New Additions to ABC's Herbal Education Catalog

NEW PHARMACY CE MODULE

POPULAR HERBS IN Popul.tr l lcrbs m the US ~tarkc 1 THE U. S. MARKET: MIRACLE CURES by Jean THE GREEN PHARMACY THERAPEUTIC Carper. 1997. Documents the by James A. Duke. 1997. A-Z MONOGRAPHS by Mark latest findings from leading entries that include mare than Blumenthal and Chance scientific institutions, research 120 health conditions and Riggins. 1997. Continuing centers and major scores of natural remedies that education course for international scientific can replace or enhance costly pharmacists covering 26 journals, along with first­ pharmaceuticals. Up -to-date herbs popular in the mass person medically verified information and traditional folk market and pharmacies. accounts of people who have remedies in an authoritative, Includes proper use, safety, successfully cured themselves entertaining format . Hardcover, dosage and related the rapeutic information. Passing with natural medicines. 507 pp. $29.95. #B281 grade on test earns two hours of continuing Hardcover, 308 pp. $25. education credit. $15. #8 421 #8280

PHYTOTHERAPYIN Heinz Sc:blldter HERB PAEDIATRICS HERB AUSTRALIAN TEA TREE OIL by Heinz ~ Pln1otltergv Schilcher. 1997. As only some of CONTRAINDICATIONS AND GUIDE by Cynthia Olsen. 1997. AND DRUG DRUG INTERAOIONS 3rd edition. Contains up-to-date in Paedimia the many diseases of infants and INTERACTIONS young children can be treated by by by Francis Brinker, N.D. 1997. clinical research into tea tree oil's Handbooltlor phytotherapy, th is book is Francis Brinker, Information on 181 traditional effectiveness against conditions --- intended as an addition to N.D. therapeutic herbs explaining including acne, herpes, candida, synthetic drug therapy rather documented contraindications bleeding gums and more. than as an alternative. Includes and drug interactions. Includes history, harvesting and 14 indications for external Appendices identify even more production, use with animals, applications and 30 for internal herbs as they affect certain conditions and products and case studies. use. Softcover, 181 pp. $35. medicines. Softcover, 148 pp. $14.95. #8 282 Softcover, ll 0 pp. $7.95. #8283 #B279

ALOE VERA: A SCIENTIFIC THE ORIGINS OF HUMAN WILD PLANTS AND NATIVE APPROACH by Robert Davis. DIET AND MEDICINE by PEOPLES OF THE FOUR 1997. The first scholarly Timothy Johns. 1990. Considers CORNERS by William Dunmire explanation of how aloe works. the evoluti on of the human use and Gail Tierney. 1997. Profiles Demonstrates the relationship of plants, the ways in which of more than fifty individual between the polysaccharide and humans obtain foods from plant species that have important surrounding active components. among the myriad poisonous cultural associations and are Meticulously researched and and unpalatable plants in the relatively easy to find growing in illustrated by dear, illuminating environment, and the the Four Corners region. charts. Hardcover, 320 pp. consequences of th is history for Illustrations and descriptions $21 .95. #8 284 understanding the basis of the human diet. make identification easy. Amultitude of uses is Softcover, 356 pp. $19.95. #8285 covered. Softcover, 312 pp. $22.50. #8286

STRESS AND NATURAL OF PEOPLE AND PLANTS by TOADS AND TOADSTOOLS HEALING by Christopher Hobbs. Maurice Messegue. 199l.A by Adr ian Morgan. 1995. 1997. Addresses the workings of combination of colorful Compendium of art history, the nervous system, the ways anecdotes from the life of cultural anthropology, that stress affects it, and the France's most renowned pharmacology, herpetology, potential health problems that herbalist. Detailed information mycology, ethnology, history, can result. Natural ways to about the use of specific plants and religion concerning the promote relaxation by using in treating a wide variety of curious connection between a proven dietary and herbal ailments. Comprehensive fungus and an amphibian . programs, as well as visualiza- appendices describe prepara- Highly detailed calor drawings throughout. tion, conscious breathing, meditation, and exercise, tions and provide recommendations for use of Softcover, 208 pp. $24.95 . #8296 are explored. Softcover, 240 pp. $16.95 . #8 287 plants for optimal health . Softcover, 328 pp. $12.95 .#8 288 2 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 MEDICINAL PLANTS: CAN UTILIZATION AND THE SACRED MUSHROOM THE CHEMISTRY OF MIND­ CONSERVATION COEXIST? SEEKER Ed. by Thomas ALTERING DRUGS: by J. Sheldon, M. Bolick, and S. Riedlinger. 1990. Tributes to R. HISTORY, PHARMACOLOGY, Laird. 1997. Examines the cases Gordon Wasson, trailblazing AND CULTURAL CONTEXT by of several plant species valued in ethnobotonist who brought Daniel Perrine. 1996. Arigorous , traditional and contemporary increased scholarly attention to scientifically objective, and medicine, and the ramifications of the importance of psychoactive thoroughly documented their over-harvesting. Explores plants in the spiritual life of exposition of acute pharmaco­ the impact of discovery and indigenous peoples and had a logical and psychological effects utilization of these and other medicinal plants by profound influence well beyond of nearly every known substance that affects human the herbal and pharmaceutical industries, and the academic world. Essays by many of the most consciousness. Provi des on accessible explanation of drug­ makes recommendations for using these resources distinguished names in the fields of ethno­ receptor interaction and organic chemical structures, as well wisely. Softcover, 104 pp. $14.50. #B289 botony, comparative religion, and anthropology. as descriptions of the discovery, isolation and syntheses of Softcover, 283 pp. $24.95. #8294 the chemical substances respon si ble for drug activity. Softcover, 480 pp. $39.95 . #8292

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF A HAWAIIAN INTERNATIONAL SYMPO­ AYURVEDIC AND CHINESE FLORILEGIUM: BOTANICAL SIUM ON MEDICINAL AND HERBS by Kerry Bone. 1996. PORTRAITS FROM AROMATIC PLANTS Ed. by L. Provides comprehensive PARADISE Illustrated by Mary E. Croker, L. Nolan and K. Shelly. monographs on important Grierson, text by Peter Green . 1995. 72 papers on bioactive Ayurvedic and Chinese herbs in o 1996. Contains 43 watercolors plants and plant products, form suited to practitioners of depicting native plants of Hawaii pharmaceutical interests, western herbal medicine. The as well as Polynesian and improving food quality, growth monographs emphasize the Iorge modern introduced plants now and environmental stress, body of pharmacological and clinical information prevalent in the islands. Text covers the ethnobotony ond medicinal and aromatic plant molecular biology, and now available for the 32 plants covered. Softcover, legends of the early Hawaiians, taxonomic research ~f . herb production. Softcover, 669 pp. 5116. #8 293 152 pp. $30. #8291 botanists and the history that brought such on mcred1ble m1x of species to the islands. Hardcover, 102 pp. 545. #B295

FLORA OF NORTH GINKGO BILOBA - A MEDICINAL PLANTS OF AMERICA VOLUME 3. GLOBAL TREASURE T. KASHMIR AND LADAKH by Ed. by Ed. by Floro of North America M. K. Koul. 1997. Comprehen­ Hori et of. 1997. Latest findings Editorial Commillee. 1997. sive information on 111 selected of research on o brood range of Provides identification keys, medicinal plants occurring in the topics that include cell biology, summaries of habitats and biochemistry, morphology, temperate and cold arid regions geograph ic ranges, distribution paleobotany, environmental of the Himalayas. Includes a mops, pertinent synonymies, chapter on traditional engineering and cultural history, descriptions, chromosome as well as possible applications in numbers, phenological information, and other knowledge of healing properties in 291 plants used ethnomedicinolly. 69 color chemistry and medicine. significant biological observations for each species photos. Hardcover, 173 pp. $40. #8290 Extensive bibliography. covered. Hardcover, 616 pp. $85. #80388 Hardcover, 427 pp. $99. #8297

CLINICAL CLINICAL AROMATHERAPY BEAT DEPRESSION WITH ST. But wait ... there's morel AROMATIIERAPY IN NURSING by Jane Buckle. Beat JOHN'S WORT by Steven See the Catalog in the center of this issue for 1997. Contains on in-de pth Brotman. 1997. Easily readable clinical section dealing with the Depression over 300 books, videos, software and other ---wllh-- yet solidly researched, and based management of common on the experiences of his patients publications related to herbs and their uses. problems such as infection and St. John's as well os the results of clinical pain, giving examples of which studies worldwide, Dr. Brotman To order any of these books, IN NURSING oils might be used in treatment. Wort explains what St. John's Wort is credit card holders call toll-free 800/373-7105 ., Illustrates the application of or fax your order 512/331-1924. JAN£ WCI(l.£ f I I '""""'- " and how it works, its record of oromotheropy in speci ic cinica success without dangerous side specialties. Cites more than 700 references. effects how to determine if it may be effective for you, and Visit our web site: www.herbalgram.org Softcover, 289 pp. $39.95. #B298 where 'to buy it and what to look for on the Iobei. Softcover, ABC is o non·profit education and research organization. 212 pp. $12. #B299 Proceeds from book soles are used lor educational projects.

HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 3 ADVISORY BOARDS Each issue of Herba/Gram is peer reviewed by various members of our Advisory Boards prior to publication.

American Botanical Council Herb Research Dennis V. C. Awang, Ph.D., F.C.I.C., MediPiont Natural Gail B. Mahady, Ph.D., Research Assistant Professor, Products Consul~ng Services, Ottowa, Ontario, Canada Deportment of Medical Chemistry &Pharmacognosy , College of Foundation Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois Manuel F. Balandrin, R.Ph., Ph.D., Research Scien~st, NPS Rob McCaleb, President Phormoceu~col s, Salt Lake City, Utah Robin J. Maries, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Botany, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada Michael J. Bolick, Ph.D., Director of the lns~tute of Economic Glenn Appelt, Ph.D., R.Ph., Author and Professor Botany, the New Yo rkBotanical Gorden, Bronx, New York Dennis J. McKenna, Ph.D., Consulting Ethnophorrnocologist, Emeritus, University of Co lorado, and with Boulder Beach Minneapolis, Minnesota Joseph M. Betz, Ph.D., Research Chemist, Center for Food Consulting Group Safety and Applied Nutri~on, Division of Natural Products, Food Daniel E. Moerman, Ph.D., William E. Stirton Professor of and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. Anthropology, University of Michigan/ Dearborn, Dearborn, John A. Beutler, Ph.D., Natural Products Chemist, Michigan Notional Cancer In stitute Donald J. Brown, N.D., Director, Natural Products Research Consultants; Faculty, Bastyr University, Seattle, Washington Samuel W. Page, Ph.D., Director, Divisionof Natural Products, Robert A. Bye, Jr., Ph.D., Professor of Ethnobotony, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Notional University of Mexico Thomas J. Carlson, M.S., M.D., Senior Director, Administration, Washington, D.C. Ethnobiomedicol Field Research, Shaman Pharmaceuticals, South Subhuti Dharmananda, Ph.D., Director, Institute for Son Francisco, California Joseph E. Pizzomo, Jr., N.D., President, Bastyr University, Traditional Medicine and Preventive Health Core Seattle, Washington Jean Carper, Author and synd icated columnist, Washington, D.C. James A. Duke, Ph.D., Economic Botanist (U.S.D.A., Mark J. Plotkin, Ph.D., Author, Executive Director, Ethnobotony ret.), author, Herbal Vineyard, Fulton, Maryland Jerry (ott, Ph.D., Chief of Phormocologicol Treatment Research and Conservation Team, Arlington, Virginia Program, Notional institute of Mental Health, Rockville, Maryland Norman R. Farnsworth, Ph.D., Research Professor of Eloy Rodriguez, Ph.D., James Perkins Professorof Paul Alan Cox, Ph.D., Professor of Botany and Dean of General Pharmacognosy, Program for Collaborative Research in the Education and Honors, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah Environmental Studies, Schoolof Agriculture &Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Senior University Scholar, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Un iversity of Ill inois at Chicago Lyle E. Craker, Ph.D., Professor, Deportment of Plant and Soil James E. Simon, Ph.D., Professor of Horticu lture and Research Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts Richard I. Ford, Ph.D., Professor of Ethnobotany, Director, Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University of Michigan Edward M. Croom, Jr., Ph.D., Coordinator, Phytornedicine University, West Lafayette, Indiana David Kroll, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Pharmacology Project, Notional Center for the Development of Natural Products, Beryl Simpson, Ph.D., C.l.lundell Professor of Botany, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi and Toxicology, University of Colorado, School of Deportment of Botany, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas Pharmacy Wade Davis, Ph.D., Author, ethnobotonist, Washi ngton, D.C. S. H. Sohmer, Ph.D., President and Director, Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth, Texas Harriet Kuhnlein, Ph.D., Professor of Nutrition, Steven Dentali, Ph.D., Natural Products Consultant, McGill University Portland, Oregon Barbara N. Timmermann, Ph.D., Professor of Pharmacology Hardy Eshbaugh, Ph.D., Professor of Botany & Assistant &To xicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Albert Leung, Ph.D., Pharmacognosist and Pharmacist, Curator, Willard Sherman Turrell Herbarium, Miami University, Arizona Glen Rock, New Jersey Oxford, Ohio G. H. Neil Towers, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, F.R.S. C., Botany Walter Lewis, Ph.D., Professor of Biology, Washington Steven Foster, Botanist, photographer, author, Fayetteville, Deportment, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British University, and Senior Botanist, Missouri Botanical Arkansas Columbia, Canada Gardens Christopher Hobbs, LAc., AHG, Herbalist, botanist, licensed Arthur 0. Tucker, Ph.D., Research Professor of Agriculture and Ara Der Marderosian, Ph.D., Professor of acupuncturist, Santo Cruz, California Natural Resources, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware Pharmacognosy, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science David HoHmann, B. Sc., M.N.I.M.H., Medical herbalist, Nancy Turner, Ph.D., Professor and Ethnobotonist, Santo Rosa, California EnvironmentalStudies Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, James D. McChesney, Ph.D., Vice President, Natural British Columbia, Canada Maurice M. lwu, Ph.D., Bioresources Development and Products Chemistry, No Pro Bio Therapeutics, Boulder, Conservation Program, Senior Research Associate at the Division Andrew T. Weil, M.D., Author, Director of the Program in Colorado of Experimental Therapeutics, Wolter Reed Army Institute of lntegro~ve Medicine and Associate Director of the Division of C. Dwayne Ogzewalla, Ph.D., Retired Professor of Research, Washington, D.C. Social Perspectives in Medicine of the College of Medicine, Pharmacognosy, University of Cincinnati University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Steven King, Ph.D., Senior Vice President of Ethnobotony and Robert Rountree, M.D., Physician, Boulder, Colorado Conservation, Shaman Phormoceu~cols , South Son Francisco, ad hoc advisor: California David M. Eisenberg, M.D., Director, Center for Alternative E. John Staba, Ph.D., Professor of Pharmacognosy, Fredi Kronenberg, Ph.D., Director, Rosenthal Center for Medicine Research, Beth Israel Hospito ljHorvord Medical University of Minnesota Alternative/Comp lementary Medicine, College of Physicians & School, Boston, Massachusetts Varro E. Tyler, Ph.D., Dean and Distinguished Professor Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York of Pharmacognosy Emeritus, School of Pharmacy and Tom Mabry, Ph.D., Professor of Plant Biochemistry, Deportment Pharmaceutical Sciences, Purdue University of Botany, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas Phil Weber, M.D., Physician, Boulder, Colorado Andrew T. Weil, M.D., Author, Director of the Program in Integrative Medicine and Associate Director of the Division of Social Perspectives in Medicine of the College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona

4 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 Educating the Public on the Use of Herbs and Phytomedicines DEAR READER Mark Blumenthal, Executive Director One result of the explosive growth of herbal medicine James A. Duke, Ph.D., Economic Botanist (USDA, ret.) into American's mainstream health care in the last few months lvv\ERICAN Author, Fulton, Maryland is the near front page news surrounding the "discovery" by BoTiNICAL Americans that St. John's Wort (SJW) has been shown to be COUNCIL Norman R. Farnsworth, Ph.D., Research Professor of safe and effective to treat cases of mild to moderate depres­ Pharmacognosy, Program for Collaborative Research in the sion. Since this announcement, supplies of SJW have run un­ Board of derstandably tight, if not totally unavailable in some areas. SJW Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illi nois at Chicago offers an excellent example of how the burgeoning herb mar­ Trustees ket for medicinal plants in the U. S. and worldwide can put Vorro E. Tyler, Ph.D., Sc.D., Dean and Distinguished Professor strains on usual sources of supply-at lea t in the short run. of Pharmacognosy Emeritus, School of Pharmacy and Fortunately, SJW is a renewable resource, is easily harvested Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pu rd ue University from the wild, and lends itself to commercial cultivation. In fact, some enterprising growers have already planted large fields of the herb. However, some medicinal plants are still harvested pri­ HERBAIGRAM marily from the wild and if it is the root that is the desired part The Journal of the American Botanical Council and the Herb Research Foundation for medicine, then the plant, once dug up, is not sustainable. Such is the case with goldenseal. For years now, environmen­ Mark Blumenthal Editor /Publisher talists, botanists, herbalists, and members of the herb industry Barbaro A. Johnston Managing Editor have become increasingly concerned about the dwindling popu­ Rob McCaleb Technical Editor lation of native wild goldenseal, a plant harvested for medical use in the United States for at least 200 years. This summer, Ginger Hudson-Moffei Art Director the Convention and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of­ Steven Foster Associate Editor ficially voted to place goldenseal on Appendix II status, i.e. , it Downelle Malone Editorial Assistant is now a threatened species. This is one step closer to being Ginger Webb Staff Writer classed as an "endangered" species. In this issue, we present the report by Joy Bannerman regarding this process and the current status of wild goldenseal, a plant indigenous to Eastern Contributing Editors North America. Dennis V. C. Awong, Ph.D. Peter Landes We also present an in-depth report on the Commission Wayne Armstrong Evelyn Leigh for Dietary Supplement Labels, a presidential commission cre­ Koren Dean AlbertY. Leung, Ph.D. ated by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act James A. Duke, Ph.D. Aro Der Morderosion, Ph .D. (DSHEA) to review herbs and other dietary supplement and make policy recommendations to the president, Congress, and Norman R. Farnsworth, Ph .D. Ann Tarleton, Ph .D. the Department of Health and Human Services. Rob McCaleb, Christopher Hobbs Vorro E. Tyler, Ph.D. (President of the Herb Research Foundation and a member of Steven R. King, Ph .D. Andrew T. Weil, M.D . the Commission) and I have presented an overview of the commission's new report which, among other things, recom­ mends that, in addition to their status as dietary supplements, Subscription I Classified Advertising Manager FDA consider and review some herbs for their therapeutic ac­ Margaret Wright tivities under the Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drug Review. Woli Stopher Copy Editor Professor Varro Tyler has contributed a critical editorial Koren Newton Editorial Assistant on some of the "botanical blooper " FDA has committed over the past 20 years and still, in his opinion, continues to make. Chief Administrative Officer In this issue, we also present a fascinating account by Wayne Silverman, Ph .D. Dr. Bruce Barrett of the rich flora and cultural diversity of Nicaragua's Atlantic coast and the ethnobotanical use of 200 Lindo Prudhomme Receptionist herbal medicines. In Nicaragua attempts were made by the Vickie Adams Administration government to integrate "popular medicine" into conventional Joni McClain Distribution health care. Cecelia Thompson Accountant Regarding the economic impact of herbs versus conven­ Gayle Engels Sales Coordinator tional pharmaceuticals, Dr. Larry Kincheloe writes of his use Lauren Krzywonski Sales of leading phytomedicines within an HMO and the ensuing George Solis Shipping savings-a portent of the future of herbs in modem medicine. Finally, our graphic feature shows some of the beautiful H ERBAJGRAM is published quarterl y by the American Botanical Counc il paintings of British botanical artist Margaret Stones, who made and the Herb Research Foundation as an educati onal project. Both are freq uent trips to Louisiana. Her collected works have been non-profit research and education organi zations under IRS code 50 I ( c )(3). published in the Flora of Louisiana, noting, in some cases, the Educational and business offi ces are at the American Botani cal Council , native uses of these plants. P.O. Box 201660, Austin, Texas 78720. 51 2/33 1-8868. FAX 51 2/33 1- 1924. www.herbalgram.org Subscriptions: $25/yr; $4512 yrs; $60/3 yrs. Foreign subscriptions, please add $ 10 per year. © 1997 Ameri can Botani ­ ~ ~x,_'fk--"--- cal Council. ISSN #0899-5648. Printed in the U.S.A. HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 5 HERBAIG The Journal of the American Botanical Council and the Herb Research Foundation Number 4 1 • Fall 1 997 DEPARTMENTS

8 ABC News 23 Plant Patents ABC Plans Annex at Herbal Education and Neem; Extracts of Piliostigma thonningii; Reserach Center; ABC Launches New Pharmacy Sea buckthorn; Chinese bitter melon Education Course with Monographs on Popular Herbs; First Pharmacy on Safari; Case Mill Legal and Regulatory Sponsor List; ABC Activities 24 President's Commission on Dietary Supplement Labels Issues Final Report; Editorial: When Will 10 HRF News There Come a Savior?; FDA Proposes Health Popularity of St. John's Wort Remains High; Claim for Psyllium; German Government Limits High-Profile Seminars to Educate Media and Ginkgolic Acid Levels Health Professionals; Update on HRF Website 49 Herbal Medicines Can Reduce Costs in HMO 11 Research/World News by Larry Kincheloe, M .D. Turmeric Patent Overturned in Legal Victory; Bastyr Announces New Dispensatory; Botanical Conservation Methods Evaluation Program; USP Adopts so Ginger Monograph; NIH to Research The Herbalists' United Plant Sarvers; St. John's Wort; New Company to Advance Goldenseal in World Trade: Pressures and Calanolide A for AIDS Potentials

14 Herb Blurbs 53 Market Report Shock Absorbers: With or Without Almonds?; Echinacea #1 in Natural Food Trade; Herbs Think Again; Botanical Carnivores and Self-Medication Gain in Germany; OTC Drugs Save Consumers' $20 billion; Sandalwood Crop Burns; Market Report by 16 Research Reviews Peter Landes Feverfew Trials; The Effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba Extract; Clinical Trial of Fenugreek; Study In Memoriam Shows Citrosa Ineffective as Mosquito Repellent; sa lmmunomodulating Compounds from Traditional Thalassa Cruso; Harold Epstein; Chinese Herbs; Green and Black Teas Show Katherine Esau ; Lynn Lowery Antioxidant Activity; Devil's Claw for Low Back Pain ; Indian Herb For Chronic Congestive Heart 60 Book Reviews Failiure 64 ABC Catalog Top Ten Book Sales 65 Letters 67 Access 68 Calendar 69 Classified

Ginger, Zingiber officina/e. Photo ©1995 Steven Foster.

6 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 FEATURES

Flora of Louisiana Endangered Species Report Watercolor drawings by Margaret Stones Blue Cohosh, Caulophyllum thalictroides . Purple Coneflower, Echinacea purpurea 30 so Photo ©1995 Steven Foster Herbs and Healing on Nicaragua's Atlantic Coast 35 by Bruce Barrett, M .D., Ph .D.

Six ethnic groups from four continents make use of Nicaragua's vast biodiversity for medicines.

Cover: Goldenseal, Hydrastis canadensis. Photo © 1997 Steven Foster...... See page 50 for threatened species report and the status of Goldenseal. V HERBALGRAM is printed on recycled paper. HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 7 ABC NEWS

ABC Plans Annex at ABC launches New Herbal Education and Pharmacy Education Course Research Center With Monographs on Popular Herbs ABC's new Herbal Education and Research The American Botanical Council has pro­ tive on Phytotherapy), and other authorita­ Center is quickly taking shape. Renovations duced a new home study continuing educa­ tive publications. Each monograph includes on the 140-year-old three-story house at the tion (CE) herbs and phytomedicines course information on the modern uses of the herb, Case Mill site (see HerbalGram Nos. 39 and for pharmacists. The new material consists dosages, and pharmacological actions, as 40) are proceeding with a projected move to of a series of brief monographs on 26 of the well as contraindications, side effects, and the new headquarters at the beginning of most popular herbs and phytomedicines sold interactions with conventional drugs. They 1998. A crucial feature of the center's devel­ in the United States. "Popular Herbs in the also include the safety status of the herb as opment in the near future is the Annex, a new U.S. Market: Therapeutic Monographs" has classified by the Botanical Safety Handbook, building which will enable ABC to immedi­ been accredited for 0.2 CEUs (two contact published this past summer by the American ately expand its educational activities. The hours) of continuing education by The Uni­ Herbal Products Association (AHPA) and Annex will house a book store for browsing, versity of Texas College of Pharmacy. The CRC Press. (These references are available a public-access library in which to do re­ publication includes a table containing some from the ABC catalog.) search, and facilities which offer classes on of the primary uses and benefits of the herbs Herbs monographed in this course are various aspects of herbal ism. It will allow and phytomedicines, as drawn mainly from bilberry, cascara sagrada, eat's claw, cayenne, these programs to begin before construction the bolded text in the Modern Uses section cranbetTy, devil 's claw, dong quai, echinacea, of the new 6,000-square-foot Education of each monograph. This section is designed evening primrose oil, feverfew, garlic, gin­ Building, where they will eventually be as a quick reference convenience for research ger, ginkgo, Asian ginseng, goldenseal, gotu housed. The Annex offers a perfect name­ and educational purposes and does not con­ kola, grape seed extract, green tea, hawthorn dedication opportunity for businesses sup­ stitute a complete listing of the therapeutic berry, kava, milk thistle extract, saw pal­ porting ABC's work. benefits of each botanical. metto, Siberian (eleuthero) ginseng, St. The thousand-square-foot building The monographs were produced by John's wort, and valerian. will be just a few steps from the original ABC Executive Director Mark Blumenthal The new CE course was underwritten farmhouse, and fully integrated into ABC's and Chance W. Riggins, a former intern at by an unrestricted grant from the Pharmavite ongoing activities. ABC, now a graduate student of botany at Corporation, manufacturers of nutritional The Annex will make a world of dif­ the University of Alaska. The monographs supplements in the mass market under the ference to ABC's program capabilities over were reviewed by Dennis Y. C. Awang, brand names NatureMade and Nature's Re­ the next three years. For more information Ph.D., of MediPlant Consulting Services in source. Pharmavite is distributing the about ABC's Herb Education and Research Ottawa, Canada. courses to approximately 40,000 pharmacists Center please contact Dr. Wayne Silverman Many of the brief monographs are in the U.S. The course will be available at 512/331-8868. based on ABC's forthcoming translations of October 1, 1997, from ABC's Herbal Edu­ the German Commission E monographs, as cation Catalog for $15 (Item #904). For more well as on other authoritative references. information, please call Ginger Webb at 512/ These include the British Herbal Compen­ 331-8868. Fax: 512/331-1924 or email to: dium, monographs pro­ custserv@ herbalgram.org. duced by ESCOP (Euro­ Popular Herbs m the U S. Market pean Scientific Coopera- 'llu::rapculic r-. tonogr:tphs

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Grounds of the Case The newest module addition to Mill Homestead. Photo ABC's Pharmacy Continuing by Joni McClain for Education program. ABC.

8 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 ABC NEWS

Pharmacy on Safari Case Mill The fi rst Afri can Savannah Work shop, "Phar­ Accredited workshops were held at the macy on Safari ," left in June for a 14-day Delamere Tented Camp (within the Great Sponsor List ex ped ition to th e lush savannahs of Kenya. Rift Va ll ey and on the shore of Lake The categories li sted below represent giving This trip was a pa rt of the ongoing seri es of Elmenteita), the Lewa Downs Conservancy levels for Phase 1of ABC's Capita l Campaign acc redited pharmacy works hops co-spon­ (long range goal: providing protection for the fo r the new Herbal Education and Research sored by the American Botani cal Council numerous species of plants and animals that Center. ABC is now seeking mul ti ple-year (A BC), Texas Ph armacy Foundati on, and inhab it the 170 sq uare mil es of the Lewa fund ing comm itments to meet the $1 .5 Intern ati onal Ex peditions, Inc. ecosystem), and the Mara River Tented Camp mi llion goal. The companies marked with asterisks have made multiple year pledges as Thirty-five participants accompani ed (includes "The Mara" game preserve and the of press time in October, 1997. James Duke, Ph .D. , and Mark Blumenthal, "Maasai Medi cine Tra il " whi ch provides in­ Exec uti ve Director ABC, co-presente rs of sights into traditi onal med icinal plant uses Architects - $25,000 and greater two workshops. The first, "Roots Revisited," from the "savannah medic ine cabinet"). Bio Botanica*; Enzymatic Therapy*; was a workshop foc ussing on Afri can me­ Since 1994, over 380 individuals, in­ Nature's Herbs*; Nature's Way* dicinal pl ants in wo rl d trade, Pan-African cluding 190 pharmacists, have participated medicin al pl ants and uses, and major local in these precedent-setting workshops set in Builders - $10,000 to $24,999 Kenyan and Tanzani an medicinal plants. The th e Peru vian Amazon. Costa Ri ca, and Capsugel*; Pharmaton; Stryka Botanies second , "The Evoluti onary Diet," fea tu red Be li ze. The expeditions usually last one Co., Inc.*; Whole Foods Market* discussions about the local African food week and incl ude vari ed and intensive ses­ "farmacy," pantro pical foo d "farmacy," and sions in small groups led by experts in the Planners - $5,000 to $9,999 the medi cinal spice rac k. Blumenthal pre­ fields of pharmacognosy, phytomedicine, Mark Blumenthal; Cosmopolitan Trading/ sented a workshop, "The Evolution of Herbs ethnobotany, and ethnobiomedicine research. Kava Kompani; ExtractsPius; Fetzer in Medicine-the Rati onal Use of Herb al - Barbara A. Johnston Foundation; Flachsmann Flavours & Therapies." Local scienti sts and native heal­ Extracts; General Nutrition Centers ers also gave presentations. (GNC); Henkel Corporation; lndena USA Inc .; Lichtwer Pharma US Inc; Nature's Bounty The ma jesty of the Afric an plains. Supporters - $2,500 to $4,999 Ph oto© 1997 Celestial Seasonings; Steven Foster; Raymond A. Lukas ik for Ph armacy on Sa far i. Haworth Press; Indiana Botanic Gardens; Interweave Press; Madis Botanicals/Pure World; NOW Foods; Pharmavite; Pure Gar

Friends- $1,000 to $2,499 American Ingredients; Chai NaTa; East Earth Herbs; Euromed; Flora Manufactur­ ing and Distributing; Healthnotes Online; Herb Pharm; Herbs for Kids; Hilary's Distribution; Jason Cosmetics; Metagenics; Mi.iggenburg Extrakt; MW International; New Hope Natural Med ia; ABC Activities June-October, 1997 Pharmanex; Pharmline, Inc.; PhytoMed HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESENTATIONS Acceptance of Otto Richter Memorial Award International; Mark Plotkin, Ph.D.; Prince AND PAPERS BY ABC EXECUTIVE and presentation of Memorial Lecture. In­ of Peace Enterprises, Inc.; QBI - Quality DIRECTOR MARK BLUMENTHAL ternational Herb Assoc iation. Boston. MA. Botanical Ingredients; Traditional "Herbs Out of the Cauldron and Into the Clinic'· Medicinals;Trout Lake Farm;Tsumura; "Pharmacy on Safari" Workshops, Kenya, Af­ The Morris Arboretum of the Uni ve rsity of rica Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. '·Market Research Wakunaga of America, Inc .; David Win­ College of Physicians & Surgeons of Colum­ and Regu latory Factors Influencing the Growth ston, Herbalist & Alchemist bia University, New York, NY, "History of Bo­ of Herb Use Today" ta ni cals in Medic ine & Pharmacy" * Includes pledges for Phase II ABC reserves the right to alter the giving levels continues on page 7 1 and/or category names with notification.

HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 9 HRF NEWS

by Rob McCaleb and Evelyn Leigh

POPULARITY OF ST. JOHN'S WORT "Herbal Therapies-the New Frontier of VISIT THE UPDATED HRF WEBSITE REMAINS HIGH WITH PUBLIC Medicine," was held at the Chelsea Market AT WWW.HERBS.ORG AND PRESS in New York City. More than 40,000 visitors have already ABC's 20/20 on June 27 extolled the virtues 'This is the beginning of a proactive browsed the pages of HRF's worldwide of St. John 's wort. HRF was a key contact media campaign to reach out to the health website, newly revised and unveiled in June, for th e story writers, who offered a favor­ editors of major magazines with some of the 1997. Updated features and content make able presentation of the benefits of Hyperi­ facts behind th e current revolution in mod­ th e website more user-friend ly and informa­ cum in the treatment of mild-to-moderate ern health care," said Rob McCaleb, a key tive. "Our website is the newsiest source of depression. HRF's Natural Healthcare speaker at the seminar. "The event was es­ herb information available on line," noted Hotline Information Specialists subsequentl y pecially positive because the public will end Rob McCaleb. "We answer questions, offer have taken more than 4,500 phone call s with up being the benefici ary of this important an herbal medicine discussion forum, pro­ questions about the safety and efficacy of St. information. The topic was timely, as maga­ vide news about the Foundation as well as John 's wort. Although the volume of call s zines with long lead times are already start­ access to products and services that go be­ has since slowed somewhat, at least half the ing to work on features geared toward cold yond what's avail able elsewhere. Plus, it's questions answered each day still relate to and flu season." McCaleb helped kick off fun." St. John 's wort. the event by conducting a seri es of personal HRF website departments include Clearly, the media is still interested in "desks ide" interviews with editors of anum­ "World News and Views," featuring fre­ St. John's wort, too. While at Natural Prod­ ber of magazines. quently updated research, regulatory, and ucts EXPO East in Baltimore thi s Septem­ Actress Lauren Hutton, long an out­ business news and opinions, and herbal ber, HRF President Rob McCaleb was inter­ spoken proponent of complementary health Greenpapers, a unique presentation of the viewed by a reporter from NBC Evening care, served as conference moderator and health benefits of individual herbs and herbal News in preparation of a story on the use of provided an account of her own experiences topics. Herbs Interactive provides a forum St. John 's wort "as an alternative to with herbal medicines. Rob McCaleb pre­ for visitors with opinions on current issues Prozac®." The news team toured the show sented clinical research on herbs and other or questions to be addressed by HRF's panel fl oor and visited several manufacturers of St. dietary supplements that can help boost im­ of herb experts. Top HRF supporters are John 's wort products. McCaleb provided munity, primarily foc using on echinacea and li sted in "What Fuels HRF," which provides details on the proven benefits of St. John's zinc. Other speakers included author, herb­ links to the sponsors ' own websites. "This wort in mild-to-moderate depression, and ali st, and botani st Steven Foster, who spoke lets people know about the companies and suggested that the herb may soon be as popu­ on historical and modern uses of herbs in the indi viduals who care about herbal research lar in the United States as in Germany partly U.S. and abroad, and Isadore Rosenfeld, and education and contribute to it through because "people who do not see themselves M.D., a well-known physician who became HRF," McCaleb explained. as clinically depressed and would not con­ interested in herbs when he learned that pa­ Other departments allow browsers to sider a prescription drug may be willing to tients were seeking inform ation on comple­ access membership information, shop for try St. John 's wort to see if it can help with mentary health care from naturopathic phy­ information services, and enjoy HRF's cus­ depression, anxiety, or stress." The story sicians. Funding for the project was provided tom-designed " random links" program. aired October 6. by Warner-Lambert Company. "This all ows visitors to channel-surf the best Also in September, McCaleb partici­ herb-ori ented sites on the web. Also avail­ HIGH-PROFILE SEMINARS TO pated in a Boston-based continuing medical able online are HRF recommended data­ EDUCATE MEDIA AND HEALTH education seminar for physicians entitled bases, books and magazines," said McCaleb. PROFESSIONALS "Cost Saving Strategies and Advances in The recommended links page provides a link On September 30, almost 50 health and fit­ Hormone Replacement Therapy." The semi­ to the popular Ask Dr. Wei! website. "We' re ness editors from major New York media nar was sponsored by Cambridge Health working with Dr. Wei! to help him bui ld a attended a unique educational seminar de­ Resources. One-half day of the two-day database of practitioners, and soon we' ll be signed to keep the mainstream press up-to­ seminar was devoted to herbs and other natu­ linked to hi s site as one of the recommended date on herb-related research and trends ral altern atives to conventi onal hormone re­ herb resources." among consumers. The audience included placement therapy. According to McCaleb, Access the HRF website at editors from Cosmopolitan, CBS This Morn­ this segment was extremely popular and well www.herbs.org ing, Good Housekeeping, McCall's, Parents, attended. "Physicians pointed out that only Women 's Day, and other well known publi­ 15 percent of American women use conven­ cations and television stations. Participants tional hormone replacement therapy. The enjoyed a one-of-a-kind opportunity to learn other 85 percent are looking for natural op­ from some of the nation's foremost experts tions, as are many of the 15 percent," he re­ in the field about herbs that boost immunity. marked.

10 • HERBAL GRAM No. 41 RESEARCH AND WORLD NEWS

Turmeric Patent Overturned in Legal Victory

India's successful challenging of a U.S. says, "governments of developing countries the regulations. patent (No. 5,401 ,504) on the use of tur­ cannot chase and challenge every indigenous It is in India's interest, activists say, meric (Curcuma tonga L., Zingiberaceae) for knowledge-based product patent. Patent that the government revise the 1970 Indian healing has been an encouraging victory for laws need to be changed, the onus of proof Patent Act to recognise "prior art" or exist­ Indian activists campaigning to protect in­ reversed and companies should give an un­ ing knowledge, on which both the Indian and digenous wisdom. dertaking that the patent they are seeking is U.S. laws are silent. This would protect tra­ After a complex legal battle, the U.S. not based on traditional wisdom." ditional wisdom in agriculture and horticul­ Patents and Trademarks Office ruled on Aug. Suman Sahai of the New Delhi-based ture. 14 that a patent for turmeric issued to the Gene Campaign would like the government "For a start, India must declare its University of Mississippi Medical Center in to use the turmeric case to "press the North ownership over its own biological wealth," December 1993 was invalid because it was to reform its own laws governing intellec­ suggests Sahai. 'This must be followed with not a novel invention. tual property rights, instead of pressuring the intense lobbying for institutionalizing a di s­ The patent was contested by India's South to change its Jaws." pute redressal mechanism conforming to the Council for Scientific and Industrial Re­ Vandana Shiva points out that "ex­ Convention on Biological Diversity." search (CSIR), which combined scientific amples of bio-piracy make it clear that it is Vandana Shiva says that the WTO evidence with legal savvy to take on the bio­ not just Indian patent Jaws that need to be must be approached to press the U.S to pirates. Says an excited R. A. Mashelkar, changed. The American Jaws also need to be change its patent laws to ensure protection director-general of the CSIR, "This success changed to fit into a fair and honest global against bio-piracy. "The WTO should stop will enhance the confidence of the people Intellectual Property Rights system." the U.S. from attempting to undo the imple­ and help remove fears about India's help­ To prove her point, she cites the case mentation of the Biodiversity Convention by lessness on preventing bio-piracy and appro­ of Thailand, which prepared a draft legisla­ countries that have ratified it. The protec­ priation of inventions based on traditional tion allowing Thai healers to register tradi­ tion of biodiversity and indigenous knowl­ knowledge." tional medicines. But it was challenged by edge is an international legal obli gation and The turmeric patent was just one of the U.S. Department of State, which said, this commitment needs to be upheld by all the hundreds that the North has claimed by "such a registration system could constitute multilateral bodies." ignoring indigenous and existing knowledge. a possible violation of TRIPS (Trade-Related The loopholes in the U.S. patent Jaws Vandana Shiva, a global campaigner for a Intellectual Property Rights) and hamper were first exposed by Mangla Rai , deputy fair and honest Intellectual Property Rights medical research into these compounds." director-general of the Indian Council for system, says patents on Neem, Amla, Jar "If we get a ruling in our favour, the Agricultural Research, who is credited with Amla, Anar, Salai, Dudhi, Gulmendhi, problem of bio-piracy will be solved. If the successfully challenging a cotton patent Bagbherenda, Karela, Erand, Rangoon-ki­ WTO does not respond, it will show the granted to U.S. seed giant Agracetus. bei, Vilayetishisham and Charnkura need to WTO's bias towards the powerful countries," "There is no doubt that their (the U.S .) be revoked. Shiva wrote in Th e Hindu newspaper. patent laws are full of shortcomings which This can be done if Jaws are changed Because two-thirds of the world's the transnationals have a penchant for ex- to ensure protection against bio-piracy, ac­ plant species-at least 35,000 of which are tivists say, because "chasing every patent estimated to have medicinal value-are in based on traditional knowledge will involve the developing countries, the North is deter­ hu ge expenses and efforts," according to mined to keep its business edge over the farm scientist Devinder Sharma. South. Under World Trade Organi sation The U.S. is more obsessed with get­ (WTO) rules, patents are provided for inven­ ting India to comply with the TRIPs Agree­ tions that qualify for their novelty, non-ob­ ment. The reason for this, according to viousness, and utility. The turmeric patent Sharma, is to protect the U.S. biotechnology failed to satisfy the criteria of novelty as tur­ industry from sharing the benefits with coun­ meric paste has been used to treat wounds tries from which they draw the plant and and stomach infections for centuries by In­ animal genetic resources. dians. This contravenes the Convention on It is the WTO which has to protect in­ Biological Diversity, but the U.S. has made digenous knowledge, argues Sharma, who it clear that it has no intentions of abiding by

Turmeric, Curcuma Iongo. Photo © 1997 Steven Foster.

HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 11 RESEARCH AND WORLD NEWS

ploiting," Rai told IPS . "The patent drawn appropriate methods, standards, and valida­ on turmeric shows just how flawed the U.S. New Dispensatory tion protocol , and to direct spending of re­ law is." Bastyr University has announced The Natu­ sources. To participate as a sponsor, contact Thi s case is reminiscent of a contro­ ral Products Dispensary Reference, an au­ Rhonda Hess at IL, 1/800/456-5288 or see versy between nongovernmental organiza­ thoritative reference guide to the clinical use the web site at www.scientific solutions.com. ti ons (NGOs) in Indi a and multinati onal cor­ of natural medicines. The first edition will -Barbara A. Johnston porations over patents taken on "industrial include a clinical research database with hun­ processes" related to the Neem tree dreds of studies on li sted products, along with (Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Meliaceae). research conclusions. USP Adopts The NGOs regard these patents as corporate The Natural Products Dispensary Ref­ theft from the Indian people. Corporations erence will furnish brand-specific informa­ Ginger Monograph argue that they need the patents to justify the tion on 30 of the most important botanical financial investments put into research and medicines and will classify them according According to Dr. Y. Srinivasan of the United development. Most fail to recognize or com­ to processing methods, product testing, and States Pharmacopeia (USP), Ginger pensate the centuries of unpaid, unaccounted clinical evidence. A monograph will list each (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae) for trial-and-error "research and develop­ single ingredient botanical including indica­ and Powdered Ginger monographs have been ment" done by the Indian people. Patent tions, pharmacology, plant parts used, known approved by the USP Committee of Revi­ concerns are currently holding some phar­ constituents, and regulatory statutes. The sion for inclusion in the National Formulary maceutical companies back from further de­ document will contain contact information section of the USP23- NF18. Accordingly, veloping drugs from artemether. for all companies li sted . these monographs will appear in Supplement Artemether is the oral dosage form The first edition of Th e Natural Prod­ 7 to the USP23 - NFI8. They will become deri vative of artemisinin, a Chinese herbal ucts Dispensary Reference will be published official effective November 15 , 1997. medicine used for treating malaria (derived in 1998 and widely distributed to health care Ginger, the traditional spice, is becom­ from Artemisia annua L., Asteraceae). Ac­ clinics, practitioners, pharmacists, HMOs, ing known for its well-documented benefits cording to John Beutler, Ph.D., of the Na­ and libraries. For more information, or for for the digestive system and for its anti-nau­ tional Cancer Institute, "The folk use of tur­ product submission forms, call Th e Natural sea and anti-motion sickness acti vities. This meric constitutes prior art and thus the patent Products Dispensary Reference office at 425/ is th e first monograph on an herb that has should have been di sallowed. On the other 602-3070 or write to Bastyr University, 1500 been adopted as an officially recognized stan­ hand, the neem patent is, I think, valid. What Juanita Drive N.E. , Bothell, WA 98111. This dard for identity by USP since its March 1995 people don 't seem to recognize is that the volume will be available in the ABC Cata­ Quinquennial Convention Meeting. Eight patent on neem covers a preparation/formu­ log. other monographs are being considered, in­ lation of neem. It does not interfere with cluding one on valerian. The USP contains people's rights to use neem in any way that about 25 other herb-based drugs, including they choose. Monsanto's only right under digitalis from foxglove (Digitalis purpurea the patent is to protect the specific industrial Botanical Methods L., Scrophulariaceae), and sennosides from process and formulation which the patent senna leaf and pod (Senna alexandrina Mill., covers. If it can be shown that the neem pro­ Evaluation Program Fabaceae), psyllium seed husk (Plantago ma­ cess is essentially a well-known method for Industrial Laboratories (IL), a Denver-based jor L. var. pachyphylla, Pilger, Plantagina­ processing neem for pesticide use, then that independent analytical and consulting com­ ceae). patent also would be invalid. Many patents pany for the natural products industry, has Dawn e ll e are awarded which are not sustainable upon established a botanical methods validation Malone challenge. Artemether is a derivative of the program (MVP). According to LorettaZapp, [Srinivasan, Y. president of IL, "There is a great need in the Perso nal com­ natural artemisinin and should be patentable. munication , Whether it is properly protected by patent industry for peer va lidation programs to Augu st 2, has nothing to do with its folkloric roots."­ make consistent, reliable methods of analyz­ 1997.] Barbara A. Johnston and Ginger Webb ing botanicals available to the industry." [Aharonian, G. Internet Patent Service. Perso nal The initial scope of the MYP is to peer communicati on. November 29, 1996. validate methods for fifteen botanicals. An Anonymous. Indi a Calls It Pate nt Absurdity. advisory committee will be established, made Business Week , August 12, 1996, p. 83 . up of a representative from each sponsoring Basant, B. 1997. IPS . New Delhi . September 4. company, plus representatives from indepen­ Beutler, J. Personal communication. May 23 , dent testing laboratories, academia, consult­ 1997. ing firms, and associations. The role of the Pressman, L. M.I.T. Technology Licensing Of­ fice . Personal communication. December 12, advisory committee will be to direct the vali­ Ginger, Zingiber officina/e. 1996.] dation program: to review and recommend Photo © 1997 Steven Foster.

12 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 RESEARCH AND WORLD NEWS

full-service, centralized coordinating center MediChem Pharmaceuticals. In c .. began NIH Studies St. John'sWort to manage a multicenter clinical trial to clinical trial s of Calanolide A in June and will The National Institutes of Health's Office of evaluate the efficacy of this botanical prod­ be on a fas t-track schedule . The Phase I A Complementary and Alternative Medicine uct in patients with mild to moderate depres­ trial is assessing the safety and human toler­ (OCAM), the National Institute of Mental sion . The NIMH will provide scientifi c and ance of the compound in approximately 50 Health (N IMH), and the Office of Dietary clinical guidance on the conduct of a clini­ healthy volunteers and is taking place in Supplements (ODS) are collaborating to fund cal trial on depression, in co ll abo rat ion wit h Tacoma, WA. The Phase 18 trial is sched­ research to determine the potential benefits the OCAM and the NIH ODS research. uled to begin February I 998, pending FDA and risks of St. John 's Wort (Hypericum per­ A request for proposals (RFP) was is­ approval. Researchers will study the foratum L., Clusiaceae), for the treatment sued June 6, 1997, with proposals due on July compound's safety, efficacy, absorption, rela­ of depression. Hypericum, a wild-growing 21, 1997. NIMH proposed to issue an unre­ tive benefit. and synergy with existing treat­ plant with yellow flowers (an introduced strictive competitive solicitation for this re­ ments in approx imately 40 HIY-positi ve vol­ "weed" in North America), has recently gen­ quirement, and anticipates the award of a cost unteers. Phase I 8 will likel y take place in erated media attention . An extract of Hy­ reimbursement contract for a period of three Chi cago. Phases 2/3 could begin in late 1998 pericum is widely used in some countries to years. The RFPwas made ava il able electron i­ and will expand on the investigations of treat mild to moderate depression. The goal ca ll y June 6, 1997, via the NIH Home Page, Phases I A and I 8, and also include variables ofthis OCAM-NIMHjoint effort is to evalu­ the NIH Gopher, or the IMH Home Page. such as age, gender, pregnancy, pre-existing ate the efficacy and safety of SJW as a po­ Initi al technical review of contracts conditions and ethnicity. It will invol ve 100 tential treatment for depression, in order to received in response to the RFP was done by to 500 patients and will take place in several determine its role in helping many Ameri­ a team of outside experts on August 8, 1997, medical centers ac ross the country. The need cans afflicted with depressive conditions. in Bethesda, Maryland. IH officials said for addi ti onal study will be determined by St. John 's (SJW) Wort has become in­ the clinical trial will be coordinated by the Phase 2/3 findings. creasingly popular in Germany where phy­ Johathan Davidson, M.D. , at Duke Univer­ The Calanolides are a group of com­ sicians routinely prescribe herbal medicines sity Medical Center, which has received a pounds orig in all y isolated from the to treat depression and other health condi­ three-year contract to conduct the $4.3 mil­ Calophrllum lanigerum Miq. , Clusiaceae tions, such as anxiety and sleep disorders. li on stud y. Patient enrollment is ex pected to (Guttiferae) tree. A specimen (Burley and An overview and meta-analysis of start next spring. For an ex tensive up-to-date Lee 35 I ) was brought to the Arnold Arbore­ twenty-three clinical studies of SJW, which review of SJW, please see the American tum and , in I 99 I. an extract from the sample included a total of I ,757 outpatients diag­ Herbal Pharmacopoeia monograph in Herb­ sent to CI proved to display '" I 00 percent nosed with mild to moderately severe depres­ a/Gram No. 40.- Dawne/le Malone protection against the cytopathic effects of sion, were reported in the August 3, 1996, [NIH press release, June. 1997. HIY-1 infection and essentiall y halted HIY- issue of British Medical Journal (See Herb­ NIH press release, October, 1997.1 1 replication.·· These were discovered alGram #39, page 16). The report concluded through the National Cancer Institute's anti­ that although Hypericum has antidepressive HIY screening program, with Calanolide A properties in cases of mild to moderate de­ New Company to Advance found to be act ive against the vi rus in I 992. pression, more definitive, longer term stud­ Calanolide Afor AI OS When botanists returned to Sarawak ies are needed to explore SJW's potential as to collect material from the original plant. an effective antidepressant agent. MediChem Research, Inc., announced they found that the grove had been cut down The impact of depression, a common April 25 that the privately held several years earli er, perhaps by local people illness that can occur in any fami ly, is enor­ biopharmaceutical firm has entered into a for fuel or building material. Samples take n mous in terms of human suffering and costs joint ve nture with the State of Sarawak, from other specimens of what appeared to to the nation . In 1990, the leading cause of Malaysia, to form Sarawak MediChem Phar­ be the same species produced only very small di sability worldwide was clinical depression . maceutical s, Inc . amounts of cananolide. A search revea led Estimates of the yearly costs of depressive The new company will advance the trees of Calophyllum lanigerum in the disorders in the United States range from clini cal development of the anti-HIY com­ Singapore Botanical Garden. $30-$44 billion dollars, including medical pound called Calanolide A, discovered in the Scientists at the NC I studied costs, loss of time and productivity, perso n­ Sarawak rain forest . Calanolide A is the only Calanolide A, the most potent of the nel replacement, and loss of life. naturally occ urrin g anti-HIY compound Calanolides, and patented the compound. In response to public interest for more known to be at an advanced stage of testing; MediChem Research then developed and science-based information on complemen­ no anti-HIV drug on the market is a nat ural tary and alternative health care practices, th e product. Pending approvals from the FDA OCAM is planning to fund a study to evalu­ and the results of testi ng with healthy volun­ continued on page 66 ate the efficacy and safety of standardi zed teers, the new company could have prelimi­ extract of SJW in treating depress ion. The nary findings ofCalanolide A's ability to fight goal of this contract is to establish a HIY in humans by earl y 1998. Sarawak

HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 13 HERB BLURBS

Sho,kolate Absorbers: With or Without Almonds?

Relating automobile shock absorbers and M. Winslow, has been under experimen­ chocolate bars would seem to be stretch­ tation by various automobile groups ing the bounds of credulity, but research with the goal of developing an on this relationship is ongoing. James electrorheo-logical fluid that could Steffe, Ph.D., a Michigan State Uni­ be used for clutching in automatic versity professor of agricultural en­ transmissions. Other suggested gineering, and Christopher Daubert, uses include ultra-fast hydraulic Ph.D., then a graduate student in the valves with no moving parts, vi- same field, now teaching at North bration isolation devices to Carolina State University, found that make submarines and auto­ when a moderately high electric field mobiles quieter, high-speed is applied to molten Hershey bars, control actuators for air­ an almost instantaneous change oc­ planes and robots, and fast­ curs: the thin chocolate liquid be­ acting valves for ink-jet comes a stiff gel. This warm, tasty computer printers. fluid is transformed into a semisolid Automotive Engineering within a few thousandths of a second after magazine predicted eight years ago that the electric field is applied, and it reverts to "s mart such applications could become a $20-bil­ a liquid just as fast when the power is shut liquids" because they lion-a-year business. According to Dr. off. This behavior is called electrorheology, can continuously and rapidly respond, Kathleen Habelka, a chemist who partici­ or the study of changes in the viscosity of through computer controls, to changes in a pated in such testing, pure research in fluids in response to electricity. machine's environment, including the pot­ electrorheology is being pursued actively in Liquids that undergo this change are called holes that disrupt the smooth ride of a car Japan, but funding has practically dried up over a road. This capability, named the in the U.S . - Barbara A. Johnston Illustration Regan Garrett for by "Winslow effect" for its discoverer, Dr. Willis [New York Times. 1996. Chocolate: The Stuff of Herba/Gram. Shock Absorbers? Sept. 24.] Think Again Smoother mental function may be just one bite away, and Anxiety, which supposedly alleviates that effi­ according to a number of producers of "brain wave" ciency-robbing state, are being marketed as an aid to snacks. Products such as Think!™, an "interactive" such function . The label on the Think! bar suggests candy bar that contains alleged brain food such as that consumers eat a bar and ingest fresh water "30 Gingko biloba, "ginseng" (type not specified), cha­ minutes before using the brain." Fine, but what do momile plus vitamin B-12 (4,166 times the recom­ we do with our brain in the meantime?- Barbara mended daily allowance), Intellect, offering ingre­ A. Johnston [New York Times Sunday Magazine. dients such as kava kava root and gotu kola leaves, August 3, 1997 .] Botanical Carnivores Q. If you invited one of each species of carnivorous plants to a vegetarian dinner, how many meals should you make? A. There about 450 species of carnivorous plants. [Ask Marilyn. Parade Magazine, June 28, 1997. ]

[Ed. note - Further research reveals that there are from 572 to 631 species of carnivorous plants including hybrid s. By the way, do car­ ni vorous plants eat vegetables?]

Sun Dew, Drosera rotundifolia. Photo © 1997 Steven Foster.

14 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 • Health benefits of herbs •Regulatory information • Herb horticulture • Herb safety research

From a few pages to comprehensive background literature, we provide online database searching, complete scientific articles and references, access to experts, consultants and more. Get the facts!

For fee schedules and member discounts, phone HRF at (303) 449-2265 or write us at:

HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 15 RESEARCH REVIEWS

FEVERFEW TRIALS: Theprom iseof - and the problem with­ standardized botanical extracts

by Dennis V C. Awang, Ph.D., F.C.I.C.

Summary: The potential offevelfew, as a prophylactic treatment for The publication of a recent trial of a fe verfew preparation for reducing the incidence and severity of migraine headache attacks, migraine prevention highlights a major concern regarding medici­ has been established for a daily dose ofdried encapsulated feverfew nal plant form ulations. In this study, 1 the Dutch researchers, de leaf confining an average of 0.54 mg ofparthenolide. The convic­ Weerdt et al., used capsules of a dried alcoholic extract of British tion has been widespread that parthenolide, the dominant sesquiter­ feverfew leaf containing 0.35 percent parthenolide, which was de­ pene lactone in clinically tested fevetfew, is the constituent of the posited on microcrystalline cellulose. plant chiefly responsible for its anti-migraine activity. Th e recent Of the initial number of 50 patients, 44 completed the study, trial ofan encapsulated alcoholic extract offeverfew leaf deposited satisfying the minimum requirement of 40 established by the Inter­ on microcrystalline cellulose found ineffective a daily dose contain­ national Headache Society Commi ttee on Clinical Trials in Migraine . ~ ing 0.5 mg ofparth enolide. The most reasonable explanation would This statistical criterion was also met by the second U.K. trial of indicate an insignificant role for parthenolide in migraine prophy­ feverfew leaf, conducted in 1988,3 in which 59 subjects completed laxis; such activity would seem to reside with some othe1; as yet that study; the earlier British trial conducted in 1985 4 involved only unidentified, constituent(s) of whole dried feverfew leaf This re­ 17 patients, all of whom were regular feverfew users, thereby at­ search also points to the need to specify preparation differences, as tracting the further criticism of self-selection. two previous trials on dried feverfew leaf, presumably containing In the Summary that precedes the text of the subject publica­ the unknown active component, tested positive for migraine relief tion, the authors propose that the observed lack of a prophylactic effect of their feverfew preparation " ... may be explained by the fact that both of the (previous) studies included patients who previously reported positive experiences with feverfew preparations for migraine prophylaxis." However, in the Discussion segment of the paper, whi le not­ ing that in the 1988 study, 17 of the 59 patients had used feverfew for a long time and that these had had a more favorable response than the remaining 42 patients who had never before used feverfew, the authors point to another possible explanation of the "nonsignifi­ cant effect" in their study. They admit that their alcoholic extract of feverfew leaf, standardized on parthenolide (the hitherto presumed chief active principle), may have lacked or been deficient in other constituents present in whole leaf. These researchers single out as a possible key acti ve constituent of feverfew the essential oil compo­ nent chrysanthenyl acetate, which is present in much lower concen­ tration in the alcoholic extract than in dried whole leaf (0.017 per­ cent vs. 0.25 percent). Regarding patient differences, Prof. Stan Heptinstall of the Queen's Medical Centre at the University of Nottingham, one of the authors of the 1988 publication, has stated that while the improve­ ment in the 17 patients who had previously used feverfew was some­ what better, nonetheless, the benefit to the 42 de novo patients was unquestionably sign ificant. 5 As I have stated on numerous occasions, the Canadian regula­ tory criterion of a minimum of 0.2 percent parthenolide was meant,

Feverfew, Tanacetum parthenium. Photo © 1997 Steven Foster.

16 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 RESEARCH REVIEWS

along with a certificate of botanical authentication, to ensure use of the proper chemotype of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba extract in Schultz-Sip., Asteraceae). In face of the results of this Dutch study, I am not quite as Alzheimer's and multi-infarct dementia confident about ensuring the proper nat ure of efficacious feverfew Interest in the use of botanicals for arresting or reversing age-related leaf outside of the variety grown in the U.K. used in the Nottingham cognitive deficits is at an all-time high. In numerous well-controll ed trial. Unfortunately, despite cautions repeatedly expressed by clinical studies, standardized Gin kgo biloba L.. Ginkgoaceae ex­ Heptinstall and myself about relying too much on just parthenolide tract has demonstrated efficacy in improving memory and other brai n content and on the theory based on inhibition of serotonin release functions in healthy individuals as well as in adu lts with age-related from blood platelets,"· 7 most of the herbal constituencies have been cognitive decline. However, few well-designed studies have assessed propounding the view that parthenolide is the active migraine prin­ the effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba in Alzheimer's disease. and some ciple in feverfew and that 0.2 percent of the sesquiterpene lactone in researchers have suggested that Ginkgo may be effective in improv­ a preparation will ensure effective migraine prevention. The scien­ ing mental function only if the impairment is of vascular or depres­ tifically competent promoters of a standardized botanical extract sive origin. (SBE) must surely re alize that therapeutic effectiveness of SBEs In thi s randomi zed. double-blind. placebo-controlled study. depend fundamentally either on knowledge of the active 156 patients with pre-senile or seni le primary degenerative demen­ constituent(s), and dose-effect rel ationships (preferably from human tia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) or multi-infarct dementia (MID) trials) or on the ability to reproduce a sufficiently comparable chemi­ completed 24 weeks of treatment with either 240 mg/day standard­ cal profile of the clinically effective plant preparation-whether or ized Ginkgo biloba extract (n= 79) or placebo (n= 77). Disease was not any of the active constituents can be identified 1 classified as mild in 79 percent of patients and moderate in 21 per­ The lack of effectiveness as a migraine prophylactic of the cent. The three primary variables used in evaluating responses were alcoholic feverfew leaf extract employed in the Dutch research here the Clinical Global Impressions (CG I) for psychopathological examined may be due to th e absence of essential therapeutic com­ changes. the Syndrom-Kurztest (SKT) for attention and memory, ponents of the leaf which either were not sufficiently extracted, or and the Nurnberger Alters-Beobachtun gsskala (NAB) for activities perhaps degraded during the protracted extraction and processing of daily life . treatment ( 12 plus seven days) . (Clearly, more careful chemical char­ A responder rate of 28 percent for multiple therapeutic effects acterization and testing of fe verfew constituents is indicated and clini­ was observed in the Ginkgo group (p

HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 17 RESEARCH REVIEWS

Clinical Trial Of Fenugreek Study Shows Cit rosa Ineffective For Cholesterol and Blood Sugar levels of as Mosquito Repellent Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetics The citrosa plant (Pelargonium spp. , Geraniaceae) is being marketed Fenugreek seeds (Trigonellafoenum-graecum L. , Fabaceae) are high under the name "Pelargonium citrosum," and promotional litera­ in fiber and are used as a condiment in India. In a short-term study ture is making claims that it has been genetically engineered to repel conducted with diabetics,* who die of cardiovascular conditions 2- mosquitoes by emitting a citronella scent. A field test was conducted 3 times more often than non-diabetics, fenugreek seeds were found to test the effectiveness of this pl ant as a repellent against Aedes to exert hypocholesterolemic (cholesterol-lowering) and hypogly­ mosquitoes, in comparison to 75 percent deet and non-treatment (con­ cemic (blood sugar-lowering) effects. A long-term study was un­ trol). In a fl at, wooded area at the University of Guelph Arboretum, dertaken to determine the hypolipidemic (reducing fats in blood) Guelph, Ontario, twelve volunteers were either treated with 2 ml of effect of fenugreek seeds. Sixty non-insulin-dependent diabetes deet or 2 ml of deionized water applied to their hands and forearms, mellitus patients underwent a metabolic period of one week as a or were instructed to stand directly next to a potted citrosa plant. control, and then an experimental period lasting 24 weeks. During Effectiveness was calculated by counting the number of mosquitoes the experimental period, each subject consumed 25 g of powdered that bit the participants within each daily twelve-hour test period for fenugreek seed, divided into two servings and consumed as soup 15 five days. Deet was found to provide better than 90 percent protec­ minutes prior to lunch and dinner. Blood samples were taken after tion from mosquitoes after eight hours, and better than 60 percent an overnight fast at the end of the contro l period and at 4, 8, 12, and protection after twelve hours. No significant difference was found 24 weeks. Serum cholesterol, hi gh density lipoprotein (HDL) cho­ between the non-treated (control) subjects and the citrosa treatment lesterol, and tri glyceride levels were measured and low density lipo­ subjects. Researchers noted that the citrosa plant did not add any protein (LDL) cholesterol was calculated. detectable scent to the air unless it was di sturbed in some way, e.g., The results of the study were illustrated in a table, not included by the wind or a hand brushing up against it. Not only was the plant here. Serum cholesterol, tri glycerides, and LDL and very low den­ ineffective at protecting humans against Aedes mosquito bites, the sity lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol levels showed a steady decrease mosquitoes were seen landing and resting on the citrosa plant on a during the 24-week period of the stud y. HDL cholesterol showed a regular bas is . This observation supports the test results which indi­ 10 percent total increase. The selective activity of fenugreek tore­ cate lack of repellency. duce LDL and VLDL could make it beneficial in preve nting athero­ Promotional literature claims that citrosa has been geneticall y sclerosis. Because it affects glucose and insulin levels, it can be engineered to produce citronell a oi l, but chemical analysis has shown considered to be of potential use in preventing atherosclerosis and th at citrosa essential oil contain s onl y trace amounts of citronell a hyperlipidemia in diabetics. No adverse side effects were reported. (11 percent citronellol, 0.09 percent citronella!), and, in fact, closely -Ginger Webb resembles the essential oi ls of the other geranium plants.* The citrosa [Sharma, R. D. , A. Sarkar, D. K. Hazra, B. Misra, 1. B. Singh , B. B. plant is morphologically similar to the culti var Pelargonium "Rose" Mahe shwari , and S. K. Sharma. 1996 . Hypolipidaemic Effect of (P graveolens L'Herit. x A it. , Geraniaceae or rose geranium), which Fenugreek Seeds: a Chronic Study in Non- is part of the hybrid complex P x asperum Ehrh . ex Insulin Dependent Diabetic Pati ent s. Willd. = P graveolens L'Herit. x P radens H. E. Moore. Phytotherapy Research, Vol. I0 , pp. 332- r In fact, the citrosa pl ant is essentially indi stinguishable 334.] from the P xasperum *Cases drawn from Diabetics Clinics, Outpa­ hybrid complex. Despite the tients Department and Indoor of Postgraduate marketing, "Pelargo nium citrosum" is not a valid taxo­ Departmen t of Medicine, S. N. Medical Col­ nomic designation. Based on the results of this study, lege, Agra, India. the authors conclude that citrosa should not be mar­ keted as a mosquito repellent. -Ginger Webb [Matsuda, B. M. , G. A. Surgeoner, J.D. Heal, A. 0. Tucker, and M. 1 . Maciarello. 1996. Essential Oil Analysis and Field Evaluation of th e Ci trosa Pl ant "Pelargo nium citrosum" as a Repe ll ent Against Populations of Aedes Fenugreek, Trigonella foenum­ Mosq uitoes . Journal of the American Mosquito Control graecum. Photo © 1997 Steven Foster. Association, Vol. 12, No. I, 69-74.] (* Oil of Ceylon citronella grass (Cymbopobon nardus) has an average of 14 percent citronella! and 12 percent cit­ rone ll ol. The oil of java citrone ll a grass (C. winterianus) has, on average 2 percent citronell a! and 16 percent cit­ ronellol.- Lecture by Tucker, A. and M.J . Maciare ll o, Is This Pl ant a Hoax?)

18 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 RESEARCH REVIEWS lmmunomodulating Compounds from Traditional Chinese Herbs Immunomodulators are agents that exert a general net effect (posi­ tive or negative) on the activity of the immune system or on a spe­ cific immune function. Immunomodulators have the potential to be of clinical use in the enhancement (e.g., for treating AIDS) or thera­ peutic suppression (e.g., for treating organ transplant rejection or autoimmune disease) of immune function . Some compounds that have been isolated from herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have been shown to have immunomodulating activity. More than 70 compounds have been isolated from the poison­ ous Iiana Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f., Celastraceae, largely alka­ loids and terpenoids. Many have been shown to be immunosuppressors in vitro and in vivo. T wilfordii has been used in TCM to treat fever, chills, edema, and inflammation, and extracts of the plant's xylem have been used for rheumatoid arthritis, chronic nephritis, skin diseases, and immunological disorders. Artemisinin, known as qing haosu in TCM, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Artemisia annua (Sweet Annie, Artemisia annua "Qing-Hao" L., Asteraceae), is an antimalarial drug. Recent clinical studies have found it to be an immunomodulator, and that it can be effective in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosis, psoriasis, and other autoimmune-related disorders. Arteether, a semi­ synthetic analogue of dihydroartemisinin (an artemisinin derivative), is being developed by the World Health Organization to treat ma­ laria. Another compound, artemether (a homologue of arteether), is proving to have more potent antimalarial activity than artemisinin. The fruits of Sophora alopecuoides (Fabaceae) and the roots of S. flavescens are used in TCM for their antipyretic (fever reduc­ ing) effects. Alkaloids isolated from these plants have been shown both to be immunosuppressors (at high doses) and immunostimulators (at low doses). Diterpenoid alkaloids isolated from the axial roots of Aconitum species used in TCM have shown anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and immunomodulatory activity. The sinomenine alkaloids, derived from Sinomenium acutum Diets. (Menispermaceae), have been shown to be clinically effective in arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. In addition to these compounds, several polysaccharides, such as those from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma /ucidum (Reishi mushroom), ling chih (Leyss. ex Fr. , P. Karst. , Ganodermataceae), the fruits of Lycium barbarum L. Solanaceae, the whole plants of Epimedium koreanum Berberidaceae nee pubescens, the roots of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., Araliaceae, Acanthopanax obovatus nee senticosus, and Achyranthes bidentata L., Amaranthaceae, have been found to be immunostimulators. - Ginger Webb. [Zhang, Ling-Hua, Yi Huang, Li-Wei Wang, and Pei-Gen Xiao. 1995 . Sev­ eral Compounds from Chinese Traditional and Herbal Medicine as Immunomodulators. Phytotherapy Research, Vol. 9, 315-322.] From top: Sweet Annie, Artemisia annua; Reishi mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum; Korean ginseng, Panax ginseng; Lycium fruits, Lycium barbarum. All photos © 1997 Steven Foster.

HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 19 RESEARCH REVIEWS

late that modifications to the molecular structure of black tea polyphe­ Greenand Block Teas Show nols may take place after ingestion, improving the antioxidant ca­ pacity of the tea. They believe that absorption of the modified polyphenols takes place in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract, Antioxidant Activity probably beginning in the stomach. The antioxidant action of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, The ability of milk proteins to cause complexation of tea Theaceae) is believed to be due to the presence of polyphenols, sec­ polyphenols is well known, but it has not appeared to affect the re­ ondary plant metabolites shown to have excellent free-radical scav­ sults of in vitro antioxidant tests. To explain the inhibitory effect of enging properties. Recent research has suggested an association milk in the body, the authors suggest that the milk/polyphenol com­ between polyphenol intake and a reduction in risk of cardiovascular plex may be resistant to gastric breakdown, making the polyphenols disease. Many laboratory studies have documented the in vitro (in unavailable for absorption in the stomach. Another possible expla­ laboratory tests) antioxidant properties of polyphenols, and antioxi­ nation is that milk hinders polyphenol absorption by increasing gas­ dant effects in the body after consumption of beverages high in tric pH. polyphenols have also been reported. However, the mechanisms of Black and green teas are both made from the same plant; black action, metabolism, and bioavailability of polyphenols in the hu­ tea is produced through fermentation of green tea leaves. Tea leaves man body remain unclear. are reported to contain more than 35 percent of their dry weight in To shed li ght on the protective benefits of tea polyphenols, polyphenols.- Evelyn Leigh Italian researchers evaluated the antioxidant activity of black and [Serafini, M., A. Ghiselli, A. Ferra-Luzzi. 1996. In vivo antioxidant effect green teas in human volunteers and in vitro with and without the of gree n and black tea in man. Eur J Clin Nutr. 50:28-32.] addition of milk. [For more on tea chemistry and pharmacology see "Redis­ Activity in the body was tested in I 0 adults who consumed covering Tea: An Exploration of the Scientific Literature" by R. L. 300 ml of either black or green tea after an overnight fast. The same Gutman and B. Ryn , HerbalGram 37, 33-48.] procedure was repeated on a separate day with 300 ml tea to which I 00 ml whole milk had been added. Five adults who consumed 300 ml tap water served as controls in both phases. Responses were evaluated in terms of total plasma antioxidant potential (TRAP), a representation of the number of peroxyl radicals trapped by one liter Devil's Claw for low Bock Pain of plasma. In vitro results were measured via a controlled TRAP­ induced peroxidation reaction reactive process developed by the in­ Extract of the tubers of devil 's claw (Harpagophytum procumbens vestigators in their laboratory. (Burch.) DC ex Meissner, Pedaliaceae) has become a popular alter­ native for treatment of degenerative conditions of the musculoskel­ Green tea had an antioxidant potency sixfold greater than black etal system, particularly for persons disappointed with, or intolerant tea in in vitro tests, but in the body there was a similar level of anti­ of, conventional medical therapies. Th is study was designed to in­ oxidant activity for both teas. Adding milk did not significantly vestigate the effectiveness of devil 's claw as an analgesic. While alter the in vitro antioxidant action of either tea. However, the re­ evidence from animal studies has substantiated the analgesic and su lts in human volunteers showed that the addition of milk totally inhibited the antioxidant activity of both teas. anti-inflammatory properties of the herb, no human studies have The authors were "surprised to find that black tea produced a supported these findings. These properties are attributed to the prin­ cipal active ingredient, harpagoside, an iridoid glucoside. The ef­ response of the same intensity of green tea" in the body. They specu- fectiveness of the plant extract was explored in this four-week, ran­ domized controlled study of back pain sufferers conducted at Uni­ versity Hospital in Heidelberg, Germany. A total of 118 patients between 18 and 75 years of age with low back pain not attributable to identifiable causes were invited to participate. Criteria for eligibility included the following : a history of at least six months of low back pain, an acute increase of pain that affected both rest and movement, and the requirement of at least four weeks of symptomatic treatment. An appropriate sample size was selected to establish a confidence level of 95 percent. The principal ind icator of the analgesic power of devil's claw was established to be a reduced requirement for the analgesic Tramadol over the last three weeks of the study period. Daily phone contact with the patients allowed investigators to obtain a verbal 5- point rating scale of pain intensity (none, mild, moderate, severe, intractable). Secondarily, the Arhus low back pain index was modi- Green Tea, Camellia sinensis . Photo © 1997 Steven Foster.

20 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 RESEARCH REVIEWS

fied and employed in an attempt to record the profiles of low back tion of treatment was about eight years. Non-opioid analgesics had pain as appropriate to this study. been tried by about three-fifths of the patients with varying degrees Patients in the treatment group received two 400-mg tablets of relief; other types of medicati ons, including opioids, centrally of devil's claw extract three times a day (total 2,400 mg), equivalent acting muscle relaxants, and anti-depressants, had also been used to 6,000 mg crude root, calculated at a daily harpagoside level of 50 but to a lesser degree and with more limited relief overall. mg. Patients in the control group received a placebo. All partici­ Consumption of the supplementary pain-killer Tramadol did pants completed a general health questionnaire, and were examined, not significantly change, regardless of pain intensity; however, the and subjected to a venous blood draw that was analyzed for the con­ number of pain-free patients increased from 0 to 9 in the treatment ventional biochemical and hematological indices of organ system over the course of the study, compared to just one in the control function. group. An insignificant reduction in pain was confined almost en­ A total of I 09 patients completed the study-54 in the treat­ tirely to a subgroup of patients whose pain did not radiate to one or ment group and 55 in the control group. Groups were matched on both legs. There was a notable absence of identifiable clinical, he­ several measures, including the Arhus back pain index. A majority matological, or biochemical side effects. of the subjects had been suffering with back problems for about 15 While the primary outcome measure (reduction in Tramadol years. Acute attacks lasting longer than three months had caused consumption) was not significantly changed. secondary measures most of them to seek treatment. Approximately 90 percent had suf­ (Arhus index) were impressive. The investigators suggest that, in fered physical impairment for more than 14 days in the previous six li ght of the significant indications of safety and benefit. further tri­ months, with pain in one or more other sites a common symptom. als with devil's claw investigating pain reduction would be worth­ Greater pain with physical activity was a prevai ling problem for while.- Anne Tarleton about two-thirds of the group. Almost all patients had previously IChrubasik. S., C. Zimpfer. U. Schutt. and R. Ziegler. 1996. Effectiveness resorted to some treatment for the chronic condition, either regu­ of Harpagophynon pmcumbens in treatment of acute low back pain. larly (59 percent) or irregularly (39 percent), and the average dura- Phvtomedicine, Vol. 3( I), 1-1 0.] Indian Herb for Chronic Congestive Heart Failure

In a short-term, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, twelve volume and endsystoli c volume indices was observed, as well as an patients (eight female, four male) with refractory chronic conges­ increase in left ventricular ejection fractions. It was decided that tive heart failure were given dried extract of the bark of the Indian Phase II of the study would commence. medicinal plant Terminalia arjuna Wight & Arn., Combretaceae, Phase II , which lasted for a mean of24 months (20-28 months), for six weeks in conjunction with conventional therapy. The herb was conducted to determine whether the improvements observed in has been used in Ayurvedic traditional medicine of India for heart Phase I would be sustained with continued treatment with T arjuna, conditions since the sixth century B.C. Because refractory chronic and to establish the safety of the extract for long-term use. Phase I congestive heart failure is a therapeutic enigma with a high mortal­ participants continued with 500 mg dosages ofT arjuna every eight ity rate, any new therapy with adequate safety margins that can pro­ hours as adj uvant therapy. They continued to show improvements long survival and improve the quality of life for these patients is in symptoms and signs of heart failure as well as in quality of li fe for welcome. The results of this short-term trial showed that the herb about two- three months, with the improvement being more or less was useful, and a second phase consisting of long-term evaluation maintained throughout the remaining period of the study. Two pa­ in an open design was then conducted. tients died during Phase II: one at 16 months into the study, of cere­ In the first trial (Phase I), each patient received both T arjuna brovascular accident; the other at 14 months. of sudden cardiac death. and a placebo. Each patient received one 500 mg capsule ofT arjuna In neither case did any "significant clinical untoward effect" occur every eight hours for a period of two weeks. This initial period was during T. arjuna or placebo therapy. followed by a washout period of two weeks (in which no treatment This clinical investigation confirms the short- and long-term was administered), followed by another two-week treatment with benefits and safety of T. arjuna adjuvant therapy in patients with placebo capsules. During this six-week period, patients continued otherwise unresponsive chronic congestive heart fai lure. The mecha­ their usual antifailure and supportive therapies. The trial was double­ nism of action of this medicinal plant extract still needs to be deter­ blind, and the sequence of administration of the T arjuna and pla­ mined; it may be related to the cardiotonic properties of the plant"s cebo capsules was not known until the end of the six weeks, at which glycoside content or to the free-radical scavenging actions of the time an evaluation from baseline to end was carried out forT arjuna plant's tannins and flavones. -Ginger Webb and for the placebo, and compared. Regression of signs of heart [Bharani. A. . A. Ganguly. and K. D. Bhargava. 1995. Salutary effect of failure and appreciable improvement in symptoms such as dyspnea Terminalia A1juna in patients with severe refractory heart failure. Inter­ (shortness of breath) and fatigue were seen with T. arjuna as com­ national Journal of Cardiolog\'. Vol. 49. 191-199. pared to placebo. A decrease in echo-left ventricular enddiastolic Rei chert. R. 1996. Tenninalia wjuna for Congestive Heart Failure. Quar­ terlr Rel'iell" of Natural Medicine. Fa ll. 177-178.]

HERBALGRAMNo. 41 • 21 Herb Research Foundation's Herb Information Packet Series Has What You Need

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1007 Pearl Street Suite 200 Boulder, CO 80302 PLANT PATENTS

By Karen Dean

NEEM OIL OBTAINING ICE-NUCLEATING charantia L., Curcubitaceae) has shown dra­ Neem oil as a male contraceptive, invented AGENT FROM SEA BUCKTHORN mati c anti -tumor and anti-HIY acti vity in by Gursaran P. Talwar, Shakti N. Upadhyay, Invented by Alfred Jann (Marin-Tho non, laboratory tests. SCRIPs occur naturall y in a nd Suman Dhawan (J.N.U. Complex, France), Rol v Lundheim (Trondheim, Nor­ many different plants, where they serve as Shahid Jeet Singh Marg, New Delhi 110 067, way), Peter Niederberger (Epalinges, Swit­ an important component of a plant's immune IN), no assignee. U. S. Patent 5,50 I ,855, is­ zerl and), and Michel Richard (Peney-Le­ response to invading bacteria and viruses. sued Mar. 26, 1996. Jorat, Switzerland). No assignees. U.S. SCRIPs that have been identified in studies Use of an intra-vas application of neem Patent 5,637,301 , issued June 10, 1997. include pokeweed antiviral protein (from oi l (A zadirachra indica A. Juss., Meliaceae) Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rham­ Phyto/acca spp.), wheat germ protein , as an alternate approach to vasectomy for noides L., Elaeagnaceae) berries and leaf tis­ gelonin, dianthins, momorcharins, a nd long-term contraception in male rats. The sues yield juice and aqueous extracts con­ trichosanthin. TheM. charantia proteins (the immunomodulatory properties of the pl ant taining an ice-nucleating agent that has a momorcharins) selectively inactivate the ri­ appear to block spermatogenesis without af­ number of potential industri al applications. bosomes of tumor cell s and HIY-infected fecting testosterone production. Although An ice-nucleating agent elevates the freez­ cells, without damaging healthy cell s. The reduced in diameter, the seminiferous tubules ing temperature of a liquid in which it is dis­ ribosomes are the structures inside the cell appeared normal and contained mostly early solved. This type of compound occurs where ribonucleic acid (RNA) executes the spermatogenic cells. No anti sperm antibody throughout nature, and plays a critical role protein assembly orders from the DNA in the could be detected in the serum. Unilateral in the annual cycle of deciduous tree leaf nucleus of the cell. When protein assembly administrati on of neem oil in the vas resulted changes. As ambient temperatures drop dur­ stops, the cell dies. in a sign ificant reduction of testicular size ing the autumn, certain types of bacteri a that The patent covers not only the an ti­ and spermatogenic block only on the side of grow on leaves and stems of deciduous trees tumor and a nti-HIV capabilities of application. The draining lymph node cell s produce elevated levels of ice-nucleating momorcharins, but also the method of ex­ of the treated side also showed enhanced pro­ compounds. When the organisms freeze at a tracting them from the Momordica charantia liferati ve response to in vitro mitogen chal­ temperature several degrees above the freez­ pl ant, the method of purifying them, and a lenge. Neem oil and other neem plant ex­ ing temperature of pure water, the resulting method of producing the proteins tracts have long found varied applications in ice crystals sustain the damage that causes recombinantly in other organisms. The im­ Ayurvedic and traditional Indian herbal prac­ the leaves to di scolor and fall off. Species portance to this patent of the processing and tice. This patent describes one such use, of ice-nucleating bacteria are the key to the purification steps points to a significant fea­ along with the ex perimental data supporting commercial "snow-making" process at ski ture of modern plant patenting strategy: it's that use. resorts, and have applications in the process­ not enough to simply identify a botanical ing of frozen food products. This patent cites lead. A plant-product developer must go several previous patents on ice-nucleating considerably beyond the plant itself, to make microorganisms, but this appears to be the it into a patentable product. EXTRACTS OF first patent on ice-nucleating compounds PILIOSTIGMA THONNINGII from a plant. In vented by Ezio Bombardelli, Paolo Morazzoni, and Giuseppe Musti ch and as­ signed to Indena S.p.A., Milan, Italy. U.S . Patent 5,653,185, issued June 3, 1997. P atent covers novel extracts of PLANT PROTEIN USEFUL FOR Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach. ) Milne­ TREATING TUMORS AND HIV Redh., Fabaceae, that have antiviral acti on, INFECTION protecting the processes for preparing and Invented by Sylvia Lee-Huang and others, formulating the extracts, and the use of the and assigned to New York University (New extracts to treat the viral infections that cause York, NY), American Biosciences, Inc. such di seases as herpes, influenza, broncho­ (Boston, MA), and the United States of pulmonary infections and HIV. America as represented by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Ser­ vices, Washingto n, D .C. U.S. Patent 5,484,889, issued January 16, 1996. A Single Chain Ribosome Inactivat­ ing Protein (SCRIP) th at occurs naturall y in hi gh concentrations in the fruit and seed of Bitter melon, Momordica charantia. Chinese bitter melon pl ant (Momordica Photo © 1997 Steven Foster.

HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 23 LEGAL AND REGULATORY

President'sC ommission on Dietary Supplement Labels Issues Final Report BotanicalsAre a Key Issue

By Rob McCaleb and Mark Blumenthal

After 18 months of meetings, testimony and Food and Drug Law at Seton Hall Law itself states that dietary supplements "are safe long-distance editing by phone, fax, and School in New Jersey and a former FDA at­ within a broad range of intake, and safety email , the Commission on Dietary Supple­ torney. problems with the supplements are relatively ment Labels (CDSL) issued its final report rare." Congress emphasized in OSHEA that to the President, Congress, and the Secretary A brief overview of the report, with the government should act quickly if a safety of Health and Human Services. The report, specific emphasis on botanicals, follows: problem ari ses, but that it should not impose released in October, was mandated by the unreasonable barriers or restrict access to safe Dietary Supplement Health and Education FORMAT OF THE REPORT products. The Commission underscored both Act of 1994 (OSHEA), the landmark legis­ In the OSHEA, Congress mandated that the points, stating the following: lation that dramatically altered the way di­ recommendations of the CDSL be published etary supplements are regulated in the U.S . as proposed rules, which could become regu­ CONCERNING THE SAFETY OF BOTANICALS, THE The OSHEA also created the CDSL, along lations after public comment and any neces­ REPORT STATES: with the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements sary revisions. The Commission chose to "There are relatively few reports in the sci­ (ODS). Congress left to the CDSL many of limit the items in its reports which could be entific literature that indicate potential or the issues unresolved by the debates and considered proposed rules, making three actual toxicity following the use of these compromises made in passing the Act. The kinds of statements: products. When such reports are found, they CDSL held nine open meetings and received often are single-case reports involving all er­ testimony and input from hundreds of people Findings - Conclusions reached by genic reactions or toxicity due to improper in the general public, the supplement, food the Commission; labeling, adu lteration, or an idiosyncratic and drug industries, members of the scien­ Policy Guidance -Advice to agen­ reaction .... " tific community, health professionals, con­ cies, groups or individuals, not meant as rec­ sumer groups, federal and state governmen­ ommended regulatory changes; ON ENFORCEMENT ISSUES: tal agencies and others. The Commission Recommendations - Proposals to "The Commission recognizes the importance released a draft report on June 24 for public Congress or governmental agencies (usually of having adequate and timely enforcement comment and held its last meeting August FDA) intended to be acted upon. procedures for products marketed as dietary 14- 15, 1997, to consider the public comments suppl ements that are not safe or have a high it had received. SAFETY OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS potential for abuse, while maintaining a regu­ The Commission members were Pro­ Dietary supplement proponents often claim latory climate that preserves the availability fessor Norman R. Farnsworth, Research Pro­ that they are relatively safe, especially when of safe products. The apparent safety of the fessor of Pharmacognosy and Senior Univer­ compared to pharmaceutical drugs, yet one majority of products now marketed as di etary sity Scholar at the University of Illinois at of the primary issues expressed by individu­ supplements actually increases the impor­ Chicago; Robert S. McCaleb, President of als and groups during Congressional hear­ tance of having adequate enforcement the Herb Research Foundation; Annette ings on OSHEA was concern about safety mechanisms, because consumers may then Dickinson, Ph.D., of the Council for Respon­ and potential misuse or abuse of dietary assume that a wide margin of safety auto­ sible Nutrition; Malden Nesheim, Professor supplements, particularly botanicals. Dur­ matically applies to any product classified of Nutrition and former Provost at Cornell ing the CDSL public hearings, supplement as a dietary supplement." University; Shiriki K. Kumanyika, Associ­ proponents charged the FDA had abused its Further, in contrast to the character­ ate Director for Epidemiology at Pennsyl­ authority by improperly classifying herbs as ization of the FDA, supplement opponents vania State University School of Medicine; "unsafe food add iti ves." Proponents of stron­ and sometimes the medi a, the Commission Anthony T. Podesta, an attorney and legisla­ ger regulation- including regulators them­ pointed out that the safety standard for di­ tive expe11 on issues relating to food and drug selves-claimed that OSHEA hampers the etary supplements is tougher than for food: Jaw ; and Margaret Gilhooley, Professor of FDA's ability to protect the public. The Act "U nder OSHEA, FDA must show affirma-

24 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 LEGAL AND REGULATORY

tively in court, that there is an unreasonable between a nutrient and a disease or health­ government agencies supported the claim for risk posed by consumption of a dietary related condition. These health claims for folic acid against birth defects long before supplement. The agency need not show that conventional foods were to be approved only the FDA thought there was "agreement."The injury has occurred, only that a reasonable when "significant scientific agreement" ex­ Commission is recommending (not just a possibility of harm exists." ists; Congress left to the FDA's discretion suggestion) th at the FDA stop being so insu­ what level of evidence would be required to lar in its decision-making. The Commiss ion made no formal rec­ make health claims for dietary supplements. ommendations in the area of safety, but made Supplement proponents arg ued that a stan­ OSHEA STATEMENTS OF these suggestions (Policy Guidance): dard of "significant scientific evidence" was NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT more appropriate, as it is often difficult to One of the major changes OSHEA made in 1. The supplement industry must ac­ get sc ientists to agree on fine points in sci­ food and drug law is that it all ows dietary cept the responsibility of assuring the safety ence, especially for the fast-breaking area of supplements to bear "statements of nutri­ of dietary supplements and take actions to nutritional research. tional support" including ·'structure and func­ meet expectations expressed in OSHEA that tion" claims, which allow some health-re­ supplements are and will continue to be safe In order to maintain "a level playing lated information to be conveyed on product for use by the public. field" FDA chose th e same significant sci­ labels. Such claims must be truthful and not 2. The CDSL urged the FDA, indus­ entific agreement standard for supplements misleading and must be based on sc ientific try, scientists and consumer groups to coop­ as for foods. The supplement industry feared evidence in the possession of the manufac­ erate in the development of postmarketing that many supplements might not pass such turer at the time the claim is made. The stan­ surveillance systems so that adverse reactions a standard, and that the FDA was not main­ dards of evidence for such claims are not as can be reported and corrected quickly. The taining a level playing field, by requiring strict as those for health clai ms under NLEA, report cites examples of how other nations more "agreement" for supplements than for and they may be made without the FDA's employ such reporting systems, including foods. OSHEA's sponsor, Sen. Orrin Hatch, concurrence or permi SS ion . Australia, England, France, and the World maintained that nothing is wrong with the Health Organization (WHO) monitoring cen­ standard, but with the FDA's interpretation The CDSL report offers the following ter in Sweden. of that standard. The Commission recom­ policy guidelines (not regulatory proposals 3. The Commission urged manufactur­ mended that: or "recommendations") in developing and ers to include appropriate warnings on labels, evaluating these statements/claims: as permitted by OSHEA. I . "The process of approval of health I. "Statements of nutritional support 4. CDSL urged the FDA to take swift claims as defined by LEA should be the should provide useful information to con­ enforcement action to address safety issues same for dietary supplements and conven­ sumers about the intended use of a product." such as those posed by "products containing tional foods. 2. "Statements of nutritional support ephedrine alkaloids." 2. "The standard of sign ificant sc ien­ shou ld be supported by scientifically valid 5. Federal and state agencies are re­ tific agreement is appropriate and serves the evidence substantiating that the statements sponsible for enforcement actions and may public interest." However, CDSL added a are truthful and not misleading." need to be given additional resources to de­ statement that this standard "should not be 3. "Statements indicating the role of a velop the evidence, "in the context of their so strictly interpreted as to require unanimous nutrient or dietary ingredient in affecting the overall health priorities." or near-un animous support." Thi s seems to structure or function of humans may be made echo Sen. Hatch's concern about when the statements do not suggest disease NLEA HEALTH CLAIMS IN DIETARY overinterpretation of the phrase. prevention or treatment." SUPPLEMENT LABELING 3. "The FDA should ensure that broad 4. The terms ''stimulate," "maintain," The predecessor of OSHEA was the Nutri ­ input is obtained to ascertain the degree of "support," "regulate," or '·promote'' "can be tion Labeling and Education Act of 1990 scientific agreement for a claim." The CDSL appropriate when the statements do not sug­ (NLEA), a law allowing FDA to approve encouraged using panels of qualified scien­ gest disease prevention or treatment or use "health claims" for both conventional foods tists outside the agency and giving consider­ for a serious health condition.·' and dietary supplements. Health claims are able weight to the views of other government 5. "Statements should not be made for statements that characterize the relationship agencies. This is significant, since other products to 'restore· normal or 'correct' ab-

HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 25 LEGAL AND REGULATORY

normal function when abnormality implies urging manufacturers to provide such sum­ extensive control as drugs. Some public com­ the presence of disease." The report cites a maries "in the notification letter or in a sepa­ ments claimed that the Commission over­ claim to "restore" normal blood pressure as rate public notice." reached its mission by dealing with the thera­ an example, if the abnormality implies hy­ The Commission also made specific peutic use of botanicals. These comments pertension. suggestions regarding the contents of the claim that under OSHEA, herbs and other 6. These statements should be distinct manufacturer's substantiation files. They supplements are defined as foods, and thus from NLEA health claims and should not should include the following items: a copy any suggestions about potential regulation of "state or imply a link between a supplement of the notification letter sent to FDA, key herbs as drugs is clearly outside the inten­ and prevention of a specific disease or health­ evidence to substantiate statements of nutri­ tion of the Act and the mission of the Com­ related condition." tional support or structure/function claims, mission. Much of this comes from fear that 7. These statements are not drug claims "including an interpretive summary of the such recommendations will result in herbs and should not refer to specific diseases, dis­ evidence by individual(s) qualified by train­ being classified as drugs and no longer as orders, or classes of diseases and should not ing and experience," identity and quantity of dietary supplements. This is not what the use the terms "diagnose," "treat," "prevent," ingredients that are the subject of the claim, Commission is recommending. "cure," or "mitigate"- words that are li sted evidence substantiating safety of the prod­ As many in the botanical community in the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act as part uct, assurance that good manufacturing prac­ are aware, people use herbs and other supple­ of the definition of "drug." tices were followed in producing the prod­ ments in a variety of ways, sometimes for uct, and the qualifications of the person(s) the prevention or treatment of disease. The The Commission recommends that to who reviewed the evidence for safety and Commission noted that some supplement the extent that financial and human resources efficacy. uses "are similar to" OTC drug uses. Public are available, FDA should continue to give testimony before the Commission raised this guidance to manufacturers by responding to PUBLICATIONS USED IN issue repeatedly, and CDSL commented that letters of notification (i.e., those from the CONNECTION WITH SALES (THIRD "in some cases, current scientific evidence manufacturer notifying FDA of the intent to PARTY LITERATURE) supports such (OTC drug) uses." The report market a product with a specific claim) when The Commission supports increased use of is careful to emphasize that drug-only status FDA deems a proposed statement to be in­ third party literature "to help consumers use for herbs is not under consideration: "the appropriate. dietary supplements appropriately." It ap­ Commission recognizes that OSHEA in­ proves the use of summaries of scientific cludes botanicals under the definition of di­ SUBSTANTIATION OF STATEM ENTS studies that mention a particular brand of etary supplements and does not intend to rec­ OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT product that was used in a study. The report ommend any change in legislation to alter The Commission reviewed over I ,000 claims recognizes that "Several organizations [in­ the status of these products as dietary supple­ submitted to FDA by manufacturers and cluding the American Botanical Council and ments." agreed that guidelines are needed to standard­ the Herb Research Foundation] are currently Based on prior testimony by ABC and ize the format of the notification letters that publishing materials specifically intended as others, the report makes brief mention of the manufacturers send to FDA within the 30- 'third party literature.' This literature can regulation of herbs in foreign countries. day time period from the date of first offer­ provide useful information for consumers, CDSL reviewed the World Health Organi­ ing the new claims. Such letters should in­ provided it meets all of the requirements of zation (WHO) "Guidelines of the Assessment clude the following: statement of purpose OSHEA, including the requirements that the of Herbal Medicines" as well as regulations of the product, vendor information (address, information be truthful, not misleading, and in Australia, England, France and Germany, etc.), product identification including copy balanced." The report suggests that the FDA where herbal products are generally mar­ of the label, ingredient statement (including, should undertake proactive monitoring and keted as licensed drugs. CDSL also reviewed for botanicals, the common name, Latin develop regulatory guidance "if necessary." regulation in Japan, China and other coun­ name with botanical authority, and plant part tries; with 18 regulatory schemes reviewed, used), and intended use, including recom­ BOTANICAL PRODUCTS 12 of which allowed a more streamlined mended dosage a nd appropriate One of the most controversial and probably means of approving therapeutic claims for contraindications and warnings. most misunderstood recommendations of the botanicals labeled as drugs. draft report published in June deals with the The Commission suggested that for The Commission initially recom­ possibility of reviewing and approving thera­ botanical products that cannot meet FDA mended that the letter include a summary of peutic claims for some herbs as over-the­ OTC review requirements, "more study is the evidence used to substantiate the safety counter (OTC) drugs. Many people have needed regarding the establishment of some and efficacy of the product, and a consumer incorrectly interpreted this recommendation alternative system for regulating botanicals version of the summary evidence. This rec­ as a move by the Commission members to ommendation was dropped in the final re­ remove herbs from dietary supplement sta­ port and replaced with "poli cy guidance" tus and place them back under FDA's more continued on page 57

26 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 EDITORIAL

"When Will There Come a Savior... ?" by Varro E. Tyler, Ph.D., Sc.D.

Many past and present actions of the a "component" of food and therefore an un­ of questionable safety, citing references in United States Food and Drug Administration approved food additive. 2 The case was sum­ foreign scientific journals of questionable with respect to herbal products should be a maril y dismissed in U.S. District Court, but quality that dealt with purported toxic effects matter of concern to every thinking citizen. in 1992, the FDA appealed to the U.S. Sev­ of the plant. If these same references had These began long before the passage of the enth Circuit Court of Appeals. In finding supported the safety of stevia, they would Dietary Supplement Health and Education for the defendant, Judge Cudahy of that body never have been considered by the Agency Act of J994 (OSHEA) and have continued noted th at under the FDA's definition, any because of their questionable quality. ever since. They represent the thinking of food to which water was added could become The rejection of GRAS statu s for an agency that, for whatever reasons, cannot a food additive. He call ed their contention stevia became moot with the passage of adjust to the fact that nearly 60 million an "Alice-in-Wonderland approach" that OSHEA in 1994. The FDA import embargo Americans, one-third of the adult population, wou ld all ow the FDA to make "an end-run was lifted in 1995, so long as the herb was now use herbal products. Instead of foster­ around the statutory scheme." intended to be sold as a di etary s uppl ement.~ ing conditions th at would preserve and pro­ During the early 1990's, there was Stevia is now readily avail able in health food tect the health of these consumers, the FDA considerable interest in this country in ob­ stores and pharmacies and is widely used. seems determined to hinder their sensible use taining approved food additive status (GRAS Interestingly, no adverse effects have been of herbal remedies. Examination of the re­ li stin g, generall y recognized as safe) for reported from its use in thi s country, support­ cent record supports thi s contention. stevia.3 The leaves of this plant, Stevia ing the contention th at the FDA erred in re­ Nearly 20 years ago the FDA compiled rebaudiana (Bertoni), Asteraceae, and its fusing to grant the herb approved food addi­ and published a li st of "Unsafe Herbs." 1 In­ principal constituent, stevioside, are now ti ve status. In fact, the original position of cluded with such obviously toxic pl ants as widely used in Asian rim nations as non-ca­ the herb industry was that stevia was a safe belladonna (Atropa belladonna L., Solan­ loric sweeteners. The safety of both prod­ food, not a food additive-a position FDA aceae), poison hemlock (Conium maculatum ucts is unquestioned there. Years of use in was unwilling to accept. L., Apiaceae), andjimson weed (Datura stra­ multi-ton quantities have not resulted in any Passage of OSHEA also caused the monium L., Solanaceae) were some that cer­ significant toxicity being reported. Neverthe­ agency to lift a number of previously im- tainly did not merit inclusion in that category. less, in May 199 1, the Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L., FDA embargoed the Hippocastanaceae), a widely used treatment importation of stevia for varicose veins in Europe, was listed as leaves, stevioside, and was bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis L., food containing them Papaveraceae), a popular ingredient in tooth­ on the grounds that the paste and mouthwash. But perhaps the herb was an un ap­ crowning in sult to herbal medi ci ne was the proved food additive categorization of St. John's wort (Hypericum and not GRAS li sted. perforatum L., Clusiaceae) as unsafe. That I have personal herb is currently the best selling prescription knowledge of two ex­ drug in Germany for mild to moderate de­ cellent petitions, both pression. It has recently enjoyed a huge wave comprehensive, detail­ of popularity as an herbal dietary supplement ing the widespread use in the United States. of stevia and the safety In November 1988, the FDA instructed of its constituents that a U.S. marshal to seize two barrels of black were submitted to the currant oil (Ribes nigrum L., FDA in the early Grossulariaceae) on the grounds that because 1990's. Both were re­ Bloodroot, Sanguinaria canadensis. it was to be placed in gelati n capsules, it was jected on the grounds Photo © 1994 Steven Foster.

HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 27 LEGAL AND REGULATORY

posed import alerts and im­ preclude ingestion of gi nseng other than as a port bulletins affecting water infusion ."6 For several years after this herbal products. These in­ alert was issued, importers of Chinese or cluded an import ban im­ Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., posed on evening primrose Araliaceae) products had them relabeled in oi l ( Oenothera biennis L. , the country of origin as "ginseng tea cap­ Onagraceae) in 1990, as well sules" for products contai ning dried ginseng as long-standing restrictions powder in gelatin capsul es or "gi nseng tea on ginseng and ephedra extract" for liquid or semi-liquid concen­ (Ephedra sinica Stapf., trated extracts. The inherent absurdity of this Ephedraceae) 5 policy was patently obvious to most observ­ In 1977 FDA ques­ ers of the scene during that time and appears tioned the inherent safety of to be all the more ludicrous and irrational in ginseng products when it issued Import Alert retrospect 20 years later. Of course, there Belladonna, Deadly were few if any substantiated reports of ad­ nightshade, Atropa belladonna. 66-02. This action challenged the GRAS sta­ verse reactions to ginseng products at that Photo © 1992 Steven Foster. tus of ginseng products by suggesting that ginseng was only safe as a water infusion (i.e., as an herbal tea) and that ginseng in any other form was considered unsafe a priori. "The import alert was intended primarily to continued on page 56 FDA Proposes Health Claim for Psyllium

The FDA has proposed a rule that whether it will consider psyllium husk in Psyllium husk can also cause allergic would amend the regulation permitting food grain-based food applications as generall y reactions in some people, FDA notes. In­ labeling bearing a health claim on soluble recognized as safe (GRAS ), wh ich Kellogg creasing the purity of the husk by mechani­ fiber for a lower risk of coronary heart dis­ requested. According to the FDA, a prelimi­ cal sieving can red uce the allergy-causi ng ease (CHD) to include so luble fiber from nary review of the GRAS affirmation peti­ substances; therefore, FDA is proposing psyllium husks (Plantago asiatica L., tion reveals that it contains sign ificant ev i­ specifications for purity of no less than 95 Plantaginaceae). The qualifying level of dence supporting the safety of the use of this percent and requests comments on them. In psyllium fiber is proposed to be 10.2 g per substance at the levels necessary to justify a addition, the notice asks, "Are other steps total daily intake (about 7 g of soluble fi­ health claim . The FDA refers to a 1993 re­ such as requiring that a psyllium-containing ber) . This proposal, published in the May 22 port from the Federation of Ame ri can Soci­ product that bears a health claim declare on Federal Register, is a result of Kellogg Co. eties for Experimental Biology's (FASEB) its principal display panel that psyllium is filing a petition in June 1996 requesting that Life Sciences Research Office determining present in the food, necessary?" foods which contain a certain amount of psyl­ that psyllium is safe at levels up to 25 g per FDA is asking for comments on the lium become eligible for the reduced CHD day. subject. Two other compani es, Procter & risk claim. The cereal manufacturer's peti­ However, the FDA expressed "some Gamble and Ciba-Geigy, have tried to receive tion contained data from 57 clinical studies concern" about psy llium's long-term risk, in FDA approval for a cholesterol-lowering ( 1965-1996-including 21 human studies) which high levels of psyllium husk "may claim on their psyllium-based laxatives, on psyllium's effects in lowering cholesterol enhance epitheli al cell proliferation in the (Metamucil® and Perdiem®, respectively), and the risk of coronary heart disease. gastrointestinal tract or cause all ergies in but have not received it. - Barbara A. Psyllium, a harvestable grain mostly some people. There is no agreement in the Johnston grown in France, Spain, and India, is culti­ scientific community, however, whether such [Health Supplement Retailer. 1997. p. 35. vated in small amounts in the south western an increase in cell proliferation is related to Federal Register 1997. May 22. United States. The FDA is not certain an adverse health effect." F-D-CReports- "TheTanSheet. " 1997. p. 15. May 26.]

28 • HERBAL GRAM No. 41 LEGAL AND REGULATORY

German Government Limits Ginkgolic Acid Levels in Ginkgo Leaf Extracts

By Mark Blumenthal

In Germany the standardized extracts ence in the leaves is the reason why some industry as Egb 76 1, does not contain more of Ginkgo biloba L. , Ginkgoaceae, leaf are authorities consider ginkgo leaves unsuitable than the max imum amount of gi nk go li c ac­ approved by Commission E for increased pe­ for use in herbal teas (Thiele, 1997). ids, because these compounds are eliminated ripheral ci rcu lation and related cogniti ve ben­ In May 1997, th e German l nstitute for during manufac ture of the ex tract. All of our efits. The approved Commission E mono­ Drugs and Medicinal Products (BfArM ) se nt produ cts thus co mply with the po siti ve graph for Ginkgo biloba leaf dry extract notes a letter to manufac turers of Ginkgo biloba Monograph I [i.e., the approved Commission several parameters for the quali ty of the ex­ leaf extracts and other gi nkgo preparations E monograph], as we ll as the draft mono­ tract: the drug (herb)/extract ratio must be regarding the levels of ginkgolic acid in these grap h of the WHO [World Health Organi za­ from 35-67: I, averagi ng 50: I; the ex tract products. tion]. so th at no ac ti on is necessary fro m our mu st be charac teri zed by 22-27 percent The communication stated th at, based side." (Bu sse, 1997) tlavonone glycos ides and 5-7 percent terpene on the prese nt level of kn ow ledge, the It is not clear how this new regulatory lac tones, with specified ranges of ginkgo!ide s BfArM considers it necessary to reduce the enforcement ac ti on will affect other gin kgo A, B, and C as well as a specified range of content of ginkgo li c acid in fin ished gin kgo products sold in Germany. After Schwabe ·s bilobalide. preparations to a max imum level of 5 ppm. Tebonin®. the second best-selling ginkgo ex­ The monograph also notes that the In a letter to the leading producer of tract is Kaveri ®. mark eted by Li cht wer level of ginkgo li c ac ids must be below 5 parts Ginkgo biloba standardi zed ex tract in Ger­ Pharma GmbH of Berlin, whi ch reduces per million (ppm) . many, the Dr. Willmar Schwabe Co. of ginkgloic ac id s below 5 ppm in the manu­ In the preparation of ginkgo biloba leaf Karlsruhe, Dr. A. Thiele of BfArM wrote that facturing process. Reduction or minimiza­ extracts by some manufacturers, ginkgo li c if proof of the 5 ppm max imum level cannot tion of ginkgo li c ac id co ntent is not an in­ ac ids are normall y kept to a minimum level. be documented, "the registrati on for these dustry or regulatory issue in the U.S. at thi s Thi s is done because they are chemicals clas­ pharmaceuticals wi ll be canceled since in this time . There does not appear to be any sig­ sified as alk ylphenols of the urushi ol type, case, there is th e well-founded suspicion that nificant reports of adverse reactions to ginkgo related to compounds in poi son ivy (Rhus the pharmaceuticals-when used in accor­ extrac ts related to ginkgo li c ac id content. 0 toxicodendron, [Small ex Rydb.] Greene, dance with the instructi ons [in the Commis­ Anacard iaceae), and are associated with con­ sion E monographsj- produce damag ing ef­ SOURCES tact all ergic responses, especiall y dermati­ fects which exceed a justifi ab le degree ac­ Busse. W. 1997. Personal communication to M. tis . Ginkgo li c acids are found in relatively cordin g to th e kn ow ledge of medical sc i­ Blumenthal. Aug. 18. hi gh co ncentrat ions in the seed cover of ence." (Thiele, 1997) Thiele. A. 1997. Averting of drug-induced ri sks. Ginkgo biloba but are also found in lower "The Ginkgo biloba ex trac t produced grade II : pharmaceuticals containing Ginkgo concentrations in ginkgo leaf. Their pres- by Schwabe, known in the pharmaceutical bi!oba leaves. Communication to Dr. Willmar Schwabe. Gmb H & Co .. May 27. B.C. By Johnny Hart

A LARGE. PIZZA WITH -o c 0 [:t)UBL E: PRLlNE:S I PL£..AS& .

HERBAL GRAM No. 41 • 29 Sassafras

+sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees, Lauraceae (Laurel Family) Sassafras Sassafras occupies a prominent position among our native culinary pl ants. File, a fin e powder of ground sassafras leaves. imparts a di stin ctive fla vor to gumbo. a popular So uth Loui siana dish. Sassafras tea . made by steeping pieces of the root or bark, ha s been a popular drink since the ear ly co loni zation of this country. Sassafra s oil, distilled from the bark of the root s. is used to fla vor medi cin es and ca ndy and in scenting some perfumes . Unfortunately, safrole , one major co mpon ent of sassafras oil, has been shown to be mildly carc inogenic in laboratory ani mal s. Sassa fra s is a deci duous, dioecious tree com mon in old fie lds and woodlands of Louisiana and th e easte rn Un ited States. Leaves, espec ially of young trees, are mitten- shaped. and both right- an d left-handed "mittens ," as well as ones with two thumbs, are produced. Leaves of old er trees­ which incide nta lly ca n become one hund red feet tall with trunk diameters of three to four feet­ tend to be unlobed. Both the male and the female flowers are sma ll , yel lowish green, and radially symmetri ca l with six per ianth segments. Male flowers have nin e stamens and release their pollen by means of tiny, flap like door s, a feature character­ istic of the laure l family. Sassafras fruits are purple drupes supported by a fl eshy, enlarged, reddish petiole. [Th e Choctaw used it to "thin the blood," and for treatment of meas les. The Houma also used it in cases of meas les. Used ) by other Native Amer ica n gro ups also.] 0 . orao

30 • HER BALGRAM No. 41 Yellow [gdy 's Slipper

+ cypripedium kentuckiense C. F. Reed [Syn. Cypripedium calceolus L.] Orchidaceae (Orchid Family) Yellow Lady's Slipper Ye llow lady's sli pper orchid is rare in th e rich, deciduous woo ds of ce ntra l Loui siana. Th e unu sual yellow, pouchlike sli pper is formed by the lower petal, or lip, whi ch differs con sider­ ab ly from the other two lance-shaped. spirally twisted, purplebrown peta ls. Conta ined within the slipper is th e column. co mpose d of two functional stamens. the stigm a. and the style. Th e three sepals are simil ar in color to th e lateral petals but are broader. Three to five plea ted leaves are supported on stems that may reach two feet tall. Until recently, th e ye ll ow lady's slippers in the eas tern Uni ted Sta tes had been called Cypripedium calceo/u s. but inves ti­ gations sugges t that the pl ants found from Louis iana to Ke ntucky make up a distinct spec ies that shou ld be called C. kentuckiense. Bea utiful and unusua l. the ye ll ow lady's slipper is diffi cu lt to grow because of its specific requ ire ments. [Like all other native orchids. Lady's Sli pper is li sted as a threatened species un der CITES (Co nve ntion in Trade in Endange red Spec ies). The root was formerly used in Eclectic Medicin e of th e 19th and early 20th ce nturies as a sedative. C. acaule was use d by Native Amer ica ns in the Northeast and C. parviflorum by the Cherokee. ]

illustrations by Marg·aret Sto11es • •

Reprinted with permission from Flora of Louisiana, 1991. Botanical descrip­ tions by Lowell Urbatsch. Louisiana State University Press. Information from Daniel Moerman, Ph.D., and Herbal Gram staff shown in [ ].

HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 31 Southern Magnolia

+ Magno lia grandiflora L. , Magnolia ceae (Magnolia F'amily) So uth ern Magno lia Th e south ern magnolia. perh aps th e grande st of our [Loui sia na] nati ve trees . is a trad itiona lly recogni zed symbol of the South. Beca use of its bea uty and abundance. thi s tree 's blosso m was designated in 1900 as th e state fl owe r by th e Loui siana Legislature. Southern magnoli a is eas ily di stin gui shed by its glossy. eve rgree n leaves whose un dersides arc typ ica ll y ru st co lored. Pri zed for the ir fragrance. th e beautiful. cream y white flowers bloom from Ap ril to Jun e. In true magnoli a fas hi on. eac h fl owe r is co mpo se d of seve ral showy, spoon-shaped petal s and num erou s stamens ancl pistils di sposed in sp iral rank s. F'ruits. wh ich mature from September through October. are co nelike agg rega tes of follicles . Lu strou s. bright red seeds remain suspend ed for a tim e by thin threa ds after the fruit ope ns and prese nt a co lorful di splay. South ern magnolia. slow grow ing and long lived, may atta in a height of near ly one hundred fee t. Alon g with Amer ican beec h, it forms a uniqu e clim ax forest association on the moi st. fertile ra vin e slopes of th e Lower South. [Th e Choctaw use d a plant or bark decoction for trea tm ent of prickly hea t and th e bark in a stea mbath for treatment of dropsy.]

'Tulip '[ree

+Liriodendron tulipifera L.. Magnolia ceae (Magnoli a F'amil y) Tulip Tree or Ye ll ow Popl ar Eas il y recogni ze d by its api ca lly trun ca te. four-lob ed leaves . tulip tree is wid espread on mes ic sites [sites that tend to be moist and wet] in the eas tern United States. In ce rtain habitats. it ma y be a predominant fores t speci es and a giant as wel l. Th e nation al champion tr ee. grow ing in Virginia. is reported to have a height of 124 fee t and a trunk circumference of 30 fee t 3 in ches . Its sc ientific name. which literall y mean s "tu lip bea rin g tulip tree ... see ms redundant but emphatica lly ca ll s attenti on to th e tr ee 's attractive flowers. Six ye llowish gree n perianth parts, th e sa me number as in th e tulip fl ower, are eac h highlighted with a vivid orange ba sa l spot. Three greenish. refl exed stam ens unfurl below the petal s, and within occur num erou s stamens and pi stil s. Th e rather co nelike aggr ega tes .of winged fruits persist on the tree after its leaves have bee n shed. Tu lip tree is an attractive or namenta l beca use of its pyramidal form. its as h gray bark of interl aci ng ridges. and its unu sual fl owers and foli age . It is also a use ful Limb er spec ies. [Th e Cherokee had many uses for thi s herb-trea tm ent of gas troenteritis ancl as a febrifuge, vermifu ge, ancl snakebite remedy.]

32 • HERBAtGRAM No. 41 if:>tuple Corufiower

+ Echinacea purpurea (L.) ~ l oc n c l1 Asteraceae (Sun nower Famil y) Purpl e Co nerlower Purpl e co neflower is perh aps the bes t known and most widely gro\\ n spec ies of Ecllinacea. Its natura l geographic distribution cen ters in Missouri and Arkansas. buttl1 e popularity of thi s plant has lcclto its introduction throughout th e eas tern United States. Na ti ve [i. e.. in Louisiana] populati ons of purpl e conef! o\\'cr gro\\' on ly in Ca ld well Parish. Other reports for thi s spec ies in Louisiana arr probably from cultivatio n or garden esca pes . This spec ies has broaclrr leaves and showier hea ds th an th ose of the pale co nefl ower. Purple coneflower·s di sk is orange to gold. and its rays are broader and may vary in co lor from near ly \\" llitc to purp le. Th e popularity of tin cture of Ec hinacea. extrac ted from th e roots of various species in th is genu s. and usee! as a med icinal treatment for a \ariety of ailm ents. has waxed and \\'ancd during the la st 150 years. [The herb is presently enj oy in g unprecedented popul arity. The Choctaw used this for cough and dys pepsia: also many more use s for E. anguslifolia and E. pal/ida.]

HE RBALGRAMNo . 41 • 33 cJ>rickly cJ>ear + opunlia humifusa (Raf.) Raf: [ Opunlia compressa (Sa li sb.) J. F. Macbr.]. Cactaceae (Cactus Fam il y) Eastern Pri ckl y Pear Th e elliptic to obovate. fl attened pads of th e prickly pear are modi fi ed ste ms. Branches are represented by th e clu sters of sp in es that arise from the regularly spaced nod es. ca lled areoles . of th e stem. Also assoc iated with the circular areo les are hairlike, often barbed spin es ca lled glochids . which will lodge in the skin . ca using considerabl e irritation. Leaves of the eas tern prickl y pear may subtend eac h node and are tiny, shor tlived, often triangular-shaped bits of tissue. Flowers of th e prickly pear are produced around the upper margin s of th e pads. Their bright, lemon ye llow perianth segments are about one and one-half in ches long and surround masses of showy sta mens. F'ru its of this and of most spec ies of cactus are ed ible. [These are ca lled "tuna " in Spani sh.] However. they need to be sin ged to remove the glochids [fin e hairs]. Although not co mmon in Loui siana, th e easter n prickly pear grows in dry, sa ndy soils and dun es so metimes associated with strea ms. [The prim ary use by ative America ns is as a brea d. Ma ny groups around the U.S. eat the fruits. The Dakota use th e stems on wound s and snakeb ite. ]

FLORA of LOUISIANA Available from ABC's Herbal Education Catalog FLORA OF LOUISIANA by Margaret Stones. 1991 . Over 200 beautiful full color water colors and b/w illustrations. Each pointing accompanied by description, habitat, and growing conditions. Hardcover, 220 pp. $45 . #8127

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34 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 Herbs and Healing on Nimragua's Atlantic Coast

Article and photography by Bruce Barrett, M.D. , Ph.D.

Large leaf: Headache leaf; plant at top: olbohoco; plant at bottom: scorpiontil .

Because of its ethnic diversity and botanical splendor, In a world of biodiversity, ecolog ical awareness, and expanding markets fo r medicinal herb s, it is no wo nder that th ere have been the Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua provides an excellent more and louder voices ca lling for an integrati on of ethnomedical arena for the study of medicinal plants. Six ethnic preservati on with environmental conservation Y·'A Successes in thi s 5 6 7 area could have lasting va lue for humanity as a whole. · · ·x Voices groups deriving from four continents maintain heal­ calling fo r preservation of indigenou s knowledge now include dis­ ing traditions using a vast array of herbal and spiri­ cussion of ownership, noting th at the peoples who ori ginall y research tual medicine. Living in the largest rainforest north and develop medi cinal plants are rarely included once profits begin to acc ru e .~· 10 · 11 of Amazonia, these people use as medicines more From Ch iapas to Panama, indigenous peop les strugg le to pre­ 11 than 200 of the estimated 7,000 plant species avail­ serve th eir lingui stic , cultural, and ethnomedical traditions. ·t.nw Guatemala, with 22 Mayan languages and more than 50 percent of able in the region.

HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 35 Left: Sorosi, Momordico choronlio, right: Cilantro, Eryngium foetidum

its population indigenous, is home to a series of efforts to document discovered their cultural heritage, traditional practices gai ned in fa­ 1 17 1 19 and preserve plant knowledge. fi· · x· Studies from Belize, Hondu­ vor. As a result, there is today a thriving tradition of ethnomedical ras, El Salvador and Costa Rica have likewise contributed to medi­ practice among the various peoples of Nicaragua's Atlantic Coast. 20 2 22 cal ethnobotany. · 1. B Still, and I admit that my viewpoint is bi­ ased, Nicaragua, and particularly Nicaragua's Atlantic Coast, may THE HERBS be the most promising area for the study and preservation of tradi­ Serendipity often acts as master of ceremonies. In the summer of tional medicine. 24 1988 a duffel bag was stolen en route from Managua to Bluefields. Nicaragua's Atlantic Coast stretches nearly 300 miles from The bag contained 500 copies of a public health survey that I had Costa Rica to Honduras, and is divided geographically into the North brought from Wisconsin to Nicaragua in the hopes of gathering data 26 and South Atlantic Autonomous Regions. "The Coast" comprises useful both to the regional health ministry (M INSA-RAAS ) and to more than half of Nicaragua's territory but is home to less than 10 my efforts to gai n a doctorate in anthropology. On hearing of the percent of the nation 's people, about 400,000 in all. Six distinct loss, the regional director for MINSA-RAAS asked me to help ana­ ethnic groups deriving from Africa, Europe and the Americas live in lyze medicinal plant data, data that MlNSA-RAAS had collected the region . Mestizo (Ladino), Creole (Afro-English), and native during interviews with traditional healers from 1986 to 1988. I spent Mi ski tu are the most prominent. Sumu are the most traditional Na­ the next four months analyzing the data already collected, interview­ tive Americans, Rama the least populous. Garffuna (Afro-Indian, ing healers on my own, and helping the head of MINSA-RAAS 's also known as Black Carib) are perhaps the most interesting, an­ Division of Education and Popular Communication write a report, a thropologically, as they derive from African and Red Carib Ameri­ report wh ich was finally published as a booklet in 1992_27 The cans, with bits of French, English, and Spanish in their culture and report was finished just as Hurricane Joan (Juana) swept in from the language. east, reducing 90 percent of the structures in Bluefields to rubble. I Subsistence is for the most part based on fishing and slash­ helped nail a few walls and roofs together, then returned to Wiscon­ and-burn agriculture. Shrimp, crab, fish and turtle complement sin. starchy staples- corn, rice, plantain, cassava and dasheen . Water My second major venture to Nicaragua's Atlantic Coast be­ permeates all, with several meters of annual rainfall swelling streams gan in October of 1989. Armed with 800 copies of a new-and-im­ into rivers, pouring into lagoons and mixing through mangrove lit­ proved public health survey, l aJTived in Bluefields with a growi ng toral to the omnipresent sea. interest in medicinal plants. Over the next I 0 months I kept busy The people of the Coast- the costeiios-have developed their looking into both traditional and modern aspects of th e pluralistic28 ethnomedical traditions over centuries, perhaps millenia. Boom­ costeFio health system. The 1986-88 MINSA-RAAS research had and-bust economies and a series of armed conflicts have left their revealed a li st of I 09 identifiable botanical herbs and I ,504 indi ­ mark on po liti cs and culture, ye t ethnomed icine has survived rela­ vidual plant/illness associations. My 1990 survey resulted in a li st tively intact. The costeiios have shown that they are more likely to of 2,135 plant/illness associations and 162 identifiable plants, onl y adopt a new health behavior than th ey are to lose an old one. 25 Dur­ 77 of which had been named in the MINSA-RAAS project. Com­ ing the 1980s, the expansion of health care services allowed costeFios bined with two sma ller previous investigations/ 930 there is now docu­ better access to modern medicine, but thi s trend did little to dimin­ mentation of the use of well over 200 medicinal plants on Nicaragua's ish the respect for or use of traditional practice. In fact , as modern Atlantic Coast. medicine became more available and less cost ly, it may have lost My third major venture to eastern Nicaragua consisted of gath­ some of its sy mbolic power. And, as minority ethnic groups re- ering plant specimens for positive identification and deposition in

36 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 • on Goals and Proiects of the ~ERION BOTfNICAL COUNCIL The American Botanical Council (ABC) was incorporated in November, 1988 as a nonprofit herbal research and educational organization. ABC's primary goal is to educate the public about beneficial herbs and plants. The following objectives help us attain our goal: • Disseminate accurate, responsible, scientific information on herbs and herbal research. • Increase public awareness and professional knowledge of the historic role and current potential of plants in healing and medicine. • Contribute information to professional and scientific literature that helps establish accurate, credible toxicological and pharmacological data on numerous types of plants and plant materials. • Promote understanding regarding the importance of preserving native plant populations in temperate and tropical zones. • Provide the public with original research and reprints of plant-related articles, audio/video tapes, books, and other educational materials. c::::::::===:::::::::::::. • Assist the Herb Research Foundation in achieving its non-profit research and educational goals.

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#1 - Summer 83. (4 pp.) Eucalyptus Repels Fleas; FDA OTC Panel #21 - Fall 1989. (52 pp.) In Memoriam: Nathan Podhurst; Goldenseal Reviews Menstrual & Aphrodisiac Herbs; and more. Masking of Drug Tests; AHPA & HRF Herb Safety Review Program; Mangoes/ #2 - Fall/Winter 83-84. (8 pp.) Appeals Court Overrules FDA on Food Herpes?; Ginseng/Chinese Herbs Coverage; Podophyllotoxin Complexity; Safety; Cancer Cure?; Comfrey Tea Recall ; and more. Bupleurum Research Update; Astragalus/Killer Cell Activity; Coltsfoot in Death #3- Spring 84. (8 pp.) Flowers and Dinosaurs Demise?; Antibacterial of Infant; Mistletoe & NK Cells; OTC/FDA; Valerian: A Literature Review; Sassafras; WHO Studies Anti- fertility Plants; Chinese Herbal Drugs; Fever­ and more. few Migraines; Ginseng as Cash Crop; and more. #22- (52 pp.) Black Pearls; Juglone/Algae and Fish; Search for Soma; #4- November 84. (12 pp.) Ayurvedic Medicine for Sciatica & Arthri­ Motherwort/Heart; Ginkgo for Brain Damage?; Natural Oral Contraceptives; tis; Synthetic Garlic; Alternative Approaches to Gout; and more. Herbal Extract/Fracture Healing; Tannins as Free Radical Scavengers; Eclipta #5 - Spring 85. ( 12 pp.) Onions & Hypoglycemic Compound; Fenugreek Alba Research; "Traditional Herbal Medicines" in Current Drug Category; Haw­ Reduces Insulin Need?; Yohimbine for Sexual Therapy; Eleuthero & the Liver; thorn: A Literature Review; and more. and more. #23 - (52 pp.) Basil Oil/Fungus Protection; Garlic Research; Chinese #6-Summer 85. ( 12 pp.) Hispanic Folk Medicines; Ipecac Abuse; Toxic Medicinals; Herbal Burn Therapy; New Immunostimulants /Japanese Ginseng; Clove Cigarettes; New Herbal Sweetener; Milk Thistle Extracts; Ginseng for Japanese AIDS Research; Phellodendron Bark/Multiple Anti-ulcer Activities; Liver Damage; and more. Chinese Medicine/Brain Oxygenation; Herb Protectors Against Radiation; #7- Fa11 85. ( 12 pp.) Scullcap; Therapeutic Ginkgo Trees; Ginseng & GLQ223TM Update; Special Feature: Chinese Medicinals by Albert Leung, Potency; Herbal Cures for Heroin & Opium; Jojoba vs. IRS; and more. Ph.D.; FDNOTC; Farnsworth Symposium; and more. #8- Winter 86. ( 12 pp.) Call for Government Sponsored Natural Drug #24 - (54 pp.) Broccoi/Breast Cancer; Garlic/Soil Acidification; Almond Research, by Dr. Jim Duke; Ginseng & Ageing; Sweet Wormwood for Malaria; Oil/Blood Cholesterol; Onions/Asthma; Desert Plants/Diabetes; Antidiabetic Feverfew for Arthritis?; Coca Leaf Tea; and more. Fenugreek; Herbal Treatments/Diabetes; NIH Hypericin Trial; Antiviral Effect/ #9 - Spring 86. ( 12 pp.) Canadian Expert Panel/Herb Use; Herbal Bib­ Mango Leaves; Spirulina Reduces Kidney Damage; AstragalusNiral Heart Dis­ liographic Service; Methods in Phytochemistry; and more. ease; Ginkgo/Heart; FDNOTC Diet Drug Ingredients; Special Features: Har­ #10 - Summer/Fall86. (16 pp.) FDA Policy Shift on Herbs; Chernobyl/ vesting Medicinals in the Wild and Folklore a d Folk Medicines; The Need Herb Supply; Garlic/Obesity & Meningitis; Guar Gum/ Diabetes; Tumor In­ for Cooperation/Modern and Traditional • · and more. hibitor in Licorice; Anti-cancer Effect/Mistletoe and Turmeric; and more. #25 - (56 pp.) Soy Lecith. ct\t'' Migraine Gingerly?; Anti­ #11- Winter 87. ( 16 pp.) Plant Drugs in the 2 1st Century; Natural Blood inflammatory Reishi; of 9l'- ;Ginseng/"Decarcinogene sis"; Thinners; Chinese Antitumor Plants; and more. Astragalus/Live e.,"{ esigner Foods; Meals That Heal; Santa #12- Spring 87. ( 16 pp.) Ayurveda; Thai Medicinal Plants; and more. Maria Feverfews OV el Prize in Chemistry; and more. #1~ - Summer 87. (16 pp.) Court Ruling/Evening Primrose Oil; Court/ #26- (64 pp. ayenne/Cluster Headache; Chinese Herbs/Eczema, part 2; FDA DALS; Ginseng/Anti-aging; Immune-enhancing/Ginseng; Anti-ulcer/Ger­ Alternati ve Medicine and "Wonder Cures?"; Herbal Cure/Greenhouse Effect?; mander: Saikosaponin/Kidney Disease;and more. Mistletoe; AHPA Petitions FDNStevia Leaf Sweetener; NLEA Update; Cran­ #14 - Fall 87. ( 16 pp.) Anti-diabetic Effect/Ginseng;Herbal Data Bases; berry Juice/Urinary Tract Infections; Ayurvedic Anti-diabetic Plant; Spirulina/ and more. Fruitarians; Echinacea/Systemic Candida and Listeria; Anti-Emetic Effect of #IS - Winter 88. (24 pp.) Export controi/Ladyslipper; Canada Bans Com­ Ginger; Healing Art/Richard Solomon;Tea Tree Oil Therapy/Acne; FDA Ban/ frey Leaf; Feverfew for Physicians; Licorice Retards Tooth Decay; Neem Ex­ OTC Weight Loss Ingredients; Botanical Ingredient Review; and more. tract - Natural Pesticide; EP /Use of Herbicide Alachlor; and more. #27 - (64 pp.) Patented Pepper; Sisal Surgery; Rainfores~ Remedies; U.S. #16-Spring 88. (24 pp.) FDNGRAS Substances;Ginger Juice in Treat­ Herb Industry/Self Regulation; Latin American Antimicrobials; Four 0' clocks/ ment of Kitchen Burns; Interview- Dr. I. I. Brekhman; Valerian Effectiveness; Wound Treatment; Health Freedom Bill ; Conservation and Tropical Medicinal Fungal Studies; Yew Continues to Amaze; Ginseng in Perspective; and more. Plant Research; International Journal of Pharmacognosy; John Uri Lloyd and #17- Summer 88. (24 pp.) Sarsaparilla, A Literature Review; Chinese the Lost Narcotic Plants of the Shawnee; and more. Herb Products Regulated;lnterview with Professor H. Wagner; Herbal Cancer #28 - (72 pp.) Arabian Peninsula/Amazonian Basin; Ginseng/Wall Street Remedies; Antiviral Alkaloids/ AIDS Virus; lndoles; Cardiac Benefits /Tienchi Journal; Regulatory Dilemma; WHO Guidelines/Assessment of Herbal Medi­ Ginseng; Antitumor Effects/Sophora; Chinese Arthritis Treatment; and more. cines; Harvard's Glass Flowers; Mental Function/Gotu Kola; Feverfew's Po­ #18/19 Double issue- Falll988/Winter 1989. (48 pp.) Tobacco Regu­ tency; Cure for Hepatitis B ?; Moringa Bark; The Pharmacology of Extinction; lation in Canada; Chaparral; Epazote:Herbal Cure for Greenhouse Effect?; Af­ European/American Phytomedicines/FDA OTC Drug Policy; NLEA Moratorium; rican Herbal Medicine; Herbs Business in China; The Hoxsey Fi lm; Benefits of Herb lndustry/FDNChaparral Warning; and more. Garlic; AIDS News: St. John's Wort/Retrovirus; Feverfew Headache Research; #29- (72 pp.) Echinacea Highlighted/Cold and Flu Remedy; Indonesia's Guar Gum/Heart; Cranberry Juice/Urinary Infections; Huperzia; St. John's Living Apothecary; FDA and Herb Industry Dispute; Antioxidant, Antitumor, Wort: A Review; and more. and Cardiovascular Actions/Garlic; Ginger and Atractylodes/Anti- inflammatory; #20-Spring 1989. (52 pp.) Anti-cancer Tobacco; Cactus/Blood Glucose Clinical Proof for Echinacea; Adaptogen Research; Latest on Ginkgo; Anti stress Levels; "Secrets of the Rain Forest"; Garlic/Bad Cholesterol Reduction; Up­ Astragalus; Botanical Jewelry; Feverfew Fever; Special Supplement: Relative date/Canadi an Herbal Formula Regul ation; Compound Q (Trichosanthes Safety of Herbal Medicines; Food Safety Evaluation; and more. kiri/owii)/AIDS-reliefSearch?; New Strategy Against AIDS: Castor Bean Com­ plex; NCT/Natural Products Research; Garlic/Candida/Cancer; Feverfew: A Lit­ erature Review; and more.

Credit card holders order toll free 800/373-71 OS Herbal Education Catalog fax 512/331-1924, for questions call 512/331-8868 Summer/Fall1997 e-mail: [email protected] see page 31 for order form #30- (80 pp.) Tribute to AI Gentry; Post-partum Pot?; Anti-cancer Effects/ Herbs; Latest Garlic Research; Medicinal Use/Black Pepper; Argentenian Anti­ Bact Issues microbials; New Natural Insecticide; FDA's Proposed Preconditions for Health Claims/Garlic Dietary Supplements; German Evaluation/Herbal Medicines; Medicinal Plant Stamps/Yugoslavia; Phytomedicines/Western Europe; Litera­ ture Review: Echinacea; and more. #31 - (80 pp.) Herbs Top Growth Category in Supermarkets/Drug Stores; GLA Proven/Rheumatoid Arthritis; Kampo Medicine Resurgence; Anti-alcohol Effects/Kudzu; Phyllanthus/Hepatitis B Update; Flavonoids; Field Museum 's Pl ant Models; Asia's Sacred Groves; Amazing Amazon Medicines; Mexican­ American Herbal Remedies; Tibetan Medical Paintings; Profile of a Traditional Healer; and more. #32 - (80 pp.) Neem Fungicide; Aloe Vera/M outh Ulcers; Kampo Medi­ # 22 # 24 # 28 # 30 ci nes; Juniper Berries/Diabetes; Pepper Compound/Liver Protection; Cranberry/ Urinary Infections; Limonene; Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act/ 1994; . American Herbal Regulation; Canadian Advisory Committee on Herbs; oxidant Conference; In Memoriam , Don Elijio Panti , Herbert Pierson; Book Insect Bites/Lycium Leaf; Review-"lntroduction to Herbal Pharmacology"; Poi­ Reviews-Plants, People, and Culture; Garlic: The Science and Th erapeutic soning by Gordolobo; Urine Tests for Drug Use; Passionflowers; In Memoriam : Application of Allium sativum L. and Related Species; The Book of Tea ; Phar­ Victor Cordovi and Gordon Svoboda; and more. macognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology; An Elder's Herbal; Herbal Prescrip­ #33- (80 pp.) Chamomile; Garlic/Cardiovascular Benefits Confirmed; Anti­ tions for Better Health; Ecletic Dispensatory of Botanical Therapeutics, Vol. //; oxidant/Garlic; St. John's Wort/Depression; Anti-emetic Compounds/Ginger and Wild Plants of the Pueblo Province; New Journal, Protocol Journal of Botanical Magnolia; "Common Sense" in Supplement Regulation; AHPA/Chinese Patent Medicine; Software Review, Chinese Herbal Medicine, the Formulary for Win­ Medicine Policy; FDA/Herbal Industry; Pharmacy from the Rainforest, Special dows; and more. Supplement; Plant Drugs, Healing Herbs, and Phytomedicinals; A Ribereiios #38-(80 pp.) Wil son Botanical Garden Hosts "Pharmacy from the Rainfor­ Medicinal Garden; Amazonian Trail of Useful Plants; Drug Di scovery and Com­ est"; Satellites Monitor Continued Burning of Brazil's Rainforests; Anticancer mercial Opportunities in Medicinal Plants; Herbs and the Commodities Market; Effect of Zi zyphus Extract; Milk Thistle Extracts Reduce Li ver Damage from In Memoriam, Dr. Ben Stone; and more. Psychotropic Drugs ; Essential Oils for Headache Treatment; Antioxidant Pro­ #34 - (80 pp.) Hawthorn for Congestive Heart Failure; Melissa Relief for tection from Echinacea; Licorice May Fight Lupus; Influenza Inhibition by El­ Herpes Sufferers; Saw Palmetto Extract/Treatment of BPH; Ginkgo Biloba Ex­ derberry Extract; Variability in Comfrey PA Content; Plant Patents; ational tract/ Alzheimer's; FDA Drops Import Alert on EPO; FDA Approves Taxol; College of Phytotherapy Opens; FDA Has Adequate Power and Authority to Canada Approves Ginkgo for Food Use; MaHuang Regulatory Dilemma; Ephe­ Protect the Public from Unsafe Dietary Supplements; FDA Hearing Portends dra/Ephedrine/Caffeine Products; Jamaica Ginger Paralysis/1930s; Poison Oak; Uncertain Future for Mahuang; One River, Excerpts from the book about ethno­ Cures of the Copper Canyon; In Memoriam-Israel Brekhman, Cyrus Lundell , botanist Richard Evans Schultes; Fragile Blooms from a Botanical Artist; Gin­ Mildred Mathias; Calvin Sperling, Dick Tippett; and more ger as an Anti-nausea Remedy in Pregnanc y; Cranberry; Conference Reports­ #35 - (80 pp.) Tea Tree OiVNail Fungus; Alternative Cancer Therapy Fol­ Monroe Wall Symposium, Plants for Food and Medicine; Market Report- Tradi­ low-up; Chinese Herbal Combination for Bronchiolotis; Ginkgo Use for Tinni­ tional Chinese Medicines, Natural Business Stock Index; In Memorium, Julia tus Questioned; Huperzia!Memory Improvement; Rural Mississippi Use of Pl ant Morton, Roger Peterson; Book Summary-Garlic: The Science and Therapeutic Remedies; FDA lifts Import Alert on Stevia; EAPC Petitions for Valerian and Application of Allium sativum L. and Related Species; Book Reviews-Ethno­ Ginger OTC ; AHPA Rescinds Chaparral Ban: Ophthalmology's Botanical Heri­ botany, A Methods Manual; Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Pro­ tage; The Patenting ofNeem; Pharmacy from the Rainforest- Belize; Profile: Rosita fessionals; The Healing Power of Garlic; Phytochemistry of Plants Used inTra­ Arvigo; Medicinal Plants of Shakespeare; Smithsonian/ABC Sponsor Herbal ditional Medicine; Cancer and Natural Medicine; Software Re view, The Herb­ Medicine Conference; In Memoriam-John Bastyr, Virginia Hand Calloway; alist; and more. Russell Earl Marker; Matthew Suffness; and more. #39--{88 pp.) "fx": Chemically Adulterated Product Does Not Contain Kava; #36- (80 pp.) ABC Co-sponsors Garlic Publication;ABC Director Elected Thyme, Herbalism Thrives in New Mexico; Pharmacy Students Study in Belize to Board of ACEER; Consumer Reports, Newsweek articles on Herbal Supple­ Rainforest; Meta-analysis of Clinical Trials on St. John's Wort for Depression; ments; Kampo Liver Formula vs Liver Cancer; Valerian Safety Confirmed; Car­ Bromelain and Musculoskeletal Injuries; Antidiabetic Properties of Bitter Melon; diovascular Benefits/Green Tea; Anti-cancer effects of Ginseng, Gotu Kola; Efficacy and Tolerability of Kava in Anxiety; Anti-anxiety Effects of Chamo­ Betulinic Acid vs Melanoma; Tea Tree Oil vs Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria; FDA mile Compounds; Benefits of Grape Seed Extract; Licorice Extract and Glycyr­ Expert Advisory Committee Hearing on MaHuang; Rhubarb Through the Ages; rhizin Activity; Plant Patents; Herbal Petrol: A Hot Item; Ma Huang Update; Photoessay--Cardiotonics on Postage Stamps; Lloyd Library Collection;Special Commission on Dietary Supplement Labels Debates Health Benefit Claims; Report: Overview of U. S. Botanical Market; In Memoriam, Joseph Landes; Report on the Conference of the Code Alimentarius, Special Review: Kava; Pro­ Book Reviews-Consuming Habits; Pau D'ARco; Alternative Medicines, th e file: Henry Hurd Rusby; Conference Report-European Phytomedicines; Market Definitive Guide; CRC Handbook ofAlternative Cash Cropt; The HSA En cyclo­ Report; In Memorium, Tommie Bass, Marvin Malone, Arthur Schwarting, Rob­ pedia ofH erbs & Th eir Uses; Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants; ert Sohn, Alfred Vogel; Excerpts from Tales of a Shaman 's Apprentice; Book The Illustrated Chineses Materia Medica; Ethnobotany: Evolution ofa Disciplin e; Reviews-The Dieta ry Supplement Health and Education Act: A Legislative His­ Pyrethrum Flowers, Production, Chemistry, Toxicology, and Uses; and more. tory and Analysis; Healing with Plants in the American and Mexican West; Bio­ #37-0 (80pp.)Public Radio's "Medicine Garden" Available on Audio; Ricin technology in Agriculture and Forestry, Volume 37: Medicinal and Aromatic Toxin from Castor Bean; Milk Thistle Fruit Treatment for Mushroom Poisoning; Plants; Edible and Medicinal Plants of the Great Lakes Region; CRC Handbook Caution with Homemade Oils;Peppermint Oil/Irritable Bowl Syndrome/Anti­ of Medicinal Mints (Aromathematics) Phytochemicals and Biological Activities; oxidant Effects of Herbs; Artichoke Increases Bi le Output; Flax Seed for Sex Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Qatar; Handbook of Non- Prescription Drugs. Steroid Action; Echinacea Clinical Studies Reviewed; Anti-HIV Update; Herbal lith Edition; Non-Prescription Products: Formulations & Features '96- '97; and High Products Get Media Attention; FDA Statement on Street Drugs Containing Botanical Ephedra; Chief Two Moons Meridas;Special Feature: Rediscovering Tea; Chocolate; Past, Present, and Future; Market Report- Survey Indicates In­ creasing Herb Use; Conference Reports-Gaia Herb Symposium, CRN's Anti-

For precise indexing information, order our Cumulative x , see page 4.

Herbal Education Catalog Credit card holders order toll free 800/373-71 OS Summer /Fall 1997 fax 512/331 -1924, for questions call 512/331·8868 see page 31 for order form e-mail: [email protected] LONG trimn••nu by Wnii~!'Rmil~ .. TO THE ROCKY fascinating account the ideas, herbs in the Pharmacopeia MOUNTAINS 1819-1820 personalities, advances, and were native American plants which by Howard Evans. 1997. The vicissitudes that hove shaped the were introduced into pharmacy first scientific exploration of the course of herbal medicine and and medicine by westward-moving Louisiana Territory to be occompo· pharmacy. Focuses with condor and settlers who were unable to obtain nied by trained naturalists and art· clarity on the professional, economic, European-based medicines from ists, during which 140 "new" ond social forces thot hove L..:~~E::...... J physicians on the East Coast. This ....___~_-_-_-_--~. species of plants were discovered . periodically consigned herbal volume meticulously documents Based primarily on the expedition reports and medicine to near oblivion, and presents a strong the rise and fall of herbs as official drugs in diaries and beautifully illustrated with crisp reproductions case for the cyclical emergence of alternative America according to their listings in the US of Titian Peale's and Samuel Seymour's art. Softcover, medicine at times when allopathic methods of Pharmacopeias from 1820 to 1990. 268 pp. $15.95. #B272 treatment hove lost their safety and efficacy. Softcover. 77 pp. $20. #B180 Softcover. 379 pp. $19.95 . #B187 GinseniJ THE HEALING [;:iil!1~~~ GINSENG: HOW THE GINSENGS: THE GINSENG BOOK: POWER OF TO FIND, A USER'S GUIDE NATURE'S ANCIENT HEALER by GINSENG AND GROW AND by Christopher Stephen Fulder. THE TONIC USE AMERICA'S Hobbs. 1996. Small 1996. Practical, HERBS FORESJ GOLD ~ but pocked with sound advice on by Paul Bergner. by Kim Pritts. 1995. information, this choosing the 1996. Explains the Covers history, book will tell you the most appropriate most famous of cultivation, diseases ~ benefits and proper form of ginseng Chinese tonic herbs, and pests, bY ..M OIOIM ...,,.,, use of 10 kinds of Ui«JsrOPHex Ho&&s and on selecting which tonic herbs ore ....__.;..._ _ __..;.;="-' harvesting and ginseng, how to the right dosage. effective and inexpensive substitutes for marketing, hunting and conserving choose and use the most potent and cost· Covers legends ginseng, which ones when combined with wild ginseng, and ginseng's place in effective products, and summaries of human and history, ginseng will make it more effective, and traditional herbal medicine. clinical studies that su pport the health claims scientific which ones, alone or in combination may be Softcover.150 pp. $16.9 5. #B217 of ginseng. Softcover. 103 pp . $7.95 #B214 studies, and cultivation and processing better suited to on individual's constitution. Softcover, 109 pp. $8.95 #B268 Softcover. 274 pp. $14.95. #B219

GINSENG AMERICAN GINSENG, THE CHALLENGES A CONCISE HANDBOOK GREEN GOLD OF THE 21ST CENTURY by James Duke. 1989. Revised edition by W. Scott Persons. Ed. by Bailey, Whitehead, Proctor Examines history, taxonomy, 1994. Agrowers' guide, including and Kyle. 1995. Asummary of all chemistry, and pharmacology, history and use. Information on life activities of the proceedings of the and surveys the economics of cycle, range, government regulation, 1994 International Ginseng ginseng cultivation. B/W medicinal properties, trade, growing Conference in Vancouver, Canada, _.__ illus., Hardcover, 273 pp. methods, harvesting and stratifying, the world's first comprehensive

...______.ll $39.95 #B047 and economics. Photos, illus, tables. ginseng event. Over 100 Softcover, 203 pp. $17.95. #B111 presentations covering ginseng from cultivotion._ond production to consumer use. Softcover. 64 5 pp. Nttti"e Ameriettn $49.95. #B199 GERANIUMS MEDICINAL WILD FOREST AMERICAN FOR THE PLANTS OF THE PHARMACY: INDIAN IROQUOIS PRAIRIE MEDICINAL MEDICINE by Daniel Moerman. by Kelly Kindscher. PLANTS IN by Virgil Vogel. 1982. Written in a 1992. 203 native AMERICAN 1990. witty narrative style, prairie plant species FORESTS The classic work in this handbook used by Native by Steven Foster. this field . Lists the discusses many of Americans, settlers, 1995. Discusses practical and the plants used and doctors. Includes historical and pharmacological medicinal· botanical, Native continued use of bases of treatment ly by Native American peoples. Accurate American, and common nome; description America's forest and cure. Essay on the medical aspects of line drawings ore accompanied by and habitat; ports used, Native American use, plants as powerful sources of medicine. Indian history, folklore, pharmacology, and common ond botanical names, as well as medical use; scientific research; and Ou~ines early Native American use and botany. Softcover, 578 pp. $24.95. #B131 descriptions to help the reader identify the · cultivation. Softcover, 340 pp. $ 12.95 declines in research and Americans' resurgent plant in the field . Hardcover. 24 2 pp. #B140 interest in medicinal plants. Color photos. $24.95. #B211 Softcover. 64 pp. $6.95. #B103 Credit cord holders order toll free 800/373·7105 Herbal Education Catalog fox 512/331-1924, for questions coll512/331·8868 Summer /Foll1997 e-mail: [email protected] see page 31 for order form 0 ESO J..C.::.MEDICIINE Mnt, THtiR KA'APOR ETHNOBOTANY­ FORESTS Ed . by Daniel PLANTS AND RITUALS THE HISTORICAL ECOLOGY Nepstod ond Stephan IN THE COLOMBIAN OF PLANT UTILIZATION BY Schwortzmon. 1992. Vo lume 9 AMAZONIA AN AMAZONIAN PEOPLE. of the Advances in Economic by Richard Schultes ond by William Bolee. 1993. Botany series subtitled Evalua­ Robert Roffouf. 1992. Botanical ond ethnobotonical tion of o Conservation ond De­ Scientific doto distilled from research among the Tupi-Guoroni velopment Strategy. Contains o long series of papers by speaking people. Includes 10 14 pape rs covering the biologi· Schultes ond his students. An appendices, mops, figures, ond col ond political context, social integration of ethnobotony, chemistry, ond tables. B/W photos. Hardcover. ond economic context in Amozonio ond in ond Asio, photography. B/W photos, Softcover, 282 pp. 396pp. $72. #8110 barriers to ond strategies for expanding non-timber forest $22.95. #8050. product extraction. Softcover, 164 pp. $18.95. #B274

THE HEALING FOREST AMAZONIAN PAU D'ARCO: by Richard E. Schultes ond ETHNOBOTANICAL IMMUNE POWER FROM Robert F. Roffouf. 1990. Field DICTIONARY THE RAIN FOREST research spanning o holf· by James Duke ond Rodolpho by Kenneth Jones. 1995. century in the Northwest Vasquez. 1994. An excellent Describes the different varieties Amazon. Over 1,600 species resource book on the wealth ond its application in South listed. The modern classic on of botonicols in the Amazon. American folk medicine. Directions Amozonion ethnobotony. Usts uses ond common for preparation ond dosage os teos B/W photos, illus., Hardcover, nomes of hundreds of plants. ond extracts. Reviews ond 486 pp. $69.95. #B002. lllus., Softcover, 215 pp. summarizes scientific literature. $49.95. #BOll. Softcover. 160 pp. $8.95. #B120

ONE RIVER: CAY'SCLAW: WITCH DOCTOR'S APPRENTICE EXPLORATIONS AND HEALING VINE Of PERU by Nicole Maxwell. 1990. 3rd edition. Aclassic work DISCOVERIES IN THE by Kenneth Jones. 1995. History of in ethnomedicine. Reads like on adventure story while AMAZON RAIN o powerrul medicinal vine ond the providing on in-depth FOREST researchers who hove pioneered its account of Ms. by Wode Dovis. 1996. The use. Utilized for centuries by Maxwell's search for story of two generations of Ashoninko Indians in Peru to control and documentation of scien tific explorers, this inflommotions, gastric ulcers, the traditions of plant norrotive follows the travels arthritis, rheumatism, cancer, ond medicine to be found in South America thot Davis os o contraceptive, cot's dow is among the tribes of ond Tim Plowman pu rsued now the subject of clinical research the Amazon. over o 15 month period in in Europe oimed ot new treatments for AIDS, cancer, Softcover, 390 pp. 1974·75. Includes biographical chapters herpes, rheumatoid arthritis, ond diseases in onimols. $12.95. #B150 concerning Richard Evans Schultes's extraordinary Softcover. 152 pp. $9.95. #B201 fieldwork between 1936 ond 1953. Hardcover. 537 pp. $27.50. #8206 Natille American MEDICINAL AND OTHER SACRED PLANT WILD PLANTS Of THE USES OF NORTH AMERICAN MEDICINE PUEBLO PROVINCE PLANTS by Stephen Buhner. 1996. by William Dunmire and Gail by Charlotte ErichsertBrown. 1979. Looks ot the historical use of Tierney. 1995. Achronicle of Focuses on the woys North plants by Native Americans plant uses thot encompasses oil American Indians, especially Eastern ond gives o detailed look ot of the traditional territory of tri bes, hove used plants. Plants ore how the sacredness of plants the nineteen modern pueblos grouped according to hobitot: wet, is experienced in indigenous of New Mexico, centering in open places, woods ond thickets, cultures. Includes color plates the middle Rio Grande Volley. ond dry, open places. Adetai led of 19 species of plants, oshort compendium of Documents the prehistoric, line drawing of the plant's leaves, buds, twigs, plants ond their uses os sacred medicine, ond on historic, ond contemporary uses seeds, ond other characteristic features appendix tho t addresses ethical harvesting. of 300 species of southwestern floro . Softcover. 289 pp. accompanies the textual descriptions. Softcover, Softcover. 210 pp. $18.95. #B228 $22.50. #8241 512 pp. $12. 95 . #81 37

Herbal Education Catalog Credit card holders order toll free 800/373-71 OS Summer/Fall1997 fax 512/331 -1924, for questions call 512/331-8868 see page 31 for order form e-mail: [email protected] by H. Bloomfield, M. Nordfors and P. NUTRITIONAL USES OF POWERFUL HEALER McWilliams. 1996. Reports on re- CANNABIS SATIVA by Chris by Stephen Fulder. 1996. cent medical research that could Conrad. 1997. Explores every How heart disease occurs, how change the woy depression is treated facet of Cannabis sotivo' s healing garlic is beneficial in prevent­ in America. Explains what depression properties, from its traditional ing ond treating it by lowering is, how to know if one is depressed, uses in ancient Chino ond Indio to cholesterol and blood pressure the medical effects of hypericum on the modern rediscovery of the nu­ ond thinning the blood, and depression (with summaries of se­ tritional benefits of how to include it in your diet. lected medical studies) , and where to find research· nonpsychooctive hempseed. Examines hundreds of sci­ Includes historical use, garlic's other actions, and grade hypericum . Hardcover, 203 pp. $19.95 #8263 entific studies done on morijuono ond explains its products ond preparations. Softcover, 139 pp. therapeutic effects on systems of the body. Softcover, $8.95 #8269 264 pp. $14.95 #8264

WHOLE FOODS THE GINGER BOOK: THE PEPPERS: COMPANION ULTIMATE HOME REMEDY THE DOMESTICATED by Dionne Onstad. 1996. Over by Stephen Fulder. 1996. Covers CAPSICUMS 300 plont-bosed foods ond the latest scientific findings os well by Jean Andrews. 1995. 2nd ed . history, folklore, culinary use os the rich folklore and history of The complete ond classic source for ond nutritional dolo, along with ginger. Includes effects on bodily the history and dispersion, biology systems, chemistry, ginger products information on their botanical and taxonomy, cultivation, ond names. Includes 115 herbs and ond preparations, ond recipes. spices with their hard-to-find nu- Softcover, 147 pp. $8.95 #8267 medicinal, economic, ond gastro­ tritional data. Not only on incredible reference text but nomic uses of the domesticated a good read os well. Softcover, 528 pp. $29. #8262 capsicum. Illustrated with botanically accurate, aesthetically pleasing paintings showing the blossoms, buds, young pep­ pers, ond mature specimens of 34 cultivors in full color. Hard­ cover, 186 pp. $65. #B 166

THE GREAT BOOK OF HEMP THE SCIENCE AND ROMANCE OF SELECTED DIETARY SUPPLEMENT HEALTH AND by Rowan Robinson. 1996. With Europe and Canada HERBS USED IN MEDICINE EDUCATION ACT: ALEGISLATIVE HISTORY lifting bans on growing industrial AND RELIGIOUS AND ANALYSIS hemp, it has exploded onto the CEREMONY by I. Scott Boss and Anthony marketplace in odazzling array of by Anthony Andoh. 1987. Young. 1996. In-depth ·--·- products, from jeans, sneakers, ond lip Scientific classification of mony of discussion of the FDA's balm to tree-free paper, fiberboard, the plants used throughout the enforcement and regulatory and insulation. With new technology it world for their medicinal value or activities from 1938 to 1994 is possible to make anything from their religious ond spiritual regarding vitamins, minerals, hemp that we now make from significance, including the herbs ond dietary supplements; petroleum, while perhaps solving some of the world's used in Santeria religious consumer demand for most troubling environmental problems such os soil ceremony. Provides centers of diversity, common and legislative change; ond the subsequent passage of erosion ond contamination, and deforestation . vernacular names, somatic chromosome numbers ond OSHEA. Includes complete text of OSHEA ond bills Softcover. 247 pp. $19.95. #8192 genome constitution, description, lore, legend ond preceding it. Softcover. 319 pp. $99. #B220 romance. Softcover. 324 pp. $19.95. #8208 Mushrooms ------SHIITAKE: MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS THE MUSHROOM THE HEALING MUSHROOM by Christopher Hobbs. 1995. CULTIVATOR by Kenneth Jones. 1995. Covers Over 100 species of edible by Paul Stomets ond J. S. nutritional value, history os ofolk fungi. Descriptions, habitats, Chilton . 1983. Detailed growth medicine, usefulness in lowering ronge, history, chemistry, requirements for 15 mushroom cholesterol and preventing heort pharmacology, human clinical species, sterile culture ond disease, ond its value in bolstering the studies, toxicity, traditional mushroom spawn preparation -....- immune system to increase the body's medicinal uses, medical uses, techniques, procedures for '------' ability to prevent cancer, viral preparation, dosage, related strain selection ond infections, and chronic fatigue syndrome. species, and procurement. development, practical Softcover. 120 pp. $8.95. #8188 Softcover. 251 pp. $16.95. #BllS preparation methods for compost ond bulk substrates, mushroom life cycle and genetics, identification of the major competitor molds, pathogens ond pests, ond guidelines for the construction of mushroom growing rooms. Softcover. 413 pp. $29.95. #8237

Credit card holders order toll free 800/373-7105 Herbal Education Catalog fax 512/331-1924, for questions call512/331-8868 Summer /Fall 1997 e-mail: [email protected] see page 31 for order form 60 essays ond 125 recipes FOR SAFE USE AND Ed. by S. Cunnane ond l. Thompson. about specific foods ond LABELING FOR HERBS 1997. Historical introduction, herbs that benefit health. IN COMMERCE Ed. by M. structure, composition ond properties, Integrates the science of McGuffin, C. Hobbs, R. Upton, components ond how affected by modern nutritionwith tradi· ond A. Goldberg. 1997. Provides processing, varieties, ond/or tionol herbol med ici ne in o safety doto on more than 550 environmental conditions, metabolic practical, eosy·to-use cook· herbs os guidelines for product la­ effects of flaxseed ond its major ....:::=.==;u book. Softcover, 336 pp. bels, including controindicotions, components, potential clinical $15. #8271 side effects, ond special warnings. Each herb is applications, ond human consumption issues. Hardcove r, classed os con be safely consumed when used appro­ 400 pp. $90. #8277 priately, herbs with the following restrictions, for exter· nol use only, or not to be used during pregnancy. Softcover, 256 pp. $39.95. #8275

PASSION FLOWERS THE BOOK OF TEA THE HEALING by John Vonderplonk. 1996. 2nd by A. Stella, N. Beoutheoc, G. POWER OF GARLIC edition . The most comprehensive Brochord, ond C. Donzel, by Paul Bergner. 1996. Explains ond beautifully illustrated guide to translated by Deke Dusinberre. the historical ond contemporary this spectoculor genus ever 1992. Traces the history, myth, uses of go~ic, how modern science 1 published. Documents over ond rituals of teo growing ond understands go~ic to work os o 1SO species, including important drinking from the teo gardens of medicine, ond how to make ond chonges to the taxonomy, Asia to the teo rooms of london. use more thon 30 different sections on cultivation ond Beautiful photography ond design. Includes guide medicinal go~ic preparations. hybridization, on identification key, more thon 100 leof to teas ond blends that provides everything one Softcover. 289 pp. $14.95. drawings, ond 120 color photographs. Hardcover. needs to know to fully appreciate the richness #B212 224 pp. $40. #B249 ond infinite variety of teo. Hardcover. 256 pp. $SS.#B185

CRC HANDBOOK OF LIVING LIQUEURS GINGER: MEDICINAL MINTS by James A. Duke. 1987. Useful COMMON SPICE AND (AROMATHEMATICS) information on the culture, use, WONDER DRUG PHYTOCHEMICAL$ AND formulas, ond folklore of plants in by Paul Schulick. 1996. BIOLOGICAL AOIVITIES -4- various herbal drinks. Une drawing Comprehensive review supported by by Stephen Beckstrom-Sternberg illustrations. Softcover, 11 0 pp. hundreds of scientific references that ond James A. Duke. 1996. More $15.#8010 links the claims of the ancient than 500 references on 10,839 herbals to the extensive findings of chemicals from 251 ossoys of 205 international scientific research. unique toxo, combined with 3,324 Softcover. 165 pp. $9.95.#8233 biological activities, ond 256 recommended doily allowances ond lethal doses. Av aluable resource for assessing the potential medicinal value Hardcover. 298 pp. $129.95. #B242 Mushrooms GROWING GOURMET MUSHROOMS: PSILOCYBIN AND MEDICINAL POISONS AND 1'\11 0( \HI\ MUSHROOMS OF THE MUSHROOMS PANACEAS \(li\IIIW0\1\ WORLD: A GUIDE TO by Paul Stomets. 1993. by Den is Benjamin. 1995. uf lllr IDENTIFICATION Detailed growth parameters Discusses signs, symptoms, \\"OIH.D by Paul Stamets. 1996. Nearly for 25 mushroom species, ond treatment of poisoning. 100 species ore described, mycologicollondscoping, Full color photographic , . f . \. including close relatives ond stote-of·the-o rt production identification. Health and poisonous look-olikes. For more techniques for home ond nutritional aspects of different than just a field guide, this book llil•l commercial cultivation, species. Softcover, 422 pp. -i/11~ will prove useful to mycologists, permoculture with mush-rooms, trouble-shooting $34.95. #B130 scholars, physicians, ond the guide, laboratory ond growing room construction, curious. Excellent color and mushroom recipes. Softcover. 552 pp. photographs. Softcover. 243 pp. $39.95. #8238 $24.95. #B244

Herbal Education Catalog Credit card holders order toll free 800/373-7105 Summer /Fall1997 fax 512/331-1924, for questions call 512/331-8868 see page 31 for order form e-mail: [email protected] ANDHWING by Steven Foste r. HOLISTIC by Kothi Keville. 1996. Designed os o HERBAL 1996. Herbal quick reference guide by David Hoffmann. formulas for many to the 50 most 1996. Covers health problems commonly used herbs treatment of o wide arranged by bodily ovoiloble in the U.S. range of complaints ~....--~=----' systems, instructions os dietary ond diseases, on how to make supplements. Profiles gathering herbs ond preparations, discussion of specific herbs for include common and botanical nome, brief preparing remedies, alphabetical herbal women's, men's, ond children's health history of traditional uses, summary of credible featuring more than 200 herbs, ond over issues, herbal first oid, cautions ond scientific reports, brief descriptions of conditions 300 full-color pictures. Softcover. 256 pp. considerations, oromotheropy, skin and hoir and symptoms the herb treats, forms in which it $24.95. #B236 core, ond cooking with herbs. Hardcover. is ovoiloble in the U.S., actions, dosage, cautions 37 4 pp. $27.95 . #8235 or controindicolions, and photograph. Softcover. 121 pp. $9.95. #B232

THE HONEST HERBAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HERBAL A MODERN HERBAL HERBAL RENAISSANCE by Vorro E. Tyler. MEDICINE by Margaret by Steven Foster. ~~~~:;:'il 1993. Third edition. by Thomas Bartram. Grieve. 1931.A 1994. Covers Chapters on the 1995. Includes over classic. Medicinal, propagation, complex lows and • .. . 900 entries of culinary, cosmetic harvesting, drying, regulations general disease and economic growing, pertaining to the conditions with properties, phytochemistry, sole of herbs in the appropriate herbal cultivation ond folklore, and

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HERBS AND HOME HERBAL POTTER'S NEW CYCLOPAEDIA OF HERBAL EMISSARIES THEIR USES by Penelope BOTANICAL by S. Foster and Y. by Deni 8own. Ody. 1995. A DRUGS AND Chongxi. 1992. 1995. Published practical family PREPARATIONS Supplies specific by the Herb Soc~ guide to mak­ by R. C. Wren. techniques for ely of America. ing herbal rem­ 1988. Alisting of cultivating 44 More than 1,500 571 botanical drugs Chinese herbs and photographs, token edies for com­ including common flowers in Western in herb collections mon ailments. nome, botanical gardens, providing oil over the world, Step by step nome, family, scientific verification ' combined with descriptions of over 1,000 instructions, synonyms, hobitot, of their species, varieties, hybrids, and cultivors. full color photographic index of 60 medicinal description, port effectiveness, as well as history, taste and Listed alphabetically by genus, contains infor­ herbs, and information on growing indoors used, constituents, medicinal use, and character; uses, dosage, warning, description, mation on growth and harvest, culinary, oro­ and outdoors. 144 pp. Hardcover $19.95. regulatory status. Softcover, 362 pp. distribution, harvesting, processing, additional malic, medicinal, and economic uses. Hard­ #B175 $29.95. #BOll species, and other uses. Softcover. 356 pp. cover, 424 pp. $39.95. #8156 $16.95. #B190

THE COMPLETE ~~~~ AN ELDERS' HERBAL AN ELDERS' HERBALISM MEDICINAL HERBAL by David Hoffman. 1993. HERBAL by Fronk Lipp. 1996. by Penelope Ody, foreword by Mork Addresses the unique concerns of Accessible and comprehensive Blumenthal. 1993. Practical guide to people approaching fifty years of guide to the many different the healing properties of herbs. oge and olde r, offering specific ways in which we use plants to Historical uses, therapeutic uses, ports herbal remedies for conditions heol our bodies ond our minds, used, chemical constituents, 250 including hypertension, insomnia, with emphasis on the practical remedies, safety precautions. 120 color bronchitis, varicose veins, ond use of herbs. Includes photos. Hardcover, 192 pp. $29.95 arthritis. lists more than 150 cultivation, functions, and #B039 herbs by both common ond Latin names, specifies which applications, as well as symbolic and cultural roles. port of the plant to use, actions and indications, preparation Richly illustrated. Softcover. 182 pp. $14.95. #B226 methods, and recommended dosages. Softcover. 266 pp. $17.95.#B189 Credit

BUZZ: THE SCIENCE AND LORE PLANTS OF THE GODS PHARMACOTHEON CONSUMING HABITS OF ALCOHOL by Richard by Jonathon Ott. Ed . by Jordon ~~~~AND Schultes and 1993. The most Goodman by ~ CAFFEINE by Albert comprehensive Paul Lovejoy. Stephen Broun. Hofmann. multi-disciplinary 1995. Collec­ 996. Explores re­ 1992. Ninety­ book on the sulr tion of original cent advances in one hallucino­ ject of shomonic essays exploring neuroscience which genic plants inebriants and the rich analyti­ frequently contra­ with vivid de­ their active cal category of dict conventional toil on 14 hav­ agents and artifi­ psychoactive sub­ ~~~ wisdom: alcohol is ing profound cial cousins. Fea­ stances from more complex than just o simple significance for humans. Over 100 color turing o bibliogra­ challenging his­ depressant, and caffeine is not the direct illustrations, plus rare photographs­ phy of 2,440"sources, this culmination of torical and anthropological perspectives. stimulant it was once thought to be. Also many published fo r the first time-of twenty years of research is the reference Chapters focusing on opium, cocaine, reports on recent findings which support plants and the people, ceremonies, sculp­ book specialists have long needed and yet heroin, coffee, teo, tobacco, kola and be­ previously unsubstantiated folk wisdom. ture, paintings, pottery, and weovings re­ is written in a style that makes it acces­ tel nut, from prehistory to the twentieth Hardcover, 214 pp. $25. #B259 lated to ritual use of sacred hallucinogens. sible to the layperson . Softcover, 639 pp. century. Hardcover, 244 pp. $49.95. Softcover, 192 pp. $22.95. #8165 $40. #8160 #8152

DRUGS AND ---.....,.-----.. PLANT INTOXICANTS PEYOTE: NARCOTICS by Ernst von Bibro. 1995. Originally THE DIVINE CACTUS IN HISTORY published in 1855, this is one of the by Edward Anderson . 1996. Ed. by Roy Porter and first books to examine the cultivation, 2nd edition. Addresses the Mikulas Teich. 1995. Collec­ preparation, and consumption of the ceremonial and medicinal uses tion of new essays explores the world's major stimulants and of peyote in the U.S. and complexand contested histories inebrionts. Devotes ofull chapter to Mexico, along with the legal of drugs and narcotics in societ- each of seventeen plants, ranging from aspects of this use, os well os ies from ancient Greece to the such mild stimulants os coffee and teo, the pharmacology, chemistry, present. Softcover, 227 pp. through tobacco and hashish, to and botany of the plant. $19.95 #8153 powerful narcotics and hallucinogens such os opium and fly Softcover. 272 pp. $19.95. agaric. Softcover. 269 pp. $16.95. #8191 #8248

Credit card holders order toll free 800/373-7105 Herbal Education Catalog fax 512/331-1924, for questions call 512/331-8868 Summer /Fall1997 e-mail: [email protected] see page 31 for order form Ed. By Michael Verrall. 1996. 1991. Addresses o wide variety by Williamson, Okpoko, Evans. Guides researchers ond topics including the old philoscr 1996. Strategies for the selection industrial workers through the phies ond modern import of trod~ ond extraction of plant moteriol, potential pitfalls of natural lionol medicines, ond methods of protocols for phormocologicol product isolation; presents assessing the spontaneous flora investigation which ore orronged stoteilf·theilrt techniques ond for industrial utilization. Covers os· in therapeutic sections, examples observations; covers the three peels of cultivation ond climatic of doto obtained by methods main stages of natural product variations, biological assessment described, and advice on purification, nome~ release, and formulation, process technologies, phytochemical re­ interpretation of results. Some ca pture, ond purification; search and information sources. Reviews highly developed topics covered ore blood covers proteins ond secondary traditional medicine in Chino and Indio, ond covers exper~ cholesterol lowering, liver metabolites; special mention of the Good Manufacturing ences in Africa ond other continents. Softcover, 269 pp. protecting, estrogenic activity, and anti-platelet testing. Practice requirements; provides practical guidance on scale­ $269.#B256 Softcover. 228 pp. $39.95. #8227 up procedures ond process scale instrumentation. Hardcover. 354 pp. $84.95. #8243 MURDER, MAGIC, AND MEDICINE PHYTOCHEMISTRY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS by John Mann. 1994. Explains Ed. by John Arnoson, Rachel Moto and Joh n Romeo. 1995. Papers presented ot the the chemical basis of modern 1994 annual meeting of the Phytochemical Society of North America. Topics covered pharmacology, ond provides odescription include odoptogens, immunoslimulonts, cancer preventatives, ont~AID S agents, ethncr of how the use ond abuse of natural botanical traditions ond how they con leod to new phytochemical ond biological discov­ products in various societies throughout eries, stoteilf·theilrt techniques of phytochemical onolysis ond root culture in medic~ the oges hos led to the development of nol plant studies, ond more. Hardcover, 372 pp. $89.50. #B172 · mony of the drugs we toke. Softcover. 232 pp. $1 6.95. #B105

AROMATHERAPY FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONALS THE ILLUS­ PERFUMERY: ESSENTIAL OIL CROPS by E. A. Weiss. by Shirleyo nd Len TRATED ENCY­ PRACTICE AND 19 97 . Addresses Price. 1995. CLOPEDIA OF PRINCIPLES growing essential Guidelines on ESSENTIAL OILS by Robert Calkin oil plants profitably practice within by Julio Lawless. and Stephan to obtain on orcr specific core 1995. An extensive Jellinek. 1994. malic derivative. contexts, e.g. and systematic Comprehensive, Each chapter cov- intensive core, refe re nce guide to eosy·tcruse guide to ers o different fom· terminal illness, oromothera py oils. the bosic tech niques ily. Abrief history pregnancy ond childbirth, core of elderly, Comprehensive Ato Zpresentation . Over and evolving of the use and eccr learning difficulties, composition of oils and 160 oils including oromotherapy technology of manufacturing perfumes as well nomic development their effects; guidance on massage and other opplicolionsfor common complaints, home as providing guidelines for actual formulation is given, and cui~ applications; power and safety of oils, including and commercial uses, herbal/folk tradition and analysis. Hardcover. 287 pp. $69.95. volion, harvesting , and distilling described. advice onq uantities, dispensing, storage and for eoch plant, safety doto, exact botanical #B108 Results of current research and recommend

General BotaniJ DICTIONARY OF PLANT NAMES by Allen THE EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF MANUAL OF VASCULAR PLANTS OF NORTH- Coombes. 1995. More than 1000 a~ FLOWERING PLANTS by EASTERN UNITED phabetically with common r:~~~:l Arthur Cronquist. 1988. 2nd n------,., STATES AND ADJACENT names cross referenced for edition . Taxonomy, speciafion, CANADA by H. Gleason and easy access. Botanical names, the origin of angiosperms, evo- A. Cronquist. 1991.2nd edi· country of origin, meaning and lution of characters, subclasses, ...... _... tion. Guide for identifying pronunciofion, and other inter· orders and families of mono­ plants of the area, incorporot· esfi ng facts. Hardcover, 194 cotyledons and dicotyledons, ing the results of modern taxo­ pp. $10.95 #8273 and fossil records. Hardcover, nomic research. Includes in­ 5S5 pp. $42. #8265 depth glossary, descriptions of plants, index, and room for notes. Hardcover, 91 0 pp. $69. #8266 PLANTS AND THEIR NAMES BOTANY-AN INTRODUCTION FLOWERING PLANTS BOTANICAL LATIN by Roger Hyom and Richard Pankhurst. TO PLANT BIOLOGY OF THE WORLD by William Stern. 1992. 4th edition. 1995. Acomplete reference source to by James D. Mauseth. f'nd Ed. 1995. by V. H. Heywood . 1993. Authoritafive Summarizes the grammar and syntax of 16,000 of the Emphasis on evolufion by natural reference on angiosperms. Taxonomically botonicol Latin, PLANTS more commonly selection, analysis of botanical arranged and generously illustrated, and covers the AND THEIR occurring phenomena, and diversity of organisms. including entries on over 300 families roots and origins NAMES scientific and Color photos and transparencies. consisfing of distribufion, diognosfic of Latin and vernacular plant Glossary and index, Hardcover, 800 pp. features, Lafinized names. Family $67. chssiOOrtion, geogrophicol names, genus #8036 and names, color names, and economic terms, symbols species names, uses. Over and OS well OS 200 abbreviations, common names with their origins and illustrations. diagnoses and choracterisfics orronged ino lphobeficol order. Hard cover, descripfions, the formation of names and Key features of families and genera. 335 pp. epithets, and more. Hardcover, 546 pp. Hardcover. 545 pp. $35.00. #8148 $45. $39.95 . #8143 #8089

Credit card holders order toll free 800/373-710.5 Herbal Education Catalog fax 512/331-1924, for questions call 512/331-8868 Summer /Fall 1997 e-mail: [email protected] · see page 31 for order form by Don 8ensky ond Andrew STRATEGIES by Hong-Yen Hsu et. o/. 1986. A Gamble. Revised 1993. Extensive by Don 8ensky ond Rondoll stondord reference. Covers 768 sourcebook about the most Barolet. 1991. The first book of Chinese herbs, combining trod~ commonly used substances in Chinese medicinal formulas in tionol properties ond effects with Chinese herbal medicine. Eoch herb English. 600 Chinese medicinal reports on developments in baton~ is illustrated and identified by its formulas in 18 functional col ond biochemical research into pharmaceutical, botanical, and categories. 18 illustrations, their structures ond actions. Hard­ family names. Hardcover, 556 pp. Hardcover, 562 pp. $85. #8004 cover, 932 pp . $69.95.#8157 380 illustrations. $75. #8003 MEDICINAL PLANTS BETTER HEALTH WITH OUTLINE GUIDE TO OF CHINA (MOSTLY) CHINESE HERBS CHINESE HERBAL PATENT by James Duke ond Edward AND FOODS MEDICINES Ayensu . 1985, Two volumes. by Albert Leung. 1995. Sixty herbs IN PILL FORM Covers 1,2 40 species with line ond foods, not primarily used os by Morgoret Noeser.199l. 2nd drawings, names, uses, chemical medicine, thot supply certain edition. Over 17 5 potent constituents, ond ports used for unconventional nutrients which may medicines. Organized with eoch herb. Intended for the use be missing from modern diets. Chinese characters ond English of biologists, chemists, ond Includes latin binomial ond family translation ond Pinyin spelling, laypersons. B/W illus., nome of plant source, ports used, function and clinical application, Hardcover, 705 pp. $94.95 properties, most common traditional uses, ond fulkolor ingredients with explanation of #8048 photographs. Softcover. 1OS pp. $9.95 . #8218 clinical function of eoch herb, pictures of pockoging. Softcover, 371 pp. $29.95 #8099 CHINESE HEALING AN ILLUSTRATED CHINESE HERBAL FOODS AND HERBS DICTIONARY OF CHINESE PATENT FORMULAS by Albert Leung. 1984. MEDICINAL HERBS by Joke Fratkin. 1986. Complete Describes 48 traditional Chinese by Wee Yeow Chin and Hsuong guide to 225 Chinese herbal potent herbs, their sources, history, Keng. 1992. Over 270 Chinese medicines organized according to components, dosages, safety medicinal herbs, including traditional categories, with discussion precautions, effects, ond recipes. scientific ond common names of their energetic applications, lllus., Softcover, 192 pp. (with indexes), physico I symptoms, cautions ond precautions, ..__....._ ____ --'- $10.95 #8054 attributes, ond historical use. ond ingredients with percentage Color plates, Hardcover, 184 pp. $32.95 #8041 composition. Includes 49 American products mode with Chinese herbs, Chinese characters ond THE CHEMICAL PHARMACOPOEIA OF pinyin pronunciations, ond o complete index by symptom and CONSTITUENTS THE PEOPLE'SREPUBLIC Chinese pathology. Softcover. 352 pp. $17.95. #8215 OF ORIENTAL HERBS OF CHINA by Hong-Yen Hsu, Yuh-Pon Ed. by Tu Guoshi. 1992. This Chen, ond Mino Hong. 1982. English edition contains 1211 PHARMACOLOGY OF Acompilation of most of the monographs on traditional and CHINESE HERBS natural products found in modern Chinese medicines, by Kee Chong Huang. 1993. Oriental herbal drugs reported compiled separately to facilitate 473 herbs, describing the in scientific periodicals ond access. Extensive appendices on chemical composition, books published before the end requirements for preparations ond phonmocologicol actions, toxicity, of 1978. Includes structure, common nome, systematic nome, biological products, chromatography, tests, rodi(}-jlhormoceuticol ond therapeutic uses of eoch molecular formula, melting point, boiling point, optical rotation, onolysis, statistical methods in biological ossoy, infra-red herb. Usts scientific ond plant source ond portion of the plant source in which the reference spectra, ond more. Hardcover. 654 pp. $260.#8221 experimental dolo. Hardcover, component is located. Hardcover, 2 vol. set, 829 pp. $125. 388 pp. $179. #8046 #8132 THE ILLUSTRATED CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA ...... ---- Mit/tile East by Kun·Ying Yen. 1992. Over 240 of the most commonly used agents in Chinese medicine, or· MEDICINAL AND POISONOUS ranged in pharmacognostic style according to PLANTS OF QATAR plant port used. Included ore names, origins, by A. Rizk and G. EI-Ghozoly. 1995. Constituents, characters, quality, production oreo, properties uses, ond effects of 184 plants in 68 families, ond actions, indications, chemical constituents, easily identified with the help of 250 color ond representative formulas. Appendices include photographs ond brief descriptions thot include drug function comparison tables, o short descrip­ flowering period, hobitot, ond distribution. tion of drug processing, 356 formulas with ingre­ Alphabetically by family, genus ond species. dients ond indications, ond o glossary of Chinese medical terms. Plants ore indexed Hardcover. 306 pp. $70. #8224 by English, latin, Pinyin, Japanese, ond Chinese names. Hardcover, 383 pp. $79.95 . #8158 Herbal Education Catalog Credit cord holders order toll free 800/373-71 OS Summer /Fall 1997 fox S12/331-1924 , for questions call S12/331-8868 see page 31 for order form e-mail: [email protected] P.~l!!fi.~ ZULU AN by Edward Ayensu. 1978. llilia,IJ-ia r.l Compiled by Hutchings, Scott, lewis, ond by loutfy Boulos. 1983. 187 plants that occur in West Cunningham. 1996. Covers more than Authoritative, systematic, Africa, their uses, local 1, 000 plants based on osurvey of the and wide-ranging work, names, and standard scientific literature from the late nineteenth century to illustrated with 103 line binomials. Bibliography, the present. Includes updated botanical drawings. Over 500 glossary of medical terms, names, synonyms, common English ond species. Medical, medical ond botanical Afrikaans names, on extensive list of Zulu common nome, ond iiiiliiiiii ·indexes . 127 illus. Hardcover, names, data on the medicinal usage of the botanical indexes. Hardcover, 286 pp. 330 pp. $39.95 #8094 plants by the Zulu ondother ethnic groups, $39.95. #B125 known physiological effects, chemical compounds, and biological properties. Softcover. 450 pp. $114.95. #8247 Tile Pacific FIJIAN THE ABANDONED KAVA· THE KAVA: MEDICINAL NARCOTIC: PACIFIC MEDICINE PLANTS KAVA AND CULTURAL ELIXIR HUNTING IN by R. C. Cambie INSTABILITY by Vincent PARADISE ond J. Ash . 1994. IN MELANESIA lebot, Mark by Chris Kilham. Describes 450 by Ron Brunton. 1989. Merlinond 1996. Ajourney species of plants, Taking the varying fortunes lamont through the mystical arranged by fam­ of kovo on the island of Undstrom. legends, outlandish ily, thot ore either lonna, Vonouto, os his 1992. history, ond exciting endemic or have starting point, the author suggests that kava 's Research on t.:::==:::::=::.J science surrounding kovo. With othorough been introduced into Fiji. Information in­ abandonment con best be explained in terms of its botany, chemistry, ethnobotany, analysis of kava research and information on cludes Fijian or local name, a botanical de­ association with unstable religious cults and is part of pharmacology, social usage, distribution, where to find the best kava, a must-read for scription, medicinal uses, lists of the known a broader problem of why many traditional and economic potential. B/W photos, those interested in adventure, plant chemical constituents. Color photographs or Melanesian societies were characteristically highly illus. Softcover, 255 pp. $19.95. medicines, or the cultures of Oceania. water color engravings illustrate many of the unstable. Hardcover, 219 pp. $54.95. #B134 #B032 Softcover. 166 pp. $12.95. #B202 plants. Hardcover, 365 pp. $100. #B178

PLANTS FOR MEDICINES TONGAN HERBAL MEDICINE MAORI HEALING by D. J. Collins et. a/. 1990. by W. Arthur Whistler. 1992. AND HERBAL Chemical and pharmacological Provides on overview of traditional by Murdoch Riley. 1994. The first survey of plants in Australian Tongan medicine, including half of this New Zealand region. Details of alkaloid and causation of illness, medical ethnobotonical sourcebook anti-tumor screening of nearly problems, and practices of priest discusses 85 Maori healing and 2,000 species, and lay healers. Discusses modern health topics, from mundane things pharmacological testing of Tongan medicine in depth, including like arthritis and backache to topics al kaloids of selected species, concepts of sickness and health, like drowning and tattooing. Part and chemical fractionation with types of ailments, ond two presents over 200 medicinal plants with color reproducible tumor-inhibiting properties. Hardcover, 303 pp. contemporary herbal medicine. Includes descriptions ond photographs, description, relationships, external and internal $110. #B164 uses of 77 commonly used herbs. Softcover. 122 pp. uses. Hardcover. 528 pp. $65. $13.00. #B204 #B222

India MEDICINAL POLYNESIAN HERBAL MEDICINE THE INDIAN PLANTS OF by W. Arthur Whistler. 1992. Discusses the use, past ond MATERIA MEDICA INDIA present, of medicinal plants inTonga , Samoa, Tahiti, Hawaii, by Dr. Kim Nadkorni. Two volumes. 1993. by S. K. Jain ond ond the Cook Islands. Includes descriptions, uses, ond color This updated classic, known as the Ayurvedic Robert DeFilipps. 2 photographs of 90 previously and currently used plants. Bible, contains about 2,000 herbs by val. set. 1991. Softcover. 236 pp. $33.00. #8205 botanical name, common Indian name in Surveys the seven languages medicinal plant (including English ), resources of India habitat, ports used, .tit (including Nagoland) FLORA Of AUSTRALIA. VOL 16 FLORA OF varieties, action, Ed. by Orchard and McCarthy. 1995. The first of two AIISTRAUA and Sikkim, covering ~ ·...._" ~lllll:ffX,,.,_~I andcommon 860 species, and volumes to describe the family Proteaceae (and one species historical uses. listing plants used inWestern , Unani, and of Elaeognaceoe) contains identification keys ond full Hardcover, Ayurvedic medicines. Includes medicinal common descriptions of 488 taxa in 2 families and 7 subfamilies. 2,286 pp. $100. names, botanical indexes, bibliography, and 133 Discusses the affinities of Proteaceae, morphological #B070 full-page illustrations. Hardcover. 848 pp. features, the fossil record, pollination biology, and ~ $94.95 Set. #B121 utilization. Hardcover. 522 pp. $79.95. #B223

Credit card holders order toll free 800/373·7105 Herbal Education Catalog fax 512/331-1924, for questions call512/331·8868 Summer /Fall1997 e·mail: [email protected] see page 31 for order form Ed. by Max Wichtl, translated by PHARMACOPOEIA, by C. Newall, L. Anderson and J. Norman Bisset. 1994. 30TH EDITION Phillipson. 1996. Covers 141 References, phormocopeiol Ed . by James Reynolds. 1996. herbs commonly present in monographs, sources, synonyms, First published in 1883. 5,132 herbal remedies sold by constituent indications, side­ monog ra phs organized by uses and pharmacies in the UK, providing effects, preparation of teo, actions. Contains o list of countries botanical names, synonyms, commercially available where monogrophed herbs ore ports used, phormocopeiol phytomedicines, regulatory status, authentication using currently official. Lists toxicity of numerous international monograph listing, legal macroscopic, microscopic, and chromatographic drugs. In cludes o section describing 46,000 proprietary category, constituents, food use, techniques. 181 detailed monographs. Color prints of the medicines from 14 countries, the active ingredients, o herbal use, dose, pharmacological actions, side effects and dried port and whole plant in natural habitat. Hardcover, summary of informotion,ond much more! Indexed, full cross toxicity, controindications and warnings, pharmaceutical 568 pp. $190. #B080 reference. Hardcover, 2,363 pp. $299. #B065 comment, and references. Also appendixes by interactions, ingredients, and actions of ingredients. Hardcover. 296 pp. BRITISH HERBAL $77.#B198 COMPENDIUM Ed. by Peter Bradley. 1992. BRITISH HERBAL PHARMACOPOEIA Monographs on plant drug by the British Herbal Medicine Association. 1996. Now with 169 monographs constituents and therapeutics with ondefinition , description, identification and standards for plant materials chemical scientific literature and commonly used in herbal products on the market today. Hardcover, 212 pp. excerpts from available regulatory $90.#B018 gu idelines of European countries. Hardcover, 239 pp. $90. #BO ll C«ncer Researcll

CANCER AND NATURAL J.>:: CAMPTOTHECA ACUMINATA DECAISNE, TAXOL~ SCIENCE AND MEDICINE XI SHU: APROMISING ANTI· TUMOR AND APPLICATIONS by John Boik. 1996. Known ~ CANCER& ANTI-VIRAL TREE FOR THE 21ST CENTURY Ed. by Matthew Suffness. effects of natural therapies on NATURAL by Shiyou Li and Kent Adair. 1994. Covers 1995. Covers the discovery and key biomechonical processes MEDICINE comptothecins: drug development of Toxol, supply, active during cancer progres­ ...... discovery history, biology (including biosynthesis sion. Based on published --- comparisons with toxol, and biophormoceutics), scientific data obtained from -- mechanisms of action, chemistry (including structure, over 1,200 references. Com­ preclinical and clinical trials in detection and isolation), and prehensive review of cancer I cancer treatment, antiviral clinical studies. Hardcover, 42 6 physiology, covering such topics os differentiation, angiogen­ activity, other uses, and drug pp. $149. #B142 esis, opoptosis, invasion, metastasis, and immune and hor­ sources. Hardcover, 24 9 pp. monal interactions. Natural therapies reviewed include $45.#Bl45 herbs, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, cartilage, Chinese medi­ ci ne, electrotherapy, antioxidants, flavonoids, and others. Softcover, 315 pp. $45. #B161 fJII«rm«COIJnOSIJ DRUGS OF NATURAL ORIGIN: PHARMACOGNOSY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, PHARMACOGNOSY AND ATEXTBOOK OF PHARMACOGNOSY MEDICINAL PLANTS PHARMACOBIOTECHNOLOGY by Gunnar Somuelsson 1992. Describes the origin of by Jean Bruneton. 1995. Or­ by Robbers, Speedie, Tyler. 1996. US text on natural drug compounds, their chemistry ond biochemistry, ganized in four ports (primary natural product as well as their employment in medicine. Arranged metabolites, phenols, terpenes drugs, arranged according to biosynthetic principles. Hardcover, 320 pp. and steroids, and alkaloids) . mainly by $59.#B093 Phytochemical generalities, dis­ biosynthetic and tribution, biosynthesis, extrac­ chemical tion and quontitotion methods, relationships, and biological properties. Or~ including TREASE & EVANS' gin, identity, production, com­ biotechnology­ PHARMACOGNOSY position, uses, processing, and derived by W. C. Evans. 13th Edition, 1989. Standard text in optimization for each row material. Therapeutical in- pharmaceuticals, o Great Britain . Amust for the research library and dication and recommended usage specified for each comprehensive treatment of antibiotics, and quality assurance lobs of herb and dietary product. Hardcover, 915 pp. $196.50. B149 important herbal drugs in current use. supplement companies worldwide. Hardcover, 832 Hardcover. 337 pp. $42.95. #BOOB pp. $75. #B01 5

Herbal Education Catalog Credit card holders order toll free 800/373·71 OS Summer /Fall 1997 fax S12/331·1924, for questions call S12/331·8868 see page 31 for order form e-mail: [email protected] CONSERVATION by 1997. Systemoticolly reviews Of GERMANY by Dagmar Kasparek, A. Groger, and about 60 journals for papers Longe and Uwe Schippmonn. Schippmonn. 1996. Aims at with relation to medicinal plant 1997. This study, conducted on providing information for policy conservation issues. Includes behalf of the Bundesomt fur mokers, scientists, and techni· opproximotely 77 4 references Noturschutz describes the no· col experts in the management mainly from 1990·1996 tiona! and international structures of medicinal plant resources. 71 reviews, indexed by of the trade in plant drugs. An Provides information on more erol, geographic and taxo­ overview of the plant species than 200 networks, organizations, and projects worldwide nomic keywords. Ringbound, identified, their trade commodities and uses is given. The dealing with research, management, policy making, and 61 pp. $12. #8254 analysis of imports and exports from 1991 to 1994 em­ conservation. Key journals and databases in the field ore phasizes the important role of Germany in the international highlighted. Softcover, 156 pp. $12. #8253 trade regime. Softcover, 128 pp. $12. #8252

GARLIC: THE SCIENCE AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION QUARTERLY REVIEW Of ALLIUM SATIVUM LAND RELATED SPECIES. Of NATURAL MEDICINE Ed. by Heinrich Kock and Lorry Lawson. 1996. 2nd edition. Most Ed. by Donald Brown, N.D. 1994. Set. A complete scientific work on garlic. Updated and expanded. Complete comprehensive guide to current information in history, chemistry, and scientific review of the therapeutic effects of natural heolthcare. Includes research summaries garlic on the cardiovascular system, comprehensive tables, ecological of clinical studies in the fields of nutrition, herbal hazards caused by contamination of garlic crops, the creation of medicine and natural heolthcare, from over transgenic garlic plants, the discovery of new garlic-derived 3,000 professional journals. Binder. orgonosulfur compounds, and on update of the methodological OJT 1994:$85 #B122; prooches. Softcover, 329 pp. $34.95. #8159 1995:$85.#B176 1996:$85. #B176B

CAPSAICIN IN THE HUMAN NEEM, ATREE 'FOR STUDY OF PAIN MEDICINAL Human 1 , CIIpsaicln Medlc:inal SOLVING GLOBAL Ed. by John Wood. 1993. Recent In the AGENTS FROM PLANTS Agents PROBLEMS progress in understanding the Sludy of Pain Ed. by A. Douglas Kinghorn and from Plants 80STID. 1992. Medicinal uses, mechanism and site of action of Manuel F. Bolondrin. 1993. chemical constituents, growing and capsaicin, its significance inthe Papers presented at symposium propagation, habitats, insecticidal study of pain and development of of some nome, Son Francisco, use, cultural use, safety tests, novel analgesic and anti­ April1992. Hardcover, 356 pp. ~ reforestation, and industrial inflammatory drugs. Hardcover. $94.95 #B020 products. Softcover, 141 pp. $19. 286 pp. $69.95. #8104 ---- .J #8098

BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PLANT ALKALOIDS: ADVE RSE ADVERSE EFFEOS OF HERBAL AGRICULTURE AND AGUIDE TO THEIR EFFECTS DRUGS VOL 3 l!lli!II~Mifl!iei!l FORESTRY 37: DISCOVERY AND OF HE RBAL by De Smet, Keller, Honsel, and MEDICINAL AND DISTRIBUTION DRUGS Chandler. 1997. Eighteen AROMATIC PLANTS IX by Robert Roffouf. 1996. Positive VOL. 3 comprehensive monographs about Ed. by Y. P. S. 8ojoj. 1996. and negative results obtained in specific medicinal herbs and plant Survey of the recent literature on the screening for alkaloids of more constituents important for their distribution, importance, than 20,000 plant species prominent place in phytotheropy conventional propagation, (approximately 400 genera of (e.g., Valeriano spp.), clinical micropropogotion, tissue culture plants found primarily in zones expectations about therapeutic studies and the in vitro beneath 452 NLatitude) in o 4()-year search for new potential (e.g., Tripterygium spp.), and recent concern about o production of important medicinal and pharmaceutical medicinal agents and other pharmacological substances. serious adverse reaction (e.g., Teucrium chomoedrys). compounds in various species. Hardcover. 414 pp. $339. Hardcover. 298pp. $69.95. #8242 Softcover. 250 pp. $7 4.95. #B231 #8230 FOLK MEDICINE NATURAL PRODUOS EATING ON THE WILD SIDE: Ed. by Richard Steiner. 1986. 2nd Edition by Rophoellkon. THE PHARMACOLOGIC, Examines medicinal practices of 1991. Contains: Biomarkers­ ECOLOGIC, AND SOCIAL Aztecs and Zunis. Folk medicine organic compounds, Yeast RNA IMPLICATIONS Of from Indio, Fuji, Papua New nucleic acid studies, Reversed- USING NONCULTIGENS Guinea, Australia, and Africa. phose HPLC of amino acids, HPTLC by Nino Elkin. 1994. Studies by Active ingredients of garlic and of carbohydrates, sweetness eva~ anthropologists, paleobotanists, ginseng. From American uotion, GC/MS sterols, petroleum primotologists, and ethnobiologists Chemical Society Symposium. studies, flash chroma-tography of that explore issues such as the Softcover, 223 pp. $23.95. essential oils, and optical purity. consumption of unpolotoble and #8129 Hardcover. 360 pp. $58. #B116 famine foods, comparison of aboriginal diets of colonists and later arrivals. Hardcover. 305 pp. $40. #8118 Credit card holders order toll free 800/373·7105 Herbal Education Catalog fax 512/331-1924, for questions call 512/331·8868 Summer /Fall1997 e-mail: [email protected] see page 31 for order form AND by M. Bo lick and P. Cox. APPLICATIONS by Gory Morfin. 1995. 1996. Beginning with by C. M. Cotton. 1996. First in o new series of practical the prehistoric use of Describes the history of manuals in plant conservation, plants by hunter· interactions between plants and this book provides odetai led gatherers and the people and the concepts, overview of this emerging disc~ development of methodology, and future pline. Primarily for researchers agriculture, the authors direction of ethnobotonicol study. beginning field studies. reveal how studies of Discusses traditional methods of Descriptions of the skills and plant use by indigenous peoples is the key to plant management ond use, as methods employed by ethno­ understanding the history of human civilization. well os the potential for new drug discoveries. botonists. Field work ethics, dolo collection, hy- Intriguing firsthand stories of fieldwork in remote Hardcover. 424 pp. $84.95. #B216 pothesis testing, and practical ideas on applying villages deep in the rainforests of South America, ethnobotonical results to conservation and com· Africa, and the islands of the South Pacific reveal munity development initiatives. Softcover, 268 the vast amount of knowledge indigenous pp. $39.95. #B163 peoples possess that warrants preservation. ETHNOBOTANY Hardcover. 228 pp. $32.95 . #B 196 Ed. by Richard E. Schultes ond Siri von Reis. 1995. Evolution of odiscipline . MEDICINAL Thirty-six chapters from ETHNOBOTANY OF THE RESOURCES OF THE contributors who present o BLACK AMERICANS TROPICAL FOREST truly global perspective on by William Ed Grime. 1979. Ed. by M. Bolick, E. Elisobetsky, the theory and practice of Shows pioneering role of Afri­ and S. Laird. 1996. Covering o todoy's ethnobotany. cans in human adaptation to wide spectrum of subjects in Hardcover, the natural environment of biodiversity, ethnomedicine, 416 pp. $49.95. #B126 the New World. Deals with ethnobotany, and plants slaves brought with pharmacognosy, and including them and indigenous plants regional work ranging from TALES OF A used after their arrival. Many Africa to Asia to South America, SHAMAN'SAPPRENTICE plant uses, either as food the 29 pa pers in this vol ume offer the most by Mark Plotkin. 1994. sources or for medicine, ore comprehensive surveyo voiloble of the cu rrent Adventure, anthropology, still unrecognized, while the validity of other literature on the subject of med icinal uses of tropical science, and humor converge in claims awaits verification. Hardcover, 237 plants. Softcover. 440 pp. $35. #B197 one ethnobotanist's quest pp. $24.95. #B162 among the rainforest shamans for ancient medicines that may hold the cure to todoy's devastating diseases. Hardcover. 318 pp. $22. #B086 Central America

TAKING CARE OF SIBO'SGins RAINFOREST REMEDIES: SA STUN LA SELVA: ECOLOGY AND by Palmer, ONE HUNDRED HEALING HERBS by Rosita Arvigo. 1994. Acaptivating story NATURAL HISTORY OF A NEO· Sanchez, OF BELIZE of American Herbologist Rosita Arvigo's TROPICAL RAIN FOREST Ed. by Mayorga. by Rosita Arvigo and Michael Bolick. 1993. apprenticeship to Don Elijio Ponti, one of the L. McDade, K. Bowo, H. Hespenheide 1991.An Awindow into the sacred world of traditional lost surviving and most respected traditional and G. Hart· environmental Mayan healers who know that the rainforest healers of shorn . 1994. treatise from holds within its grasp oil the ingredients that ·.. ·,. Belize. Set in The first com· Costa Rico's hove sustained it "' the imperiled prehensive re­ Kekoldi and its people. /' ;:.· <;! ~~~ - Belizean view of over 30 Indigenous lllus., Softcover, rainforest that years of re­ Reserve, this 215 pp. $9.95. "~:\ ;i; T •U ~ Nl serves os the searchot the Lo booksh ows #8053. pharmacy of Selva nature re­ how the rainforest provides the Kekoldi ancient Mayan serve and field · people with everything they need to live, - ~':. ·-.'--;cb medicine. station in Costa os long as they respect Sibo's (God's) -~_;- !JJI Softcover, 90 Rico, covering climate, soils, physical lows governing the use of natural pp. $14. setting, plant and onimollife, and agri­ resources. Income from book soles goes #B087. cultural development and land use in directfy to the Kekiildi people, iosupport nearby oreos. Softcover, 486 pp. their rainforest conservation efforts and $28.95 #8261 their cultural school. Softcover. 96 pp. $12.#B225

Herbal Education Catalog Credit card holders order toll free 800/373·7105 Summer /Fall1997 fax 512/331-1924, for questions call512/331·8868 see page 31 for order form e-mail: [email protected] AND GREEN SUPPLEMENTS by TEA Ed. by T. Yamamoto, L DRUGS AND Michael Murrey. 1996. Junejo, H. Hollo, ond M. Kim. NONPRESCRIPTION Key vitamins and miner­ 1997. The latest information on PRODUCTS: als, along with important the chemistry, metabolism, and FORMULATIONS AND nutrients, oils, enzymes, other aspects of teo FEATURES and extracts. In-depth, polyphenols and their '96-97 (2 volume set) 11th straigh~orword descrip­ applications. Explores the edition. 1996. Worldwide tions of the healing prop­ many useful properties of standard on nonprescription erties of each supplement and what health green teo that hove been scientifically inves- pharmacotherapy, providing condition it con improve, ease, or heal. In­ tigated, such as inhibition of tooth decoy, effects on pharmacists and pharmacy students with definitive, current cludes recommendations for use and dos- chemoprevention of colon cancer and intestinal information about patient self-

HERBAL PRESCRIPTIONS THE AMERICAN SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS FOR BETTER HEALTH HER BAL MATERIA MEDICA by John M. Scudder. 1994. First by Donald Brown. 1996. Discusses P RBSC~IPT!ONS by Finley Ellingwood, M.D. 1994. published in 187 4. "Dr. Scudder the most well researched herbal BB~RALTII f First published in 1919. Botanical maintained that there was o medicines and effective herbal therapeutic agents ore discussed definitive relationship between treatments for dozens of health and compared ingroup s under known drug action and known l•t"'"''''"_".'""h• '.·::-;·~:""''' -~--· '- --- conditions. Including vitamins, UUU I 'U" U headings that classify them by conditions of disease as manifested minerals, and herbs, each their action. In addition, five fold- by symptoms, and upon this theory L...---- .J prescription covers preparation, dosage, possible side effects, out charts provide o quick and in­ based his justly named book." -editor of the Gleaner, 1875. and cautions. Extensive references and additional resources. depth comparative glance of the most commonly used herbs Hardcover, 387 pp. $48. #BOBS Softcover. 349 pp. $16.00. #B183 for fever, heart, digestive, liver, and female reproductive organ problems. Hardcover, 564 pp. $82. #B084 These books ore not intended to replace a health practitionec Credit card holders order toll free 800/373·7105 Herbal Education Catalog fax 512/331-1924, for questions call 512/331·8868 Summer /Fall1997 e·mail: [email protected] see page 31 for order form ER IS by H. W. Felter, M. D. and J. U. Uoyd, Ph.D. Two-volume set. 1898. Hardcover, 2,229 pp. 250. #8022 HANDBOOK OF AFRICAN s MEDICINAL PLANTS by Maurice M. lwu. 1990. Hardcover, 435 KREMERS AND URDANG'S BIOAOIVE COMPOUNDS pp. $129. #B025 HISTORY OF PHARMACY FROM PLANTS ETHNOBOTANY AND THE SEARCH by Glenn Sonnedecker. Revised 4th edition. Cibo Foundation Symposium 154. 1990. FOR NEW DRUGS HANDBOOK OF 1976. Softcover. 571 pp. $20. #B073 Papers by Farnsworth, Bolick, Cox, Steglich Cibo Foundation Symposium 185. 1994. ALTERNATIVE CASH CROPS ONE HUNDRED AND eta/, and Mohidoi.Hordcover, 242 pp. Hardcover, 280 pp. $7 6. #8095 by James Duke & Judith duCellier. 1993. ONE BOTANISTS $120.#8174 Hardcover, 536 pp. $169. #B045 by Duane lsely. 1994. Hardcover. 358 pp. FENAROLI'S: HANDBOOK OF BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS: HANDBOOK Of ARABIAN $37.95. #8119 FLAVOR INGREDIENTS OPIUM POPPY: BOTANY, DETECTION, ISOLATION AND Vals. I & II, 3rd Edition 1995. MEDICINAL PLANTS STRUCTURAL DETERMINATION by Shahina Ghazanfar. 1994. Hardcover, CHEMISTRY AND Hardcover, 1,340 pp. $434. Two val. set. PHARMACOLOGY By Steven Colegate ond Russell Molyneux. #8091 265 pp. s125. #8092 1993. Hardcover, 528 pp. S195 . #B068 by L. D. Kapoor. 1995. Hardcover, 326 pp. HANDBOOK OF AYURVEDIC $49.95 #8141 BIOACTIVE VOLATILE FIELD GUIDE TO THE FAMILIES AND MEDICINAL PLANTS COMPOUNDS FROM PLANTS GENERA Of WOODY PLANTS Of by l. D. Kapoor. 1990. Hardcover, 416 pp. PERFUME AND FLAVOR Ed. by Roy Teranishi, Ron Buttery, and NW SOUTH AMERICA (COLUMBIA, $290.#B023 MATERIALS Of NATURAL ORIGIN Hiroshi Sugisowo. 1993. April1992. ECUADOR, AND PERU) by Steffen Arctonder. 1960. Hardcover, Hardcover, 309 pp. $83.95# 8019 by Alwyn H. Gentry. 1993. 895pp. Hard- HANDBOOK Of BIOLOGICALLY 736 pp. $300. #B151 BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR cover, $75 #B044H . Softcover, $45 ACTIVE PHYTOCHEMICALS AND PHARMACY: ARIDLAND PLANTS #B044S THEIR ACTIVITIES AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Ed . by Tom Mabry, Henry Nguyen, Richard by James Duke. 1992. Hardcover, 183 pp. by David Cowen and William He~ond . 1990. Dixon, and Maureen Bonness. 1993. FIELD GUIDE TO VENOMOUS $125.#B027 Hardcover. 272 pp. $75. #B107 ANIMALS & POISONOUS PLANTS Softcover, 370 pp. $30. #B059 PLANTS AND PEOPLE Of THE by Steven Foster and Roger Caras. 1994. HANDBOOK OF MEDICINAL HERBS GOLDEN Hardcover, 244 pp. $24.95 #B097 by James A. Duke. 1988. Hardcover, TRIANGLHTHNOBOTANY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE THE HILL TRIBES OFNORTHERN THAILAN D AND FORESTRY, VOL 33 677 pp. $330. #B029 FLORA EUROPAEA, by Edward F. Anderson. 1993. Hardcover, Ed. by Y. P. S. Bojoj. 1995. Hardcover. 476 VOLUME 1: PSILOTACAE HANDBOOK OF PHYTOCHEMICAL 279 pp. $69.95 #8043 pp. $369. #8194 TO PLATANACEAE CONSTITUENTS OF GRAS, HERBS, RHUBARB: THE DATABASE OF BIOLOGICALLY Second Edition, Ed. by T. G. Tutin. 1994. AND OTHER ECONOMIC PLANTS WONDROUS DRUG AOIVE PHYTOCHEMICALS AND Hardcover, 581pp. $200. #B078 bY James Duke. 1992. Hardcover, by Clifford Foust. 1992. THEIR ACTIVITIES 654 pp. $239. #B026 Hardcover, 371 pp. $45. #B167 For IBM( PCcompatibles, Word Perfect 5.1 FLORA OF LOUISIANA required) . $239. #B028 by Margaret Stones. 1991 .Hordcover, HERBS, SPICES, & MEDICINAL THE SEVEN SISTERS Of SLEEP 220 pp. $45. #B127 PLANTS: RECENT ADVAN CES INBO TANY, by Mordecai C. Cooke. 1989. DATABASE OF PHYTOCHEMICAL HORTICULTURE, AN DP HARMACOLOGY Hardcover, 371 pp. $45. #B013 CONSTITUENTS Of GRAS, HERBS, FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA Ed. by lyle Craker ond James Simon. 1991. AND OTHER ECONOMIC PLANTS NORTH OF MEXICO Fully indexed. Hardcover. THAI MEDICINAL PLANTS For IBM (PCcompatibles, Word Perfect 5.1 Ed. by Flora of North America Editorial • Vol. 1: 368 pp. #B060. RECOMMENDED FOR PRIMARY requi red). $239. #B026A Committee. 1993. • Vol. 2: 270 pp. #8061. HEALTHCARE SYSTEM Vol1: Introduction. Hardcover, 372 pp. $75. • Vol. 3: 232 pp. #B062. Ed. by N.R. Farnsworth ond N. DICTIONARY OF PLANTS #8037 Bunyopraphatsoro. 1992. Hardcover, CONTAINNG SECONDARY • Vol. 4: 272 pp. #B063. Vol 2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. • Complete set, $96, $30 per Vol. #B064 402pp. $89. #B021 METABOLITES Hardcover, 475 pp. $75. #B038 by John S. Glasby. 1991 . Hardcover, 488 TIBETAN MEDICAL PAINTINGS INDEX Of GARDEN PLANTS Ed. by Yuri Porfionovitch, Gyurme Do~e , ond pp. $220. #B072 FOOD PHYTOCHEMICALS FOR by Mark Griffiths. 1994. Hardcover. 1,234 CANCER PREVENTION, VOL I Fernond Meyer. Two volumes. 1992. THE DIVERSITY AND pp. $59.95. #B106 by Huang, Osowo, Ho, Rosen. 1994. Hardcover. Slipcosed, 505 pp. $195. #8034 EVOLUTION OF PLANTS Hardcover, 427 pp. $104.95 #B075 by Lorentz Pearson. 1995. Softcover. ISLANDS, PLANTS, AND THE YEW TREE, 646 pp. $69.95. #B101 VOL II POLYNESIANs- A THOUSAND WHISPERS by Huang, Osowo, Ho, Rosen. 1994. AN INTRODUGJO NT OPO LYNESIAN by Hoi Hartzell, Jr. 1991. EARTHLY GOODS Hardcover, 367 pp. $94.95 #B07 6 ETHNOBOTANY Ed. by Paul AlanCox and Softcover, 319 pp. $19.95 by Christopher Joyce. 1994. Sondra Anne Bonock. 1991 . Hardcover, #B066 Hardcover, 228 pp. $23.95. #B088. GENTLE CONQUEST 228 pp. $34.95 #B042 by James Reveal. 1992 . Hardcover. 160 pp. VALUING LOCAL KNOWLEDGE $39.95. #B102 Ed. by S. Brush and D. Stobinsky. 1996. JEPSON MANUAL: Softcover. 337 pp. $30. #B195 HIGHER PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA Ed. by James Hickmon. 1993. Hardcover, 1,400 pp. $69.95 #8051

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THE HERBALIST-VER 2, TRADITIONAL CHINESE By David Hoffman, Multimedia MEDICINE AND presentation, 171 color photos, music by PHARMACOLOGY Jim Duke, narration by David Hoffman. Contains 322 herbs, 137 formulas, color Includes basic principles, human system, illustrations, full text search, photo zoom, materia medico, glossary, English to Latin, extensive help system, tracking capability, and taxonomy. CD ROM. PC/ MAC hybrid. printing, copying, bookmorking, and $49 .95. #COOl annotations. CD ROM, PC. $49.95. #C002

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Audio EDIBLE WILD PLANTS TALES OF A . ~~ THE MEDICINE GARDEN by Jim Duke ond Jim SHAMAN'S TALES OF Written ond produced by David Meuninck. 1988. Identifies APPRENTICE A SHAMAN'S Freudberg. Ane wpublic radio 100 edible wild plants, herbal Written and read by Mark APPRENTICE health special on herbal remedies. teo recipes, uncovers Plotkin . 2 audio cassettes. Hear some of the world 's leading Amerindian ond folk uses, Approximately 3 hours authorities on herbal medicine identifies poisonous plants, playing time . $7.99. .. ·t; including physicians, ond more. $24 .95 . #812 #0702 pharmocognosists, botanists, ond other scientists present the most . ·-- ~ ~ -~.-. ~ comprehensive special on the subject ever broadcast. Set of 2 1- hour audio topes. $15.95. #701

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by Robert l. Gutman, Ph.D. and Beung-Ho Ryu, Ph.D. Kava: AOverview Published in HERBALGRAM Na.37 Kava: An Overview by Yodhu N. Singh, • Reviews the history, botany, chemistry, Ph.D. and Mark Blumenthal. Published pharmacology and health benefits of the active in HerboiGrom No. 39. ingredients in tea. • 24-poge, full color, extensive~ • Summary of production and consumption in referenced literature review ex~es U.S. and world markets kava's origin, botany, and geogrophi­ • A16-poge review including four-color taldistributioninOteanio photography, a listing of the most notable leas, • Examines the sotiologkol and $250 and extensive references. ceremonial role Mkava, induding ltem#417 legends of its origin • Describes the chemistry, pharmacology, dinical Pharmacy from the Rainforest • aspects, and"lffects of the adive Areview of the 1994 ABC/ACEER sponsored constituents in kava. eco-tour to the Peruvian Amazon. Includes: • Varro Tyler's keynote address Echin cea-A Literature Review • Kathy McKeown and lan Hunter's desaiption by Christopher Hobbs of a Ribereiios medkinol garden Published in HERBALGRAM No.30 • Joy Hutchinson's narration of the ~omontradMuseful~ants • Referenced in the Dietary Supplement • Beautiful color Health and Education Act of 1994 photography. • A16-page review including four-color 50 representations of all nine species. $2 ltem1409 • Over 200 references. • Tables of Chemistry and Pharmacology Phytoth a y $1195 available separately. Rese rch Comp ndium 16-page literature review Chemistry & Pharmacology tables By Donald Brown and Eric Yarnell. 24-page report produced by Natural Item #405-A $250 Item #405-8 $250 Product Research Consultants offers summaries of key laboratory and clinical studies for ten phytomedicines: echinaceo, evening primrose oil, hawthorn, garlic, ginkgo, milk thistle, St. John's Wort, saw palmetto, valerian, and vitex. Item #418. SPECIAL PuBUCATIONS EAPC Ginger Petition European-American Phytomedicines CoalitionCitizen Petition to Amend FDA's Monograph on Antiemetic Drug Products for Over-The-Counter (OTC) Human Use to Include Ginger. 31 -page petition includes background, chemistry, toxicology, pharmacology and efficacy of ginger with regard to motion sickness and nausea and vomiting in general,with proposed changes to federal regulations. 1995. $10.00. Item #413 EAPC Valerian Petition European-American Phytomedicines Coalition Citizen Petition to Amend FDA's Monograph on Night-time Sleep-aid Drug Products for Over-The Counter (OTC) Human Use to Include Valerian. 24-page petition stating the efficacy and safety of valerian as a sleep aid and requesting its inclusion in the existing FDA monograph. 1994. $1 O.OO. Item #412 EAPC Petition The complete text of the European-American Phytomedicines Coalition Petition to the USFDA. The petition requests inclusion of European OTC Phytomedicines (herbal medicines) to the OTC Drug Review. S10.00. 1tem #404 EACHBP Report 36-page Second Report of the Expert Advisory Committee (appointed by the Conodian government) on Herbs and Botanical Preparations. Includes I.L#7 05 and l.l. #771. Deals primarily with safety concerns of medicinal plants. S10.00. 1tem #406 The Farnsworth Symposium Progress on Terrestrial and Morine Natural Products of Medicinal and Biological interest, in honor of the 60th birthday of Professor Norman R. Farnsworth.lncludes 19 scientific papers,and 21 abstracts. $29.00 Item #402 Future World Trends In the Supply, Utilisation, and Marketing of Endangered Medldnal Plants 1996. Trends in world based on forecast usage of endangered plants and recommendations for conservation to uphold diversity, reduce costs, improve quality and increase reliability. $1443. #420A EC M rket for Herbal Medicines 1995·1999 1995. Update of the 1990-1994 edition, including consumer perceptions. $2430. #4208 Overview/ Introduction: $632. #420C Individual Country (per country) $253. #420D Who' I Who In the Herbal Mtdlclnallndustry 199 5. Acomplete guide to and analysis of the international herbal medical industry, with profiles of companies worldwide, excluding China ond latin America, with brief analysis of market trends and distribution routes by country, principle herbal products and leading products worldwide. $794. #420E Herbal Education Catalog Credit card holders order toll free 800/373-7105 Summer /Fall1997 fox 512/331-1924, for questions call 512/331-8868 see page 31 for orderform e-mail : [email protected] Prepared by the European Stientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy (ESCOP)-a group of herbal experts from academia and industry in the European Union. These monographs contain indications, contraindications, side effects, dosage, interactions and many other important therapeutic parameters of SO leading herbs and phytomedicines in Europe. Well referenced. Amust for physicians, pharmacists, noturopaths, herbalists, industry, researchers.

ESCOP monographs are published in lcJase.leaf form, for insertion into o dedicated ring binder. ESC 0 P They are available only in "fasrirules" (volumes) of 10 monographs eom, os listed. ESCOP employs the traditional pharmCKopeial name of the herb os the title of each monograph. The Engt!Sh common name and Latin binamiak are added here for convenience. MONOGRAPHS $59 $179 per fascicule for all five fascicules. ON THE MEDICINAL USES Or PLANT DRUGS For a complete listing of monagraphed herbs and foscicule divisions, see page 34 of Herbo/Gram #40.

armacy Continuing Education 7.he 7/merican 23olanicalGounc.tf andlhe Jexas !7-J.harmacy Youndalion proudfj announce . .. ''HERBS and PHYTO EDIC E '' an educalionaloverview ofherbal med)cine for !.he !7-J.harmacisl New Series Taken from ABC'S Classic Botanical Reprints: SAVE $10 Module I "Overview and Background of Herbs in Pharmacy" Order alll ACPE# 188-154-95-090 [0.2 CEUs] (ABC Item# 901) for Module II "Overview of the Assessment, Uses and Efficacy of Herbs in Pharmacy" only $80! ACPE# 188-154-95-093 [0.2 CEUs] (ABC Item# 902) Item #900 Module Ill "Overview of Rainforest Research Issues" ACPE# 188-154-95-094 [0.15 CEUs] (ABC Item# 903) Each module costs S30 and comes with an answer sheet to be returned for pharmacy continuing education credit. Order sets now using the form on page 31.

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Credit card holders order toll free 800/373-71 OS Herbal Education Catalog fax 512/331-1924, for questions call 512/331-8868 Summer/Fall1997 e-mail : [email protected] see page 31 for order form Native America Medidnal Plant Note Ca #601 Purple coneflower Twelve designer mrds (2 of eodl) featuring color photograph 1602 Narrow-leaved &hinacea and brief description of traditional use by botanist Steven Foster. 1603 American Ginseng 1604 Goldenseal Both sets only #60S Passionflower #606 American Mayapple 00 #607 Bloodroot $10 1608 Pink Lady's Slipper hem#600-( 1609 Saw Palmetto 1610 W'lkh Hazel Set 1 • 2 each of. 601,602,604,606,607,608.$6. hem#600-A 1611 Evening Primrose Set 2 • 28CKh of. 603, 60S, 609,610,611,612. $6. hem#600-B #612 Butterfly Weed rd Party Literature Consumer Herbal Information Packet NOW AVAILABLE! Our Third Party Uterature consumer package produced by the American Botanical Couna1. lndudes oll12 of the Botanical Booklet series, Research Review #1: Hawthorn, Melisso, Sow Palmetto and Ginkgo; Research Review 11'1.: Gorlic; Edtinaceo Review; Herb and Heohh Series #1: Common Herbs; KDWJ: An Overview; and Rediscovering Teo. Botanical Booklet

The eight-page booklets in this series have reproductions Ginkgo concise, authoritative and accurate information on major ntedidnal Ginkgo biloba # 301 Echinacea # 307 Chamomiles # 302 Siberian Ginseng # 308 American Ginseng # 303 Asian Ginseng # 309 Goldenseal ~ $100 # 304 Ginkgo # 310 Feverfew priced at # 305 Milk Thistle # 311 Garlic # 306 Peppermint # 312 Valerian AH 12 $995 Note: Full set included in consumer for only Herbal Information Packet.

Herbal Education Catalog Credit card holders order toll free 800/373-71 OS Summer /Fall1997 fax S12/331-1924, for questions call S12/331-8868 see page 31 for order form e-mail : [email protected] fax 512/331-1924, for questions call 512/331-8868 Summer /Fall1997 e-mail: [email protected] see page 31 for order form PHAR/V\ACY FRO/V\ TH E fJIJ1PaRM!

f \ .\' A piece of the ~ canopy walkway {I within the canopy of ~ 1 rainforest trees at , ACEER in Peru . ~ Photo by Jeremy ~ Kuhn, 1994. ;..

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herbaria in Managua and Madison. This journey took me through Guava (Psidium guajava), lime (Citrus aurantiifolia) and vi ll ages I was already familiar with in the south-central Coast, but malva (Ma/achra alceifolia) were ascribed more limited medicinal also to Puerto Cabezas in the north and Waspam, a Miskitu village properties. About half of the 147 people mentioning lime as a me­ on the Honduran border. More than 300 specimens were collected. dicinal used it for diarrhea, while an additional 42 said it was useful pressed and dried, either over a small gas camping stove or a li ght for bellyache. Fully 29 of the 35 informants mentioning malva said bulb in a cheap hostel. Letters of support from MIN SA and from the it was useful against headache. Forty-four of 57 people mentioning University of Wisconsin-Madison allowed me to transport the speci­ guava described its use in treating diarrhea. mens not left in Managua out of Nicaragua and into the United States. Christmas blossom (Senna alata) was mentioned as a medici­ Botanists at UW-Madison and the Missouri Botanical Gardens were nal plant by 120 informants. Almost half of these described its use gracious enough to assist with identification and mounting. as a purgative. Another 26 said it was used for the kidneys, while 27 Although many of the plants identified are used medicinally mentioned its uti lity against various skin disea es. Following simi­ in other areas of Latin America and the Caribbean, there appear to lar information gathered in 1986, MI SA-RAAS chose Christmas be several unique to this region. As might be expected, certain plan ts blossom as its first plant of clinical study. A double-blind clinical are used for specific illnesses by nearly everyone, while others are trial of the efficacy of a leaf extract agai nst skin fungal infecti on used exclusively by one ethnic group for one disease. Table I lists was begun in 1987-88, but the destruction of the Bluefields health all medicinal plants mentioned to me by at least I 0 informants. Table center and the Ml SA-RAAS building by Hurricane Joan in Octo­ 2 portrays these plants in more detail, with common names in sev­ ber 1988 stopped the experiment in midstream. eral languages, parts of plants used, and specific medicinal uses. Evidence of clinical efficacy and/or pharmacological activity The diversity of medicinal properties attributed to eastern consistent with indigenous use can be fou nd in the scienti fic litera­ Nicaragua's flora makes it difficult to predict which plant or plants ture. Back in Wisconsin, David Kiefer and I used APRALERT. 31 would be most interesting to study, either from an ethnomedical or a the world's largest data base on medicinal plants, in order to track pharmacological point of view. Of the common plants, so UI·sop down relevant findings and references." Of the 162 plants identi­ (Annona muricata) and sorosi (Momordica charantia) were attrib­ fied in my research, 67 showed similar uses throughout the world. uted the widest range of medicinal properti es. SoUI·sop was said to Some 34 had been studied in the laboratory and/or clinic, usually be useful in the treatment of 16 different ailments by 114 informants, with results supporting their usage in eastern Nicaragua. while sorosi, mentioned by 65 people, was attributed 9 different Soursop, for instance. is used for childbirth in the Dominican medicinal uses. Republic 33 and Cura~ao 34 as well as in eastern icaragua, and has been shown clinically to have a uterine stimulant effect35 Sorosi,

HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 37 Left: Christmas blossom, serocontil (Spanish), Senna alata (Cassia alata). Right: Guava, Psidium guaiava.

used for pain and for diabetes in my survey (and in many other re­ is known as sukya, a Miskjto term. In addition, healers are some­ gions of the world), displays analgesic and hypoglycemic activity in times call ed science men or obeah-men, the latter a term deriving 36 37 the lab. · Guava is used throughout the world to combat diarrhea, from the somewhat prevalent belief in Caribbean-derived obeah. and has been found to decrease intestinal smooth muscle activity, Most, but not all, healers take care to differentiate themselves thereby alleviating abdominal symptoms.38 Christmas blossom, as from modern medicine. One traditional healer I know calls herself a a final example, is used as a cathartic or purgative in places as far pediatrician (pediatra). She assumes the manners and some of the removed as Tanzania39 and Mexico,40 and has been shown to have a terminology of Western medicine, but treats her patients, mostly laxative effect in randomized blinded clinical trials.41 children, with herbal remedies. She says that she used to practice There are many more examples, but the point that traditional obstetrica, but got tired of the unpredictable hours that accompa­ use of plant medicines may be supported by scientific investigation nied attending childbirth. should not come as a surprise to readers of HerbalCram. What mjght The most widely known Miskitu sukya shared with me the be of interest, however, is the complex and interactive nature of the following words concerning his initiation to healing: cultures and individual healers using those plant medicines. "For awhile I was sitting down like this. I get up. Can't sleep now .. . I see plenty lightning. I feel funny in my body. For awhile THE HEALERS I see that house, it just like catch afire ... Then I hear that thunder. Traditional healers on the Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua are known as And it hi t me. I was standing in that door. And it hi t me from that curanderos, bush doctors, and sukyas, terms respectively from the door. I went right in that room. It shoot me right in that room. I Spanish, Creole English, and Miskitu languages. The terms are usu­ dead. Done. I don't know which part I went. Until eight days ally interchangeable, and more often than not are used by people time ... So I get up, and I heard a voice, says: outside of their language group. For example, one Miskitu healer I 'Now you will try to help your people... All these things I bring know calls himself a curandero, while the premier Garffuna healer for you. But I cannot give you everything. So I give you half that you can help your people. Without price. Try to help your people and your people will try to help you."'

In this quote, the medicine man describes how as a youth he was hit by lightning, thrown into a coma-like sleep, contacted by a spirit-man, saved from the coma, and allowed to return to normal village life. He was thus initiated into the role of healer in his small lagoon-side community on the Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua. For almost 60 years since he has worked as a healer, and has built a widespread reputation as a skilled and honest man. He usually asks

Walagayo house and dugout ca noe (dory) w ith cassava bread (bam11 . Preparation for W alagayo healing ceremony. Spring 1990.

38 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 his patients to sleep a night in his home while he waits for advice from the spirit-man in his dreams. The dream spi1it-man wears pretty, silver-like clothes, sports a golden cross around his neck, and comes with specific orders about the treatment of patients. This healer's pharmacopoeia includes dozens of plant-based treatments applied in the form of vapor baths, "anointing," and various teas and po­ tions. Other options include patent medicines, referrals to other heal­ ers, or advice to visit the doctor or nurse at the nearest health center. Atlantic 1 Another well-known healer, a Garffuna called by the Miskitu Ocean word sukya, told me about his medicine stone: "Sometime the thunder light and bust the earth. And you go and find it ... You use the thunderbolt. A rock. When the thunder light he left that rock. And you use that rock. You cook the rock and take the water.. . You drink it... It cure all kind of sickness. A baby born and it no healthy. Bathe him with that. And he get fat."

In this quote the healer describes his palm-sized "thunderbolt stone." Thunder stones are known throughout Central America's Caribbean Coast, and are thought by archaeologists to be ancient Mayan hand axes. This healer found his stone when he was young, and emphasizes that it takes special properties to recognize and use a thunder stone. To protect its powers, he keeps it hidden from sight and away from menstruating women. Unlike the first man intro­ duced, this healer usually charges for his services. For a small charge, he will make up potions to increase his patients' luck or to ward off enemies, bad spirits or accidents. And, unlike the first, he was trained Map of Nicaragua showing medicinal plant collection sites. by a great healer, his grandfather, rather than being called by the spirits. However, he is visited in his dreams by Garffuna ancestor spirits, who help him make decisions about his curing practice.

A third and final quote from a Creole healer: "I like to tend babies .. . Baby make up his face, get a severe pain ... The wine, the sorosi (Momordica charantia) kill the fever and it give appetite and at the same time it bring up the blood .. . As long as the blood is up, it can fight any sickness, but if the baby blood poor, it can't fight no sickness ... Some children strain for what you call the breeze .. . the strength of a person strain ... Sometimes I use the cobweb with the baby navel string, the same navel string what drop. Boil the cobweb with it."

Below left: Kukra Hill health center. Outlines of Sandino and Sandinista soldier adorn the walls. Right: The Prophet Florentine Joseph, Miskitu healer, and his wife.

HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 39 This quote from a Creole midwife names four healing agents­ The idea of illness as a physical agent inhabiting the body is wine (homemade), the medicinal plant sorosi, cobwebs, and umbili­ also widespread. Speaking of what she can cure, one Creole healer cal cord. This quote also demonstrates the power of "strong blood" said , "And maybe a simple measle. You make bath also. And bathe to prevent or cure illness. This healer has delivered more than 50 it and it come out. It doesn't keep in . It does throw it out." Objects babies in her 16 years as a lay midwife. Although she prefers to that symbolize disease are sometimes regurgitated or defecated. A work with women during childbirth and with young children, her Creole healer who specializes in using blessed wine as a medicine knowledge of herbal medicine has occasionally been applied to older reported a patient who first "passed yellow corn (and then the healer) children and adults. Sometimes people pay her, but it is not a re­ gave him another shot of wine, when he hock up a little fish. " The quirement for treatment. She has a strong belief in bush medicine, fish was sti II alive, and was blamed on a jealous adversary, who sent and thinks that in most cases it is superior to doctor medicine. She a devil as an animal, into the body of the patient. "The devil was does not receive any help from spirits or her dreams. into her... God stronger than the devil ... They drunk the wine and they done throw it up or pass it out. It have to come out ... Sometime THE ILLNESSES it be a fish , sometime it be some kind of animal ... A little turtle, In general, there are three lines of defense against disease. Herbal­ toads, spring chicken they call them, in the swamp ... the wine throw 4 based home remedies are the first level in the "hierarchy of resort." " it out." For more acute illnesses with perceived physical causes, an initial Although certain di seases are known to be contagious, there trip to the health center or hospital may be in order. If home rem­ are various explanations for thi s phenomena. Microbial germ theory edies fail , a patient might instead elect to go to a curandero, espe­ is recognized by some of the lay population as well as by most of the cially if witchcraft, sorcery, or malevolent spirits are suspected. biomedically trained health workers. Dirt and contamination are Healers might begin with simple herbal treatments for suspected th ought by many to be involved in di sease causation. Aerial trans­ natural causes, then proceed to magical or spiritual interventions if mi ssion is also postulated. One healer noted, "Sickness go through necessary. People living in rural areas tend to resort to traditional the air. It comes like a heat ... like a smoke it comes all around, and healers more readily than their counterparts in Bluefields. Doctor whenever that sickness drop, it extend. It extends in that town and it medicine is usually seen as complementary to herbal medicine. Pa­ kills everybody there ... They have a sickness we call the gastro . tients often choose to use both. That gastro come down just through the air." Theories of disease causation are plentiful on the Coast. Be­ Certain syndromes recognized in other areas are also found in lief in temperature as an inherent "humoral" quality of an object, RAAS.47 Mal de ojo (evil eye) is recognized throughout Latin food, drink, illness, or medicine is widespread, especially among America.484950 This syndrome is characterized by the ability of a the Mestizo population. Taking a cold drink or bath after working strong, drunk, or agitated person to infect or damage an infant merely up a hot sweat is thought to be dangerous to the health. Excess of with hi s or her gaze. This syndrome is usually characterized by one extreme may also be hazardous, such as drinking rum (symboli­ fever. In RAAS the phenomenon is recognized, but is usually re­ cally hot) when upset or sweating (also hot). Hot illness such as ferred to as calor de vista (heat of the sight). (Mal de ojo refers to kidney disease or diarrhea must be treated by cold medicine. Hot actual eye disease on the Coast.) The fever resulting from calor de and cold sponge baths are common treatment modalities, and are vista can be treated by chewing ruda (Ruta graveolens) and tobacco, used to counteract opposing temperature illnesses, and to drive out and spitting the residue over the patientY the diseases. The hot/cold syndrome, known also as "humoral medi­ Aire is another widely recognized disease category in Latin 5 5 cine" is prevalent throughout Latin America, and has been described America. 1. " Aire is characterized by pains, usually in the neck or by various authors.43.44.45.46 the back, often caused by cold or bad air entering the body. Various

40 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 types of aires are recognized, depending on the state of the patient Yumu is a syndrome characterized by abdominal pain and known and the location of the pain . Herbal treatments documented by primarily to the Miskitu. Sorosi (Momordica charantia) and kina/ MINSA-RAAS include a tea made from hoja de aire (Kalanchoe sweet st ick (Cinchona spp.) were mentioned to me as treatments for pinna tum) and altamiz (Ambrosia psilostachya), and a poultice made yumu. Yumu is known throughout Honduran and Nicaraguan Miskitu from breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis). My own research revealed a populations, and is thought to be caused by the spirit of an an imal multitude of treatments for aire, including extracts of albahaca that has entered the body of a sick person. 56 (Ocimun campechianum), Christmas blossom (Senna a/ata), ci lantro (Eryngium foetidum), ginger (Zingiber officina/e), and mango SPIRITS, SORCERY OR PSYCHOLOGY? (Mangifera indica). Mental illness is often thought to be caused by spirits or sorcery. For certain syndromes localized to RAAS , traditional medi­ Susto, a syndrome characterized by fright, 57 is known throughout cine is the preferred treatment. "Grisi siknis" and "bulpis" are known Nicaragua. One informant said that lulabakbak (Piper on ly to the costeiio people. "Grisi siknis" described by Philip Den­ jacquemontianum) can be used to treat susto. Sorcery-induced men­ nis 53 as a Miskitu culture-bound syndrome, is a spirit-induced epi­ tal syndromes usually are said to come from outside the village. sode of abnormal behavior. I found variants of grisi siknis (crazy Jealousy and spi te are the primary motives. According to a Garffuna sickness) in Garffuna and Sumu as well as Miskitu populations. 54 curandero known to be especially good wi th mental illness, enemies In biomedical parlance, the syndrome is manifested by a sudden "set the devil with you ... and he stay with you ... and get you run­ onset of loud, aggressive behavior, associated with visions and/or ning all around ... and curandero he work on you and he take away aud itory hallucinations. In popular description, the illness is caused that devil ... and you get cured. They say it be science. They also by spi rits of the woods, the water and the wind, and can on ly be use poison. Is different from science." Diagnosis involves giv ing a cured by traditional methods. medicinal plant to the patient and observing the results. "If he start "Bulpis" is a skin disease thought to be caused by ingestion to move heavy, you got the devil in you." Treatment includes the of a poison. Whitening of the skin is the primary sign . Reportedly, use of eight medicinal plants and a special diet. "A crazy person the perpetrator uses the urine of a toad and various botanical ex­ don 't want to eat a chicken ... Chicken gonna scratch you and then tracts to create a potion, which is sun·eptitiously placed in the victim's you gonnajump more." Certain fish are prescribed. "They dry and food or drink. Knowledge of the exact preparation is said to be known they calm fish so they keep steady. So you become calm when you on ly to a few. Special remedies are known to curanderos and bush eat of that." doctors. Bulpis is recognized by Mestizo, Creole, Miskitu, and The Garffuna especially believe in spirits as a cause of sick­ Garffuna populations. A physician who grew up in the area believes ness. Spirit-induced illnesses are said to come from the ghosts of that there may be a plant or animal-derived substance that can cause ancestors. Spirits of a patient's dead parents are often implicated. A an allergic skin reaction when administered internally. Other, more healing ritual known as walagayo can be call ed for an especially biomedically inclined persons, say that bulpis is merely the result of severe illness. The walagayo is an elaborate three-day event that a particular skin infection, usually attributed to the spirochete bacte­ occurs only rarely. The last walagaro was in the spring of 1990. It rium Treponema carateum. 55 was an elaborate three-day ritual characterized by drumming, danc­ Abdominal pains take several different forms in RAAS. ing, consumption of Garffuna food and beverage, and an imal sacri­ "Colic," "spasm," and "bad belly" are abdominal syndromes known fice. to Creoles, the first two characterized by pain, the latter by nausea and diarrhea. Empacho and maleficio are syndromes that may mani­ fest as stomach pain and are known primarily to the Mestizo. Ma­ leficio is sometimes thought to be a personalistic. or malefactor­ Far left: Creole man in front caused disease, associated with jealousy or "personalistic" magic. of "plantation" Pearl Lagoon. "Plantations" are used to grow basic crops, as well as medicinal herbs; Sumu healer places steaming herbs next to sick child; M iskitu healer, Murphy Sinclair, Orinoco; Miskitu healer, Pel on, Kakabila; Ramo boy cracking corn (with Sand inista letters in background) .

HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 41 Accounts differ, but it seems that walagayo have been held fold increases were made in medical and nursing education. Train­ every two or three years, on the average, for most of the 20th cen­ ing emphasis was shifted toward primary and community health care. tury. The sukya of the Garffuna must receive instructions from an­ In many ways, Nicaragua created the beginnings of a model system. cestor spirits in his dreams. The spirits will announce that a walagayo However, early gains slowed, obstacles emerged, and eventu­ should be held, and the family or friends of the patient must pay for ally, the revolution in health was largely dismantled. Although this the event. Large quantities of food and drink are required. Three process was accelerated by Violetta Chamorro's election victory in special drums are beaten for 24 hours to begin the ritual. A rattle 1990, it was well under way during the last few years of the 1980s. known as a sis ira is used by the sukya . ''l's the man shake the sis ira The U .S.-sponsored Contra war left many direct and indirect scars ... That is the thing who control the walagayo. You make it make it. on the Nicaraguan health care system. Health care workers and Is a shake shake. But you make it yourself." If the walagayo is medical facilities were consistently targeted by Contra vio­ successful the patient is cured, and gets up to dance with a chicken lence.68·69·70·71 Indirectly, the war and the economic embargo placed before the event is over. The walagayo is similar to Garffuna heal­ severe restrictions on the Nicaraguan economy, resulting in reduced ing rituals observed in Honduras and described by various au­ health expenditures, and, eventually, a deterioration of Nicaragua's thors.58.59.60.6 1 health care system.n. 73·74·75 Austerity measures first instituted by the Interactions between traditional and modern medicine can be Chamorro government in 1991 have nearly completed the disman­ complementary or adversarial, results beneficial or disastrous. In tling of public health in Nicaragua. general, biomedical and traditional explanations of illness are not thought incompatible by the population, but instead are integrated ETHNOMEDICAL REVITALIZATION into a coherent framework. Explanations that would be deemed During the 1980s a national program emerged that aimed to inte­ mutually exclusive by Western scientific standards are held as mu­ grate traditional and modern medicine. Although an early attempt tually supportive components of an integrated belief system. at investigating the use of medicinal plants was begun in Bluefields in 1981, it was not until 1985 that the "Rescue of Popular Medicine" A REVOLUTION IN HEALTH was created. First in Esteli, then throughout the country, systematic Improvements in Nicaragua's health care system following the tri­ and continued efforts at investigating the use of medicinal plants umph of the 1979 revolution have been widely applauded in the were initiated. 76·77 Some 845 secondary school students carried out 62 63 64 65 66 67 78 literature. · · · · · Infant mortality was reduced from over 100 more than three thousand surveys in 26 districts in 1985 alone. per thousand to under 80 per thousand in less than five years. Im­ Three hundred forty-five different plants were found to be used fre­ munization programs involving tens of thousands of volunteers quently as medicines. The most important of these were detailed in (brigadistas) eliminated polio and drastically reduced measles, teta­ books published by the Ministry of Health, along with descriptions 79 80 nus, tuberculosis and whooping cough. Malaria was significantly of their use against various illnesses. · reduced by a unique program of mass drug administration. Several- On the Atlantic Coast a survey of traditional medicine was accomplished in 1986-87, and a regional conference was held in which traditional healers exchanged ideas with biomedical person­ nel. The healers were presented with certificates, more than one of which were proudly displayed to me during my work. Results of these investigations have been used to improve health care throughout Nicaragua. In 1992 the National Center for Popular and Traditional Medicine published the Manual of Medici­ nal Plants for the Promotion of Preventive Medicine and Commu­ nity Health .81 Plants with low toxicity and probable clinical effi­ cacy are promoted. Through the use of seminars and printed mate­ rials, medical personnel are gaining greater understanding of pa­ tients' belief systems, as well as of botanical medicine. These ef­ forts may help decrease the overuse of expensive and potentially toxic pharmaceuticals. Hopefully, the beginnings of an integrated health system will emerge.82

Fever grass, lemongrass or locate de limon (Spanish), Cymbopogon citratus.

42 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 Table 1 Common Medicinal Plants of Nicaragua's Atlantic Coast

Species Family # informants common name

Cirrus auranriifolia (Christm.) Swing le Rutaceae 147 lime Senna a/ata (L.) Roxb. Fabaceae 120 C hristmas b lossom Momordica charantia L. Cucurbitaceae 11 4 sorosi Cymbopogon citratus (DC. ex Nees) Stapf Poaceae 91 le mo n g rass Anacardium occidentale L. Anacardiaceae 70 cashew Annona muricara L. A nno naceae 65 soursop Eryngiumfoeridum L. A piaceae 59 cilantro Psidium guajava L. M y rtaceae 57 guava Sida acuta Burm. f. Ma lvaceae 50 broom weed Cocos nucifera L. Arecaceae 49 coconut Allium sativum L. Liliaceae 41 garlic Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Fabaceae 39 pi sa bed Stachytarphera jamaicensis (L.) Yah! Ye rbe naceae 35 vervine Malachra a/ceifolia Jacq. M a lvaceae 35 malva Manihot esculenta Crantz E u phorbiaceae 34 cassava Piper jacquemonrianum Kunth Pipe raceae 30 lul ubakbak Cassia grandis L. f. Fabaceae 29 stinking toe Smilax spp. Smilacaceae 28 C hina root Tradescantia zebrina Hort. ex Bosse C o mme linaceae 26 wandering Jew Neuro/aena lobara (L.) C ass. Asteraceae 25 jackass bitters Scoparia dulcis L. Sc rophulariaceae 24 broom weed Zingiber offici nate Roscoe Zing iberaceae 22 gi nger Mimosa pudica L. Fabaceae 22 sleeping bush Cecropia pel rata L. C ecropiaceae 18 trumpe t tree Th elechironia trilobata (L.) H .E . Robins. & Cuatrec. A ste raceae 17 kaisnipata Cinchona spp. Rubiaceae 16 q uinina Piper auritum Kunth in H .B .K. Piperaceae 15 cowfoot Ocimum campechianum P. Mill. La miaceae 13 a lbahaca Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) R & S Boraginaceae 12 wild sage Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth in H .B .K. Pipe raceae I I man-to-ma n Musa spp. Musaceae II banana Mangifera indica L. A nacardiaceae II mango Myristicafragrans Houtt. M yri sticaceae 10 nutmeg Matricaria recutita L. Asteraceae 10 c ha mo mile

KEY TO TABLE 2 (following pages) Species in Table 2 were identified by the Mi ssouri Botanical Garden, the Handwork [sp] refers to obeah. sorcery. witchcraft. or poison. Uni versity of Wi sconsin Herbarium , and/or the Na ti onal Herbarium in Managua. Pressure usuall y refers to a popularized version of high blood pressure. but some­ times refers to ·pressure· in the chest or in the abdomen. Common name: cr=Creole Engli sh; su=Sumu ; mi=Miski tu; tw=Twahka Ptu;~e refers to a common practice of induced vomiting (purge up) or defecation [Language]: r =Rama: ul=Ulwa: sp=Spani sh (U lwa and Twahka are Sumu languages.) (purge down ). Slwr111ess usua ll y refers to shortness of breath. Folk Illnesses Associ ated with Med icinal Pl ants: Spiril sickness is caused by one or more of the many spirits known to the region. A ire [sp] is a folk illness known throughout Latin Ameri ca. A ire is characterized by Specifica ll y named in the remedy reports are Wahiwin [mi]. a pig-like animal pain in the body and is thought to be caused by trapped air or wind. spirit. and Pra haku [mi]. a powerful spirit of the wind. lsigni [mil spirits are Bad bell y is a syndrome si mil ar to gastro, in whi ch abdominal pain and di arrhea are ghosts. spirits of deceased humans. prominant. Sttslo [sp] is a folk illness characterized by fright. Bl ood refers to a belief in the power of strong or hot blood to prevent or cure illness. Yt t/1111 [mi l is characterized by stomach pain. and is sometimes thought to be caused Many herbal toni cs are used to "build up the blood." by ani mal spirits. Evil eye is known throughout Latin Ameri ca, and refers to illness caused by the gaze of a hot, drunk, or malevolent person. In eastern Nicaragua the term visTafuerre [sp] refers to evil eye. whereas mal de ojo [sp] usuall y refers to ophthalmic di sease. CasTro [sp] is characteri zed by intestinal upset. diarrhea. and stomach pain.

HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 43 :t: Table2: MedicinalHerbs of EasternNicaragua and Their Uses

• Thefollo wingletters hove been used to identifythe commonnames of the plantsby language . u =CreoleEnglish tw = Twohko(Sumu) sp =Spanish mi= Miskitu r = Ramo ul = Ulwo(Sumu) = ""=> G-, Botanicalnome Commonnome(s) by Language Port(s)of PlantUsed ConditionsTreated ~ Allium sativum L., Liliaceae ajo [sp], garlic garlic clove bad spirit*, cough, belly pain, fever, parasites & worms, snakebite, vomiting ?= ~ Anacardium occidentale L., cashew, maraiion [sp], kasau [mi], kasantaya [ul] bark, fruit, leaf bad belly, diarrhea, fever, skin disease Anacardiaceae bark or leaf boiled alone or with guava diarrhea (Psidium guajm•a L., Myrtaleae) to make tea

Annona muricata L.. Annonaceae guanabana [sp], puno [mi], puntar waihia [mi], saput lmi], leaf, fruit belly pain, childbirth, diarrhea, fever, headache, soursop, sow asap [cr J giddyness, parasites, vomiting, weakness above boiled with Bixa ore/lana L., Bixaceae taken to ease childbirth leaves boiled. water used to bathe for fever or headache

Cassia grandis L.f., Fabaceae stinking toe, carrol [cr], caraola [sp] fruit, leaf, seed bad belly, clean the blood, colds, cough, purge, skin disease

Cecropia peltata L.. Cecropiaceae guarumo [sp], plan [mi]. plang [mi]. palan [ul]. trumpet, leaf bad belly, diarrhea, fever, headache, liver, 'wash out the trumphet [cr] babies'; 'best cure for the gastro* and the bad belly'

Cinchona spp. L., Rubiaceae kina [cr,mi], kinina [cr,mi], quinina [sp]. sweet stick [?I bark for washing the blood, colds, fever. heart, malaria, pain of belly, yumu*

Citms aurantiifo!ia (Christm.) Swingle, damni [mi], leimus [mi], lime, lima [cr]. limon, limon de fruit , leaf, root belly pain, childbirth, colds, cough, diarrhea, fever. Rutaceae castillo [sp]. limon agria [spl. uriaup supkaba [ra] headache, itching, kidney, nerves, parasites, purge, vomiting, weakness

Cocos nucifera L.. Araceae coco [cr], coconut, kuku [mi], kukunup [ra] fruit. leaf. oil. (often from 'young coconut') bad belly. colds. cough. diabetes, dian·hea, headache, heart, pain. parasite, pressure*, purge

Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) R & S., kaiasaika [mi], riskupata [mij. wild sage leaf bad belly, colds, cough, fever, headache, parasites. Boraginaceae pressure* leaves boiled water used to bathe and reduce fever

Crmbopogon citratus (DC. ex Nees) fever grass, lemon grass, tiwahiwa [mi]. zacate de limon leaf belly pain. colds, cough, fever, pressure* Stapf (Andropogon citra/us) , Poaceae [spl

Ermgiumjoetidw11L. , Apiaceae cilantro [sp]. coriander. culantro [sp]. fits weed, kisauri leaves, whole plant a ire*, asthma, belly pain. colic. colds, cough, diarrhea. [ul]. kia saura [mi]. kulantro [mi]. prouk [ra] earache, fever. giddyness ('drunky head'). parasites, spirits*, vomiting

Ma/achra alceifolia Jacq., Malvaceae malva lsp], slimey bush leaf bellyache, fever, headache, inflamation, vomiting leaves boiled tea drunk and/or water used to bathe skin and/or poulstice applied to head

Mangifera indica L., Anacardiaceae mango. mankro [mi], mango dusa [mil bark, fruit, leaf aire* , bad belly, cough, diarrhea, fever, pain, rheumatism, skin disease

Manihot esculenta Crantz (M. dulcis), cassava, iik [ra], yuca [sp]. yauhra [mij leaf, root, starch belly pain, diarrhea, fever, headache Euphorbiaceae

Matricaria recutita L., Asteraceae chamomille, manzanilla [sp] flower, leaf belly pain, cough, menstrual pain, nerves, ovaries, purge (Chamomilla reclllita (L.). Rauscher!)

Mimosa pudica L., Fabaceae dormilona [sp]. king aula [mil. sleepy, sleeping bush, leaf diarrhea, fever, headache, hemmorhage, parasites, stomach sensitive ache, vomiting, 'clean the womb', sedative to make baby sleep'

Momordica charantia L., Cucurbitaceae broom weed, makalalaska [ulJ, miniklalasni [tw], leaf belly pain, build up, strengthen or clean the blood, panaminik [ul], pepino montero [sp], sorosi [sp]. tasplira childbirth, cold, cough, diabetes/sugar, fever, headache, lmij malaria, menstrual pain, pain, purge, skin disease, womb, yumu Botanicalname Commonname{s) by Language Part{s)of PlantUsed ConditionsTreoted

Musa spp., Musaceae banana, banano [sp], sumuu [ra], samu [ra], cgir leaf, flower, fruit, root bad belly, diarrhea, snakebite Myristicafragrans, Houtt., Myristiceae kerasin[?], memoscada [cr], nuez moscada [sp], nutmeg, seed belly pain, diarrhea, fever, vomiting querosin [?], gmr

Neurolaena lobata (L.) Cass., Asteraceae gavilan [cr], jabilla [sp], jackass bitters, kunata palska [ul) leaf help the blood, diabetes, fever, itch, malaria, skin disease, stomach ache, tuberculosis Ocimwn campechianum P. Mill., albahaca [sp], barsle [cr], barsley [cr], sika kaira [mi) leaf aire* , cold/cough, diarrhea, earache, fever, headache, Lamiaceae heart, kidney, nerves, obeah, pressure, spirit* [Liwa mairen =water maiden], stomach ache

Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth in cold man, man-to-man, upla kahula [mil whole plant cold, cough, fever, kidney H.B.K., Piperaceae for kidney; 'that for[?] cough, and for pressure *, and for plant boiled whole & tea drunk cooling too'

Piper auritum Kunth in H.B.K., cowfoot, kalamata [su], kamput [mi), kamput wahia [mi], leaf anemia, fever}, headache, heart, kidneys, liver, pain, Piperaceae savila [sp], santa maria [sp], sika tara [mi] rheumatism, toothache leaves boiled, tea drunk various internal complaints leaf mashed applied to sore gums or tooth bakbakya [mi], cordoncillo [sp], lula sara [mi], lula sara leaf, flower belly pain, colds, fever, fright (susto* }, headache, Piperjacquemonrianum Kunth, [mil, lulubakbak [mi], pansan [ul], panadadas [tw], kidneys, nerves, pain, pressure* , spirits* , weakness, Piperaceae spanish ela 'drink for the kidney, downward infection', good for people who trouble with sugar (diabetes)

borimak [ul], guava, guayaba [spJ, krue [mi], kuabas [raj, leaf, fruit, seed bad belly, diarrhea, fever, pressure*, worms, weakness Psidium guajava L., Myrtaceae sigra [mi], sikra [mil

amarga [sp), anisillo [sp[, bitterbroom, broomweed. brum leaf, root, whole plant belly pain, childbirth, cough, fever, headache, itch, labor, Scoparia dulcis L. , Scrophulariaceae sirpi [mil; brum tahplira [mil. escobilla [sp[, escoba lisa spints*, yumu* [sp], haraspata [mil. hierba de dolor [sp[, rice weed, leaf tea diarrhea, poultice for headac he or wounds sirsaika fmi], wild rice whole plant tea 'infection of liver', to 'clean the blood, kidney, the whole system'

Senna a/ata (L.) Roxb. (Cassia alata L. ), christmas blossom, ganabisi [mil, kislin [mil. red head. flower, leaf, root aire* , clean the blood, fever, liver, kidneys, pressure* , Fabaceae serocontil [sp], sus saika [mi), sus tara saika [mi], sus purge, skin disease. used 'to cool the inside' or 'clean out wah a tara [mi I the 1nside'

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link (Cassia baby leaf, frijolillo [spl. pisabed [cr,sp], pica de pajaro leaf, whole plant belly pain. childbirth, cold, colic, fever, headache occidentalis L. ), Fabaceae [sp[, singsingya [mi I. sinsinya [mi I

Sida ani/a Burm. f., Malvaceae amarga [sp], bear dead. broomweed, escoba de chancho leaf, root. whole plant asthma, bad spirit*, belly heat, childbirth, cold, cough, [sp[, escoba lisa [sp], escoba lucia [sp], haraspata [mil, fever, handwork*, headache, ulcer, yumu john charles, kataramas [sui, malva, slimey bush, wild whole plant boiled. tea drunk headache and/or as an anti-worm medication; leaves broom, yu tangni [mi 1 bound to head for headache

Smilax spp .. Smilacaceae chaney root fer[, China root, chiny [mil. cuculmeca [spl. leaf, root anemia, to build up the blood, colds samalai [su], wasalanka [sui

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl. verbena [sp[, vervine leaf clean the blood, colds, cough, parasites, purge, kidney Verbenaceae leaves squeezed or boiled juice/tea drunk to rid oneself of worms or parasites

(L.) .E. ins. I?J. =~ Thelechitonia trilobata H Rob bad man, kaisnipata [mil. kasmitin upla saura [?[ leaf, wholedlant colds, kidney, purge. & Cuatrec .. Asteraceae leaf crus he pli to bit stin ay ut wound "')>= ap ed directly snake e, gr c , s c:., whole plant boiled tea drunk for kidney ~ Tradescantia :ebrina Hart. ex Bosse. espiritu santo Is p I. wandering jew leaf for the blood, kidney, pain, purge, Commelinaceae il with ?= leaves bo ed leaves of Ocimtmt for kidneys .... micranthum Willd, Labiatae and Wedelia tribolata (L.) Hitchc. Compositae

• Zingiber officinale Roscoe, ginger, jenjibre [spl rhizome a ire*. belly pain, cough, fever. gas, sore throat ...,.... Zingiberaceae Left: latawira (Miskitu), Desmodium incanum; right: annato, aula/a (Miskitu), achiote (Spanish), nata (Creole), Bixa ore/lana.

HISTORICAL INTERACTIONS likely to speak English than Spanish. Protestant churches, espe­ On Nicaragua's Atlantic Coast, indigenous (Miskitu, Sumu and cially the Moravian, are dominant. Many people identify more Rama) ethnomedicines have interacted and blended with those of strongly with English or North American culture than with the domi­ the Euro-African invaders and immigrants (Spanish, English, Cre­ nant Mestizo culture of western Nicaragua. ole, Mestizo and Garifuna) for almost 500 years. Some experts say In addition to linguistic barriers there are ethnic and cultural that the Miskitu culture itself is largely a post-contact phenom­ obstacles. Although hot-cold humoral etiology may be farruliar to enon 83·84 Health-related beliefs and practices developed interactively, Mestizo physicians, spiritual or personalistic theories may arouse and have repeatedly borrowed from, lent to, and influenced each derision or contempt. Calor de Ia vista and aire may have been en­ other. Blacks and Creoles arriving both as slaves and free over the countered during community service in medical school, but bulpis past centuries brought with them strong roots in African tradition. or a thunderstone may be totally unfarruliar. Lack of mutual under­ The Garffuna retained their own ethnomedical beliefs and customs standing, combined with language barriers, can seriously undermine when they first arrived in Central America in 1797, and later when the doctor/patient relationship. one group moved to Nicaragua from Honduras around the turn of Traditional healers, on the other hand, are more in tune with 85 6 7 the present century. ·R .R Military doctors, ships' surgeons, and other the belief systems of the population at large. They come from the medical representatives of Euro-American colonialism sometimes region, speak the language of the people, and understand intimately accompanied the traders, raiders, and colonizers that plied the Mos­ the norms and values of their patients. They have more time to quito Coast. These influences combined to form a complex and interact with patients and are not associated with the government dynamic regional network of beliefs concerning health and illness. bureaucracy. Etiological categories and treatment modalities are The 1979 revolution brought a unification and expansion of mutually understood, providing for greater compliance and patient the nation's health care system. Professional and volunteer health satisfaction. Traditional healers are physically closer to their pa­ care workers were sent in large numbers to the countryside.88 Hun­ tients, and are more likely to live in the region's villages rather than dreds of new health posts and a few larger health centers were estab­ in the city of Bluefields. lished. In RAAS this meant the construction of additional health Although more accessible, traditional healers often lack the centers in rural locations, and a tripling in the number of physicians. prestige associated with medical doctors and have less understand­ A new hospital was built in Bluefields in 1982. Volunteer health ing of the biological basis of disease and healing. care workers (brigadistas) were trained and equipped with basic Modern Euro-American civilization is well known to the medicines. By 1983 some 250 brigadistas operated in 135 commu­ people of RAAS through radio and television, and by word of mouth. nities. 89 Modern technology and the advances of science are associated with Especially important to an understanding of health and medi­ the biomedical practitioners, enhancing their reputation and creat­ cine in RAAS, in Nicaragua, and throughout the developing world ing for them a role in many ways si milar to the role of the traditional is a recognition of ethnic differences between the biomedical practi­ healer of the past. The socially accepted power to deal with the tioners and the population at large. The Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua unknowns of disease has shifted toward the medical doctor, but there has remained isolated from the Pacific Coast for most of its his­ remains a strong undercurrent of belief in magic and faith in the tory. 90·9 1 British colonization followed by North American exploita­ power of the sukya, curandero, or bush doctor. tion of lumber and mineral resources left a cultural and linguistic Beliefs and practices surrounding the subjects of health and 92 legacy. ·93 Creole, Miskitu, Sumu, Garffuna, and Rama are more illness are not fixed in time, nor do they come from a single source.

46 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 Soursop, guanabana (Spanish), sa put or puno (Miskitu), Annona muricata.

Although the roots of the hot­ cold syndrome and of germ theory can each be traced to his­ torical Europe, the branches observed today have been molded by countless additional forces. A person experiencing pain in her stomach may drink a homemade concoction of a "cold" plant to counteract her "hot" illness, may go to the Miskitu sukya to banish the ani- mal spirit causing the yumu, may go to the Creole bush doctor to REFERENCES I. Akerele. 0 .. V. Heywood & H. Synge. eds. 199 1. The Consen·ation of Medicinal Plant.<. drink blessed wine to remove a foreign object sent by an enemy, Cambridge University Press. may go to a curandero to receive herbal treatment for empacho, 2. Anyinam. C. 1995 ... Ecology and eth nomedicine: Exploring links between current envi ron­ maleficio, or a ire, or may go to the nearest health center to receive mental crisis and indigenous medical practices.·· Social Science and Medicine -10(3 ):321- 329. antibiotics for a bacterial enteritis. Her explanations for the illness 3. Durning. A. T. 1993 ... Supponin g In digenous Peoples:· pp. 80-100 in State of the World may be multiple, and may or may not correlate with her ethnicity. 1993. Lester R. Brown. eta/.. Worldwatch Institute. W. W. Nonon & Co .. Publishers. New York & London Her choices within the pluralistic health system depend on her up­ 4. \Venigcr. B. 1991. "Inte rest and limitati on of a global ethn opharmacological survey" Jour­ bringing and her experience within the multi-ethnic cultural domain nal of Etluwplwrmacologr. 32:37--l I. 5. Chivian. E. 1993 ... Species extinction and biodiversity loss: The implications for human of Nicaragua's Atlantic Coast. health:· pp. 193-224 in Critical Condition: Human Health and the Em·ironmellf. edited Thus, traditional and modern medicine can be seen to play by E. Chivian. M. McCally. H. Hu & A. Haines. complementary roles in the pluralistic system of health care in 6. Hu xtable. R. 1992. ·The pharmacology of extinction:· Journal of Ethnopharmacolnfi_Y. 37:1- 11. Nicaragua's Southern Atlantic Autonomous Region. Differing op­ 7. Kin g. S.R. 1992 ...Consen·ation and Tropical Medicinal Plant Research.·· Hnha/Cram. tions allow patients flexibility and choice. Contrasting belief sys­ 27:28-35. 8. Schultes. R. E. and S. von Reis. 1995. Ethnobotmzr: Emlwion ofa Discipline. Dioscorides tems vie for acceptance in the dynamic processes of sharing, bor­ Press. Portland. Oregon. rowing, and acculturation. Official medicine-under the auspices 9. Cultural Survival. 1991. Intell ectu al Propeny Ri ght s: The Politics of Ownership. Cultural Su.niral Quarterly. Summer. of the Nicaragua Ministry of Health-has only just begun to open I 0. Kl oppenberg. J. & S. Rodriguez. 1992 ...Conservationists or Corsairs on Seedling. its arms to traditional medicine. In return, a few traditional healers 9(2.3): 12-17. 0 have recognized the value of modern medicine. Individual patients II. Stone. R. 1992. ·The Biodiversity Treaty: Pandora ·s Box or Fair Deal .. Science. 256: 1624 June. integrate concepts and practices from each, as they try to negotiate 12. Berlin. B. and E. A. Berlin . 1994 ... Anthropological issues in medical ethnobotany:· Eth­ the complex pathways of health and illness they face. 0 nobotany and the search for new drugs. Ciba Foundation Symposium 185. 246-265. 13. Cali . F. 1992 ...Guatemala: In digenous Struggle and Social Change:· Cm·ertAction. Spring. -ll--16. 14. Clarke. B. & C. Ross. 1994. Voices of fire: Communiques and in terviews from the Zapatista National Liberation Army. New Earth Publications. Berkeley.

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Health Ri ghts Network (NCARHN), New York. 36. Biswas, A.R., S. Ramaswamy and J.S. Bapna. 1991. "Analgesic effect of Momordica 78. MIN SA (Ministerio de Salud, Nicaragua). 1986. 1/nforme sabre las 72 Plants Medicinales charantia seed extract in mice and rats." Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 3 1( I): 115-118. mas Frequentemente Uti/izadas en Ia Regi6n I 'Las Segovias 'Rescale de Medicina Popu­ 37. Khanna, P., S.C. Jain, A. Panagariya and V.P. Dixit. 1981. "Hypoglycemic activity of lar. Esteli , Nicaragua. polypeptide P from a plant source." Journal of Natural Products 44(6):648-655. 79. MINSA. (Ministerio de Salud, Nicaragua). 1988. Primer Encuentro de Centroamerica 38. Sookvanichsilp, N., W. Silpa-Archa, D. Laemongkol, P. Tanawiriyakul and H. Tongkow. Panama y Belize para e/ Rescale de Medic ina Popular: Sabre las Plantas Medicinales 1986. "Effects of Thai medicinal plants on rat ileum." Asian Journal of Pharmacology Ma s Frequentemente Usadas en Ia Region I 'Las Segovias '. lnforme II. (Supplement) 6(8): 132. 80. MINSA (Ministeriode Salud, Nicaragua). 1989. Plantas Medicinales Mas Frequentemente 39. Chabra, S.C., R.L.A. Mahunnah and E.N. Mshiu. 1987. "Plants used in traditional medi ­ Uti li zadas en Ia Region V. Rescale de Medicina Popular Tradicional. Ministerio de cine in eastern Tanzania." Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2 1:253-277. Salud, Juigalpa & Managua. 40. Wasuwat, S. 1967. A list of Thai medicinal plants. ASRCT, Bangkok. Research report 8 1. CNMPT. 1992b. Isnaya: Manual de Plantas Medicinales para el Promotor de Medi cina ASRCT, No. I on Research project 17. Preventi va y Salud Comunitaria. Centro Nacional de Medicina Popular Tradicional 41. Thamlikitkul, V., eta/. 1990. "Randomized controlled trial of of Cassia a lata L. for consti­ Estel i, Nicaragua. pation." Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 73(4):217-221. 82. Barrett, B. 1996. "Integrated Health Systems in Central America." Social Science and 42. Romanucci-Ross, L. (a. k. a. L.R-R., Schwartz). 1969. "The Hi erarchy of Resort in Cura­ Medicine 43i):71-82. tive Practices: The Admiralty Islands, Melanasia." Journal of Health and Social Behav­ 83. Garci a, C. 1996. The Making of the Mi skitu People of Nicaragua. Acta Universitatis ior. 10:201 -209. Upsaliensis. Uppsala, Stockholm, Sweden. 43. Currier, R. 1966. "The Hot Cold System and Symbolic Balance in Mexican and Spani sh 84. Holm, J. 1978. The Creole English of Nicaragua s Atlantic Coast: its sociolinguistic his- American Folk Medicine." Ethnology. 5:25 1-263. 101)1 and a comparative study of its lexicon and syntax. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Lon­ 44. Foster, G. 1984. "How to Stay Well in Tzintzuntzan." Social Science and Medicine. don, University College. 19(5):523-533. 85. Helms, M. 1988. Ulysses' Sail: An Ethnographic Odyssey of Power, Kn owledge. and Geo­ 45. Tedlock, B. 1987. "An interpretive solution to the problem of humoral medicine in Latin graphical Distan ce. Princeton University Press. America." Social Science and Medicine. 24( 12): I 069- 1083. 86. Staiano, K.V. 199 1. ''The Dugu: Health and Healing in Garifuna Soc ieties." 661-670 in 46. Weller, S.C. 1983. "New Data on lntracultural Variabi lity: The Hot-Cold Concept of Medi­ The World & /. January. cine and !II ness." Human Organization. Fall. 42(3):249-57. 87. Davidson, W. V. 1980. "The Garffuna of Pearl Lagoon: Ethnohistory of an Afro-American 47. RAAS. Regi6n Aut6noma Atlantica Sur (South Atlantic Autonomous Region). Enclave in Nicaragua. " Ethnohistory. 27(1):31-47. 48. Burleigh, E. , C. Dardano & J. Ramiro Cruz. 1990. "Colors, Humors and the Evil Eye: 88. Ellsberg, M. C. 1982. "Educaci6n y Participaci6n Popular en Salud: Zelaya Sur." Revista Indigenous Classification and Treatment of Childhood Diarrhea in Hi ghland Guatemala." Centroamericana de Ciencias de Sa/ud. 23: 145- 161 . Medical Anthropolgy. 12:419-441. 89. Ell sberg, M. 1983. "Trail Blazin g on the Atlantic Coast: A Report on the Health Care 49. Cohen, M. 1984. "The Ethnomedicine of the Garifuna (Black Caribs) of Rio Tinto, Hon­ Brigadi stas in Nicaragua." Science for th e People. 15(6): 14-1 8. duras." Anthropological Quarterly. 57( I): 16-27. January. 90. Dozier, C. 1985. Nicaragua s Mosquito Shore: The Years of British and American Pres­ 50. Villa Rojas. A. 1982. "Breves Consideraciones sobre Ia Creencia del 'Mal de Ojo. " ' Anales ence. University of Alabama Press. de Antropologia. 19:147-161 UNAM lnstituto de In vestigaciones Hi storicas. Mex ico. 91. Floyd, T. 1967. The Anglo-Spanish Struggle for Mosquotia. University of New Mex ico 51. Dow, J. 1984. "Symbols, Soul, and Magical Healing among the Otomi Indians.'' Journal Press. of Latin American Lare. I0( I ):3-2 1. 92. Ortiz, R.D. 1984. Indians of the Americas: Human Rights and Self-Determination. Zed 52. Finkler, K. 1985. Spiritualist Healers in Mexico: Successes and Failures of Alternative Books, London. Therapeutics. Bergin & Garvey. Praeger. 93. Vilas, C. 1989. State, Class, and Ethniciry in Nicaragua. Lynne Rienner, Boulder & Lon­ 53. Dennis, P. 1985. "Grisi Siknis in Mi skito Culture." 289-306 in The Culture Bound Syn- don.

48 • HERBALG RAM No. 41 HERBS IN PRACTICE Herbal Medicines Can Reduce Costs in HMO by Larry Kincheloe, M.D.

Oklahoma is not known as the hotbed for today's financial climate, that the proverbial The potential of direct savings in yearly complementary-alternative medicine (CAM). "foot-in-the-door" that I needed was cost sav­ drug costs was between $500,000 and At the first Harvard course on Alternative Medi­ ings. I would like to think that my coll eagues $750,000. The indirect savings would be in_ cine, three years ago, I persuaded another doc­ were motivated by patient demands or the the area of fewer emergency room and clinic tor to join me, but at the last two courses I have safety of these herbal medicines but as a prag­ visits for urinary tract infections, acute mi­ unfortunately been the sole physician represent­ matist, I knew that wasn' t true. graines, or overdosing on prescription medi­ ing the State of Oklahoma. It is with this as a I was then asked to work up an herbal cation, just to name a few. What would be the backdrop that I would like to share the experi­ medicine presentation at the next month's meet­ cost benefits of using Echinacea if patients got ence of introducing herbal medicines into a very ing. As the time drew near to give my talk, I back to work after the flu two days sooner? conservative HMO practice. found myself becoming apprehensive about I was surprised to find th at many doc­ I am the chairman of an Ob-Gyn Depart­ how I would be received. Would my credibil­ tors came up to me after the presentation and ment that is part of a 47 multi-specialty group ity be ruined? Would my referral base disap­ in confessional tones stated that they had that has the contract to take care of 60,000 pear because I would be seen as the "quack" wanted to use herbs but did not for fear of pro­ members of an HMO. I have been using herb­ physician'l fessional condemnation or for the lack of know­ als in my practice for about five years with good ing where to get reliable information on herbal success. I was anxious to get on the medicine. ow, I would like to say that monthly staff meeting agenda to discuss all of these herbal medicines were well the topic of herbal medicine with the rest The potential of direct received and now in common use but of the medical group. It seems that there savings in yearly drug costs doctors do not easily let go of proven was never enough time or interest and therapies or move on to treatments so my request for time to discuss herbal was between $500,000 which are foreign to them. We do carry medicine was always put off. St. John's Wort, Valerian and Feverfew Then came the yearly meeting and $750,000. in our pharmacy and physicians are when the medical group and the HMO writing prescriptions for these herbals administrators met to discuss ways of holding I presented the following herbals and the as they would for any other recognized medi­ down cost. I was asked to sit on the task force medicines that they could replace along with cine. I have also given a grand rounds on herb­ whose mandate was to discuss the more ex­ the cost savings that could be realized. I chose als at the medical school and have two more pensive drugs on the formulary and look for ten herbs that I felt had some of the strongest talks planned for local medical societies. I have ways of reducing costs. This was also about data to support their clinical use: also had more physicians ask about herbal the time that the Journal of Geriatric Psychia­ medication in the past year than in the previ­ try and Neurology put out a supplement devoted I. Ginger root (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, ous five years. to the discussion of an herbal anti-depressant Zingiberaceae) as an anti-emetic There seems to be a movement that is call ed St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum 2. Garlic (Allium sativum L., Liliaceae) as a slow growing here in Oklahoma City and a L., Clusiaceae). The data showed that this herb hypolipidemic group of physicians and the complementary­ was as effective as many of the other drugs on 3. Nettle leaf ( Urtica dioica L., Urti caceae) as alternative providers in the community are now the market for depression, but with fewer side an anti-histamine meeting on a regular basis to develop a net­ effects. The working dose was 300 mg three 4. Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo biloba L., work. In the words of Bob Dylan, "the times times daily of Hypericum standardized at 0.3 Ginkgoaceae) as a treatment of tinnitus and they are a changin' ... " percent of one of the presumed active com­ intermittent claudication To date our pharmacy has dispensed pounds, hypericin. 5. Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) herbals to 175 patients. It is not a giant step I developed a handout summarizing the Schultz-Hip., Asteraceae) as a treatment and towards the reintegration of herbal medicine information from the journal article, which prevention of migraines but it is a step. I have found that to be heard, clearly showed that this herbal was prescribed 6. Valerian (Valeriana officina/is L. , you must speak the language of those to whom just as any other traditional anti-depressant Valerianaceae) as a minor tranquilizer and you are speaking. In today 's managed care drug. I then presented data that showed that a sleep aid environment, the language is that of "cost sav­ month's supply of Prozac® was $72.00 7. Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, ings." It is here where the potential of integra­ whereas Hypericum cost less than $9.00 for a Ericaceae) to prevent recurrent bladder in­ tive therapies of including the use of herbal month's supply. The HMO spent nearly $1 fections medications can make significant advances.O million a year on anti-depressants for our mem­ 8. Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens (W. Bartram) bership and the data showed that if St. John's Small, Arecaceae) as a treatment and pre­ Dr. Kincheloe is a Board Certified Obi Wort was only effective in 25 percent of the vention of benign prostati c hypertrophy Gyn physician, a Fellow of the American Col­ patients, then this would save over $250,000 a 9. Milk thistle (Silybum marinum (L.) Gaertn., lege of Obstetrics & Gynecology; he has an year. I felt this was a very conservative esti­ Asteraceae) to treat chronic liver disease and M.A . in Counseling Psychology and he also mate but in a conservative environment you toxic li ver damage uses acupuncture and mind/body therapies. He tend to make conservative estimates. I 0. Peppermint oil (Mentha x piperita L., is affiliated with the Oklahoma Citv branch of Suddenly, there was great interest in Lamiaceae) as a treatment for irritable bowel the Central Oklahoma Medical Group. herbal medicines and it was obvious, given syndrome (enteric-coated capsules).

HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 49 CONSERVATION

The Herbalists' United Plant Savers

by Richard A. Cech

United Plant Savers (UpS) has taken become a source of seeds and cuttings for on a giant responsibility. Its on-go­ further propagation and eventual re-intro­ ing and ultimate goal is to coordi­ duction of plants into the wild. UpS is ask­ nate widespread efforts to preserve ing for the assistance of wi ldcrafters to pro­ native medicinal plant populations vide information about native habitats, to which are suffering from loss of observe the way plants reproduce in the habitat and over harvest. Herbalist wild and to collect seeds for domestic cul­ Rosemary Gladstar, director Dr. Ri­ tivation. On an industry-wide basis, as chard Liebmann, and a team of con­ wild-harvested herbs become more difficult cerned herbalists and conservation­ to find, herb quality goes down while price minded plant enthusiasts are asking increases. Cultivation thus becomes more the cooperation of all segments of profitable, and with appropriate techniques the herbal industry, including prac­ the quality of organically grown herbs can Left: Black cohosh roots, right: black titioners, organic growers, wildcrafters, meet and exceed the wild standard. Grow­ cohosh plant, Cimicifuga racemosa. herb brokers and herbal manufacturers, to ing medicinal herbs is a swelling profit area strive to protect native populations of the for individuals wanting to find a way to plants which serve their livelihood. make a living with herbs. The identification of plants which are In the interest of rejuvenating wild presently in decline due to expanding populations, UpS has initiated work on de­ popularity and shrinking habitat and range veloping a 650-acre botanical sanctuary in has taken the form of a list called the "UpS southeast Ohio, which will serve as a test­ at Risk List," which is available in draft ing-ground for studies in propagating and form from UpS, and is open to public com­ re-introducing medicinal plants to the wild. ment. American Ginseng (Panax quin­ UpS holds on-going "Planting the Future" quefolius, L., Araliaceae), Echinacea- all conferences which serve to bring together species, Goldenseal (Hydrastis cana­ individuals who are interested in ethical densis, L., Ranunculaceae), and Wild Yam wildcrafting and in growing wild medici­ (Dioscorea villosa, L., Dioscoreaceae) are nal herbs. The conferences provide an ap­ some of the primary herbs listed. It must prenticeship into the reasons and means for be stressed from the beginning that UpS is stewarding medicinal plant resources. not calling for a moratorium on the use of Members of UpS receive a newsletter these herbs, rather initiating programs, and membership packet which give more Top: American ginseng root, above: both practical and educational, which are detailed information about its programs. American ginseng fruit and leaves, Panax designed to preserve these important wi ld Tax-deductible contributions will directly quinquefolius. medicinal plants. support preservation of the herbs which are At the core of this effort is the sup­ the livelihood of all herbalists and poten­ port of organic cultivation of "at risk" tial healers of all humanity. To become a herbs. Using domestically grown herbs member, please write United Plant Savers, serves to lessen dependence on wild-har­ PO Box 420, E. Barre, VT 05649. vested plants and it is a direct means of -Richard Cech, Director of Quality preserving them. For instance, without Control at HerbPharm, Williams, OR. widespread organic cultivation of Echinacea purpurea, wild stands of E. angustifolia would be even more stressed Echinacea, Echinacea angustifolia. than they already are. Cultivated plants All photos © 1997 Steven Foster.

50 • HER BALGRAM No. 41 CONSERVATION

Goldenseal In World Trade: Pressures and Potentials by Joy Elvey Bannerman

Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L., assigned a fragile ranking by the Network of The headquarters of three large homeopathic Ranunculaceae) ranks with ginseng as a Natural Heritage Programs. Commercial companies (Boiron, Dolisos, Lehning) are North American plant having high medici­ trade in goldenseal is regulated in seven out located in France and export mother tinc­ nal and financial value, as well as extraordi­ of 26 states with goldenseal. According to tures, dilutions, and finished products. How­ nary and escalating demand. Goldenseal state government reports, all harvest from the ever, the largest percentage of exported plant grows nowhere else in the world, and even wild is prohibited and the species is listed as materials go to Milan, Italy, which has the within North America its range is limited and "endangered" in North Carolina, Vermont, world's largest extractor industry. From shrinking. Like ginseng (Panax Connecticut, Georgia, Massachusetts, and there, processed materials go on to many dif­ quinquefolius L., Araliaceae), goldenseal is Minnesota. Goldenseal is reported but un­ ferent countries, including re-import back a small woodland-floor plant that grows in protected, at this time, in Arkansas, Illinois, into the United States, Canada, and the Car­ moist shaded hardwood coves favored by Iowa, Kentucky, Mississippi, Ohio, and West ibbean. companion medicinal species which may Virginia. It is on the "rare plants list" in Ala­ Agros Associates estimates that the include black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa bama; the "watch list" in Delaware, Virginia, annual volume of goldenseal entering the (L.) Nutt., Ranunculaceae), blue cohosh and Indiana; considered "threatened" in United Kingdom is approximately 10 met­ ( Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michaux, Maryland, Tennessee, and New York; "fairly ric tons with an estimated value of US $1.55 Berberidaceae), bloodroot (Sanguinaria rare" in Oklahoma and Michigan; "historic" million. At a minimum of 200 roots to the canadensis L. , Papaveraceae), mayapple in New Jersey; "vulnerable" in Pennsylva­ pound, that 10-ton import amount for the (Podophyllum peltatum L., Berberidaceae), nia; and "of special concern" in Wisconsin. U.K. alone suggests a staggering annual har­ and false unicorn root ( Chamaelirium luteum Although goldenseal had been used for cen­ vest which is utterly unsustainable by wild­ (L.) A. Gray, Liliaceae). Above ground, each turies, as early as the 1800s there were re­ harvested supplies since even partial regen­ goldenseal plant consists of only one fragile ports that habitat destruction was severely eration of disturbed populations takes de­ stem 6"-8" high with one or two leaves, each impacting wild populations (Lloyd and Lloyd cades, if it happens at all (Alan Smith). If the size of a small human hand stretched out 1884-1885, in Foster I 99 I); for this reason, the weight of roots exported to international over the moist earth that supports them. today's remaining goldenseal stands may markets between 1994-1995 is tallied using Below ground a rhizome sprouts numerous exist only as remnant populations. only data from USDA-issued phytosanitary thin rootlets which intertwine with compan­ Hydrastis canadensis was first used by certificates, over 6 million roots would have ion plants to form clusters that may be in­ Native American peoples of many tribes, been traded in that one year. Since there has conspicuous or spread out in large patches. later adopted by immigrants to the North been no organized or reported monitoring of This kind of growth strategy works American continent, and its reputation then wild populations in North America in the well in undisturbed woodlands; but it turns carried eastward back to Europe, Africa, and past, there has been no way to quantify the to deadly disadvantage when people come Asia. The Food and Agriculture Organiza­ extent of potential decimation. It is for these on the scene, for even the most careful col­ tion (FAO) of the United Nati ons cites gold­ reasons that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser­ lector or trespasser will trample on something enseal as one of the best-selling herbs inter­ vice, the regulatory body charged with much of value, with the added liability of compact­ nationally. It is now recorded in the official of the responsibility for protecting the ing the decaying humus and leaf-litter upon pharmacopoeias of France, Britain, Germany nation's vital plant and wi ldlife resources, which all the delicate woodland species de­ and Italy, and is marketed in over 500 me­ proposed the listing of goldenseal under pend. When large-scale collection is taking dicinal products worldwide, with Germany Appendix II of CITES, the Convention in place for financial gain, the disturbance is accounting for 57 percent and France for 30 Trade in Endangered Species, a move which usually so disastrous that populations of percent of European-marketed phyto-thera­ was formally approved at the biennial Meet­ plants like goldenseal do not recover. This peutic products (TRAFFIC-USA). A Ger­ ing of the Conference of Parties (COP) held kind of collection, along with expansion of man database of phytopharmaceuticals re­ in Zimbabwe in July 1997. At that time there timber harvesting, agricultural expansion, ported 43 pharmaceutical companies selling was concern, especially by the Europeans, road intrusion, urbanization, and recreational 176 different remedies using goldenseal that their supplies would be more difficult to use has made it increasingly difficult to find (Lange-Osten 1996). Goldenseal is a com­ secure and even more costly. However, rec­ even a single population of goldenseal in ponent in at least 300 homeopathic remedies ognizing the threat to the species as a whole, many forests where they were formerly abun­ produced in France, Germany, the United and therefore to its availability as a medi­ dant. For these reasons, goldenseal has been Kingdom, Switzerland, Spain and Australia. cine, the Europeans did support the initia-

HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 51 CONSERVATION

tive which, while not prohibiting trade, will and augmented. This kind of information to be produced, it also means a higher po­ regul ate ethical and sustainable supply in can lead to wise financial investments in de­ tency yield. In companion research, the Cen­ world trade. Roots, rhizomes and rootstocks, veloping sustainable cultivation practices, ter is looking at growing goldenseal in former as well as "specimens recognizable as parts along with conservation and enhancement of ginseng beds to see if the ravaging effects of thereof' will now require CITES export per­ the native germplasm base upon which cul­ ginseng pathogens are thereby mitigated. If mits from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service tivars depend. Clear parameters of respon­ this proves to be true, then ginseng can be (USFWS), the federal permitting agency. sible trade, enforced at the source of origin, replanted in its former plots and goldenseal's Value-added products such as tinctures, will certainly encourage high-quality prod­ therapeutic affects will extend to plant as well creams, capsules, and the like will remain uct development, effective consumer and as human and veterinary medicine. With the unaffected. grower education, and enhanced profitabil­ cost of raw, bulk goldenseal on the market The CITES listing went into effect on ity as companies contribute to both. As Chris in excess of $125 per lb., its judicious culti­ September 18, 1997, in both the United States Robbins, Program Officer for TRAFFIC vation may thereby yield multiple, ongoing and Canada. Anyone planning to export USA, points out, "While CITES is a global profits. goldenseal from either of these countries, or mechanism affording immediate protection In a companion project, the Wildlands to re-export it from anywhere else in the to goldenseal, it should not be seen as a per­ Medicinal Plants Restoration Program ofthe world, must now apply for an export permit manent solution to the conservation and man­ Institute of Conservation & Culture is look­ from the Office of Management Authority agement of the species. CITES brings ing at biological and agricultural factors re­ of USFWS. Permits will be granted on the goldenseal's conservation status to the atten­ lated to woodlands cultivation and restora­ basis of whether the material was legally tion of users and will hopefully encourage tion. This initiative, begun with support from acquired (not in violation of any local, state, remedial efforts." To thi s end, field research­ Environmental Seed Producers (ESP) Inc., tribal, or federal law), and whether or not the ers must be supported in their efforts to gain is developing an applied knowledge base for collection is detrimental to the survival of understanding of the biological dynamics and wildlands restoration, as well as for cultivars. the species. In the first year of implementa­ the collection effects, not only of goldenseal, Since so many medicinal plant species grow tion, a number of groups and individuals will but also of the valuable medicinal species intermingled in undisturbed natural areas, the be involved in planning for future sustain­ with which it has co-evolved. program is also working to develop medici­ able use and conservation of goldenseal, in­ Since the market demand for gold­ nal plant sanctuary set-aside areas as vital cluding the U.S. Forest Service, state gov­ enseal continues to increase worldwide, suc­ germplasm reserves. All these kinds of co­ ernment agencies, NGOs, industry, and re­ cessful cultivation methods will be the key operative efforts between public and private searchers. The CITES listing is one action, to future supplies. The herbal products in­ interests will help the USFWS to regulate in­ but full protection requires partnership and dustry has spearheaded this awareness with ternational trade in such a way that the man­ cooperation at all these levels, including in­ printed literature and electronic Web cam­ agement of goldenseal becomes a national volvement of affected states. paigns including the "Save the Goldenseal" and international model, replicable for many The listing of goldenseal under CITES campaign of Frontier Herbs. Others, such other medicinal species whose existence may is intended to serve as a useful tool and stimu­ as Wilcox Natural Products, are supporting in the balance. For more information, con­ lus for industry, the healing community, and advanced research and contracting for culti­ tact the Office of Management Authority, individual consumers by providing an oppor­ vated botanicals. There are now cultivated USFWS, 4401 North Fairfax Drive, Room tunity to collaborate in structuring mecha­ enterprises in over a dozen states and Canada. 430, Arlington, VA 22203, or by telephone nisms for responsible protection and sustain­ Researchers such as Dr. Jeanine Davis, of at 703/358-2104. able use. The foundation of these efforts is North Carolina State University's Mountain Joy Bannerman is Director of The Wild­ effective trade monitoring so that a baseline Horticultural Crop Research and Extension lands Medicinals Program of The Institute ofCon­ of information about collection can be built Center in Fletcher, N.C., have been spear­ servation & Culture, and Research Associate with heading this effort, thanks in large measure The North Carolina Botanical Garden to industry support particularly from Nature's SOURCES Way, Gaia, and QBI. Jn a series of cultivated­ Proposal For The Inclusion of Hydrastis material trials, Dr. Davis has done ground­ canadensis, Appendix II, CITES (Convention in Trade of Endangered Species). 1997. U.S. Fi sh & Wildlife breaking work by determining that higher Service, Washington, DC ; U.S. Fi sh & Wildlife Service. measurable (medicinal) alkaloid concentra­ Personal communications. October 1996-0ctober 1997; tions are produced in those plants which have U.S. Forest Service. Personal communications. Octo­ ber 1996-0ctober 1997; Davis, J. Personal communi­ been grown slowly, without the benefit of cation. 1997. Fletcher, NC. August; Robbins, C. Per­ extra chemical fertilizers. Although this sonal communication. 1997 Washington, DC means that material may take a year longer September;Smith, A. Personal communication. 1997. Goldenseal root, Hydrastis canadensis. Mars Hill, N.C. August.

52 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 MARKET REPORT

Echinacea #l in Herbs and Self -Medication Natural Food Trade Gain in Germany For th e third consecuti ve year Wh ole Foods Herb use is increas ing in Germany. An ar­ eral trend towards se lf-medication . This self­ magazine conducted a survey of retailer read­ ticle in the Meck.in medical supplement in a med icati on use breaks down as fo ll ows: 66 ers of the magazine. The dollar figures re­ recent issue of a Germ an paper noted that in perce nt use herbs for colds; 38 percent for ported reflect the experience of "the average 1970 herbs were used by 52 percent of the flu ; and 25 percent for digestive problems, store" as identified in a 1996 retail er study public. By 1997 that figure climbed to 62 headaches, and in somnia. The stud y was with overall store sales being $1,226,495, the percent. German phys icians prescri be 22 conducted by the Institute for Demoscopy basis used in thi s survey. 1996 store sales percent of the herbs. the rem ainder being in Allensbach. The German situation does were up 53.4% from the year before and, nonprescription medi cines , man y of whi ch not represent a dramatic in crease in 27 years, based on the first two months of 1997, are are approved by Commission E. According but is significant nonetheless, considering expected to increase by 15.1 % to a total of to the article, in 1978 44 percent of th e pub­ that it started from a base of over 50 percent. more than $ 1.4 million. li c did not see a ph ysician for minor com­ still much hi gher 27 years ago than the U.S. [Richman, A. and J. P. Witkowski. 1997. Re­ plaints; in 1997 that fi gure had risen to 58 is today. - Mark Blum enthal and Varro printed with permi ss ion from Wh ole Foods. percent, indicating an increase in the ge n- Trier. October.] [Anonymous. Natural Medicines More and More Popular. 1997. WelT Amsonnwg No. 12. 40. March 23.] Herbal Supplement Sales in Natural Food Stores

'97 rank Herb '97 % '96% '96 of sales of sales rank

Echinacea 11 .93 % 9.6% 1 2 Garlic 8.52% 7.2% 2 3 Ginkgo biloba 6.80% 5.1% 4 4 Goldenseal 5.95 % 4.7% 5 5 Saw palmetto 4.87% 3.1 % 9 6 (ti e) Aloe 4.76% 2.4% 12 7 (ti e) Ginseng 4.76% 6.4% 3 8 Cat's claw 3.49% 2.1 % 14 9 Astragalus 3.07% 1.3% 27 10 Cayenne 2.83 % 2.5 % II 11 Siberian ginseng 2.70% 3.5% 7 12 Bilberry 2.61 % 1.6% 23 13 Cranberry 2.47% 1.7 % 18 14 Dong quai 2. 13 % 1.8 % 17 15 Grape seed extract 2.07% 2.0% 15 16 Cascara sagrada 1.92% 2.8% 10 Ginkgo, Ginkgo biloba. 17 St. John 's wort 1.87% n/a n/a Photo © l 997 Steven Foster. 18 Valeri an 1.73 % 2.2% 13 19 Ginger 1.69% 1. 7% 18 20 Feverfew 1.59% 1.6% 23

Five herbs (eat's claw, saw palmetto, ginkgo biloba, echinacea, a nd kavo kava, have been on the list all three years that the study has been conducted . The top 10 herbs have 56.98% of so le s; top five herbs have 38.07%, second five herbs have 18.91 %.

HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 53 MARKET REPORT

OTC Drugs Save Consumers Sandalwood Oil Crop Market Report $20 Billion in 1996 Suffers Burn by Peter londes

A recent report indicates that American A fire in March 1997 in the East Indian state Spices: Interesting doings in Spices for thi s health consumers may have saved up to $20 of Tamil Nadu has destroyed most of the issue's long-anticipated Market Report. billion by using over-the-counter (OTC) year's sand alwood (Santalum album L., Prices of both Black & White Pepper have medications in 1996, markin g an increase Santalaceae) crop, sources report. Although continued their meteoric rises. In fact prices from savings of $ 10.5 billion in 1987. The Indonesia does produce some sandalwood have risen so far and so fast that these eso­ report was prepared by Kline & Co. of oi l, most of the product comes out of India. teric commodities actuall y rated a mention, Fairfield, New Jersey, and was released May As a consequence, prices for sandalwood oil for the first time ever, on NPR's excellent 16 at the Nonprescription Drug Manufactur­ are sure to ri se later in the year when the "Marketplace" program! A couple of factors ers Association (NOMA) Annual Meeting/ shortage will begin to be felt in the market. have contributed to thi s situation. First, as Executive Conference. It has been estimated that approximately far as Black Pepper is concerned, is the es­ The cost savings were calcul ated by $ 17 .5 million worth of sandalwood has been tab lishment of an organized futures trading considering increased healthcare costs, the affected. "Sandalwood oil will surely ri se market in this commodity in Cochin, India. transfer of drugs previously only available with this news," says one supplier. "With This mechanism allows traders to speculate by prescription to nonprescription status (Rx­ recent events, thi s will make it even harder in the future price of Black Pepper on mar­ to-OTC switch), and consumer desire to ben­ to get natural sandalwood oil." gin . One need not put up hundreds of thou­ efit from and "take full advantage of expand­ The oil had already been in short sup­ sands of dollars (or millions of rupees) to ing opportunities in self-medication," accord­ ply outside of India since the Indian govern­ control large quantities of Pepper- just a ing to an NOMA newsletter. The calculations ment placed sanctions on its exportation in good-faith deposit of margin money, which compared the average cost of an OTC drug June 1996. The availability of synthetic san­ is often no more than 3-8 percent of the value with the typical cost of an office visit to a dalwood oil kept prices in check at that time, of the contract. This gives people the op­ physician, purchasing an Rx drug, and, for and brokers predi cted that the natural san­ portunity to speculate in quantities of Pep­ people on hourly wages, the lost income dalwood oi l market would recover in a year per that they could not possibly control with­ while visiting an M.D. Based on these fac­ or two. Due to the recent fire, however, the out the mechanism of an exchange and the tors, the study concluded that OTC drugs recovery is no longer expected that soon. In magic of margin. While creating liquidity which were switched from Rx-only status early 1996 East Indian sandalwood oil was for end users and producers, a futures mar­ constituted $ 12.9 billion of the $20.6 billion selling at $ 17 4/pound. By the end of 1996 ket generally makes for much wider price savings in 1996.- Mark Blumenthal and into January 1997 the price was as hi gh swings than would normally occur. [A non. 1997. OTC Drugs Saved Cons umers $20 as $235/pound. Since then the price has lev­ Another, and probably more impor­ Billion in 1996: Kline Study Doc uments Cost­ eled out to $2 15/pound. Prices for the Indo­ tant, factor in the equati on is the slow but Effect iveness of Nonpresc ripti on Medicines. nesian product are slightly lower. Due to its general rise in the incomes and living stan­ NDMA Executive Newsletter. No. 10-97, May different fragrance characteristics the Indo­ dards of some third-world peoples-most 16.] nesian oil is not the preference for perfum­ particularly, in this case, in India. While ery. In India cutting of sandalwood trees is nobody except a few purchasing agents at not allowed until they are 30 years old, al­ food companies and a few traders in the U.S. though a bl ack market has ri sen in trees be­ worries or even notices the price of Pepper ing sold to distillers of the oil. - Ginger (which is, after all, literally free on every res­ Webb taurant table in America) it is considered a [Fioreno, Anthony. Sandalwood Oil Faces very desirable luxury item in many places in Trouble as Crop is Destroyed by Fire. 1997. the third world, both for its unique fl avoring HERBAIGRAM Chemical Marketing Reporter, March 31. p. as well as preservative properties. It is esti­ 23. ] mated that if every person in India uses only Subscribe one ounce more Black Pepper per year there 4 Issues would be about 30,000 more tons consumed by the internal Indian market from a total $25 crop of 50-70,000 tons, by far the world's largest crop of Black Pepper. This increased 1-800-373-7105 usage, if multiplied throughout Asia (and perhaps elsewhere) would make for genuine shortages of Pepper throughout the world for many years to come, a situation that hasn't

54 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 MARKET REPORT

occurred since World War II when supply weaker than at the time of our last Market day brings new articles and more news fea­ lines were cut. This shift in consumption may Report with Indonesian exporters sti ll car­ tures attesting to the effectiveness of botani­ be the first really radical change in market rying large stocks from last fall-sales were cal medicine-and more opportunity to build dynamics in many years. Interesting. not as large as expected, so currentl y bar­ this market. With this opportunity comes the The price of White Pepper has moved gains abound. Anise Seed from Turkey is chall enge of supply and the responsibility to up sharply also, mainly in response to the very expensive since the Turki sh government the consumer in particular and the market in price ri se in Black Pepper. Here, the crop monopoly has bought almost all of it at hi gh general, both of whom are hurt by specious, seems adequate, though barely, to meet world prices to make the agricultural community ineffective and/or unsafe herbal products. demand and even a de facto devaluation of happy enough to re-elect them in the upcom­ Potpourri Ingredients: Too boring the Indonesian rupiah and 40 percent inter­ ing national election. Strange, how many to actually discuss, although an interesting est rates there have not led to a price decline. components influence markets, isn't it? example of an overhyped market. Most items Theoretically, the price should be about 60 were suppli ed from India, because of the cents/lb cheaper than it is, but most of the Botanicals: Very interesti ng markets cheap labor avai lable there as well as the al­ crop is held in very strong (i.e., rich) hands as demand explodes in the U.S. for many most infinite variety of flowers, pods, seeds, and they can afford to wait out the buyers, items and suppliers struggle to keep up. Tem­ cones, barks and roots that grow in that var­ who will eventually need to have White Pep­ perate-climate botanicals are just bei ng har­ ied subcontinent. The market expands ex­ per and wil l have to pay up the actual vested as we write thi s and smart manufac­ ponentially-supply is difficult and quality nontheoretical price in actual non-theoreti­ turers have already lined up purchases with is iffy. Just when exporters more-or-less have cal U.S. dollars. These dollars will then, of reliable importers and growers to secure these items down pat and can supply cheap, course, be converted into even more rupiahs material which will probably be ve ry scarce reasonably clean, reasonably well-colored than before the de facto devaluation, so the very soon. There are too man y items to treat merchandise in good quantity, the market rich will get even richer in Indonesia (not a individuall y but certainly those that are cur­ collapses, leaving these exporters with vast bad job, by the way) and probably exercise rently "hot" bear the brunt of price rises and inventories of good, incredibly cheap ingre­ even ti ghter control over next year's crop. shortages, while those that are just "warm" dients desperately seeking a home. Other spices remain somewhat dull. get shunted aside in the pursuit of the "hot" But ... exporters will finally work off these Thi s seems to be the year when the long-ne­ and become scarce themselves through lack in ve ntories because the market, while no glected tropical spices finally have their day. of attention. If, for instance, everyo ne is longer expanding as it did, is still there and Nutmeg is up about 50 percent. Mace is ex­ scrambling for St. John's Wort, who is pay­ wi ll absorb the current excess. Exporters, pensive and very scarce at origin and here, ing attention to the gathering, cleaning, dry­ though, once burned by irrational exuber­ Ginger is hi gher (especially Chinese) and ing and shipping of say, Lungwort or Plan­ ance, will be much more cautious about tak­ even Cloves, after languishing for years on tain? Who is paying particular attention to ing positions they may not be able to profit­ lack of Indonesian demands, are making a the quality of the St. John 's Wort they're ably move and this will once again result in move upward. This is the year when most harvesting, when the market will absorb all a se ll er's market and supply will once again, temperate-climate (i.e. non-tropical) herbs they can cut and clamor for more? inevitably, be short. A good example of how and spices may have finally bottomed out. This market is at an interesting junc­ markets are always cycl ical-and always in­ In fact, Basil in Egypt, which usuall y has ture with many more consumers willing to teresting and always, above all , human. 0 three cuttings a year, is being plowed under at least give herbal products a try-it's up to Peter Landes is President of K H L Fla­ by farmers after the first cutting due to prices suppliers and responsible manufacturers to vors in Maspeth, NY and Past-president of being way too low to bother with. This type keep them coming back by providing clean the American Herbal Products Association. of situation usually leads to fairly large price and effective safe products. The industry will When not writing for HerbaiGram he is usu­ increases and shortages in the following year certainly be subject to more and harsher scru­ ally busy trying to improve his golf game. when nobody even bothers to plant Basil. tiny in the near future. Although it may not Suppliers will supply if customers are will­ seem so to some, we've flown "beneath the ing to meet their prices but nobody works radar" for so long that much carelessness, for nothing forever. Cumin Seed, which is, incompetence, and worse have long gone as noted last time, a thoroughly manipulated unnoticed. We are now presented, finally, item, is very strong both in price and demand, with the opportunity of a lifetime-the op­ a combination that almost always leads to portunity to bring prod ucts into the main­ spiraling price increases. Cassia (known stream that have had thousands of years of generally in the U.S. as Cinnamon) is even history of safe and efficacious usage. Every

HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 55 SAVIOR continued from page 28

time to justify this policy. principles- mevinolin and several chemi ­ Logical, inexpensive sensible regulations OSHEA resulted from a public and call y related HMG-CoA reductase inhibi­ could thus be implemented in a very short legislati ve revolt against th e agency's pro­ tors- is well-known. It obviously qualifies period. What is needed is an agency and posed restriction on the availability of herbs as a legal dietary supplement, but because it policy-making officials within the agency and oth er di etary products. The new legisla­ has a cholesterol-reducing effect-a condi­ willing to li sten and to learn about a field tion does not prevent the FDA from acting tion often treated by approved drugs-the that is extremely important to the American against un safe products; it simply requires FDA has seen fit to consider it a drug. public and that is expanding at a rapid rate. them to provide evidence of lack of safety If thi s attitude were to prevail and if Also, and thi s may come as a shock to some before taking action. It also permits struc­ the agency wished to act in a consistent man­ persons there, it is a field in which the safety ture/function statements to be made on the ner, the importation of garli c would also have and efficacy of a substanti al number of the label of herbal products, providing such in­ to be prohibited. Garlic is another di etary produc ts are s upported by reasonable fo rmati on is followed by a disclaimer not­ supplement widely adverti sed and appropri­ amounts of sound scientific and clinical re­ ing th at the claim had not been approved by ately labeled for its cholesterol-reducing ef­ search. the FDA. Nevertheless, the desire of the fec ts. Its mechani sm of acti on is, at least in In Friedrich von Schiller's William agency to exert restrictive control over herbs part, the same as red yeast's, namely inhibi­ Tell, the fisherman Ruodi comments on the continues. In 1997, they adopted a new ap­ tion of HMG-CoA reductase.10 Fiber is an­ sad state of affairs in Switzerland under the proach. other natural product, widely known for its tyrant Gessler. He cries out, "Good heav­ Marketers making seemingly reason­ ability to reduce cholesterol. 11 Although it ens, when will there come a savior for thi s able structure/function claims for their prod­ probably acts by a different mechanism, the land ?'' Some of the arbitrary herbal acti ons ucts began to receive letters from the FDA end result is similar, so logicall y and for the of the United States Food and Drug Admin­ noting that these statements- permitted un­ sake of consistency, an import ban should istrati on in recent years have been compared der DSHEA- were really drug (therapeutic) be placed by the FDA on all dietary fiber­ even by staid federal judges to a children's claims which are not all owed. That meno­ containing products. And what about all those fantasy. These actions continue in the FDA's pause is a natural process often accompanied low-fat health foods widely recommended attempt to define obvious structure/functi on by some unpleasant symptoms is a universal to reduce blood lipids? Will they, too, be state ments as drug claims. All of which truth . Menstruation is also a well-recognized banned in this country because they mimic, causes those of us involved in the scientific condition to which all healthy females of ap­ to some degree, the benefici al effects of syn­ aspects of herbal medicine to join Ruodi in propriate age are subject. Some degree of thetic drugs? hi s pl ainti ve plea -"When will there come prostatic enlargement is experienced by al­ The ill ogical nature of th e FDA's po­ a savior... ?" 0 most all males over 40 years of age. Choles­ sition in this entire field is evident. Those of terol is a normal component of all human us who work daily with herbal medicine tend Varro E. Tyler is Dean and Distin­ blood. Claims to modify these conditions to become cynical about the agency's actions. guished Professor Emeritus at Purdue Uni ­ are obviously structure/function claims to But how else can one interpret the activities versity. He serves as an independent con­ everyone except FDA officials. They have of an organization that has found (by default) sultant to a number of producers of herbal apparently begun to consider as drug claims prune juice to be an unsafe and/or ineffec­ products, including those prepared from bo­ any recommendations for the all eviation of tive laxative and peppermint an unsafe and/ tanicals such as St. John's wort, stevia, gin­ conditions that also may be treated by ap­ or ineffecti ve di gesti ve aid? seng, and red yeast mentioned in this article. proved drugs. 8 I have personal knowledge of attor­ Tyler holds no equity position in any of these Most recent in the long seri es of inap­ neys in Washington, D.C., many of whom organizations. propriate actions by the agency was the tem­ have themselves worked at one time for th e porary import detention on June II , 1997, of FDA, who openl y characterize the agency's REFERENCES a 5,450 pound shipment of red yeast position on herbs as, "If it's green and comes I. Larken, T. 1983. Herbs are oft en more tox ic than magica l. FDA Conwme1; 17(8): 5 10. (Monascus ptupureus Went) because it "ap­ from abroad, the FDA is again st it. " This is 2. Blumenthal, M. 1993. Firm win s appeal in black currant pears to be an unapproved new drug."9 This truly a sad commentary on an organization oil case. HerbaiCram No. 29: 38-39. 3. Blumenthal, M. 1992. AHPA petitions FDA for approval product serves as the basis of Cholestin ™, a that should be trying to assist millions of o f stcvia leaf sweetener. HerbaiCram No. 26: 22. 55. popular proprietary product that reduces se­ Americans who now use herbs to obtain qual­ 4. Blumenthal, M. 1995. FDA lift s import alert on stcvia. rum cholesterol levels. Red yeast is a tradi­ ity products together with suffi cient infor­ Haba/Cram No. 35: 17- 18. 5. Blu menthal, M. 1995. FDA drops import alert on evening tional Chinese health food, widely consumed mati on to use them safely and effecti vely. primrose oil. HerbaiCram No. 34: 18- 19. in that country for more than 2,000 years. It This would not be difficult to accom­ 6. Leger. E. R. nd . Personal communicati on from E.R. Leger. Assistant to th e Director, Di vision of Regulatory Guid­ has been used in the United States for at least plish. The FDA could initially adopt the Ger­ ance. Bureau of Foods, FDA lo Jay H. Gell er. 60 years. The detention order was subse­ man Commission E herbal findings and th en 7. Anon. 1995. Di etary supplements: Recent chronology and legislati on. Nwrition Reviews 53(2): 3 1-36. quently wi thdrawn. subj ect them to review by a panel of Ameri­ 8. Young. A.L. 1993. Personal communicati on. May 5. The safety and efficacy of red yeast can experts to determine any modifications 9. Ano n. 1997. FDA takes import detention approach to Cholestin regulatory status. F-D -C Reports - "Th e Tan have been repeatedly confirmed by numer­ that mi ght be required for the U.S. market. Sheet... 5(28): 1-3. ous clinical trials. The nature of its active I 0. Schul z. V. and Hansel R. 1997. Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer-Verlag. Berlin , pp. 122- 123. II . Tyler. V.E. 1993. The Honest Herbal. 3rd cd .. Pharmaceu­ tical Prod ucts Press, Binghamton, NY. pp. 55-57. 56 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS confined from page 26 that are used for purposes other than to botanical products panel to consider petitions claims and to provide guidance to the indus­ supplement the diet." The study should in­ from manufacturers for preventive and thera­ try regarding the safety, benefit, and appro-· clude "the types of disclaimers that might peutic uses of such products." priate labeling of specific products." This is apply and the appropriateness of such a sys­ an important step and echoes the proposal tem within the U.S. regulatory framework. This should lay to rest the concerns of for a Botanical In gredient Review expert Such a comprehensive study would go be­ some who believed th at the Commission was panel initially proposed by the Herb Research yond the mandate of this Commission, which recommending a shift of herbs to the OTC Foundation and the American Herbal Prod­ is limited to dietary supplement uses of these drug category. The CDSL emphasized that ucts Association in 1991 in public comments products." These are important words and herbs are dietary supplements and should on NLEA (A HPA , 1991 ). Unfortunately. at can provide the basis for major progress for remain as such, and pointed out what some that time, FDA rejected the idea of an out­ proper labeling of therapeutic claims for supplement proponents may have forgotten: side scientific panel to review the safety of herbs. The Commission concluded that "a "Botanicals have always been included as herbs. This rejection and other related events comprehensive evaluation of regulatory sys­ potential candidates for OTC status. The are key issues that motivated the industry and tems used in other countries for botanical Commission is not recommending a new consumer movement to support OSHEA. remedies is needed." category of OTC drugs, but believes that a Now, the CDSL is suggesting a similar sys­ dedicated OTC panel on botanicals would tem, with the mission of advising industry RECOMMENDATIONS ON facilitate the review of OTC claims." on "safety benefits and appropriate labeling BOTANICALS of specific products.'' I. "The Commission recognizes that, EXPERT EVALUATION OF SAFETY, under OSHEA, botanical products should LABEL STATEMENTS, AND CLAIMS continue to be marketed as dietary supple­ The Commission also suggested that th e in­ continued on page 64 ments when properly labeled." dustry consider establishing an expert advi­ 2. "The Commission strongly recom­ sory committee on supplements "to provide mends that FDA promptly establish an OTC scientific review of label statements and

STEVEN FOSTER GROUP , INC.

eatured in HerbaiGram for over a decade, the photographs of Steven Foster are available for licensing for editorial or commercial projects. Specializing in medicinal and aromatic plants, our stock photo files include more than 40,000 images, including most major herbs sold as dietary supplements. --•riiMI• Steven Foster Group, Inc. Ellen Miller, Vice President, Sales and Marketing P.O. Box 1343 Fayetleville, AR 72702 501-521-5887 fax 501-521-6369 email: segmiller@aol. co m

C 0 ~1 E T 0 T H E S 0 U R C E

HERB AL GRAMNo. 41 • 57 IN MEMORIAM

Katherine Esau 1898- 1997

Katherine Esau, international expert on wagon for two weeks to reach Germany, where she worked on farms plant structure and winner of the 1989 and continued her studies, graduating in 1922. With her parents National Medal of Science, died June she emigrated to the U.S. and settled in a Mennonite community 4. "She absolutely dominated the field near Fresno, California, where she joined the Spreckels Company of plant anatomy and morphology for near Salinas, to work on a sugar beet that would be resistant to the several decades," said Dr. Peter Raven, curly top virus. She was invited to the University of California at director of the Missouri Botanical Gar­ Davis in 1927, and arrived with a truckload of beets and beet seed. den. "She set the stage for all kinds of modern advances in plant Esau achieved her doctorate in 1931 doing her research on the Davis physiology and molecular biology. You have to understand the struc­ campus where she joined the faculty. Her seminal book, Th e ture of plants first before you can unravel the questions of molecular Anatomy ofSeed Plants, was published in 1960 and updated in 1977. biology." In 1963 Dr. Esau moved to the Santa Barbara campus, intending to Katherine Esau was born in Ukraine to a family of Mennonites of retire in two years; however, her interest in electron microscopy Jed German descent. Her studies in agriculture were interrupted by the her to keep working and publishing. - Barbara A. Johnston Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. She and her family fled, riding on a

Lynn Lowery 1917- 1997

Lynn Lowrey was a pioneer in the was in 1978.) Typical of Lowrey's generosity, a pattern that was to use of native and rare plants in the repeat with others receiving work, Lowrey gave Anderson a job. landscape. In his youth in Louisi­ Anderson experienced first-hand Lowrey's deep conviction ana he and his mother ordered plants about native plants. Hi s excitement was contagious--even infec­ through catalogues and planted them tious as Anderson described it. "He really got me interested. He around the house. Lowrey supple­ was so consumed, so excited about it that he builds an interest that mented their planting adventures by would be hard to find anywhere else." ranging through the woods behind He spent his lifetime collecting and propagating plants for the house, selecting an appropriate numerous Texas nurseries, including over 600 Camptotheca candidate for transplanting and haul­ acuminata trees for cancer research. In the 1960s native azaleas and ing it to the residence. He graduated with a degree in agriculture maples were his priority; in the early 1970s he gathered Texas pistach from Louisiana State University in 1940 and served four years in trees from Pistach Canyon; and in the 1980s he Jed field trips into the U.S. Army during WWII. He started his own nursery in the late Mexico where myrosperma trees and various Mexican oaks were 1950s, stocking his inventory mainly with native species. His ex­ zealously checked for seed. According to a fellow botanist, "His tensive travels throughout Texas, the southeastern U.S . and south­ field trips were not for the weak of heart!" He was nominated to ern Mexico gave him a wealth of knowledge that he generously receive an honorary life membership in the Native Plant Society of shared with many people as well as being a mentor to many garden­ Texas. In recent years he became increasingly interested in medici­ ers, nurserymen, and landscape designers. Mike Anderson of Ander­ nal plants and worked to help researchers investigating these plants. son Nursery and Lowrey's son-in-law said Lowrey gave him his His associates remember him as "a gentleman on a plant crusade start in the native plant business. "I wasn't interested in plants, par­ right up to the end, one whose consuming interest in plants never ticularly native plants," said Anderson, "I just wanted a job." (This dimmed."- Barbara A. Johnston

58 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 IN MEMORIAM

Thalassa Cruso 1909- 1997

Thalassa Cru so, known as "the Julia Child of horticulture," di ed did much of her homework in the June 11 . Hostess and star of the public television series Making greenh ouse. She received her di­ Things Grow, the witty, acerbic Engli shwo man indoctri nated view­ ploma in archeology from the Lon­ ers into the world of plants, insisting that "if a pl ant is unbelievably don School of Economics in 1931 , tatty, dispose of it without the least fee ling of guilt. " Ms. Cruso's and served as assistant keeper of the costume collection at the Lon­ programs and writings were ai med at th e novice and their appeal lay don Museum. She later directed an excavation at an Iron Age fort in in the fac t that she was Everygardener who drew her advice fro m Worcestershire where she met American archeologist Hugh 0' eill personal experience. "I have never studied it, and there is so much Hencken. She returned with him to Boston after their marriage in I don't know," she once said . In addition to her broadcasting career, 1935. Her freq uent appearances with Johnny Carson on the Tonight she contributed a gardening column to Th e Boston Globe fo r 22 Show, as we ll as her books, caused her to become an unofficial years and authored four books, Making Things Work, Making Th ings custodi an of the publi c horticultural trust.- Barbara A. Johnston Grow, Making Things Grow Outdoors, and To Everything There is a Season. Her parents were passionate gardeners and, as a child, she

Harold Epstein 1903- 1997

"He was a remarkabl y gifted man who was a passionate horti­ ous ly found in American gardens. His first such introduction was in culturist and global plant collector, who introduced many wonderful 1949 when he returned with a Korean lilac, Syringa meyeri C.K. pl ants to American horticulture."- Michael Balick, New York Bo­ Schneid. in Sarga, Oleaceae. He was soon donating or swapping tanical Garden. seeds, seedlings, or cuttings, of the unusual plants he had found throughout the country-rare cultivars of azaleas and rhododendrons, Harold Epstein, known by many as the elder statesman of the horti­ as we ll as the flowering vine Schizophragma hydrangeoides Siebold cultural world, di ed in Jul y. At the time of his death he was working & Zucc., Hydrangeaceae, and the golden ornamenta l grass on hi s long-term project, the classification of the ge nus Epimedium, Hakonechloa macra (Munro) Honda, Poaceae. Among his favorite a semi-evergreen ground cover. He was born in Manhattan and gradu­ lecturi ng sites were the New York Botanical Garden, the Brooklyn ated from New York Uni versity. Few of hi s admirers reali zed that Botanic Garden, the Alpine Garden Society of Great Britain, and he was a totall y self-taught horticulturist who had been a practi cing the Japan Alpine Rock Garden Society. His writings appeared in certified public accountant until 1963 when, he several of the journals of the societies, and he re­ said, a heart attack persuaded him to indul ge two ceived awards from many horticul tural and gar­ loves: travel and plants. "I've circled the globe den societies. One of his biggest horticu ltural jew­ fo ur times, with 29 trips to Japan, my favorite els, whi ch he called, "the biggest thing I've done destination," he said in a 1991 interview. Hi s in thi s lifetime," was a dawn redwood, now some interest in gardening began in 1939 through the 150 feet high. This tree, which dates to the time advice of experts from the New York Botani cal of the dinosaurs, was be li eved extinct in 1948 Garden after he moved to Larchmont, New York. when he was given one of the first seeds brought He soon became an acti ve member of the Ameri ­ by botanists from China to Harvard's Arno ld Ar­ can Rock Garden Society, inaugurated its quar­ boretum. "Over the years he's shared with us terl y bulletin, started a seed exchange and orga­ many unusual plants, and these have become part ni zed an annual symposium. He was the society's of the garden," said Marco Po lo Stufano, director nati onal president fo r 16 years. of horticu lture at the Wavehill Center for Envi­ He clearl y thrived on finding, collecting, ronmental Studies In the Bronx. and introducing horticultural prizes not previ- -Barbara A. Johnston

HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 59 BOOK REVIEWS

Tierra, Planetary Herbology; Mills, Out of thi s in mind, correct dosages, especiall y of the Earth). By far th e most extensive under­ potentially toxic herbs, are essential. The taking of thi s type is by Peter Holmes , The recommended dosage of Mayapple rhi zome Energetics of Western Herbs. The author has (Podophyllum peltatum L. , Berberidaceae) attempted to create a sy nth es is of TCM, of 10-25 gtt. (drops) is dangerously high.3 Greek medi cine (the last Western medical Arnica (Arnica montana L., Asteraceae), at system th at utili zed energetics), native 1-40 gtt., is problematic due to its hi ghl y American herbal traditions, and modern vari able, often idiosyncratic reactions from herbal knowledge. patient to patient. 4 Li ly of the Valley Upon first glance throughout these at­ (Convallaria majus L., Liliaceae) is usually trac ti vely prod uced volumes, one comes prescribed at a dosage range of 5-20 gtt.·5 away with a feeling of hav ing fo und a va lu­ Holmes recommends 10-50 gtt. twice dail y. The Energetics of Western Herbs Re­ able addition to the herbal library. Upon In addition to these potentiall y danger­ vised 2nd Edition by Peter Holmes. Boulder, close inspection, however, a number of ma­ ous errors, the author also discusses ana­ CO. Snow Lotus Press. 1993. 419 pp. jor problems become apparent that unfortu ­ logues between Western and Chinese herbs. $39.95. ISBN #0-9623477-3-6. nately lessen the usefulness and value of this Theoreticall y, these comparisons may seem Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM ) book. so und , but in practi ce they are not va lid. is a very effecti ve and widely practiced medi­ While simil ar on the surface, the en­ Western asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L., cal system. It has spread from its pl ace of ergetic concepts th e author attem pts to meld Liliaceae) is not simi lar to Chinese as para­ ori gin , Chin a, to everyday usage throughout together are actuall y quite different. At­ gus (A. cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr., the U.S., Canada, Europe and Australi a. tempts to merge TCM and Ay urveda have Lili aceae) in its taste, energetics, or its me­ Chinese medicine has been successful not failed prec isely because the underlying para­ di cin al ac tivity. Potentiall y toxic squill s onl y due to its low cost and empi rical suc­ digms and cultural belief systems are far (Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn , Liliaceae) cesses, but because it is a "sys tem of medi­ more di fferent than the ve neer of similari ty have little in common to the soothing, yin, cine." A med ical system is defined by clear, suggests. nouri shin g Mai Men Dong (Ophiopogon log ical beli efs and prac tices that give the The fo ll ow ing paragrap h illustrates japonicus (L.f.) Ker Gawl., Liliaceae) or Lily practiti oner insights into the patient, hi s or thi s combination of divergent data, along Bulb (Lilium brownii F. R. Br. ex Miell ez, her illness, and the materia med ica needed with mistakes of therapeutics, biochemistry, Liliaceae). While squills contain moisten­ to effect positi ve change. In hi ghl y devel­ and history: ing mucil age, it is considered to be an irri­ oped prac ti ces such as TCM, di ffe renti al di­ "With its content of saponin s, res in s, tating expectorant and can cause infl amma­ agnostics, a large and vari ed pharmacopoeia, and essential oil , Blue Cohosh Root has an ti on of the bronchial and gastric mucosa. and an understanding of energeti cs (human additi onal, double-cutting detoxicant edge Other problems, such as disagreements and therapeutic) are th e tools whi ch prod uce particularly suited to Blue and Grey-Green as to the energetic classification of Western consistent success. Iris Constitutions. Its diaphoretic action was herbs, are more in the nature of a scholarly In comparison, Western herbal med i­ important to ativeAmericans for the Sweat di sp ute. It has taken the Chinese thousands ci ne has no clearl y defined system at al l. Lodge! 1 The root's antidyscratic diuretic of years to full y classify their materia medica Lacking the aforementioned tool s (d ifferen­ action balances fluids as a whole. Both acute and occasional arguments as to energeti cs of ti al diagnosis and energeti cs), Western herbal and chronic conditions of wind/damp/cold certain herbs still arise. I believe thi s to be practice has largely been empirical, wi th th e obstru ction with static or mi gratory pain are th e cru x of the problem with thi s book; th e focu s on treating the di sease and not on the thereby relieved as no matter what th eir ori­ creati on of such a hybrid system of Herbal indi vidual patient. This educated guesswork gin . Being estrogenic, Blue Cohosh will re­ Medicine and the energetic classification of has its successes, but it is much more diffi­ li eve joint pains due to a lac k of this hor­ the Western materia medica are mass ive cult to accurately understand the underl ying mone, especiall y in the extremities."2 projects and are projects better suited to doz­ di sharmony and to devise a treatment proto­ ens, if not hundreds, of practitioners and re­ col. Errors previously menti oned by re­ searchers coordinating their efforts. Thi s inadequacy in Western herbal viewers of the I st edition also persist. Holmes deserves credit for hi s attempt. practice has been widely noted and vari ous Holmes' book is directed toward th e acu­ A great deal of time, effort , and research have books have attempted to address thi s prob­ puncture/TCM community who have little gone into these volumes. Perhaps th e 3rd lem (e. g., Lad & Frawley, Th e Yoga of Herbs; or no experience wi th Western herbs. With editi on will include the missing piece: i.e., a

60 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 BOOK REVIEWS

collaborative effort bringing together the called "consumer concerns" whi ch points the necessary experience, research, and knowl­ reader to a specific product or group of prod­ edge to truly create a Western Energeti c Sys­ ucts. Carper's book is friend ly, accurate, re­ tem of Herbal Medicine. - David Winston liable and on the leading edge of what con­ I. Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllwn thalictroides (L.) Michx.. sumers need to know about herb products. Berberidaceae) was not used in "sweat lodge" ceremo­ nies. Besides the title, the only drawback to this 2. Bl ue Cohosh is not estrogeni c, nor does it relieve pain due Carper book is the rather brief bibliography. Jean, to a "Jack of this hormone." ._..._All6oor ...... , ._,....,n...._._,..__..._....., 3. The usual dosage for Mayapple is Ill 0- I Ogtt . __ we know that your fi les are deeper. Whether 4. The usual dosage for A mica is I - I 0 gtt. you are a professional or lay person in the 5. Kuts-Cheraux, A. W. Nawrae Medicine and Naturpmhic herb field , thi s is a book th at everyone will DispensatorY. 1953. want to have. It comes at the right time for the consumer seeking new, dependable in­ formation.-Steven Foster

Miracle Cures, Jean Carper. dietary supplements, such as vi tamins C and HarperCollins Publishers . 1997. 308 pp. E, OPCs, bee poll en, coenzyme Q-1 0 and Hardcover, $25.00 ISBN 0-06-018372-1. glucosamine. ABC Bookstore #B280. In twe nty-one c hapters, Jean Take a title like "Miracle Cures" Carper separates the mystery fro m the and a subtitle such as "Dramatic New Scien­ "miracle." In simple, easily understood lan­ tific Discoveries Revealing the Healing Pow­ guage, Carper brings the subj ect matter into ers of Herbs, Vitamins, and Other Natural a comfort zone, giving consumers the confi­ Remedies," and the first word that comes to dence to make choices on using herb prod­ mind is hyperbole. At the International Phar­ ucts. The chapter on Echinacea explains that macy Federation 58th International Sympo­ it is not an antibiotic, but rather a substance sium held in Vancouver in early September, that helps support the body's own immune one speaker in the medicinal and aromati c defense mechani sms. Several "case studies," plant secti on, pharmacy education seminar, interviews with consumers who have had flashed a slide of thi s book's cover across successful experience with an herb or dietary the screen as an example of what Dr. Varro supplement, followed by interviews with Tyler calls advocacy literature. Beauty may experts in the field, put th e informati on in a be skin deep, but the "skin" of thi s book ­ real-life context. She then explains exactly the title and subtitle - mask the depth of what the herb is, reviews the current scien­ information held between the covers. Jean tific literature, not only from her interpre­ The Green Pharmacy, Or. James A Duke. Carper, one of the most reliable interpreters tive perspecti ve, but also through interviews HarperCollins Publishers . 1997. 308 pp. of the scientific literature on health topics for with the scientists who conducted the re­ Hardcover, $29.95. ISBN 0-06-018372-1. popular consumption, has produced a gem. search. No matter what the published results ABC Bookstore #B2 8 1. Millions of Americans are turning to herbs may be in a scienti fic study, it is always re­ When I first met Jim Duke some­ and other dietary supplements for the first vealing to learn what the researchers really time in the 70s, he was talking about retir­ time, many with little more information than think about those reports. This element of ing. Whenever I saw him in the 1980s or the that provided by television sound bites. They the book helps to put what could otherwise 1990s, Jim Duke talked about retiring from are hungry for reliable information in a mar­ be hyperbole into its proper context. Dos­ his USDA career, in part so he could do, and ketplace that's so confusing that few know age information and safety data is often based more importantl y, write and say, what he where to turn. Carper's Miracle Cures is a on the Commission E monograph English wanted to without the eye of a monolithic good pl ace for consumers to go for reliable translations, soon avail able from the Ameri­ government bureaucracy staring over hi s facts. In addition to the best-known herbs, can Botani cal Council. To the benefit of shoulder, and slapping his wrist when he got including St. John 's wort, feverfew, consumers, Jean Carper goes one step fur­ out of line. Duke got his wrist slapped from echinacea, valerian, milk thistle, ginger, ther when she gives an in gredient a thumbs time to time, not only because he knows too ginkgo, kava, kudzu, saw palmetto, licorice, up. Instead of telling consumers to simpl y much about the subject of medicinal plants and peppermint oil, Carper also covers other seek out the herb, she provides a section to keep quiet, but also because of an endless

HERB ALGRAM No. 41 • 61 BOOK REVIEWS

passion for the subject matter. He was the measure. In "choosing the herbs that heal" government's spokesperson on plant medi­ Duke has used a three leaf rating system. .~= ~)· cines when plant medicines were a subject Those herbs achieving his highest score get the government did not wish to talk about. three leaves. tvfedici/1\.e As of September 1995, Jim Duke is indeed If you are looking for a reference "retired" and The Green Pharmacy is the first book to find information on individual herbs, ,.. . ). fruit of hi s post-USDA career. If his CRC this is not that book. Echinacea, for example, Ehot Cowan Handbook of Medicinal Herbs (1986) is his is treated under two dozen different condi­ /. . magnum opus, then The Green Pharmacy is tions, on 30 pages throughout the text. If his romance novel, endowed with Duke's you want a book that cautiously recommends "lifetime of loving plants." herbs that are useful for common ailments, The extremely frenetic and sensa­ with Duke's own honest assessment of their physical attribute suggests its use. tional direct mail pieces of the publisher, safety and effectiveness, this book is for you. Galactagogues (agents which increase milk along with the book's cover, tout Duke as The Green Pharmacy is a book that is production), for example, often come from the "world's foremost authority on healing friendly, accessible, easy to read, authorita­ latex bearing plants, blood remedies from red­ herbs." I feel that I have come to know most tive, and engaging. It serves both as plea­ colored ones. Liver- or heart-shaped leaves of the experts in the herb field and have a sure reading and a wealth of information. If are employed to treat ailments of the respec­ sense of their breadth of know ledge. Pound­ you ever wanted to sit down with Jim Duke tive organs. But other proximal and ultimate for-pound, herb-for-herb, continent-for-con­ and pick his brain, you don't have to look reasons also account for a species' use, in­ tinent, added all together, it is indeed true any further than the pages of The Green cluding its taxonomic relationships, habitat, that there is no other individual in the world Pharmacy. You will come away enriched.­ commonness, and faunal interactions. Cul­ who knows the uses of more plants from Steven Foster tural traditions also are important. more traditions than James A. Duke. Eliot Cowan offers another possibil­ That type of acclaim can lead some ity-the plants themselves are the teachers. individuals to believe that they know it all. For Cowan, plants are more than cellulose Jim Duke's breadth of knowledge carries phytochemical factories. He writes, "To more than information, it is imbued with think that plants are mere dumb creatures that experience with a flock of wisdom. Duke is do not know ecstasy is ignorance or tragic as sure of what he doesn't know as what he arrogant folly." In what could be called the does know. The Green Pharmacy is as much Plant Spirit Medicine. Eliot Cowan. Zen of drug plant discovery, Cowan describes about opinion as it is about facts. That opin­ Swan Raven and Company, Newberg, OR. the process of learning plant spirit medicine. ion is invaluable in our contemporary sea of 1995. 187 pages. ISBN #0-926524-09- "Go for a walk outdoors at a time and place herb information babble. 7. $13.95. where there are many different kinds of wild The book is arranged alphabetically plants growing. Wander with no destination by condition, covering over 120 afflictions " ... how did the first ancient healers in mind. When you come across a stand of from aging to yeast infections. Since the cold learn of the medicinal benefits of foxglove plants that are especially attractive to you, and flu season is on, I turned to that section. . .. ? Unlikely that it was discovered ran­ approach them. Speaking aloud, introduce As with all chapters in the book, the cold and domly, through accident or trial and error. It yourself by name, and explain that you have flu chapter begins with personal recollections seems reasonable to assume that ancient come to learn from the spirit of this species." or quotes from colleagues. Here, Duke has medicine men or women were somehow able One page later he summarizes the process, an opportunity to tell a lifetime of stories or to communicate with the plants or in some "Become the plant." anecdotes. The reader immediately becomes other intuitive way read what they might of­ Cowan asserts that science and tradi­ comfortable and engaged. A simple medical fer us humans." tional wisdom agree in describing the world explanation of the condition follows, enu­ as a dream, " ... a tissue of appearances made merating the symptoms, how it develops and This brief quote, from Hal Zina of energy and consciousness." While he may strategies for prevention and treatment. Bennett's foreword to Plant Spirit Medicine, be an accurate spokesperson for metaphysi­ Duke's "Green Pharmacy" entries are next. raises a question often ignored by ethnobota­ cal herbal healing, one should take his as­ For colds and flu he covers nineteen herbs, nists. How did humans discover the healing sessment of conventional knowledge care­ with a few milligrams of vitamin C and a power of pl ants? The doctrine of signatures fully. I know of few scientists who would bowl of chicken soup mixed in for good is one explanation; a plant's form or other describe the world around them as a dream.

62 • HERBAlGRAM No. 41 BOOK REVIEWS

Here Cowan reveals the influence of the an­ description, he notes that Don Guadeloupe, thropologist Michael Harner, who authored a healer-teacher, was as shocked by the spiri­ the widely read book, Jivaro: People of the tual poverty of the developed world as much Sacred Waterfalls. Harner later embarked as the developed world was shocked by his on a career as a spiritual guru. For tradi­ physical poverty. All but the most hardened tional Jivaro, more properly called the Shuar, cynics would fail to find truth in that assess­ the physical world around them is indeed ment. It is easy to dismiss Plant Spirit Medi­ arti ficial. They discover the "real world" cine as 1990s gobbledygook but there are through the use of psychoactive substances truths to be found within. such as natem (Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce One of my graduate students, ex Gri seb.) Morton, Malpighiaceae) and Christiane Ehringhaus, just completed her maikua (Brugmansia sauveolens (Humbl. & thesis among the Kaxinawa people of Acre, Bonpl.) ex Willd. Berchtold & Pres!, Solan­ Brazil. Imidio Vieira, a 65-year-old healer, Selection, Preparations and Pharma· aceae) (Bennett 1992 and in press). If some described the following method of plant heal­ cological Evaluation of Plant Mate· scientists have attempted to make discover­ ing: "When you use an enchanted leaf, you rial. Elizabeth M. W illiamson, Da vid T. ies through similar processes, they have do not have to pray because the plant cures Okpako, and Fred ). Evans. John Wiley & failed to mention this in their Materials and by itself.. .. While picking the leaves, you Sons . 1996. 228 pp. Softcover, $39.95. Methods. explain to the iuxin (plant spirit) why you ISBN 0-471-94217-0. ABC Bookstore According to Plant Spirit Medicine, it picked them and why you need their help and #B227. is not the plants that heal but rather the spirit explain the disease of thi s patient to them .. .. This is the first volume in a new se­ of the plants. Cowan claims that there are You bring the leaves, you do not do anything ri es, " Pharmacological Methods in no specific herbs for specific illnesses. Many with them until they start talking. Wait until Phytotherapy Research." This brief hand­ traditional people recognize this, in part, be­ they ask, 'What do you want these leaves book will be an extremely useful research lieving the herbal remedies have little power for?'" After responding that she had never tool for anyone interested in performing or until a shaman releases it. An objective as­ heard a plant talk, Imidio repli ed, "Oh understanding the principles and procedures sessment makes this argument less tenable, Christi ane, if you stayed here longer with me used fo r selecting materials for testing, their particularly considering the historical and you would hear." Eliot Cowan would agree. preparation, and pharmacological studies of geographical continuity of plant use. For - Bradley C. Bennett, Ph.D. plant extracts. Chapter One, "The Use of example, leaves of guava (Psidium guajava Plant Remedies in Indigenous Medical Sys­ L., Myrtaceae) are used throughout the [Bennett, B. C. 1992. Hallucinogenic plants tems," presents an overview of conventional plant's range to treat diarrhea. The leaves are of the Shuar and related indigenous groups drugs discovered after observations of tradi­ employed in traditional societies, who may in Amazonian Ecuador and Peru . tional use in indigenous cultures. The au­ acknowledge the existence of plant spirits, Brittonia, 44:483-493. thors provide caveats for understanding the as well as acculturated societies, who do not. Bennett, B. C. , M. A. Baker, and P. Gomez. cultural and social contexts in which prom­ This pattern suggests a physical component Ethnobotany of the Shuar of Amazonian ising research leads are utilized, offering in­ rather than a purely spiritual element to heal­ Ecuador. Advances in Econ. Bot. (i n digenous African medicine systems as a ing. press). model to understand target concepts for re­ Plant Spirit Medicine provides little Ehringhaus, C. 1997. Medicinal uses of Piper search. Five points for selection criteria are information on the medicinal uses of specific spp. (Piperaceae) by an indigenous emphasized, including selection based on plants. It also is inconsistent in treating bi­ Kaxinawa Community in Acre, Brazil. traditional usage, poisonous plants, selec­ nomials. Generic names sometimes are itali­ M.S . Thesis, Department of Biological tions based on chemical composition, screen­ cized, sometimes are capitalized and occa­ Sciences, Florida International University, ing for biological activity (including going sionall y are printed properly. Readers will Miamj, Florida.] beyond the obvious), and combinations of likely fall into one of two camps. Some will criteria. consider the author's position to be untestable Chapter Two gives details on "presen­ balderdash. Those of the New Age bent will tation of results," describing for the re­ applaud his work. Is there middle ground? searcher the significance of the Perhaps. Cowan has touched upon an im­ portant missing element in modern medi­ cine-the spiritual component. In a poignant

HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 63 BOOK REVIEWS Top 10 Sellers of ABC BookStore Moy through August 1997 dose-response curve and how to interpret it in determining relative potencies, drug in­ Previous standing shown in ( ) teraction or potenti ati on, and competitive antagoni st and receptor classificati ons. The 1. German Commission E Monographs: Blumenthal, Goldberg, Gruenwald, Hall, remainder of the book is devoted to pharma­ Riggins, and Rister eds., Klein & Rister, trans. (1) (in press) cological procedures and screening meth ods 2. Encyclopedia of Herbs and Their Uses: Bown (8) for major body systems or activity such as 3. Herbs of Choice: Tyler (3) anti-inflammatory and analgesic acti vity. A 4. Herbal Medicines: A Guide for Health-Care Professionals: Newall, Anderson, list of standard textbooks is provided asAp­ and Phillipson (7) pendix I. Appendi x II describes saline solu­ 5. Herbal Prescriptions for Better Health: Brown (2) tions used for bathing isolated tissues. 6. Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine: Bertram (9) The informati on in this useful hand­ 7. Healing Power of Herbs: M urray (back after a short absence) book is succinct and well presented. Full 8. Herbal Medicine: Weiss (6) tied with citations to seminal methods and review pa­ 8. British Herbal Pharmacopoeia: British Herbal Medicine Association (1996 pers are included. Thi s is an extremely use­ edition; back after a short absence) ful volu me for the student, researcher, or in­ dividual interested in understanding pharma­ 9. Kava: The Pacific Elixir: Lebot, Merlin, and Lindstrom (new listing) cological testing methods and principles as 10. The Honest Herbal: Tyler (back after a short absence) they relate to medi cinal pl ant extracts. - Steven Foster See the Herbal Education Catalog in the center of this issue for these and over 300 other titles!

DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS continued fr om page 57

4. recommends further research (and RESEARCH ISSUES CONCLUSION research funding) as well as considerati on The report concludes that it is in th e public's The Commission fini shed its work making of other regulatory options, including OTC interest that more research be conducted that very few of the kind of "recommendations" drug approval (when appropriate and re­ "documents the relationships between di etary that would be published as proposed rules. quested by industry); and supplements and maintenance of health and/ Instead, it provided background, analysis, 5. suggests considerati on of a mecha­ or avoidance of disease." It would li ke to and di ffering viewpoints on specific issues ni sm for approval of further therapeutic see "incenti ve mechani sms" developed to in the complex area of supplement regula­ claims for products which may not meet the encourage industry to research products. The tion. It made many suggesti ons (call ed scienti fic standards required for OTC ap­ Commission strongly supports conti nued "policy guidance") whi ch should serve as proval, such as the traditional use claims research by federal agencies on the benefits recommended, but voluntary, directions for currentl y all owed abroad. 0 of dietary supplements. In addition, the consideration by industry, Congress and gov­ Commission made this recommendati on (not ernment agencies. SOURCE: just a suggesti on) to the Office of Dietary Commi ss ion on Di etary Supplement Labels. Re­ Supplements (ODS): "ODS should pl ace In summary, the report: port to the President, the Congress, and the greater emphasis on its assigned role of ad­ 1. underscores the safety of supple­ Sec retary of Health and Human Services. No­ vising other government agencies on a broad ments; ve mber, 1997. Available on DHHS homepage heep://web.health .gov/di etsupp range of issues relating to dietary supple­ 2. endorses the industry's expert panel ments." recommendati on (the Botani cal Ingredient REFERENCE And in a recommendation to Congress: Review or BIR); Ameri can Herbal Products Associati on. 199 1. "ODS shoul d be fu nded at th e level 3. urges both industry and the FDA to Botani cal Ingredient Review Proposal to the authori zed by OSHEA." seek expertise outside their ranks; Food and Drug Admini strati on. May 8. In Herba/Gram 25:32-37.

64 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 LETTERS

JUGOSlAVIJA COMFREY KUDO ·············•.. . " ADVERTISING" ST. JOHN'S WORT This concerns comfrey (Symphytum Why are you advertising St. John ·s Pomegranate, Punica granatum . officinale L. , Boraginaceae) which has been Wort as the "depress ion·· herb? Thi s herb used as a healing herb for centuries. I di s­ will cause li ve r toxicity in long-term use and covered when the plant goes to stalk, which is onl y meant for intermittent short-term use is around June or July the stalk has a small by any pati ent with depression, along wi th core that will produce a very good liquid for dietary and spec ific detoxification protocols. applying to cuts, bums, etc. JULIA MORTON REMEMBERED I think you are paving the way toward the My first experience was while mow­ I was saddened to see the announ ce­ AMA and drug company control of medical ing my yard on my riding mower I went un­ ment in Herba/Gram #38 of the untimely herbali sm by advertising herb usage this der a mesquite tree; one of the thorns cut a death of the ageless Juli a Morton. I have way ... is that what you want? Please be more very large gash just above my eye. Shortly heard her presentations at sc ienti fie meetings responsible with your ed itorial s. or tell the before that, I had extracted some of the com­ on more than one occasion and have her set truth about yo ur intentions for the future of frey liquid, and I put some on the cut. It of toxic plant posters hanging outside my medical herbali sm1 stopped bleed ing, and healed in three or four office for the enlightenment of pass ing stu­ Craig M. Jones, D. C. days leaving no scar. I had a skin cancer cut dents. She will be mi ssed! But is that really (location not listed in origin al letter) from my forehead; the doctor said it would she in the accompanying photograph? leave a scar. After I treated it with the com­ Maybe it's the angle of the shot and the fact (Thank you for rour /etta We are not frey liquid, there was no scar. I recently had that she 's weari ng a hat instead of a turban. "advertising" St. Johns Wort; 1re are edu­ "parathyroid" surgery and used the comfrey Julia Morton was the original tiny person, cating th e public about its well documented liquid; after 6 months, there is no visible scar not the giant she appears to be in th e picture! benefits for treating mild to moderate depres­ on my neck. I have had several other expe­ Connie Noz::.oli llo, Ph .D. sion. As far as we are concerned, the more riences, including mjnor burns, where they Professor, Un iversity of Ottawa, M.D. s who begin to consider th e appropri­ had healed in three or four days, leaving no retired ate use of well researched herbs the better­ scar. better for the health of their patients and for I heard on TV recently, there was a new th e general public. We believe that herbs break-through for burn treatment. It is an should be used responsiblr br all members artificial skin, at a cost of $1 ,000.00 for a 4 of societr, in cluding health professionals X 4 inch square. From what I have seen, the from the conventional model. We beliel'e that way comfrey liquid repairs, and replaces the ST. JOHN'S WORT INFO TIMELY we are doing herbalism a great sen•ice br skin ti ssue, I believe it would be very good I have recentl y read through Herbal­ providing accurate, responsible, scientific in­ for treating bums, and it could be a lot less Gram No . 40 and want to write and congratu­ formation for the benefit of the general pub­ costly. It only takes a very small amount to late you on such as excell ent issue. There lic. Sorry ifyou do not agree. Do rou have cover an area. One ounce wi ll go a long way. was plenty of va luable information and the research data that supports your claim that I have some of the liquid that I could share monograph on St. John 's wort is particularly SJW is hepatotoxic 7 We know of no such with you , if you would like to do some re­ useful and timel y. data. ) search with it. Emeritus Professor J. D. Phillipson Bill Kelley Centre for Pharmacognos;; University Granbury, Texas of London London, England

MOVING? Our mail permit does not allow us to forward Herba/Gram . If you move or change your mailing address, please notify us immediately so you will not miss any copies. Send your change of address notice to Margaret Wright, Circulation Manager, American Botan ical Council, P.O. Box 201660, Austin, TX 78720-1660. 512/ 331-8868, Fax 512/33 1-1924.

HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 65 LETTERS

HERBS FOR DIABETES ment of non-insulin dependent diabetes and fl avonoids are named as constituents quite In reference to your piece on herbs to has shown a profound blood glucose balanc­ correctly, but the anthocyanins (not treat diabetes (HerbalCram #40, pp. 20, 23) ing effect. As an herbalist I look forward to anthrocyanins as printed in the article) and there were a couple of points I would like to each issue of HerbalCram as a journal that catechin which follow in the li sting are both share. First, in the discussion of Ho Shou serves an ongoing need for more research fl avonoids! If they are to be named sepa­ Wu, the author asserts that it is an herb tradi­ into effects of herbs on a scientific level. But, rately, it should be as important examples tionally used for sleep disorders. This is true especially with herbs from rich traditions of of this class of constituent. Similarly, of the plant's stem known as Ye Jiao Teng, empirical use such as TCM and Ayurveda, wouldn't it be useful to name one or two of however, true Ho Shou Wu (Polygonum we should never discount the importance of the triterpenoids (not triterpinoids as printed) multiflorum Thunb., Polygonaceae) is the traditional use. especially since eight organic acids are root of the plant and is classically consid­ John Armstrong named without being assigned to any class ered to be a herb to nourish blood and yin Los Angeles, California at all? and is most famous as an herb for the hair The reason I am so "picky" about the and tonification of sexual function. Clinical above points is that Canada's self-styled studies have shown an ability to lower plasma REGARDING CRANBERRY national newspaper, The Globe and Mail, cholesterol levels, a cardiotonic effect as well Dr. Arthur Siciliano 's article on cran­ recently published an article on the impor­ as the mentioned antidiabetic effect. berries in HerbalCram No. 38 is very inter­ tance of "anthrocyanins" [sic] in blueberries Secondly, there was no mention of esting but contains some errors in the chem­ as medicinal compounds. Presumably the Cymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br., ex istry/nutrition section that should be cor­ author got thi s term from a technical article. Schultes, Asclepiadaceae. This Ayurvedic rected. If the experts in the field can't get the spell­ herb, also known as gurmar (S ugar De­ The section begins with the statement ing right, how can we expect the journalist stroyer), has been used in India for the treat- that the cranberry is 88 percent water, then to get it right? goes on to say: "Among the other organic Connie Nozzolillo, Ph.D. constituents .... " Since when has water been Professor, University of Ottawa, considered as "organic constituent"? Then retired

CALANOLIDE continued from page 13

patented a process for synthesizing tive in combination with AZT or other anti­ important in the war on AIDS as part of the Calanolide A. In 1995, MediChem was HIV agents. emerging drug "cocktails" approach. granted a worldwide exclusive license to the Calanolide A works against the virus [Compiled by Barbara A. Johnston from NCI patent and to the rights held by the gov­ differently than most anti-HIV compounds MediChem Research, Inc ., press release. April 25, 1997. ernment of Sarawak. now available. It is a non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), Arnold Arboretum Director 's Report 1994- 1996. Laboratory tests of Calanolide A con­ 1997.] ducted by MediChem Research have shown whereas most anti-HIV compounds on the the compound to completely inhibit replica­ market are protease or nucleoside reverse tion of the AIDS virus. It is active against transcriptase inhibitors. Because it attacks strains and mutations of the virus that are the virus differently than protease and resistant to AZT and other drugs, and has nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, unique properties that make it more effec- Calanolide A could prove to be particularly

66 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 ACCESS

In this department of Herba/Gram , we list resources such as publications, organizations, seminars, and networking for our readers. A listing in this section does not constitute any endorsement or approval by Herba/Gram , ABC , HRF, or the HRF Professional Advisory Board.

Anne S. Chatham Fellowship in Medicinal 360/67 1-9668. Web site . Soil Sciences, Stockbridge Hall , Univ. of Mass., and Ph.D.s to enable study in medicinal botany, Amherst, MA 01003. from the Garden Club of America. One $4,000 Herbal Green Pages, 1997- 1998 edi ti on. Con­ grant awarded annu all y. Application due Jan. 15 , tains over 6,000 herb-related businesses. both re­ Office ofA lternative Medicine, new Websi te for 1998. Eligible applicants send a brief applica­ tail and wholesale. Secti ons on herb publications. up-to-date informati on on the OAM 's programs tion letter, 1-2 page description of the proposed associations, educational programs, and su ppli­ and act ivit ies. The ational In stitutes of Health research, and current curriculum vitae to Dr. James ers of products of interes t to herb businesses. ( IH ), Office of Alternative Medici ne identifies S. Miller, Mi ssouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box More than 350 pages in an easy-to- use spiral bind­ and evalu ates unco nven ti onal health care prac­ 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299. Ph: 314/577- ing. This annual directory includes companies in ti ces. The OAM supports and conducts research 9503. Email . Web site the U.S ., Canada, and several foreign countri es. training on these practices and disseminates in ­ . P.O. Box 245, Silver Spring, PA 17575-0245. Ph : altmed .od.nih.gov>. 7 17/393-3295. Fax : 7 17/393-926 1. Email Conservation and Development of Nontimber . Web site . plying Ethnobotany to Conservation and Com­ Annotated Bibliography. Brief summaries of munity Development. A publication of the WWF­ much of the emerging literature related to the man­ Herbs Northwest Business Directory, an herbal UNESCO-Kew People and Pl ants Initiative. In ­ ageme nt and marketing of non-timber, or special networking reference for Alaska, Briti sh Colum­ cludes informati on on intern ati onal and national forest products. For indi viduals and organizations bi a, Was hin gton, Oregon, Idaho, and Western programs. networks. NGO's, re source centers, interested in the scientific and rural development Montana. A publication of Herbs NW, thi s direc­ botanical gardens. and interviews, advice from the aspects of special forest products. Available in tory brings together over 200 medicinal plant-re­ fie ld , ethnobotanical portraits, and more. Gary J. its entirety on the Internet from the Forest Ser­ lated bu si nesses. Indexed by state, province, Martin. General Editor. B.P. 262, 40008 vice Home Page: . town , and by category of each enterpri se. Pub­ Marrakesh-Medina, Morocco. Fax : 212 4 30 151 1. Click on "Publications" to access. li shed by Longev ity Herb Press, 1549 West Jewett . Blvd., White Salmon, WA 98672-8929. Ph: 509/ Alison L. Hoare, Associate Editor. Centre for Directory of Databases for Research into Alter­ 493-2626. Economic Botany, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. native and Complementary Medicine, includ­ Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE. U.K . Fax: 44 181 ing 56 databases, with 35 available online over journal of Alternative and Complementary 3325768. . the Internet, compiled by Jackie Wootton. The Medicine, Research on Parad igm, Prac ti ce, and directory is available online at the Rosenth al Cen­ Policy. This peer-reviewed publicati on includes The Plant Detective, a five-minu te informati onal ter for Complementary and Alternative Medicine observational , analytical and scientific reports on radi o program aired on the University of Mon­ at Columbia University's web site (http:// topics of interest to medical researchers, scien­ tana radio stati on every Saturday at 7 p.m. after cpmcnet.columbia.edu/dept/rosenthal/databases/ tists, anthropologists, sociologists, medical hi s­ National Public Radi o's "All Things Considered." AM_databases.html). tori ans, and prac titi oners in all fi elds of medicine Hear about th e hi story of plants and herbs, their and hea ling. Published by Mary Ann Li ebert, Inc. , use and abuse, natural healing, plants as foods, Friends ofthe Trees Society, aiding people around 2 Mad ison Ave., Larchmont. NY 10538. Ph: 914/ fla vors, and medicine, and cultural and worldl y the world to plant trees and heal the planet since 834-3 11 or 800/M-LIEBERT. Fax : 9 14/834- in sights. Journey into conservation, ecology. and 1978. Offering workshops, se minars, newsletter. 3688. Emai l . things natural every Saturday from 7-7:05 p.m . Publicati ons include Ki wifruit Enthusiasts Jour­ on public radio with the Pl an t Detecti ve. nal, 196 pages of information on kiwifruit, and Manual for Northern Herb Growers. Essenti al Third World Resource Guide, with 425 organi za­ information for growing and man ag in g herbs in 1997 Southwest Conference on Botanical Medi­ ti ons working in forestry, sustainable agriculture, north ern locati ons. Produ cti on, management. cine, and Medicines from the Earth 1997, audi o and conservation li sted with brief descriptions horticultural guidance, seedin g sugges ti ons, po­ cassettes and proceedin gs books . Available from (Latin America, Africa, Asia, and the Pac ifi c). tenti al problems, hints fo r better crops, propagat­ Herbal Education Services. P.O. Box 57, Swans Contact Friends of the Trees, P.O. Box 4469, in g, pest control, harvesting, and more. Detai led Island, Maine 04685. Ph : 800/252-0688 or 207/ Bellingham, WA 98227. Ph: 360/738-4972. Fax: information on 33 pl ants. The Herb , Spice, and 526-4479.

ON-LINE ~ERICPN BOTANICAL www.herbalgram.org COUNCIL [email protected]

HERBALGRAM No. 41 • 67 CALENDAR

November 14-December 29: Travels to China, ing an anti-aging medical center, brain transplant February 16-20: International Conference on Chengdu Un iversity ofTraditional Chinese Medi­ technologies, and more. Contact USA HOSTS, Medicinal Plants Conservation, Utilisation, cine, the most traditional Oriental Medical school Ph: 800/634-6 133, Fax: 702/597-0264. Or con­ Trade & Biocultures, Bangalore, South India. in China. Training for the practitioner or advanced tact American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine, Hosted by the Foundation for Revitali sation of student in Oriental Medicine, with courses ori­ 1341 W. Fullerton, Suite Ill , Chicago, IL 60614. Local Health Traditions, bringing di verse bio-cu l­ ented in clinical practice and herbal training. Ph: 773/528-4333. Fax: 773/528-5390. Website tural concerns related to medicinal plants together Contact Academy of Oriental Medicine, P.O. Box . under the 1998 theme "Medicinal Plants for Sur­ 9446, Austin, TX 78766. Ph: 512/454-1188. vival." Contact FRLHT, No. 50, 2nd Stage, 3rd Main, MSH Layout, Anandnagar, Bangalore - November 19-20: Botanicals and the Regula­ 1998 560024, India. Email . tory Process: Developing Scienti fic and Clinical Evidence of Safety to Support the Regulatory Pro­ January 5-9: Evaluation of Medicinal Plants, February 20-22: SecondAnnualAromatherapy cess for Heterogeneous Botanical Products, Wash­ presented by Pharmacognosy Laboratories, De­ and Herb Conference & Trade Show, Scottsdale, ington, D.C. A must for those who are research­ partment of Pharmacy, King's College London. Arizona. Featuring over 30 workshops and lec­ ing, developing or sellin g heterogeneous botani­ Formal lectures, tutorials, laboratory classes, and tures by well-renowned authors and speakers. cals in the U.S. Speakers include Floyd Leaders, group discussions. Contact Dr. P.J. Houghton, Contact Jeffrey Schiller, Internatio na l Freddie Ann Hoffman, John Riddle, Mark Blu­ Dept. of Pharmacy, King's Coll ege London, Aromatherapy and Herb Association, 3541 W. menthal, Edward Croom, and Jerry Cott. Con­ Manresa Road, London SW3 6LX. Acapulco Lane, Phoenix, AZ 85023. Ph: 602/ tact Drug Information Association, Ph : 2 15/628- 938-4439. Email . 2288, Fax: 215/64 1- 1229, Email january 8-10: Antitumor Products from Higher , Website < http:// Plants, Paris, France. Biosynthesis and activity February 2-8: Psychotropic Ethnobotany, www.d iahome.org>. of anticancer compounds extracted from hi gher Shamanic Plant Seminar, Yucatan Peninsula, plants. Phytochemical Society of Europe. Con­ Mexico. Seven-day, intensive seminar at the November 21-23: Applied Ayurvedic Medicine, tact Professor F. Tillequin, CNRS URA 13 10, archaic Mayan ceremonial center of Uxmal, to a practical course for licensed professionals, Faculte de Pharmacie, Un iversite Rene Descartes­ study psychoactive plants and mushrooms with Cali stoga, CA. Final session for a total of 54 Paris V, 4, rue de l' Observatoire, 75270 Paris leading experts. Practical workshops, demon­ hours. Instructor, Dr. Vivek Shanbhag, N.D., cedex 06, France. Ph: 33 I 43 29 12 08. Fax: 33 strations, and instructive lectures. Contact Ken M.D. (Ayurved). In stitute of Medical Herbalism. I 40 46 96 58. Symington, Ethnobotany Seminars, P.O. Box 4, Ph: 707/942- 1250. Sierra Madre, CA 9 1025. Ph: 626/355-9585. January 24-30: Psychotropic Ethnobotany, November 29-December I2: Permaculture De­ Shamanic Plant Seminar, Yucatan Peninsula, March 1-4: Alternative Medicine: Implications sign Course, Molokai, Hawaii. A two-week in­ Mexico. Seven-day, intensive seminar at the for Clinical Practice, Boston, MA, presented by tensive in sustainable design systems, to impart archaic Mayan ceremonial center of Uxmal, to Harvard Medical School, Dept. of Continuing Ed., permaculture principles and methodologies which study psychoactive plants and mushrooms with and by Dept. of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess can be applied anywhere in the world with a par­ leading experts. Practical workshops, demon­ Medical Center. Objective is to provide clinicians ticular emphasis on permaculture and agroforestry strations, and instructive lectures. Contact Ken wi th sufficient information to responsi bl y advise in the subtropics and tropics. Sponsored by Hui Symington, Ethnobotany Seminars, P.O. Box 4, patients who use or seek alternative therapies. Ho'olana, a 77-acre retreat center on Molokai. Sierra Madre, CA 91025. Ph: 626/355-9585. Credit hours in category I of the Physician's Rec­ Contact Friends of the Trees Society, Ph: 360/738- ognition Award of the AMA are available. Con­ 4972, Fax : 360/671-9668. Or contact Hui January 28-February 1: 3rdAnnual Herb Busi­ tact Professional Meeting Planners, 5 Central Ho'olana, Ph: 808/567-6430. ness Winter Getaway Conference, San Antonio, Square, Suite 201 , Stoneham, MA 02180. Ph: TX. Focusing on the fas t-growing area of me­ 6 17/279-9887 or 800/378-6857. Fax: 617/279- December 11-12: 4th Annual Symposium on dicin al herbs, commercial producti on of both cu­ 9875. Email . Complementary Health Care, University of linary and medicinal herbs, and general business Exeter. A forum for researchers in all areas of topics. Contact the Herb Growing and Market­ March 13-15: Natural Products Expo West Complementary Medicine to present new data. ing Network, P.O. Box 245, Sil ver Spring, PA 1998, Spirit of the Past, Vision of the Future, Contact Mrs. E. Stewart, Symposium Secretary, 17575. Ph: 7 171393-3295. Fax: 7 17/393-9261. Anaheim, CA. Contact Holly Saltz, Natural Prod­ Dept. of Complementary Medicine, Postgraduate Email . ucts Expo West, 1301 Spruce St., Boulder, CO Medical School, University of Exeter, 25 Victo­ 80302. Ph: 303/939-8440. Fax: 303/939-9559. ri a Park Road, Exeter, Devon EX2 4NT, UK. February 5-8: NNFA-SW Trade Show & Con­ Email . vention, Fort Worth, TX. Exhibits: Ft. Worth/ March 13-15: 1998 International Conference Tarrant County Convention Center. Host Hotel: on Phytotherapeutics, sponsored by the National December 13-I5: Fifth International Confer­ The Worthington. Contact National Nutritional Herbali sts Association of Australia, Sydney, Aus­ ence on Anti-Aging Medicine & BioMedical Foods Association, 12900 Preston Rd. , LB 23, tralia. Herbal medici nes and their applicati ons. Technology, Las Vegas, Nevada, presented by the Dallas, TX 75230. Ph : 972/490-6550. Fax: 972/ Contact Conference Coordinator, 1998 Interna­ American Academy of Anti-Agin g Medicine. 490-0003. tional Conference, P.O. Box 403, Morisset, Aus­ Over I 00 presenters, with topics including brain tralia 2264. Ph: 61 49 734 107. Fax: 61 49 aging and repair, Alzheimer's detection and pre­ 734857. Email . vention, hormone replacement therapy, establish-

68 • HERBALGRAM No. 41 CALENDAR

March 14-22: Chicago Flower and Garde n April 19-22: Biosynthesis of lsoquinolin e, In­ August 2-7: XXV International Horticultural Show, featuring 40 gardens, and more than 90 free dole and Related Alkaloids, Istanbul, Turkey. Congress. Brussels. Belgium. Scienti sts will ad­ educ ati onal seminars offered throughout the nine­ meeting of the Ph ytochemi cal Society of Europe. dress state of the art horticultural research. Con­ day show. He ld at Navy Pi er, on C hi cago's Topics in clude biosynthesis of isoquinoline alka­ tact H. Wilcox. Secretary 25th IH C. c/o Ministry lakefront at Grand Avenue, from I 0 a.m . to 6 p.m. loid s. pharmaceutical properties, and biotransfor­ of SME and Agriculture. Bolwerklaan 2 1. I 5th daily. For show informati on, call 3 12/32 1-0077. mati ons. Paper deadline January 1988. Contact Floor. B- 12 10. Brussels. Belgium. Fax: 32 2 206 Professor G. Sariyar. Istanbul University. Faculty 7209. Email <25ih [email protected]>. Website March i 6- i 8: American Herbal Products of Ph armacy, 34452 Beyazit. lstanbul, Turkey. Ph: < http//:www.ag r .k ul euven ac.be/ i s h s/ Association's 2nd i nternational Symposium, 902125260737. Fax:902 125 1908 12. ishshome.htm>. Anaheim, CA. This comprehensive intern ati onal symposium wi ll cover the science and hi story of May 10- /3: Progress in Phytochemistry, September 13-1 6: Biologically Active Polysac­ St. John 's Wort. as well as the practical issues of Kerkrade. th e Netherl ands. Symposium aims to charides, Oslo. orway. Role of polysaccharides cultivation and supply, impact of current and po­ provide forum for young scienti sts to make oral in plants. pathology. pharmacology. and more. te nti a l legislation and regulation, GMPs and or poster presentati on of their research. to meet Paper deadline May 1998. Ph ytochemi cal Soci­ manu fac turing, and markets, both in the U.S., Eu­ other youn g scientists working in all areas of phy­ ety of Europe. Contact Professor B.S . Pau lsen. rope, and e lsewhere. Contact AHPA, 4733 tochemi stry, and to discuss their own research with Farmas0ytisk. Ph : 47 2285 6572. Fax: 47 2285 Bethesda Ave .. Suite 345. Beth esda, MD 208 14. a group of di stingui shed research leaders. Paper 4402. Email . Ph: 30 1/95 1-3204. Fax: 30 1/95 1-3205. deadline March 1998. Phytochemical Society of Europe. Contact Professor Dr. A.W. Alfermann. March 2i-22: Santa Cruz industrial Hemp lnsitut fUr Entwicklun gs und Molekularbi ologie Expo "Spring Into Hemp," Santa Cruz, Califor­ der Pfl a nzen, He inri c h-Heine-U nivers itat ni a. For manufacturers. stores, and individuals DU sseldo rf. Ph: 49 2 11 8 11 4603. Email: to network and see the most up-to-date hemp Fax: 49 2 11 products and concepts. Over 50 booths, educa­ 8 11 3085. tio na l and hi storical exhibits, videos, speakers, pane ls, and more. Santa Cruz Civic Auditorium. July 14-1 7: Marketplace '98, National Nutri­ Contact 408/688-8706/ Fax 408/688-8711. ti onal Foods Association Annual Nati onal Con­ email . ve nti on and Trade Show. San Antonio. TX. Con­ tact Marketplace '98. 393 1 MacArthur Bl vd .. Suite 101. Newport Beach. CA 92660. Ph: 800/ 966-6632. CLASSIFIED

A listing in this classified section does not constitute any endorsement or approval by Herba/Gram , the American Botanical Council, the Herb Researc h Foundation , or the HRF Profess ional Advisory Board . Herba/Gram Classified ad rates: $1 .25 per word; $35 minimum. Contact Margaret Wright, P.O. Box 201660, Austi n, TX 78720. 512/ 331 -8868. Fax 5 12/331-1924.

CORRESPONDENCE COURSES G r ow Gourmet & Medicina l M us hroom s. T he School of Natura l Healing was founded in AND SEMINARS Shiitake, Reishi , Morels, Oysters .... Seminars on 1953 by Dr. John R. Christopher. M.H .. N.D .. and culti vation. Free brochure. Commercial catal og continues in hi s time-tested modali ti es. The SNH Aroma thera py Studies Course/Jeanne Rose. $4.50. Fungi Perfecti , P.O. Box 7634HG. O lym­ offers Master Herbali st (M.H. ) training in 18 Correspondence, certification , in -person pi a. WA 98507. Call 8001780-9 126. Fax 360/ course levels at $ 100 each. This full spectrum of intensives. 160 CEU provided, California Board 426-9377. courses is taught by expert in structors. in the con­ of RN Provider #CEP 11 659. Info: 2 19 Carl St.. ve ni ence of your own home. on professionally San Francisco, CA 94 11 7 or FAX 4 15/564-6799. Institute of C hinese Herbology has been teach­ produced video and audi o tapes. Books. work­ ing courses in Chinese Herbal Medici ne sin ce books. and home assignments are also provided. G reen Terrestrial offers herbal and earth aware­ 1986. Our 130-hour audiotaped program (i n­ Upon completi on of the 18 courses. student s are ness workshops. quality herbal products, and ap­ cludes extensive notes and herb samples) is ex­ eli gib le to attend th e intensive certi fication semi­ prenticeships in an atmosphere of co-creative ce ll ent for anyone who wants to gain a working nar he ld at our own beautiful retreat in the majes­ partnering with the Earth. Pam Montgomery, P.O. knowledge of Chinese herbs. Free brochure: ti c Wasatch Mountains. For free in formati on. call Box 266, Milton. NY 12547. 9141795-5238. Admissions 2HG. 387 1 Pi edmont Ave .. #363. 1/800/372-8255 or wri te to the School of at ural Oakland. CA 946 11 . Ph ./Fax 5 I 0/428-206 1. Healing. P.O. Box 4 12. Springville. UT 84663.

HER BAL GRAM No. 41 • 69 CLASSIFIED

SCHOOLS ber. ?Song, P.O. Box 6626, Ithaca, NY 14851. from Northwind Publications, 439 Ponderosa Academy of Oriental Medicine -Austin. Ac­ 607/564-1 023. Way, Jemez Springs, NM 87025. credited three-year, 2,800-hour Oriental medicine program which includes extensive training in The Rocky Mountain Center fo r Botanical HerbalGram - Quarterly journal published by Oriental herbs (600 hours);AOBTA, I year; 600- Studies, comprehensive, balanced herbal curricu­ the American Botanical Council and the Herb Re­ hour Oriental body work programs; financial as­ lum of academic and earth-centered studies. Cer­ search Foundation. $25/yr., $45/2 yrs, $60/3 yrs. sistance. Approved. 800/824-9987. tification programs and advanced clinical intern­ P.O. Box 201660, Austin, TX 78720. 800/373- ship available. Call or write for a free brochure, 7105 or fax 512/331-1924. See pages 4-5 in the Australasian College of Herbal Studies offers or send $3 for a complete catalog. P. 0. Box accompanying Herbal Education Catalog for or­ II dynamic, internationally recognized Distance 19254, Boulder, CO 80308-2254. 303/442-6861. dering information. Learning Diploma & Certificate Programs in Aromatherapy, Homeobotanical Sciences, Herbal Sweetgrass School of Herbalism-Ciasses in HerbalVoices: The Journal of Self-Reliant Medicine, Homeopathy, Jridology, Flower Es­ herbal ism, plant identification and phytopharmacy Herbalism. Sample Issue $3. Yearly subscrip­ sence Therapy and Nutrition. 1997 introduced methods for both the beginner and professional. tion $12. Published Quarterly. 3936 Mt. Bliss the revised, updated and expanded Aromatherapy Sweetgrass School of Herbal ism, 610 I Shadow Rd., East Jordan, Ml 49727. Program with full liability insurance available Circle Dr. , Bozeman, MT 59715. 406/585-8006. upon graduation. Individual Course Programs Herban Lifestyles - Bimonthly newsletter with offer well organized study aids which may include Wild Rose College of Natural Healing - es­ entertaining, eclectic, and sometimes esoteric re­ books, videos, organic/wildcrafted herb samples, tablished 1975, offering correspondence and part­ ports on how we live, work, and play with herbs. informational decoder wheels and time classroom courses in Herbology, Pharmacog­ Money-back guarantee. Sample $3. $ 18/yr. Free homeobotanical remedies. Free prospectus. 800/ nosy, Nutrition, Vitamins & Minerals, Biology, brochure. Stone Acre Press, 84 Carpenter Rd., 48-STUDY (78839). E-mail Physiology, Iridology, and many other fields. Apt. 78711-1 , New Hartford, CT 06057. Website years), and Wholistic Therapist (three years). Call The Herb Growing and Marketing Network­ or write for a detailed brochure. #400, 1228 An information service for herb businesses and Chinese Herbology, health professionals' train­ Kensington Rd. NW, Calgary, Alberta, CANADA serious hobbyists. Includes The Herbal Connec­ ing, certification- Experienced in structors (clini­ T2N 4P9. Ph: 888/WLD-ROSE. tion, a 36-page bimonthly trade journal, The cal/scientific research)- Clinical case emphasis­ Herbal Green Pages, annual resource guide with Residential intensives, distance learning. Rocky over 5,000 listings, free classified advertising for Mountain Herbal Institute, P 0. Box 579-C, Hot subscribers, and more. Entire package $60/yr. Springs, MT 59845. 406/741-3811. PUBLICATIONS (Higher outside North America) Sample news­ rmhi @rmhiherbal.org http:// American Herb Association Quarterly Newslet­ letter, $4. The Herbal Connection, P. 0. Box 245, www.rmhiherbal.org ter - $20/yr. AHA, P.O. Box 1673, Nevada City, Silver Spring, PA 17575. 717/393-3295. MC/ CA 95959. Visa accepted. Goddard College, a leader in progressive edu­ cation since 1938. Goddard offers graduate and Aromatherapy Quarterly Magazine - Presti­ The Herb Quarterly -When the world wearies undergraduate study in Health Arts Education: gious English journal, the longest-running and ceases to satisfy, there's always The Herb Nature, Culture & Healing. Health Arts Educa­ aromatherapy magazine in the world; read in over Quarterly, a beautiful magazine dedicated to all tion is an interdisciplinary degree. The program 50 countries by aromatherapists, herbalists, mas­ things herbal-gardening, medicinals, crafts, folk­ builds links between natural and ecological sci­ seurs, and medical practitioners. A world-class lore, alternative uses of herbs, and more. Rates: ences, Western and non-Western medicine, alter­ resource for the latest developments in Sample issue $5; introductory subscription (5 is­ native systems of healing, and community health aromatherapy; beautifully crafted, filled with prac­ sues) $19.95. P. 0. Box 689, San Anselmo, CA promotion and education. Study modes available: tical information. Subscriptions $30. Free infor­ 94979. 1/800/371-HERB. campus-based undergrad uate program or a low­ mation: Suite 249, PO Box 421, Inverness, CA residency, off-campus BS or MA. For more in­ 94937-0421 . 415/663-9519. Join the Aromatherapy Revolution! - The formation write, call, or e-mail: Office of Admis­ American Alliance of Aroma therapy, a non-profit sions, Goddard College, Plainfield, VT 05667; Australian Journal of Medical Herbalism organization, has been established to strengthen, 802/454-8311; [email protected]. quarterly publication of the National Herbalists inspire, and advance the field of aromatherapy. Homepage: http://www.goddard .edu. Association of Australia (founded in 1920). Deals Offering the following publications to keep you with all aspects of Medical Herbal ism, including updated with aromatherapy developments world­ The Institute of Dynamic Aroma therapy- Cor­ latest medicinal plant research findings. Regular wide: The Alliance News Quarterly, Th e Aromatic respondence, certification, in-class training pro­ features include Australian medicinal plants, con­ Th ymes, Th e International Journal of grams. Contact: IDA 800/260-740 I or write Unit ferences, conference reports, book reviews, rare Aromatherapy, Th e Aromatherapy Guide - 2nd 98, 936 Peace Portal Drive, Blaine, WA 98231- books, case study and medicinal plant review. Edition, and The Aroma therapy Records. For in­ 8014. Aus/$40 plusAus/$15 if required by airmail. Na­ formation , including a complimentary issue: 800/ tional Herbalists Association of Australia, Suite 809-9850, Fax 800/809-9808. Northeast School of Botanical Medicine- Six­ 305, 3 Smail St., Broadway, NSW 2007, Austra­ month 360+ hour residency program emphasi z­ lia. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants­ ing clinical skills, botanical identification, mate­ A comprehensive quarterly forum filled with re­ ri a medica, herbal pharmacy, wildcrafting, field The Business of Herbs - Comprehensive report­ cent research and valuable information about trips, and student clinic. A one weekend-per­ ing, business news, marketing hints, sources, and herbs, spices, and medicinal plants. Special rates: month course is also offered April through Octo- resources. Subscription $24/yr. Brochure/SASE $36/1 volume (save $4); $64/2 volumes (save

70 • HERBAL GRAM No. 41 CLASSIFIED

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