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BIBLIOGRAPHY N Most Diacritic Letters ( C, I, Ö, ˙ S, Etc.) Are
BIBLIOGRAPHY Notes Most diacritic letters (ˇc,ı, ö, s, etc.) are alphabetized as separate letters after ˙ the base letter. The abbreviation “ms. NAN KR” stands for “manuscript in the Archives of the National Center for Manasology and Artistic Culture of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic,” followed by the archival shelf number. In the Commentary and footnotes, the form of some of the bibliographic citations of mid-nineteenth century Kirghiz epics (recorded by Radlof from anonymous bards, published under separate headings in his Obraztsy/ Proben [1885], and re-edited by Hatto in The Manas of Wilhelm Radlof [1990]) is nearly identical to the citations of analytical articles on the texts that Hatto published in various journals. These are the references to the Radlovian epic texts, which were coincidentally published by Hatto in his re-edition: “Almambet, Er Kökˇcöand Ak-Erkeˇc”;“Birth of Manas”; “Birth of Semetey”; “Bok-Murun”; “Köz-Kaman”; and “Semetey.” Hatto’s articles are cited as: Hatto, “Almambet, Er Kökˇcöand Ak Erkeˇc”;Hatto, “Birth of Manas”; Hatto, “Köz-Kaman”; Hatto, “Semetey.” Listed below by language are references to the main bibliographic entries of the dictionaries, grammars, and other aids used, sometimes without citation, in the preparation of this edition: Arabic Baranov, Arabsko–russkii slovar’ Steingass, A Learner’s Arabic–English Dictionary Baˇskir Akhmerov, Bashkirsko–russkii slovar’ Chaghatay Budagov, Sravnitel’nyi slovar’ turetsko–tatarskikh narechii Shcherbak, Grammatika starouzbekskogo iazyka Radlov, Opyt/Versuch Eastern Turki Jarring, An Eastern Turki–English Dialect Dictionary (Uyghur) Nadzhip, Uigursko–russkii slovar’ Kalmyk Ramstedt, Kalmückisches Wörterbuch Kirghiz Batmanov, Sovremennyi kirgizskii iazyk Hu and Imart, A Kirghiz Reader Imart, Le kirghiz Iudakhin, Kirgizsko–russkii slovar’ ———, Russko–kirgizskii slovar’ 374 bibliography Kirghiz (cont.) Muqambaev, Qır ˙gıztilinin dialektologiyalıq sözdügü, vol. -
Vol. 123 Style Sheet
THE YALE LAW JOURNAL VOLUME 123 STYLE SHEET The Yale Law Journal follows The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation (19th ed. 2010) for citation form and the Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed. 2010) for stylistic matters not addressed by The Bluebook. For the rare situations in which neither of these works covers a particular stylistic matter, we refer to the Government Printing Office (GPO) Style Manual (30th ed. 2008). The Journal’s official reference dictionary is Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. The text of the dictionary is available at www.m-w.com. This Style Sheet codifies Journal-specific guidelines that take precedence over these sources. Rules 1-21 clarify and supplement the citation rules set out in The Bluebook. Rule 22 focuses on recurring matters of style. Rule 1 SR 1.1 String Citations in Textual Sentences 1.1.1 (a)—When parts of a string citation are grammatically integrated into a textual sentence in a footnote (as opposed to being citation clauses or citation sentences grammatically separate from the textual sentence): ● Use semicolons to separate the citations from one another; ● Use an “and” to separate the penultimate and last citations, even where there are only two citations; ● Use textual explanations instead of parenthetical explanations; and ● Do not italicize the signals or the “and.” For example: For further discussion of this issue, see, for example, State v. Gounagias, 153 P. 9, 15 (Wash. 1915), which describes provocation; State v. Stonehouse, 555 P. 772, 779 (Wash. 1907), which lists excuses; and WENDY BROWN & JOHN BLACK, STATES OF INJURY: POWER AND FREEDOM 34 (1995), which examines harm. -
Capitalization and Punctuation Rules
Capitalization and Punctuation Rules Capital Letters Always use a capital letter for… the first word of a sentence Thank you for the letter. the first word in a quotation She said, “ Today is beautiful.” the greeting and closing in a letter Dear John Sincerely, Sherry the names of days, months, and holidays Thursday November Thanksgiving people’s first and last names, their initials, and their titles Mrs. Smith and Phil were seen by Dr. Lee the word that names yourself - I My friend and I love horses. the names of streets, cities, and states Palm Avenue Mesa, Arizona the names of specific buildings and monuments Statue of Liberty Empire State Building the titles of stories, movies, TV shows, video games, etc. Night at the Museum Star Wars Quotation Marks Use quotation marks… before and after words that are spoken by someone “I love to read chapter books, ” said Sharon. around words that are being discussed or emphasized A man-made lake is called a “reservoir. ” newspaper articles, titles of poems, songs, short stories, etc “Hot and Cold ” by Katie Perry End Punctuation Use a period, a question mark, or an exclamation point… period – when you end a statement I like cookies . question mark – when you ask a question Do you like cookies ? exclamation point – when you have an excited or emotionally I absolutely love cookies ! charged statement Commas Always use a comma to separate… a city and a state Miami , Florida Mesa , Arizona the date from the year December 25 , 2009 April 15 , 2010 the greeting and closing of a letter Dear Jane , Sincerely , two adjectives that tell about the same noun Shawn is a clever , smart boy. -
Typing in Greek Sarah Abowitz Smith College Classics Department
Typing in Greek Sarah Abowitz Smith College Classics Department Windows 1. Down at the lower right corner of the screen, click the letters ENG, then select Language Preferences in the pop-up menu. If these letters are not present at the lower right corner of the screen, open Settings, click on Time & Language, then select Region & Language in the sidebar to get to the proper screen for step 2. 2. When this window opens, check if Ελληνικά/Greek is in the list of keyboards on your computer under Languages. If so, go to step 3. Otherwise, click Add A New Language. Clicking Add A New Language will take you to this window. Look for Ελληνικά/Greek and click it. When you click Ελληνικά/Greek, the language will be added and you will return to the previous screen. 3. Now that Ελληνικά is listed in your computer’s languages, click it and then click Options. 4. Click Add A Keyboard and add the Greek Polytonic option. If you started this tutorial without the pictured keyboard menu in step 1, it should be in the lower right corner of your screen now. 5. To start typing in Greek, click the letters ENG next to the clock in the lower right corner of the screen. Choose “Greek Polytonic keyboard” to start typing in greek, and click “US keyboard” again to go back to English. Mac 1. Click the apple button in the top left corner of your screen. From the drop-down menu, choose System Preferences. When the window below appears, click the “Keyboard” icon. -
How to Edit IPA 1 How to Use SAMPA for Editing IPA 2 How to Use X
version July 19 How to edit IPA When you want to enter the International Phonetic Association (IPA) character set with a computer keyboard, you need to know how to enter each IPA character with a sequence of keyboard strokes. This document describes a number of techniques. The complete SAMPA and RTR mapping can be found in the attached html documents. The main html document (ipa96.html) comes in a pdf-version (ipa96.pdf) too. 1 How to use SAMPA for editing IPA The Speech Assessment Method (SAM) Phonetic Alphabet has been developed by John Wells (http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa). The goal was to map 176 IPA characters into the range of 7-bit ASCII, which is a set of 96 characters. The principle is to represent a single IPA character by a single ASCII character. This table is an example for five vowels: Description IPA SAMPA script a ɑ A ae ligature æ { turned a ɐ 6 epsilon ɛ E schwa ə @ A visual represenation of a keyboard shows the mapping on screen. The source for the SAMPA mapping used is "Handbook of multimodal an spoken dialogue systems", D Gibbon, Kluwer Academic Publishers 2000. 2 How to use X-SAMPA for editing IPA The multi-character extension to SAMPA has also been developed by John Wells (http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/x-sampa.htm). The basic principle used is to form chains of ASCII characters, that represent a single IPA character, e.g. This table lists some examples Description IPA X-SAMPA beta β B small capital B ʙ B\ lower-case B b b lower-case P p p Phi ɸ p\ The X-SAMPA mapping is in preparation and will be included in the next release. -
A Collection of Mildly Interesting Facts About the Little Symbols We Communicate With
Ty p o g raph i c Factettes A collection of mildly interesting facts about the little symbols we communicate with. Helvetica The horizontal bars of a letter are almost always thinner than the vertical bars. Minion The font size is approximately the measurement from the lowest appearance of any letter to the highest. Most of the time. Seventy-two points equals one inch. Fridge256 point Cochin most of 50the point Zaphino time Letters with rounded bottoms don’t sit on the baseline, but slightly below it. Visually, they would appear too high if they rested on the same base as the squared letters. liceAdobe Caslon Bold UNITED KINGDOM UNITED STATES LOLITA LOLITA In Ancient Rome, scribes would abbreviate et (the latin word for and) into one letter. We still use that abbreviation, called the ampersand. The et is still very visible in some italic ampersands. The word ampersand comes from and-per-se-and. Strange. Adobe Garamond Regular Adobe Garamond Italic Trump Mediaval Italic Helvetica Light hat two letters ss w it cam gue e f can rom u . I Yo t h d. as n b ha e rt en ho a s ro n u e n t d it r fo w r s h a u n w ) d r e e m d a s n o r f e y t e t a e r b s , a b s u d t e d e e n m t i a ( n l d o b s o m a y r S e - d t w A i e t h h t t , h d e n a a s d r v e e p n t m a o f e e h m t e a k i i l . -
Appendix B Capitalization
Appendix B: Capitalization BACKGROUND: This instruction sheet provides capitalization guidelines for establishing genre/form terms. 1. Policy for established genre/form terms. Transcribe existing genre/form terms exactly as they appear in authority records, using capital letters as indicated. 2. Proper nouns and adjectives. Capitalize proper nouns and adjectives in genre/form terms and references regardless of whether they are in the initial position. Example: Feast of the Transfiguration music 3. Initial words. Capitalize the first word of a genre/form term or reference regardless of whether it is a proper word. Example: Melic poetry BT Lyric poetry 4. Capitalization according to reference sources. Capitalize any letter within a genre/form term that appears as such in reference sources. 5. Conjunctions, prepositions, and articles. Do not capitalize conjunctions, prepositions and the articles a, an, and the and their equivalents in other languages if they are not the first word in the authorized term, subdivision, or reference. Examples: Bop (Poetry) UF The bop (Poetry) Comedies of humours Exception: Capitalize The if it is the first word in a parenthetical qualifier. Genre/Form Terms Manual Appendix B Page 1 May 2021 Appendix B: Capitalization 6. Inverted UF references. Capitalize the word following a comma that would be in the initial position if the authorized reference were expressed as a phrase in direct word order. Examples: Census data UF Data, Census Radio actualities UF Actualities, Radio 7. Parenthetical qualifiers. Capitalize the first word in a parenthetical qualifier, as well as any proper nouns or adjectives within a parenthetical qualifier. Examples: Hornpipes (Music) Medical films (Motion pictures) 8. -
For the Annotation of Titlo Diacritic
Irina LOBJANIDZE Associate Professor Ilia State University Tbilisi, Georgia For the annotation of Titlo Diacritic Abstract: The paper describes different levels of annotation used in the Corpus of Modern, Middle and Old Georgian Texts. Aiming at building a new, extensive and representative tool for Georgian language the Corpus was compiled under the financial support of the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation and the Ilia State University (AR/266/1-31/13). In particular, the Corpus of Georgian language is envisaged as collecting a substantial amount of data needed for research. The scope and representativeness of texts included as well as free accessibility to it makes the corpus one of the most necessary tools for the study of different texts in Modern, Middle and Old Georgian (see, http://corpora.iliauni.edu.ge/). The corpus consists of different kind of texts, mainly: a) Manuscript- based publications; b) Reprints; c) Previously unpublished manuscripts and; d) Previously published manuscripts and covers Modern, Middle and Old Georgian. The paper presents the research area, the design and structure and applications related to the compilation of the corpus, in particular, different levels of annotation as meta-data, structural mark-up and linguistic annotation at word-level, especially, from the viewpoint of Titlo Diacritic. This paper is structured as follows: Section 1 includes background and research questions; Section 2 presents a methodological approach and briefly summarizes its theoretical prerequisites; Section 3 includes the findings and hypothesis, which refers generally to the differences between the annotation of Modern and Old Georgian texts; and Section 4 presents the answers to the research questions. -
Diacritics-ELL.Pdf
Diacritics J.C. Wells, University College London Dkadvkxkdw avf ekwxkrhykwjkrh qavow axxadjfe xs pfxxfvw sg xjf aptjacfx, gsv f|aqtpf xjf adyxf addfrx sr xjf ‘ kr dag‘. M swx parhyahf svxjshvatjkfw cawfe sr xjf Laxkr aptjacfx qaof wsqf ywf sg ekadvkxkdw, aw kreffe es xjswf cawfe sr sxjfv aptjacfxw are {vkxkrh w}wxfqw. Tjf gsdyw sg xjkw avxkdpf kw sr xjf vspf sg ekadvkxkdw kr xjf svxjshvatj} sg parhyahfw {vkxxfr {kxj xjf Laxkr aptjacfx. Ireffe, xjf svkhkr sg wsqf pfxxfvw xjax avf rs{ a wxareave tavx sg xjf aptjacfx pkfw kr xjf ywf sg ekadvkxkdw. Tjf pfxxfv G {aw krzfrxfe kr Rsqar xkqfw aw a zavkarx sg C, ekwxkrhykwjfe c} xjf dvswwcav sr xjf ytwxvsof. Tjf pfxxfv J {aw rsx ekwxkrhykwjfe gvsq I, rsv U gvsq V, yrxkp xjf 16xj dfrxyv} (Saqtwsr 1985: 110). Tjf rf{ pfxxfv 1 kw sczksywp} a zavkarx sr r are ws dsype cf wffr aw krdsvtsvaxkrh a ekadvkxkd xakp. Dkadvkxkdw tvstfv, xjsyhj, avf wffr aw qavow axxadjfe xs a cawf pfxxfv. Ir xjkw wfrwf, m y 1 es rsx krzspzf ekadvkxkdw. Tjf f|xfrwkzf ywf sg ekadvkxkdw xs wyttpfqfrx xjf Laxkr aptjacfx kr dawfw {jfvf kx {aw wffr aw kraefuyaxf gsv xjf wsyrew sg sxjfv parhyahfw kw hfrfvapp} axxvkcyxfe xs xjf vfpkhksyw vfgsvqfv Jar Hyw (1369-1415), {js efzkwfe a vfgsvqfe svxjshvatj} gsv C~fdj krdsvtsvaxkrh 9addfrxfe: pfxxfvw wydj aw ˛ ¹ = > ?. M swx ekadvkxkdw avf tpadfe acszf xjf cawf pfxxfv {kxj {jkdj xjf} avf awwsdkaxfe. A gf{, js{fzfv, avf tpadfe cfps{ kx (aw “) sv xjvsyhj kx (aw B). 1 Laxkr pfxxfvw dsqf kr ps{fv-dawf are yttfv-dawf zfvwksrw. -
Chapter 3. CAPITALIZATION RULES
3. CAPITALIZATION RULES (See also ‘‘Abbreviations and Letter Symbols’’ and ‘‘Capitalization Examples’’) 3.1. It is impossible to give rules that will cover every conceiv- able problem in capitalization; but by considering the purpose to be served and the underlying principles, it is possible to attain a con- siderable degree of uniformity. The list of approved forms given in chapter 4 will serve as a guide. Obviously such a list cannot be complete. The correct usage with respect to any term not included can be determined by analogy or by application of the rules. Proper names 3.2. Proper names are capitalized. Rome John Macadam Italy Brussels Macadam family Anglo-Saxon Derivatives of proper names 3.3. Derivatives of proper names used with a proper meaning are capitalized. Roman (of Rome) Johannean Italian 3.4. Derivatives of proper names used with acquired independ- ent common meaning, or no longer identified with such names, are set lowercased. Since this depends upon general and long-continued usage, a more definite and all-inclusive rule cannot be formulated in advance. roman (type) macadam (crushed italicize brussels sprouts rock) anglicize venetian blinds watt (electric unit) pasteurize plaster of paris Common nouns and adjectives in proper names 3.5. A common noun or adjective forming an essential part of a proper name is capitalized; the common noun used alone as a sub- stitute for the name of a place or thing is not capitalized. Massachusetts Avenue; the avenue Washington Monument; the monument Statue of Liberty; the statue Hoover -
Basque Style Guide
Basque Style Guide Published: June, 2017 Microsoft Basque Style Guide Contents 1 About this style guide ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Recommended style references .............................................................................................. 4 2 Microsoft voice ...................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Choices that reflect Microsoft voice ...................................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Word choice ........................................................................................................................... 6 2.1.2 Words and phrases to avoid ............................................................................................ 8 2.2 Sample Microsoft voice text ................................................................................................... 10 2.2.1 Address the user to take action .................................................................................... 10 2.2.2 Promote a feature .............................................................................................................. 10 2.2.3 Provide how-to guidelines .............................................................................................. 11 2.2.4 Explanatory text and support ....................................................................................... -
An Introduction to Indic Scripts
An Introduction to Indic Scripts Richard Ishida W3C [email protected] HTML version: http://www.w3.org/2002/Talks/09-ri-indic/indic-paper.html PDF version: http://www.w3.org/2002/Talks/09-ri-indic/indic-paper.pdf Introduction This paper provides an introduction to the major Indic scripts used on the Indian mainland. Those addressed in this paper include specifically Bengali, Devanagari, Gujarati, Gurmukhi, Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya, Tamil, and Telugu. I have used XHTML encoded in UTF-8 for the base version of this paper. Most of the XHTML file can be viewed if you are running Windows XP with all associated Indic font and rendering support, and the Arial Unicode MS font. For examples that require complex rendering in scripts not yet supported by this configuration, such as Bengali, Oriya, and Malayalam, I have used non- Unicode fonts supplied with Gamma's Unitype. To view all fonts as intended without the above you can view the PDF file whose URL is given above. Although the Indic scripts are often described as similar, there is a large amount of variation at the detailed implementation level. To provide a detailed account of how each Indic script implements particular features on a letter by letter basis would require too much time and space for the task at hand. Nevertheless, despite the detail variations, the basic mechanisms are to a large extent the same, and at the general level there is a great deal of similarity between these scripts. It is certainly possible to structure a discussion of the relevant features along the same lines for each of the scripts in the set.