Frequently Asked Questions Coins and Notes July 2020
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The Benchmark for Banknote Packaging in the High-Speed World
NotaPack®10 The Benchmark for Banknote Packaging in the High-Speed World www.gi-de.com/notapack10 2 NotaPack® 10 3 Concentrated packaging power NotaPack 10 is the leading banknote PHENOMENAL SECURITY MODULAR, COMPACT, FLEXIBLE FULLY AUTOMATIC – INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY – packaging system worldwide for cash Three main factors drive a high level With a high level of product modularity FULLY INTEGRATED INCREASED EFFICIENCY of security: First, intelligent features and optimum flexibility as a result of The G+D High-Speed World is character- NotaPack 10 packages up to 10 bundles centers and banknote printing works, that safeguard the unpackaged bank- over 30 different modules, NotaPack 10 ized by the perfect integration of every of 500 or 1,000 banknotes per minute – engineered in particular for the de- note bundle right up until it is fully can fulfill all key customer requirements. single element, so it is no surprise that quickly, reliably, and to a consistently manding requirements of the industry. shrink-wrapped. These include optical It also offers integration of up to five NotaPack 10 is designed for perfect high level of quality. The system’s energy It is the flawless packaging solution bundle inspection and advanced access BPS systems, and an extremely compact alignment and compatibility with BPS consumption is very low in comparison protection facilitated by continuous design that is suitable for very confined systems and G+D software. Thus, the to other systems. These considerations for the BPS M3, M5, M7, and X9 conveyor covers with locks and log file spaces (taking up floor space of just ideally alligned end-to-end process make the NotaPack 10 a highly efficient, High-Speed Systems, simultaneously writing (p. -
United States Legal Tender Presidential Coin Decree
United States Legal Tender Presidential Coin Decree Rubbly Griff litter wham while Whitman always grates his orthopraxies inherits seductively, he whistle so strategically. Cary is pantalooned and venturings apropos while shrubbier Willmott subintroduce and preamble. Vicious and suspect Jock deliberates his insulin trapanning knocks outdoors. Some good functioning as authorized means of the presidential decree of the kennedy half dollar The fact that the euro will not be representedby a corresponding note or coin of equal value until the introduction of euro notes and coins at the end ofthe transitional period is of no consequence. Silver coins the official money or the tender onto the United States. Here again any behavior by the United States thatdisrupts the smooth clean to EMU contemplated by the development of euro paymentsystems in replacement for national currency payment systems could be inconsistent with thesetreaty obligations. State declarations of select tender affect only involve monetary. Congress in all discretion. It legal tender. However, Maastricht Treaty the ECU will office be abolished but divine will become a currency while its ownright. For an optimal experience showcase our present on another browser. It was designed to provide the same currency, of a uniform legal excuse in trial the States. The law states that at least relevant in three issued dollars must snap a Sacagawea dollar. Supreme court did not a long as stated that when new rule. Such distinction between the united states to provide a crime here it has arisen since all market values index the presidential decree. The coins, largely unknown to the collector community, are called Smith counterfeits by cognoscenti. -
Ancient Greek Coins
Ancient Greek Coins Notes for teachers • Dolphin shaped coins. Late 6th to 5th century BC. These coins were minted in Olbia on the Black Sea coast of Ukraine. From the 8th century BC Greek cities began establishing colonies around the coast of the Black Sea. The mixture of Greek and native currencies resulted in a curious variety of monetary forms including these bronze dolphin shaped items of currency. • Silver stater. Aegina c 485 – 480 BC This coin shows a turtle symbolising the naval strength of Aegina and a punch mark In Athens a stater was valued at a tetradrachm (4 drachms) • Silver staterAspendus c 380 BC This shows wrestlers on one side and part of a horse and star on the other. The inscription gives the name of a city in Pamphylian. • Small silver half drachm. Heracles wearing a lionskin is shown on the obverse and Zeus seated, holding eagle and sceptre on the reverse. • Silver tetradrachm. Athens 450 – 400 BC. This coin design was very poular and shows the goddess Athena in a helmet and has her sacred bird the Owl and an olive sprig on the reverse. Coin values The Greeks didn’t write a value on their coins. Value was determined by the material the coins were made of and by weight. A gold coin was worth more than a silver coin which was worth more than a bronze one. A heavy coin would buy more than a light one. 12 chalkoi = 1 Obol 6 obols = 1 drachm 100 drachma = 1 mina 60 minas = 1 talent An unskilled worker, like someone who unloaded boats or dug ditches in Athens, would be paid about two obols a day. -
Ffontiau Cymraeg
This publication is available in other languages and formats on request. Mae'r cyhoeddiad hwn ar gael mewn ieithoedd a fformatau eraill ar gais. [email protected] www.caerphilly.gov.uk/equalities How to type Accented Characters This guidance document has been produced to provide practical help when typing letters or circulars, or when designing posters or flyers so that getting accents on various letters when typing is made easier. The guide should be used alongside the Council’s Guidance on Equalities in Designing and Printing. Please note this is for PCs only and will not work on Macs. Firstly, on your keyboard make sure the Num Lock is switched on, or the codes shown in this document won’t work (this button is found above the numeric keypad on the right of your keyboard). By pressing the ALT key (to the left of the space bar), holding it down and then entering a certain sequence of numbers on the numeric keypad, it's very easy to get almost any accented character you want. For example, to get the letter “ô”, press and hold the ALT key, type in the code 0 2 4 4, then release the ALT key. The number sequences shown from page 3 onwards work in most fonts in order to get an accent over “a, e, i, o, u”, the vowels in the English alphabet. In other languages, for example in French, the letter "c" can be accented and in Spanish, "n" can be accented too. Many other languages have accents on consonants as well as vowels. -
Money and the Sovereignty of the State
021(< $1'7+( 629(5(,*17<2)7+(67$7( Robert A. Mundell Columbia University ,1752'8&7,21 3$57,7<3(62)629(5(,*17< 3ROLF\6RYHUHLJQW\DQG/HJDO6RYHUHLJQW\ 7KH6RYHUHLJQW\,VVXH (DUO\&RQFHSWVRI0RQHWDU\6RYHUHLJQW\ 7KH&DVHRIWKH0L[HG0RQH\V 3$57,,$0(5,&$1(;3(5,(1&( /DZIXO0RQH\LQ&RORQLDO$PHULFD 6SOLW0RQHWDU\6RYHUHLJQW\ 7KH*UHDW/HJDO7HQGHU&RQWURYHUV\ 'HYDOXDWLRQDQGWKH*ROG&ODXVH 3$57,,,629(5(,*17<$1'021(7$5<81,216 7\SHVRI&XUUHQF\$UHDV 7KUHH$SSURDFKHVWR0RQHWDU\8QLRQ $Q$OWHUQDWLYH$SSURDFKWR0RQHWDU\8QLRQ $)LQDO&RPPHQW Paper prepared for the International Economic Association Conference in Trento, September 4-7, 1997. ,1752'8&7,21 Monetary integration involves a consideration of two quite different types or dimensions of sovereignty. One is “policy sovereignty” and the other, “legal sovereignty.” Policy sovereignty refers to the ability to conduct policy independent of commitments to other countries. Legal sovereignty refers to the ability of a state to make its own laws without limitations imposed by any outside authority. Both concepts need to be considered in plans for monetary unions. What are the implications of a change in legal sovereignty when the national currencies of some of the oldest states in the world abandon national sovereignty, and what will they receive in exchange? In the middle of the last century, Johns Stuart Mill recognized but deplored the sentiment that made nations so attached to their own currencies: “So much of barbarism still remains in the transactions of the most civilized nations, that almost all independent countries choose to assert their nationality by having, to their own inconvenience and that of their neighbours, a peculiar currency of their own.”1 Has the world--or Europe--changed to such an extent that the national populations are now prepared to scrap those hallmarks of sovereignty that have existed for thousands of years? What is the nature of the sentiment that makes national currencies so difficult to give up? Some idea of this can be got from British or English history, whose currency goes back at least thirteen centuries. -
Ated in Specific Areas of Spain and Measures to Control The
No L 352/ 112 Official Journal of the European Communities 31 . 12. 94 COMMISSION DECISION of 21 December 1994 derogating from prohibitions relating to African swine fever for certain areas in Spain and repealing Council Decision 89/21/EEC (94/887/EC) THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, contamination or recontamination of pig holdings situ ated in specific areas of Spain and measures to control the movement of pigs and pigmeat from special areas ; like Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European wise it is necessary to recognize the measures put in place Community, by the Spanish authorities ; Having regard to Council Directive 64/432/EEC of 26 June 1964 on animal health problems affecting intra Community trade in bovine animals and swine (') as last Whereas it is the objective within the eradication amended by Directive 94/42/EC (2) ; and in particular programme adopted by Commission Decision 94/879/EC Article 9a thereof, of 21 December 1994 approving the programme for the eradication and surveillance of African swine fever presented by Spain and fixing the level of the Commu Having regard to Council Directive 72/461 /EEC of 12 nity financial contribution (9) to eliminate African swine December 1972 on animal health problems affecting fever from the remaining infected areas of Spain ; intra-Community trade in fresh meat (3) as last amended by Directive 92/ 1 18/EEC (4) and in particular Article 8a thereof, Whereas a semi-extensive pig husbandry system is used in certain parts of Spain and named 'montanera' ; whereas -
GAO-14-110, Highlights, U.S. CURRENCY: Coin Inventory
October 2013 U.S. CURRENCY Coin Inventory Management Needs Better Performance Information Highlights of GAO-14-110, a report to congressional requesters Why GAO Did This Study What GAO Found Efficiently managing the circulating In 2009, the Federal Reserve centralized coin management across the 12 coin inventory helps ensure that Reserve Banks, established national inventory targets to track and measure the enough coins are available to meet coin inventory, and in 2011 established a contract with armored carriers that public demand while avoiding store Reserve Bank coins in their facilities. However, according to Federal unnecessary production and storage Reserve data, from 2008 to 2012, total annual Reserve Bank coin management costs. The Federal Reserve fulfills the costs increased by 69 percent and at individual Reserve Banks increased at coin demand of the nation’s depository rates ranging from 36 percent to 116 percent. The Federal Reserve’s current institutions (e.g., commercial banks strategic plan calls for using financial resources efficiently and effectively and and credit unions) by managing monitoring costs to improve cost-effectiveness. However, the agency does not Reserve Bank inventory and ordering monitor coin management costs by each Reserve Bank—instead focusing on new coins from the U.S. Mint. GAO was asked to review this approach. combined national coin and note costs—thus missing potential opportunities to This report examines (1) how the improve the cost-effectiveness of coin-related operations across Reserve Banks. Federal Reserve manages the circulating coin inventory and the In managing the circulating coin inventory, the Federal Reserve followed two of related costs, (2) the extent to which five key practices GAO identified and partially followed three. -
Legal Tender: Towards Government Backing of Electronic Currency
Legal Tender: Towards Government Backing of Electronic Currency Jon Neuleib INTRODUCTION If it is true that money makes the world go around, does the world spin faster when money can circle the globe in a fraction of a second? “Money” itself comes in multiple such as coins or paper, negotiable bonds, and now bits of data residing on computer servers or pulses of light flowing through a fiber optic network . Changes in currency are causing ripple effects in everything from crime to the stability of governments.[1] One of the most significant challenges will come from the move to electronic currency. Electronic currency is the attempt to create an electronic and networked system “modeled after our paper money system.”[2] This note will explore the nature of electronic currency and the challenges it presents for lawmakers. Electronic currency has economic advantages, but it also has disadvantages including the risks of increased money laundering, fraud and more difficult enforcement actions for governments. Electronic currency combines aspects of traditional tangible currency, like paper and coins, with the technological advancements of debit cards and electronic networks. From traditional currency come the aspects of anonymity and ease of use. From the more technologically advanced side come lightning fast transfers and limitless size. This note is not simply an examination of electronic currency, however. It argues for national backing of electronic currency by the United States government. To examine the plausibility and advantages of this approach it will be necessary to look at currency in the context of legal, technological and political changes. Part One is an overview of the changing nature of currency as new technologies interact with money. -
Part 1: Introduction to The
PREVIEW OF THE IPA HANDBOOK Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet PARTI Introduction to the IPA 1. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? The aim of the International Phonetic Association is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. For both these it is necessary to have a consistent way of representing the sounds of language in written form. From its foundation in 1886 the Association has been concerned to develop a system of notation which would be convenient to use, but comprehensive enough to cope with the wide variety of sounds found in the languages of the world; and to encourage the use of thjs notation as widely as possible among those concerned with language. The system is generally known as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Both the Association and its Alphabet are widely referred to by the abbreviation IPA, but here 'IPA' will be used only for the Alphabet. The IPA is based on the Roman alphabet, which has the advantage of being widely familiar, but also includes letters and additional symbols from a variety of other sources. These additions are necessary because the variety of sounds in languages is much greater than the number of letters in the Roman alphabet. The use of sequences of phonetic symbols to represent speech is known as transcription. The IPA can be used for many different purposes. For instance, it can be used as a way to show pronunciation in a dictionary, to record a language in linguistic fieldwork, to form the basis of a writing system for a language, or to annotate acoustic and other displays in the analysis of speech. -
Typing in Greek Sarah Abowitz Smith College Classics Department
Typing in Greek Sarah Abowitz Smith College Classics Department Windows 1. Down at the lower right corner of the screen, click the letters ENG, then select Language Preferences in the pop-up menu. If these letters are not present at the lower right corner of the screen, open Settings, click on Time & Language, then select Region & Language in the sidebar to get to the proper screen for step 2. 2. When this window opens, check if Ελληνικά/Greek is in the list of keyboards on your computer under Languages. If so, go to step 3. Otherwise, click Add A New Language. Clicking Add A New Language will take you to this window. Look for Ελληνικά/Greek and click it. When you click Ελληνικά/Greek, the language will be added and you will return to the previous screen. 3. Now that Ελληνικά is listed in your computer’s languages, click it and then click Options. 4. Click Add A Keyboard and add the Greek Polytonic option. If you started this tutorial without the pictured keyboard menu in step 1, it should be in the lower right corner of your screen now. 5. To start typing in Greek, click the letters ENG next to the clock in the lower right corner of the screen. Choose “Greek Polytonic keyboard” to start typing in greek, and click “US keyboard” again to go back to English. Mac 1. Click the apple button in the top left corner of your screen. From the drop-down menu, choose System Preferences. When the window below appears, click the “Keyboard” icon. -
Malolos-Clark Railway Project – Tranche 1 Volume I
Environmental Monitoring Report Semi-annual Environmental Monitoring Report No. 1 March 2020 PHI: Malolos-Clark Railway Project – Tranche 1 Volume I September 2019 – March 2020 Prepared by the Project Management Office (PMO) of the Department of Transportation (DOTr) for the Government of the Republic of the Philippines and the Asian Development Bank. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 30 March 2020) Currency unit – Philippine Peso (PHP) PHP1.00 = $0.02 $1.00 = PHP50.96 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank BMB – Biodiversity Management Bureau Brgy – Barangay CCA – Climate Change Adaptation CCC – Climate Change Commission CDC – Clark Development Corporation CEMP – Contractor’s Environmental Management Plan CENRO – City/Community Environment and Natural Resources Office CIA – Clark International Airport CIAC – Clark International Airport Corporation CLLEx – Central Luzon Link Expressway CLUP – Comprehensive Land Use Plan CMR – Compliance Monitoring Report CMVR – Compliance Monitoring and Validation Report CNO – Certificate of No Objection CPDO – City Planning and Development Office DAO – DENR Administrative Order DD / DED – Detailed Design Stage / Detailed Engineering Design Stage DENR – Department of Environment and Natural Resources DepEd – Department of Education DIA – Direct Impact Area DILG – Department of Interior and Local Government DOH – Department of Health DOST – Department of Science and Technology DOTr – Department of Transportation DPWH – Department of Public Works and Highways DSWD – Department of Social Welfare and Development -
MONEY, MARKETS, and DEMOCRACY
MONEY, MARKETS, and DEMOCRACY POLITICALLY SKEWED FINANCIAL MARKETS and HOW TO FIX THEM GEORGE BRAGUES Money, Markets, and Democracy George Bragues Money, Markets, and Democracy Politically Skewed Financial Markets and How to Fix Them George Bragues University of Guelph-Humber Toronto , Ontario , Canada ISBN 978-1-137-56939-4 ISBN 978-1-137-56940-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-56940-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016955852 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the pub- lisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.