqfrx kx kr xjkw {a}, ywkrh a zavkfx} sg qavow tpadfe szfv, xjvsyhj, cfwkef sv yrefv xjf cawf pfxxfv. Tjf Urkdsef wxareave gsv dsqtyxfvw tvszkefw gsv tvfdsqtswfe zfvwksrw sg qswx pfxxfv-ekadvkxkd dsqckraxksrw rffefe kr svxjshvatjkfw.
Lsdapk~fe of}csavew apps{ xjfq xs cf wkqtp} addfwwfe.
KEYWORDS svxjshvatj}, ekadvkxkd, addfrx, wtfppkrh, adyxf, hvazf, dkvdyqgpf|, davsr, j«˛fo, cvfzf, qadvsr, ekfvfwkw, xkpef, vkrh, jsso, wxvsof, cav, jsvr, dfekppa, dsqqa, shsrfo, esx,
Urkdsef
7