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7 10 Table of Contents

Acknowledgements4.2 Initiatives for Governing...... Family and Humanitarian 13 Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 1. Reflections4.3 From Guest on translation Workers to...... Unwelcome Guests ...... 1582 4.41.1 SelectiveDefining problemsPolicies an ...... d the Brain Drain...... 1587 4.51.2 EqualThe nature Opportunity of translation...... and Denied Opportunities ...... 1790 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are 1.3 The equivalence trap...... 24

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 1.4 Talent, equivalence, translation ...... 29 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 1.5Urs Translation Watter science, theories, studies...... 35 5.11.6 DefiningState Interest translation: and Responsibility an operational proposal...... 39 towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...... 102 2. Specialized texts, specialized translation ...... 47 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 2.1 From translation to specialized translation ...... 47 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 2.2 Specialized purposes, specialized languages ...... 50 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 2.3 Lexical features of specialized texts ...... 53 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...... 109 2.4 Non-lexical features of specialized texts ...... 60 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 2.5 Genre theory and specialized texts ...... 68 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 2.6 Approaches to specialized translation...... 75 Bibliography ...... 116 2.7 Specialized translation: an operational approach...... 81 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 3. Into the web age...... 89 Barry Halliday 3.1 The digital turn ...... 89

8 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

3.2 Corpus linguistics and/in specialized translation...... 90 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 3.53.3 ConclusionMultimodality, ...... multimediality: multitranslation?...... 9659 Bibliography3.4 Genres and ...... hybridization...... 101 60 3.5 Translation tools 2.0 ...... 110 4. The Ethics of Migration. 3.6 Localization, multitranslation, no translation?...... 116 Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Conclusions ...... 125 Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Bibliography4.1 Restrictive...... Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 129 65 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Sources of realia used for exemplification ...... 151 Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Name4.3 From Index Guest...... Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 153 82 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97

5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 Urs Watter 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...... 102 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...... 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography ...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

9 10 Table of Contents

4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, This4.1 workRestrictive is the Policies result andof some Structural observations Demand for and Immigrant reflections Labour derived .. 65 from my translating experience, a label under which I like to include my4.2 training Initiatives as anfor undergraduate Governing Family student and Humanitarian of translation, my work as a Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. professional translator and, more recently, my practice as a trainer of undergraduate4.3 From Guest translation Workers tostudents. Unwelcome Not Guestsonly, it ...... also draws largely on82 considerations and lines of thought from various study areas in 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 linguistics, the first of which is English for Specific Purposes, the subject4.5 Equal of my Opportunity postgraduate and Deniedstudies Opportu and of nitiesmy current ...... research work. 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Such an assorted range of experiences is not uncommon among ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 translators, people landing on the shores of translation from different 5.cultural, Colombia: educational Including and Emigrant workings inbackgrounds Their Societies and offrom Origin all walks ...... 101 of life,Urs but Watter sharing the same operational goal. Translation scholars too, although they may be pursuing individual lines of research, can all be seen5.1 Stateas working Interest andat aResponsibility single large project rooted in the world’s collectivetowards time, their space Citizens and culture.Living Abro ad ...... 102 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are What novelty this book would like to offer is a transverse view perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper across issues in translation that all too often have been dealt with as founding5.3 Migration yet separate Policy and blocks: Ethics histor...... y, theory and practice; literary 106 and5.4 non-literary Migration Policy domains; in Colombia academic ...... and professional levels; research 108 and didactics. The rationale behind the perspective proposed in the 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...... 109 following pages is a modular conception of translation as a sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It multidimensional5.6 Alianza País ...... container that provides space for all contributions 112 to 5.7the Challenges field and ...... can be adapted to supply solutions catering for 114the different needs of its different users (professionals, trainers, students, purchasersBibliography of ...... linguistic services). In practice, a tri-dimensional 116 conception of translation as a product, a process and a practice is Workingproposed Togetherhere, in for order the Well-being to accommodate of Migrants the ...... various aspects 119 informingBarry Halliday translation. This work itself would obviously fall within the practice domain, as it deals with aspects of the history and theory

10 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

of translation, and not with translation products (translations or and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 analyses thereof), nor does it describe / prescribe any translation processes;3.5 Conclusion the latter ...... could certainly be the subject of a different, 59 prospectiveBibliography book...... 60 The issues posed and dealt with in chapter 1 – talent, equivalence, 4.evaluation The Ethics – ofare Migration. very well-know n, and have long been under discussion,Reflections apparently on Recent because Migration this Policies field of research is still ‘young’ enoughand “Non-policies” to keep stirring in debateItaly and among Europe its ...... acolytes as to even its basic 61 conceptsLaura Zanfrini and boundaries. The advent of computer- and Internet-based s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, technologies has further complicated things by adding, as it does, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 new issues to contemporary reflection on translation. No volume on the4.2 very Initiatives composite for Governing subject of Family translation and Humanitarian can thoroughly deal with all Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. the above-mentioned founding blocks, but will usually focus only on one4.3 or From a few Guest at a Workerstime, as todeemed Unwelcome appropriate Guests and...... relevant according 82 to the author’s own background and interests. This work, by concentrating4.4 Selective onPolicies specialized and the Braintransla Drain...... tion, is no exception: chapter 87 2 outlines,4.5 Equal discusses Opportunity and andinterprets Denied th Opportue mainnities perspectives ...... in linguistics 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors that bear relevance to translation, with special attention to the notions ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according of BibliographyLSPs/ESP, text...... and genre. Chapter 3, finally, looks at the advent 97 of multimodality, trying to define and describe it in a perspective that 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 may be functional to translating multimodal texts, before moving on Urs Watter to sketch the situation of the translating profession, the possible trends5.1 State and Interestthe future and Responsibilityorientations as the world enters the second decadetowards of the their21st century.Citizens Living Abroad ...... 102 This volume has been written with different types of readers in to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper mind: translation students, linguists, practitioners. What was it hoped to 5.3offer Migration each of Policy these? and To Ethics transl ...... ation students, often having studied 106 for5.4 almost Migration as long Policy as inthey Colombia have liv ...... ed and usually starting out in 108the profession with little or no work experience: a reason for ‘all that linguistics’5.5 “Colombia they nosdid une”at university, ...... and a glimpse of what their future 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It in 5.6translation Alianza Paísholds ...... for them, should they choose to embark on 112this career; obviously, the information is all theoretical, as no book can 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 ever substitute for practice. To linguists from other specific subfields of Bibliographylinguistics: nothing...... new on their respective disciplines, of course; 116 perhaps something about how we use what they do, where ‘we’ and Working‘they’ are Together open andfor thenon-exclusive Well-being of categories.Migrants ...... To practitioners: 119 possibleBarry Hallidaygrounds for metareflection, updates on current research on the field for those with a less recent background in it, insights into

Foreword 11 10 Table of Contents

why they might or might not want to pursue the matter further for and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 those who have never approached the theoretical study of translation. 3.5 Conclusion ...... 59 Bibliography ...... 60

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It

13 10 Table of Contents

4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, I am4.1 deeply Restrictive indebted Policies to andthe Structuralfollowing Demand people. for Immigrant Labour .. 65 At the University of Milan: Angela Andreani for her bibliographic support4.2 Initiatives with ancient, for Governing old and Family oldish and texts; Humanitarian Jacopo Guzzetti for his Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. precious bibliographic help on cognitive science; Prof. Giuliana Garzone4.3 From for Guest providing Workers me to with Unwelcome authoritative Guests initial ...... orientation in the 82 disorienting field of translation theory and for her critical reading of 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 the final manuscript; Prof. Giovanni Iamartino for his unparalleled academic4.5 Equal guidance Opportunity before, and Denied during Opportu and afternities this...... project; and the 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors research group he put together over the years, before and after my ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 arrival, for taking me in and sharing their enthusiasm with me. 5. Colombia:At the University Including of EmigrantVarese: Drs in. PaoloTheir BelliniSocieties for of his Origin enlightening ...... 101 commentariesUrs Watter on cognition and/in philosophy; Dr. Alessandra Vicentini for her bibliographic contribution from the British Library (London), for carefully5.1 State reading Interest theand Responsibilitymanuscript, and for years of joint think-tank activity.towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...... 102 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are My former fellow student at the University of Salford, Monica perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Peluchetti, for her obsessively-compulsively accurate bibliographic research5.3 Migration at the Policylibrary and of Ethicsthe Ad ...... vanced School for Interpreters and106 Translators5.4 Migration of the Policy University in Colombia of Trieste...... 108 Garrett McKenna for his linguistic assistance. 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...... 109 At the University of Bologna at Forlì: Prof. Andrea Cristiani for sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It occasional5.6 Alianza lyrical País ...... insights into humanism and human insights into112 lyricism.5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography ...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

15 10 Table of Contents

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors In spite of its long tradition as an oral and written practice performed ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according byBibliography peoples worldwide ...... for economic, legal or cultural ends since post- 97 Babelic times, translation has often been called a “recent”, “new” or 5.“young Colombia: discipline” Including (Bassnett Emigrant [1980]s in Their 2002: Societies 132; Nergaard of Origin 1995: ...... 101 1; AgorniUrs Watter 2005: 13; Baker 1992: 4, [1998] 2001: xiv; Scarpa [2001] 2008:5.1 State77). Interest This isand certainly Responsibility true if compared with branches of knowledgetowards that their have Citizens been Livingthe object Abro ofad ...... investigation for centuries 102 or even millennia, like logics or physics or anatomy. However, the to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper phrase ‘recent discipline’ itself, even if applied to translation in its academic5.3 Migration form, Policycan be and said Ethics to be ...... inaccurate for more than one reason 106 or,5.4 rather, Migration to provide Policy only in Colombia a partial ...... view of the phenomenon. Without 108 embarking on a real deconstructing process, this very phrase will be used5.5 “Colombiaas a starting nos une”point ...... to offer a few initial reflections on 109the sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It fascinating5.6 Alianza topic País of ...... translation. 112 A definition of the subject under discussion, according to both classical5.7 Challenges logics ...... and the modern-day scientific method, is not only 114 desirableBibliography but also ...... necessary to start with, but this is also where 116the first doubts instantly arise. ‘Discipline’, as in the incriminated phrase, Workingis certainly Together a possible for the choice: Well-being Bassnett of Migrants ([1980] ...... 2002), Gentzler 119 (1993),Barry VenutiHalliday ([1995] 2005), Ulrych (1997), Taylor (1998), to name just a few translation scholars, called it such, doing so with reason

16 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

and following well defined theoretical premises1. Discipline, the and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 Oxford English Dictionary (OED) reports, is 3.5 Conclusion ...... 59 a branch of instruction or education; a department of learning or Bibliographyknowledge; a ...... science or art in its educational aspect. 60

4. TheEtymologically, Ethics of Migration. discipline , as pertaining to the disciple or scholar, is Reflectionsantithetical toon doctrine Recent ,Migration the property Policies of the doctor or teacher; hence, andin the “Non-policies” history of the inwords, Italy doctrine and Europe is more ...... concerned with abstract 61 Lauratheory, Zanfrini and discipline with practice or exercise2. s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, The4.1 Latin Restrictive etymology Policies of and the Structural term confirms Demand forthe Immigrant teaching Labourfocus, ..the 65 learner4.2 Initiatives orientation, for Governing the insistence Family on and the Humanitarian “practice or exercise”, as opposedMigration: to ‘doctrine’, Labour Migration “more butconc noterned Workers’ with Migration abstract ...... theory”. 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Verified that – like anyone who ever experimented with translating can4.3 confirm From Guest – translationWorkers to Unwelcomeis indeed aGuests discipline ...... , i.e. a practical 82 activity4.4 Selective that requires Policies learning,and the Brain training Drain...... and practising, new doubts 87 arise as to its possible nature of doctrine: where do the well 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors advertised translation theories – which anyone interested in the ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according subjectBibliography will at ...... least have heard of – stand, if this is merely 97a discipline? The obvious assumption is that a ‘translation discipline’ 5.and Colombia: a ‘translation Including theory’ Emigrant must coexist,s in Their the Societies former beingof Origin the ...... applied 101 formUrs of Watter the abstract model laid out in the latter. The term ‘discipline’ alone,5.1 State then, Interest would and notResponsibility take into account the entire theoretical reflectiontowards – present their Citizens and past Living – on Abro the adsubject...... In fact, translation 102has also been called a “form” (Holmes [1968] 1994), a “science” to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper (Gentzler 1993: chapt. 3), an “activity” (Mounin 1965: 18), a “process”5.3 Migration (Bassnett Policy [1980] and Ethics 2002: ...... 5 ff.), a “field” (Nergaard 1995: 106 18). None of these definitions alone, however, can be said to perfectly5.4 Migration fit, in Policy that none in Colombia fully e ...... xplains the object it describes; 108or, rather,5.5 “Colombia they all partially nos une” ...... fit, but each focuses on just one of its many 109

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It aspects. The suspicion is that this ambiguity cannot actually be 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 helped, given the complex nature of the translating phenomenon. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography ...... 116 1 The term ‘discipline’, although lacking at the theoretical level, makes a fine operational definition in academic contexts and especially for educational Workingpurposes. At Together an ideological for the level, Well-being its use applied of Migrants to translation ...... was particularly 119 insistedBarry upon Halliday at the outset of Translation Studies, to put it at the same level as other older and more established university ‘disciplines’. 2 OED Online, s.v. DISCIPLINE.

1. Reflections on translation 17 10 Table of Contents

Indeed, there currently is a recognizable trend towards trying to and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 develop broader, less restricting definitions of translation, so that they can3.5 hopefully Conclusion better ...... ‘contain’ the object they define3. Following this 59 trend,Bibliography among the ...... options put forward there are: “genre” (Hatim and 60 Munday 1995: 195); “multidiscipline” suggested by Ulrych (1999); 4.“interdiscipline” The Ethics of Migration. (Snell-Hornby, Pöchhacker and Kaindl 1994); “vagueReflections locus” on (Pym Recent 1993: Migration 451); and Policies – perhaps the broadest of all – translationand “Non-policies” as a “fuzzy in set Italy clas ands” Europe(Garzone ...... 2002c, 2005: 70). Again, 61 whileLaura all Zanfrini these descriptions are justified and fitting, all result from s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, trying – perhaps forcibly, surely at the risk of creating vagueness – to 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 unify all the different, separate perspectives from which translation has4.2 historically Initiatives forbeen Governing considered. Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Is it then possible to propose a definition of translation – neither actually4.3 From ‘recent’, Guest Workersnor exactly to Unwelcome just a ‘discipline’ Guests ...... – that encompasses all82 the various perspectives it can be studied from? And what are these perspectives4.4 Selective exactly? Policies Doand theythe Brain all ne Drain...... ed to be taken into account, 87or could4.5 Equalsome Opportunitybe set aside and for Denied the purpose Opportu ofnities defining ...... it? The next few 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors paragraphs, while going through some of the main issues in ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according (contemporary)Bibliography ...... translation, will try to address the problem 97of ambiguity from an operational point of view, i.e. bearing in mind 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 that translation occurs regardless of its theoretical uncertainties. Urs Watter Therefore, the challenge will be to define translation in spite of and not5.1 contrasting State Interest with and Responsibilityits ambiguous nature at the theoretical or ‘doctrine’towards level, their Citizensyet in Livingways Abroallowingad ...... translation specialists 102 to operate practically at the ‘discipline’ level, particularly for the to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper purposes and functions of specialized texts, and with an eye to web- based5.3 Migrationgenres. Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 1.25.5 The “Colombia nature nos of une” translation ...... 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It The5.6 omission, Alianza País in ...... the previous paragraph, to discuss the nature 112 of translation5.7 Challenges in examining ...... some of its many definitions has not been 114 accidental. Of course, to define an object, it is necessary to know Bibliography ...... 116

Working3 A similar Together tendency for is thefound Well-being for example of Migrants in recent ...... studies on the ‘new’ 119 phenomenonBarry Halliday of web genres, texts and communication (Garzone 2007), where broader categories are called upon to cater for the elusive multimodal texts. Cf. par. 2.5.

18 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

what that object is – at least, that helps. With translation, instead, it is and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 quite common to face research abruptly addressing its practical or theoretical3.5 Conclusion issues ...... without providing any hints as to what it is meant 59 byBibliography the term4, ...... especially by authors with a professional translating 60 background or orientation: in fact, as will be shown later, most 4.ancient The Ethics and many of Migration. modern authors who wrote about translation have oftenReflections omitted on to Recent include Migration a definiti Policieson of it in their otherwise often enlighteningand “Non-policies” reflections in onItaly the and topic. Europe ...... 61 LauraThe simpleZanfrini explanation for this is that it is largely (and, indeed, s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, correctly) taken for granted that (a) it occurs and that (b) everybody – 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 professionals and laypeople alike – has at least a vague notion of what4.2 itInitiatives is. To put for it Governingdifferently: Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. translation does take place in spite of differences between semiotic 4.3systems. From GuestThis Workersempirical to evidence Unwelcome is notGuests something ...... we need to 82 4.4demonstrate Selective butPolicies something and the we Brain have Drain...... to explain, and this ought to be 87 the point of departure for any semantic reflection on translation (Eco 4.5and Equal Nergaard Opportunity 1998: 221). and Denied Opportunities ...... 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according EcoBibliography and Nergaard ...... (1998), naturally, speak from a semiotic perspective, 97 but what they say from a semiotic viewpoint is true of translation at 5.large, Colombia: as a fact Including in itself: Emigrant translations in occurredTheir Societies long before of Origin humankind ...... 101 evenUrs started Watter to reflect upon it. In this respect, it is comparable to any natural5.1 State phenomenon, Interest and such Responsibility as the fire that humans lit before they even knew towardsabout combustion, their Citizens and Living which Abro is adfamiliar ...... to everybody, if not 102 in its physics and chemistry, at least in its observable manifestation. The to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper other explanation is that defining translation is – oxymoronically put – simply5.3 Migration difficult, Policy for the and reasons Ethics hinted ...... at in the previous paragraph: 106 the number5.4 Migration of other Policy fields init Colombiadraws upon ...... in order to occur makes it subject 108 to rightful appropriation by experts from all such disciplines, while the ‘recent’5.5 “Colombia translation nos scholarune” ...... is a humble borrower of methodological 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It tools5.6 fromAlianza other País research...... areas. It is therefore relatively easy to 112say what contributes to translation (linguistics, literature, philosophy, anthropology,5.7 Challenges etc.), ...... but very hard to define it per se and in toto. 114 Bibliography ...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 4 OneBarry example Halliday is Mona Baker’s coursebook In other words (1992), a milestone in translation research and training, which however does not clearly define its own subject.

1. Reflections on translation 19 10 Table of Contents

Looking back to thinkers from centuries past, translation has been and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 variously and fascinatingly defined5. While the history of translation – 3.5or translationConclusion ...... in history – is not the scope of this book6, some 59 historicalBibliography views ...... and thoughts on the subject are fascinating, as well 60 as enlightening, to report. 4. TheAll Ethicsthe great of Migration. Latin authors who studied the Greeks lamented the inferiorityReflections of ontheir Recent idiom Migration to Greek; Policies in the late days of the Republic andand early “Non-policies” days of Imperial in Italy Rome, and Europe Cicero ...... and Seneca were two great 61 figuresLaura who Zanfrini discussed this issue at length. The latter, in particular, s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, focused on the lexical poverty of Latin, which however he had not 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 fully realized until he had actually set out to translate: 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian HowMigration: scant of Labourwords ourMigration language but is,not nay, Workers’ how poverty-stricken,Migration ...... I 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. have not fully understood until today (Seneca, in Gummere ed. 1967: 4.3387) From7. Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 Into the Christian era, the reflection on translation mainly revolved around4.5 Equal biblical Opportunity exegesis. and DeniedChurch Opportu Fathersnities from ...... the late Roman 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Empire include Jerome and Augustine, who were also two of the ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 greatest translators and philosophers of the language of the Western 5.tradition, Colombia: already Including supplying Emigrant moderns in Theirthoughts Societies on concepts of Origin like ...... sign 101 andUrs meaning: Watter 5.1For State the thought Interest formedand Responsibility from that thing which we know is the word whichtowards we speak their inCitizens our heart, Living and Abro it is neitherad ...... Greek, nor Latin, nor of 102 any other language, but when we have to bring it to the knowledge of to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper those to whom we are speaking, then some sign is assumed by which 5.3it may Migration be made Policy known. and EthicsAnd generally ...... this is a sound, but at times 106 also a nod; the former is shown to the ears, the latter to the eyes, in 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108

5 To5.5 provide “Colombia just one nos example, une” ...... André Lefevere, one of the fathers of modern 109day

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It studies on translation, is one of many to have compiled an anthology of statements proffered5.6 Alianza on translation País ...... by men (and women) of letters throughout the centuries 112 (1992). The originality of his work is that he did so not in a chronological order but thematically,5.7 Challenges according ...... to specific “constraints” that cannot be considered homoge- 114 neous,Bibliography but nonetheless ...... highlight which and how many different perspectives transla- 116 tion may be and has been addressed from: ideology, poetics, culture (“Universe of Discourse”), patronage, education, practical techniques, major literary and religious Workingtexts of Western Together culture for (“central the Well-being texts”). of Migrants ...... 119 6 ExcellentBarry Halliday existing works on the subject include García Yebra (1983, 1994); Venuti ([1995] 2005); Robinson (1997a) and Osimo (2002). 7 From his Letter 58, On being, 63-65 C.E.

20 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

order that that word which we bear in our mind may also become and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 known by bodily signs to the senses of the body. For even to nod, 3.5what Conclusion else is it ...... but to speak, as it were, in a visible manner?8 59 (Augustinus, in Deferraris ed. 1963: 476). Bibliography ...... 60 The Middle Ages then saw the development and affirmation of 4.national The Ethics languages of Migration. throughout Europe. By the end of the medieval period,Reflections the process on Recent was overMigration and nati Policiesonal literatures began to flourish, andand so “Non-policies”did the considerations in Italy andon language, Europe ...... meaning and translation by61 authorsLaura from Zanfrini all over the continent, which only kept multiplying over s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, the4.1 following Restrictive centuries. Policies andOne Structural of the finest Demand and for best-known Immigrant Labourmetaphors .. 65 on translation ever conceived is Miguel de Cervantes’s: 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. […] me thinks, this Translating out of one Language into another unless it be out of the Queens of Tongues, Greek and Latin, is just 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 like looking upon the wrong side of Arras-hangings; that tho’ the 4.4Figures Selective may Policiesbe seen, an yetd thethey Brain are fullDrain...... of Threads which hide them, 87 and they are not seen with the plainness and smoothness, as on the 4.5other Equal side, Opportunity and the translating and Denied out Opportuof easy nitiesLanguages ...... argues neither 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Wit nor Elocution, no more than copying out of one Paper into ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 another; yet I infer not from this, that translating is not a laudable Exercise, for a man may be far worse employ’d, and in things less 5. Colombia:Profitable (de Including Cervantes, Emigrant in Stevenss in ed.Their 1700: Societies 372-373) of 9Origin...... 101 Urs Watter Moving5.1 State to Interestthe British and Responsibilityarea, an author writing in the same years, the Anglo-Italiantowards theirauthor, Citizens linguist, Living Abrolexicographerad ...... and translator John 102 Florio, reflects: to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Shall I apologize translation? Why but some holde (as for their free- 5.3hold) Migration that such Policy conversion and Ethics is th...... e subversion of Universities. God 106 5.4holde Migration with them, Policy and in withholdeColombia ...... them from impeach or empaire. It 108 were an ill turne, the turning of Bookes should be the overturning of 5.5Libraries. “Colombia Yea nosbut une” my ...... olde fellow Nolano tolde me, and taught 109

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It publikely, that from translation all Science had it’s of-spring (Florio 5.61603) Alianza10. País ...... 112 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Also from that period is the Authorized King James Version of the Bible,Bibliography which bears ...... an inspired and evocative description of translation 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 8 FromBarry his Halliday De trinitate (400-417 ca.), book 15, chapt. 10. 9 From his Don Quixote (1604-1615), tome II, chapt. 62. 10 From his translation of Montaigne’s Essays, Note to the reader.

1. Reflections on translation 21 10 Table of Contents

in its Preface by Miles Smith, one of the main translators and and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 compilers of the work, later to be appointed Bishop of Gloucester: 3.5 Conclusion ...... 59 Translation it is that openeth the window, to let in the light; that Bibliographybreaketh the ...... shell, that we may eat the kernel; that putteth aside the 60 curtain, that we may look into the most Holy place; that removeth 4. Thethe cover Ethics of of the Migration. well, that we may come by the water, even as Jacob Reflectionsrolled away onthe Recent stone fromMigration the mouth Policies of the well, by which means andthe flocks“Non-policies” of Laban werein Italy watered and Europe(Smith 1611) ...... 11. 61 Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Later that century, John Dryden was another great translator of the classics4.1 Restrictive to leave Policies many an and observati Structuralon Demand on the forsubject. Immigrant In one Labour of these, .. 65 he4.2 commented Initiatives (negatively)for Governing upon Family imitation: and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. To state it fairly, Imitation of an Author is the most advantageous way 4.3for Froma Translator Guest Workersto show himself,to Unwelcome but the Guestsgreatest ...... wrong which can be 82 done to the Memory and Reputation of the dead (Dryden 1680)12. 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 th Into4.5 the Equal 18 Opportunity century, Samuel and Denied Johnson, Opportu best-knownnities ...... by linguists for 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors his Dictionary but also a translator, considered, in his essays on the ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according historyBibliography of translation: ...... 97

5. Colombia:Among the Including studies which Emigrant haves inexercised Their Societies the ingenious of Origin and ...... the 101 Urslearned Watter for more than three centuries, none has been more diligently or more successfully cultivated than the art of translation; by which 5.1the Stateimpediments Interest andwhich Responsibility bar the way to science are, in some measure, removed,towards theirand Citizensthe multiplicity Living Abro ofad ...... languages become less 102 incommodious (Johnson [1759] 1811: 240)13; to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper adding:5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106

5.4He Migrationthat reviews Policy the in progress Colombia of ...... English literature, will find that 108 5.5translation “Colombia was nos very une” early ...... cultivated among us, but that some 109 principles, either wholly erroneous or too far extended, hindered our sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.6success Alianza from País being ...... always equal to our diligence (Johnson [1759] 112 1811: 245)14. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography ...... 116 11 From his note “The Translators to the Reader” to the Authorized King James WorkingVersion of theTogether Bible (1611). for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 12 FromBarry his Halliday Preface to Ovid’s Epistles (1680). 13 From his Idler essay no. 68, “History of Translations”, of 4 August 1759. 14 From his Idler essay no. 69, “History of Translations”, of 11 August 1959.

22 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

A consideration by the Scottish writer and translator Alexander and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 Tytler, from the end of the century, can be of use to close this very short3.5 Conclusionselection of ...... thoughts on translation and move back to the key 59 issuesBibliography at stake and...... into the contemporary age: 60 If it were possible accurately to define, or, perhaps more properly, to 4. The Ethics of Migration. describe what is meant by a good Translation, it is evident that a Reflectionsconsiderable on progress Recent would Migration be made Policies towards establishing the Rules andof the “Non-policies” Art; for these inRules Italy would and Europe flow naturally ...... from that definition 61 Lauraor description Zanfrini (Tytler [1790] 1907: 7)15. s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 As Tytler comments, the problem revolves around defining translation and4.2 whether Initiatives this for is Governingreally possible. Family Indeed, and Humanitarian it is worth noticing that all Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. the historical views on translation just quoted above (and most others not4.3 reported From Guest here) Workers take its to nature Unwelcome for granted, Guests and ...... are only concerned 82 with descriptions of it. Employing metaphors and other figures of speech,4.4 Selective some ofPolicies them anared theamong Brain the Drain...... most brilliant aphorisms of 87all times,4.5 Equal yet they Opportunity say what andtranslation Denied Opportuis like, butnities fail ...... to say what it is. 90 th d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors In fact, it was not until the 20 century that definitions of translation ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according in Bibliographypresent-day terms ...... started to be formulated, still bearing the legacy 97of millennia of Western culture but also, more clearly, the mark of current 5.linguistics Colombia: and Including philosophy Emigrant of the language.s in Their MainSocieties contemporary of Origin ...... figures 101 in theseUrs Watter fields have provided less evocative yet more systematic views on5.1 translation State Interest than and in Responsibility earlier times that, although not or not yet conceivedtowards within their a Citizens translation-specific Living Abro adfield ...... of study (cf. par. 1.5 on 102 the outset of Translation Studies), have had a strong influence on it. Again, to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper a full account of all recent authors from across disciplines that have had5.3 an Migration impact on Policy Translation and Ethics Studi ...... es cannot be given here, but a few106 will5.4 be Migration reported Policynonetheless, in Colombia as a sample ...... of the shift in the approach 108 to defining translation undergone in the 1900s. 5.5At “Colombiathe turn of nos the une” century, ...... a renewed interest in the theory of signs 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It was5.6 best Alianza interpreted País ...... by Charles Peirce in America and Ferdinand 112 de Saussure in Europe. Despite having been identified as the founders of differing5.7 Challenges schools ...... in semiotics (Eco 1975, 1984), both considered 114 translationBibliography as serving ...... the role of an intersemiotic operation. In Peirce’s 116 amply arbitrary view of the relationship between sign and referent, Workingtranslation Together is a “replica” for the of Well-beinga sign: of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

15 From his Essay on the Principles of Translation (1790).

1. Reflections on translation 23 10 Table of Contents

The being of a sign is merely being represented. Now really being and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 and being represented are very different. Giving to the word sign the 3.5full Conclusion scope that ...... reasonably belongs to it for logical purposes, a whole 59 book is a sign; and a translation of it is a replica of the same sign. A Bibliographyliterature is a ...... sign (Peirce [1904] 1998: 303, italics in the original)16. 60

4.De The Saussure, Ethics of the Migration. founder of modern linguistic structuralism, saw translationReflections as onthe Recent link be Migrationtween thought Policies and sign: and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Lauralanguage Zanfrini […] [has been] dubbed a function of the human organism,

s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of in an unpardonable confusion between what relates to the voice and stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1what Restrictive relates only Policies to the and translation Structural of Demand thought for by Immigrant a sign which Labour may .. 65 be of any type whatsoever and may reach a high level of perfection 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian and involve the use of a grammar both in visual or tactile signs and Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. in the no less conventional vocal signs (de Saussure 2006: 183, 17 4.3italics From in theGuest original) Workers. to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 In 4.4the Selective wake of Policies Saussurean and the structuralism, Brain Drain...... Roman Jakobson, in the 87 1950s,4.5 Equal as well Opportunity as organizing and Denied transla Opportution intonities his ...... famous intralingual, 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors interlingual and intersemiotic categories, called it “interpretation” ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according andBibliography even “reported ...... speech” (1959: 139). 97 Past the Prague School and into systemic functionalism, but still 5.based Colombia: on the Includingnotion of Emigrantmeaning,s info rTheir M.A.K. Societies Halliday: of Origin “Translation ...... 101 […]Urs is Watter meaning-making activity”; more than that, “it is guided creation5.1 State of Interestmeaning” and (1992: Responsibility 15, italics in the original). Movingtowards to their a literary-philosophical Citizens Living Abroad pe ...... rspective, as the last insight 102 in this selection of 20th century definitions of translation, George to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Steiner – like Halliday focusing on the creational aspect – writes that 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 translation is formally and pragmatically implicit in every act of 5.4communication, Migration Policy in thein Colombiaemission ...... and reception of each and every 108 mode of meaning, be it in the widest semiotic sense or in more 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...... 109 specifically verbal exchanges ([1975] 1992: xii); sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 and concludes: 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 All serious art, music and literature is a critical act. […] (1989: 11, Bibliography ...... 116 italics in the original); Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 16 FromBarry his Halliday essay “New Elements” (1904), par. III. 17 From his “Reflexions concerning entities”, among his newly (1996) found notes published collectively in 2006.

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Translation is […] interpretative in its very etymology. It is also and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 critical in the most creative ways. Valéry’s transposition of Virgil’s 3.5Eclogues Conclusion is critical ...... creation (1989: 15, italics in the original). 59 TheBibliography few but significant ...... views just reported above well show the shift 60 in the approaches to defining translation that occurred in the course 4.of Thethe Ethics20th century,of Migration. obviously reflecting the novelties arisen in linguisticsReflections (but on not Recent only Migrationthat) during Policies that period. However, what also emergesand “Non-policies” is, again, the ininvariable Italy and divergence Europe ...... of these definitions: they 61 areLaura all viable, Zanfrini en riching and profitable, but none unique or exhaustive s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, or 4.1definitive Restrictive and, Policies while andcontributing Structural toDemand saying for more Immigrant about translation,Labour .. 65 they also paradoxically multiply the facets of the problem, ultimately 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian resulting in increased vagueness. Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. In other words, back to the starting point, the only certainty is the mere4.3 Fromphenomenological Guest Workers evidence: to Unwelcome like fire,Guests translation ...... can safely 82be called4.4 Selective a ‘phenomenon’, Policies an dsomething the Brain Drain...... that manifests itself naturally 87in the world and which everybody has more or less experienced; to specify4.5 Equal what Opportunity else this phenomenon and Denied Opportu is is alsonities possible, ...... and it has been 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are done – as seen – by many in the course of history; to explain its true

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 nature univocally and universally appears a still unsolved and much 5.harder Colombia: task. The Including next paragraph Emigrant wills in tryTheir to circumstantiateSocieties of Origin why...... 101 Urs Watter 1.35.1 The State equivalence Interest and Responsibility trap towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...... 102 The main difficulty in defining translation can, both simply and to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper complicatedly, be ascribed to just one of its traits, well highlighted in the5.3 last Migration definition Policy considered and Ethics in ...... the previous paragraph, Steiner’s, 106 focusing5.4 Migration on translation Policy in Colombiaas ‘creati ...... on’. This term and its underlying 108 concept have always been associated to translation, and it is very easy5.5 to“Colombia see why: nos writing une” ...... is considered creation, and translation – 109 as sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It re-writing,5.6 Alianza or País a particular ...... instance of writing – is seen to belong 112 in some marginal area of the world of creation. This marginality is due to 5.7translation Challenges often ...... being deemed a second-rate art18 or, better, 114 a craftBibliography (Biguenet ...... and Schulte 1989). Thus, while the writer is an artist 116 creating art anew, the translator is a craftsman reproducing – Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 18 ‘Art’Barry is Halliday another definition recurring throughout history; in contemporary times, one early work that purported this notion is Theodore Savory’s essay on translation of 1957.

1. Reflections on translation 25 10 Table of Contents

necessarily – the existing. But, while such a view places translation, and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 the child of a lesser art, at a lower level compared with literature, far from3.5 beingConclusion offended, ...... many an author, past (Dante Gabriel Rossetti: 59 “TheBibliography task of the ...... translator – and with all humility be it spoken – 60is one of some self-denial”19, in Rhys ed. 1912: 152) and present 4.(Morini The Ethics 2007, of to Migration. name one TS scholar who particularly insists on it), hasReflections underlined on the Recent great Migration degree of Policies humility needed by translators to carryand out“Non-policies” their artisan in work, Italy andas well Europe as the...... great pride they take 61in theirLaura minor Zanfrini creations when successful. In spite of their dissimilar s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, prestige, something to highlight is that both the ‘art’ and the ‘craft’ 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 share the implied notion of ‘talent’. This is particularly relevant as it also4.2 shares Initiatives basic for theoretical Governing Familyimplications and Humanitarian with another concept, that Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. of ‘equivalence’ – the longest-discussed issue in the history of translation4.3 From Guestand Workerscrucial to toUnwelcome understanding Guests ...... the nature of the 82 phenomenon and, consequently, trying to define it. 4.4Perfect, Selective specular Policies equivalence and the Brain is Drain...... not possible according to most. 87 For4.5 Roger Equal OpportunityBacon, for andexample, Denied “theOpportu qualitynities of...... one language can 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors never be perfectly reproduced in another” (in Bridges ed. 1964: ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according 66)Bibliography20. Anne Dacier ...... held that “the thing itself is impossible” (“Il vient 97 donc de la chose mesme où il est impossible de reüssir”, Dacier 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 [1699] 1711: xxxviii)21, and John Dryden, to name another, that “it Urs Watter cannot always be so sweet as […] the original” (in Frost ed. 1987: 334)5.122 State. Nevertheless, Interest and Responsibilityat least some sort of equivalence, however imperfect,towards is theirevidently Citizens possible, Living Abrootherwisead ...... – against what has been 102 established as the only certainty so far – translation could not take to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper place at all. To define what this equivalence consists in, simple and ingenious5.3 Migration metaphors Policy and and similes Ethics ...... have been coined. For some, focusing 106 on5.4 the Migration transmission Policy of in the Colombia content ...... of a text, it is a transfer (“in alias 108 linguas transferre” Juan Luis Vives 153323). For others, aware of the creative5.5 “Colombia nature of nos translating, une” ...... it is the “truest kind of imitation” (“La 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It plus5.6 vrAlianzaęɇ espec Paísɇ ...... d’Imitacion, c’ęst dɇ traduirɇ”, Peletier du Mans 112 15555.724 Challenges). Among ...... the earliest and most famed testimonies, Cicero’s 114 Bibliography ...... 116 19 From the Preface to the 1861 First Edition. 20 From De utilitate grammaticae, Pars tertia, Capitulum I (ca. 1268). Working21 From the Together Preface to forher the1699 Well-being translation of of the Migrants Iliad...... 119 22 FromBarry the Halliday Dedication of his 1697 translation of Virgil’s Aeneid. 23 In Mattioli (2002: 232). 24 In Boulanger (1930: 105).

26 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

comments express the orator’s point of view, in which equivalence and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 serves eloquence: 3.5 Conclusion ...... 59 […] I translated the most famous orations of the two most eloquent BibliographyAttic orators, ...... Aeschines and Demosthenes […]. And I did not 60 translate them as an interpreter, but as an orator, keeping the same 4. Theideas Ethics and the of forms, Migration. or as one might say, the ‘figures’ of thought, but Reflectionsin language onwhich Recent conforms Migration to our Policies usage. And in so doing, I did not andhold “Non-policies” it necessary to renderin Italy word and for Europe word, ...... but I preserved the general 61 Laurastyle and Zanfrini force of the language. For I did not think I ought to count s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, them out to the reader like coins, but to pay them by weight, as it 4.1were Restrictive (Cicero, inPolicies Hubbell and ed. Structural 1949: 365) Demand 25. for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Indeed, Cicero’s praise of interpretative as opposed to literal Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. translation inaugurates a school of thought in history that finds contributors4.3 From Guest in Jerome: Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82

4.4Now Selective I not only Policies admit anbutd thefreely Brain announce Drain...... that in translating from the 87 4.5Greek Equal – exceptOpportunity of course and Deniedin the caseOpportu of thenities Holy ...... Scripture, where 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors even the syntax contains a mystery – I render, not word for word, but

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are 26

ontribution is published according Bibliographysense for sense ...... (Jerome, in Carroll ed. 1956: 136-137) ; 97

5.John Colombia: Trevisa: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 Urs Watter I desire not translation of these [books] the best that might be, for 5.1that State were Interest an idle anddesire Responsibility for any man that now here alive, but I would havetowards a skilful their translation,Citizens Living that Abromightad ...... be known and understood 102 (Trevisa, in Pollard ed. 1903: 207)27; to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Alexander5.3 Migration Pope: Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4It is Migration certain that Policy no inliteral Colombia Translation ...... can be just to an excellent 108 Original in a superior Language: but it is a great Mistake to imagine 5.5(as “Colombiamany have nosdone) une” that ...... a rash Paraphrase can make amends for this 109

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 28 5.6general Alianza Defect País (Pope ...... in Mack ed. 1967: 17); 112 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography ...... 116 25 From De optimo genere oratorum, V (46 B.C.E.). Working26 From his Together 395 C.E. Letter for the 57 Well-beingto Pammachius. of Migrants ...... 119 27 FromBarry the Halliday Dialogue Between a Lord and a Clerk upon Translation (1387) from his translation of Higden’s Polychronicon. 28 From the Preface to his 1715-1720 translation of the Iliad.

1. Reflections on translation 27 10 Table of Contents

and Wilhelm von Humboldt, one of the main modern intellectuals to and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 have provided thoughts on translation, who stated that, 3.5 Conclusion ...... 59 As long as one does not feel the foreignness (Fremdheit) yet does Bibliographyfeel the foreign ...... (Fremde), a translation has reached its highest goal; 60 [...] It should not contain ambiguities caused by insufficient 4. Theunderstanding Ethics of Migration.of the language and awkward formulations (von ReflectionsHumboldt [1816] on Recent 1992: Migration 58)29. Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 OppositeLaura Zanfrini views have also been expressed in the course of history, of s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, which a notable example is Erasmus’s: 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2I do Initiatives not fully for share Governing the freedom Family in and translating Humanitarian authors that Cicero bothMigration: allows others Labour and Migration (I should but almost not Workers’ say excessively) Migration practises ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. himself, or perhaps because as a novice in translation I preferred to 4.3err Fromin seeming Guest toWorkers keep too to closeUnwelcome rather thanGuests be ...... too free (Erasmus, in 82 Ferguson ed. 1975: 109)30. 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 All4.5 – Equalboth Opportunitythe supporters and Deniedof belles Opportu infidèlesnities and...... of laides fidèles 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors versions – acknowledge the need and the importance of finding an ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according equivalenceBibliography of ...... sort between languages as a means of exchange 97 between cultures. Thus, for Cicero, translation is a “patriotic service” 5.(in Colombia: Rackham Including ed. 1914: Emigrant 9)31, sbut in Theireven SocietiesErasmus of (onOrigin a ...... slightly 101 quantitativeUrs Watter note) considers a translator one 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility whotowards speaks their not onlyCitizens one Livingof the languagesAbroad ...... but both, and also has an 102 extremely rich baggage of knowledge [of both cultures] ready at to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2hand Applied (Erasmus Ethics [1506] ...... 1642: 1742, my transl.). 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Talent,5.3 Migration too, as Policymentioned and Ethics earlier ...... in this paragraph, is inescapably 106 connected5.4 Migration with Policythe notion in Colombia of art and, ...... in turn, with that of translation, 108 if this is to be considered (at least a minor) one. Also very hard to define5.5 “Colombia and quantify, nos une”talent ...... has been discussed by many who reflected 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It on5.6 art Alianza and genius. País ...... One mastery view about it, summing up all 112the questions about its nature and relationship with translation, is Anne 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Dacier’s: Bibliography ...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 29 FromBarry the Halliday Introduction to his translation of Agamemnon. 30 From his 1506 Letter to William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury. 31 From De finibus bonorum et malorum, book I-III (45 B.C.E.).

28 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

It is not perhaps impossible to express this better by means of a and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 comparison based on music: every day we see musicians who, very 3.5learned Conclusion in their ...... art, sing exactly and rigorously the note that is 59 presented to them; they do not incur in the slightest fault, yet the Bibliographywhole thing is...... a fault because they, talentless (dépourvûs de génie) 60 and cold, cannot grasp the spirit with which those airs were 4. Thecomposed Ethics […]. of Migration. Instead we see others who, livelier and gifted with Reflectionsmore fortunate on Recenttalent (Migrationgénie), sing Policies these airs in the same spirit in andwhich “Non-policies” they were composed, in Italy andpreserving Europe all ...... their beauty, and making 61 Laurathem soundZanfrini very different, in spite of their being the same. Here is the difference, if I am not mistaken, existing between good and bad s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1translations Restrictive (Dacier Policies [1699] and Structural1711: xliii, Demand my transl.). for Immigrant Labour .. 65

All4.2 the Initiatives above views, for Governing arbitrary Family as they and may Humanitarian be, nonetheless contribute Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. to approaching the core of the problem, which is that both talent and equivalence4.3 From Guest share Workers a non-quantifiable to Unwelcome nature. Guests This ...... quality they carry 82 over and transfer to translation by transitive property: talent and 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 equivalence are non-quantifiable; talent is needed to carry out translation;4.5 Equal Opportunityequivalence and is Deniedthe defining Opportu featurenities ...... of translated texts; 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors therefore, translation is itself non-quantifiable. This raises, among ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 other questions, a number of issues about the didactics of translation 5.(and Colombia: not only Including that): e.g. Emigrant is it possibles in Their to Societiesevaluate oftranslation? Origin ...... And 101 accordingUrs Watter to which (objective) criteria (e.g. Salmon 2003 and 2005b)? Suggestions as to how to assess translation (e.g. House [1977]5.1 State 1997) Interest and interpretationand Responsibility (e.g . Garzone 2002a, 2003) are being put forwardtowards all their the Citizens time (e.g. Living Kl audyAbro ad1995, ...... Hatim and Mason 1997, 102 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. Scarpa5.2 Applied 2006), Et oftenhics ...... adopting objective, recognizable and quantifiable 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper criteria that contribute to returning fairly approximate, satisfactory 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 results for the intended purposes of specific translation events (e.g. academic5.4 Migration examinations, Policy in Colombiapublic job ...... competitions, etc.). 108 Delimiting areas of application, however, does not help solve the 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...... 109 issue at its source: how to quantify talent and equivalence? How to sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It evaluate5.6 Alianza them, País not ...... based on subjective, arbitrary standards alone? 112 Is translation5.7 Challenges a repeatable, ...... falsifiable process, i.e. is it scientific in 114 its nature? Not even the older and more prestigious art and literary criticismsBibliography have ...... come up with definitive answers yet, perhaps because 116 the reason behind this attested uncertainty is to be sought elsewhere, Workingnot in linguistics Together or for liter theature Well-being or (Biblical) of Migrants hermeneutics ...... alone, but 119 in all Barryof these, Halliday and also in tools unusual in studies on translation, such as those from neurophysiology, neurobiology, neurolinguistics and

1. Reflections on translation 29 10 Table of Contents

ultimately from cognitive neuroscience at large, all tightly linked – and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 through the intrinsic ideological implications they carry – to philosophy,3.5 Conclusion which ...... in turn underlies all fields of research. The 59 followingBibliography paragraph ...... will try to make explicit this suggestion by60 discussing aspects of the quantifiability of knowledge from a 4.linguistic The Ethics / translational of Migration. perspective. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies 1.4and Talent, “Non-policies” equivalence, in Italy translation and Europe ...... 61 Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, As4.1 seen Restrictive so far, Policiesany theory and Structural of translation Demand will for attemptImmigrant to Labour define .. 65its object of study, and encounter insurmountable problems at least and 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian necessarilyMigration: when Labour facing Migration the notion but ofnot equivalence. Workers’ Migration Linked ...... to this 73is ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. the other problematic concept of talent, in turn involving that of evaluation:4.3 From Guestin translation, Workers to Unwelcomethe translator’s Guests ...... talent influences the 82 obtainable4.4 Selective degree Policies of equivalence and the Brain (cf. Drain...... Fig. 1 for a suggested depiction 87 of the relationship between them), but how is either unambiguously measurable,4.5 Equal Opportunity therefore evaluable? and Denied Opportunities ...... 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97

5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 Urs Watter Translation Evaluation? Talent Equivalence Evaluation? 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...... 102 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper

5.3 Migration Policy and EthicsEvaluation? ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 Fig.5.5 1 “ColombiaTalent, equivalence, nos une” ...... translation and the other linguistic incommen- 109 surable sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 Considering5.7 Challenges how ...... translation and language use (or, in its artistic reali- 114 zation, literature) share the notion of talent and the problem of equivalence,Bibliography it ...... is easy to see how close this question is to similar 116 ones commonly raised in linguistics and literature (to name just two Workingtranslation-related Together fields),for the Well-beingor art in general: of Migrants are language, ...... communi- 119 Barry Halliday

30 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

cation, genius, beauty innate? Are they measurable?32 The debate and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 over these specific questions has a long tradition, contrary to the analogous3.5 Conclusion questions ...... posed in the more ‘recent’ Translation Studies 5933. WhatBibliography is being ...... suggested here is that, if to define translation it is nec- 60 essary to elevate one’s standpoint to include a wider horizon, made of 4.the The various Ethics aspects of Migration. of know ledge it encompasses, to learn about translationReflections it ison indispensable Recent Migration to look Policies more closely at its constituents, of andwhich “Non-policies” the linguistic in element Italy and must Europe be accorded ...... prevalence over the 61 restLaura as translation’s Zanfrini defining character. In other words, if there is an s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, answer to these questions, it lies in the nature of language itself; thus, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 tackling the issue of the nature of translation equals establishing that of 4.2language Initiatives in forgeneral, Governing and theFamily way and linguistic Humanitarian communication func- Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. tions in particular. Such an immense subject has been under scrutiny for4.3 millennia, From Guest providing Workers an to ambitiousUnwelcome line Guests of investigation ...... and possi- 82 bly representing the earliest and most attempted metalinguistic re- flection4.4 Selective in human Policies history. and Thethe Brain following Drain...... lines report a number of ob- 87 servations4.5 Equal on Opportunity the issue, andwith Denied a view Opportu to provenities its ...... ‘non-definitive non- 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors answerability’. ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according BibliographyTo start off, ...... culture, tradition, as well as less vague aspects 97of human knowledge, such as biology and genetics, show that every- 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 thing about and in life revolves around information. In a simplified Urs Watter view, information is passed on through generations in culture and tradition5.1 State at Interesta macro and level, Responsibility and in individuals’ genetic pools at a micro level. towardsLanguage their too Citizens is about Living inform Abroation.ad ...... Specifically, language 102 is about passing on the information; it is in fact an innate tool strategi- to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper cally developed to communicate information. However, the descrip- tive5.3 study Migration of language Policy and as Ethicsit is now ...... or even in its historical develop- 106 ment5.4 willMigration not contribute Policy in Colombiato providing ...... any answers about the intrinsic 108 nature of syntax, or grammar or language itself, unless the physiol- ogy5.5 and “Colombia evolution nos of une” the ...... phenomenon is taken into account too (Kaan 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It and5.6 Swaab Alianza 2002; País ...... Marcus 2004; Poeppel 2004): diachronic studies 112 can go back in time until they can propose the existence of one or 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography ...... 116 32 Cf. Harris (1976, 2008) and Harris and Sherwood (1978), on bilinguals’ innate talent expressed in ‘natural translation’ “as the translation done in everyday Workingcircumstances Together by bilinguals for thewho Well-being have had no spofecial Migrants training ...... for it” (1976, abstract). 119 33 BarryThey haveHalliday also been answered variously in history by different schools of thought which, in the case of these ‘older’ branches of knowledge, pertain more specifically to the fields of poetics and aesthetics.

1. Reflections on translation 31 10 Table of Contents

more pan-human, prototypical languages but, even thus, the func- and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 tioning of human language will not be explained (cf. Fisher and Mar- cus3.5 2005 Conclusion on language ...... evolution). 59 BibliographyIn order to ...... understand the notions of language, grammar and 60 syntax, we must probably look further back in time, at human 4.phylogenesis, The Ethics of atMigration. when humankind first developed language (TettamantiReflections et on al. Recent 2002). Migration What makes Policies humans the most advanced formand of “Non-policies” life on earth isin their Italy specializationand Europe ...... and adaptability, of which 61 brainLaura evolution, Zanfrini in terms of quality and quantity of information it can s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, store and make use of, is evidence (Gilbert, Dobyns and Lahn 2005). 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Humans developed so much as a species that part of the information they4.2 collected,Initiatives forand Governing came to needFamily and and use, Humanitarian was assigned to external Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. sources, i.e. it was not internally stored in their genetic code, but was stored4.3 From externally Guest Workersas cultural to Unwelcomenotions being Guests taught ...... to their offspring 82at a family or community level (Varki, Geschwind and Eichler 2008). This4.4 isSelective why humans Policies – anunliked the Brainmost Drain...... animals whose offspring are self- 87 sufficient4.5 Equal or Opportunity need very littleand Denied parenti Opportung at birthnities – ...... are born at a stage 90in

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors which extensive parental nurture and care are necessary in order for ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according themBibliography to survive ...... and successfully pass on their individual and species, 97 genetic and cultural, inborn and acquired information (Tomasello and 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 Call 1997; Tomasello 1999; Boyd and Richerson, 2005). Language is Urs Watter believed to have developed in order for humans to communicate with each5.1 otherState Interestfor practical and Responsibility everyday needs, such as those required by survivaltowards and/in their community Citizens Living life, which Abroad is ...... not in contrast to saying that102 language was developed to help humans store information and pass it to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper on to the following generations (Tomasello 2008). In this regard, written5.3 Migration language Policy is just and aEthics further ...... step in our cultural evolution: 106 a means5.4 Migration to enlarge Policy the quantityin Colombia of information ...... we can safely store and108 pass on as a community. Within this view, it is only logical, for example,5.5 “Colombia that thosenos une” civilizations ...... that could best optimize 109the sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It accumulation5.6 Alianza Paísand ...... the transmission of these enormous quantities 112 of data often proved the most successful in cultural survival terms (e.g. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 those populations that made use of writing as opposed to those that preferredBibliography orality)...... Into this view could still well fit a now historic 116 theory in Translation Studies, Evan-Zohar’s “polysystem theory” Working(1979), conceived Together forby theone Well-beingof the fathers of Migrants of the field ...... and accounting 119 forBarry the Hallidaytransfer (through translation) of cultural items from one

32 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

“cultural system” to another, on the assumption that ‘weaker’ and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 systems would draw on ‘stronger’ ones: 3.5 Conclusion ...... 59 If this is the case, a literature lacking the necessary items, is Bibliography“weaker,” so ...... to speak, than an adjacent PS [polysystem], possessing 60 them. It follows that the “weaker” will readily borrow, if nothing 4. Theinterferes, Ethics the of wantedMigration. item 34. (1979: 302-303). Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Butand language “Non-policies” in humans in Italy develope and Europed alongside ...... with many other 61 intellectualLaura Zanfrini and practical (the distinction is possibly just a formal one) s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, abilities4.1 Restrictive (Lieberman Policies 2002; and StructuralCastro and Demand Toro for 2007), Immigrant this Labourbeing ..the 65 reason why it is difficult to clearly separate language from (other forms4.2 Initiatives of) cognition. for Governing In fact, theFamily unf inishedand Humanitarian debate on the modularity Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. of cognition that has been continuing for more than 20 years in evolutionary4.3 From Guest psychology, Workers to following Unwelcome Fodor Guests (1983) ...... and subsequent 82 works supporting / opposing / developing the notion (e.g. Pinker 1997;4.4 SelectiveTooby Policiesand Cosmides and the Brain 2005, Drain...... Carruthers 2006; Richardson 87 2007),4.5 Equal shows Opportunity that no definitive and Denied answ Opportuer cannities be provided ...... about the true 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors nature of cognition – and thus of syntax, grammar and language – as ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according yetBibliography (Confer et ...... al. forthcoming). Key to understanding the underlying 97 nature of language is then first and foremost to understand the 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 neurological processes involved in cognition, any form of it: humans Urs Watter break their cognitive code once, they access their brain’s entire database,5.1 State includingInterest and the Responsibility functioning of first and second language acquisitiontowards (Kuhl their Citizens2004). LivingEasier Abro saidad ...... than done but – evidence 102 suggests35 – disturbingly possible. to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Also assumable – and soundly assumed, at least in information theory5.3 Migration and philosophy Policy and (Negroponte Ethics ...... 1995; Longo 2003) – is 106the ultimately5.4 Migration discrete Policy (at in Colombialeast to ...... an operational point) nature 108of information as utilized by the human brain. In that case, indeed, the deciphering5.5 “Colombia of thenos une”cognitive ...... process could possibly only become 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It easier.5.6 Alianza Not only,País ...... the moment it is understood how acquisition, 112 storage and retrieval of information works at the brain level, the key 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 will be available to learning how to copy and reproduce brain Bibliography ...... 116 34 The ‘historicity’ (by no means ‘obsolescence’) of the polysystem theory is Workingevident in it Together being originally for the applied Well-being to literary of (written)Migrants texts...... 119 35 TheBarry recent Halliday and well-advertised discovery that specific gene mutations can affect speech and language functions (cf. Lai et al. 2001 on FOXP2 and ensuing studies) suggests the possible mapping of all language-related genes, for a start.

1. Reflections on translation 33 10 Table of Contents

information and functions (including language), which would then be and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 proven quantifiable, divisible, multipliable and, ultimately, reproducible.3.5 Conclusion Knowing ...... about the basic units of linguistic information 59 andBibliography their (re)producibility ...... would naturally mean shedding light on60 most current riddles in linguistics, including, e.g. child and adult 4.language The Ethics acquisition, of Migration. the relations hip between meaning and sign, and evenReflections how units on ofRecent meaningful Migration info Policiesrmation are reproduced in one or anotherand “Non-policies” language, i.e. in how Italy linguistic and Europe equivalence ...... (or translation) 61is obtained.Laura Zanfrini The difficulties implicit in such a remote (at least currently) s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, view are evident. However, establishing whether information really is 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 discrete, or how probable or improbable it is to prove it, is actually irrelevant,4.2 Initiatives as long for Governingas it belongs Family in the and realm Humanitarian of the possible , which – Migration: Labour36 Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. ontologically at least – it does. And what matters for the sake of a theoretical4.3 From argumentationGuest Workers toand Unwelcome the time beingGuests is ...... its mere feasibility 82at the hypothetical level, which is exactly where the true nature of talent and4.4 equivalence, Selective Policies in their an dabsolute the Brain forms, Drain...... still belongs. 87 4.5But Equal the implicationOpportunity ofand the Denied discovery Opportu of nitieshuman ...... cognition, based on90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors some degree of discretion of the information used at the brain level, is ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according a worldBibliography (already ...... vastly described, in fact, in literature37 and in the 97 philosophy of information38), in which artificial intelligence and bio- 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 computers, to name just a couple of possible applications, would be not Urs Watter just for prototypical use, but realize one of the ultimate uses they were envisaged5.1 State Interestfor: life and re-reproduction Responsibility (or re-creation, using a more connotatedtowards term). their ItCitizens would Livingnot be Abroinconceivable,ad ...... then, for knowledge 102 – i.e. for life, intended as an evolving flow of information – to change to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper containers, aspect, in a word, nature: it would no longer be the same as known5.3 Migration until that Policy moment. and Ethics In such...... hypothetical circumstances, 106the symbiosis5.4 Migration of man Policy with in information Colombia ...... machines, begun in contemporary 108 times with his relationship with television and developed into that with computers5.5 “Colombia (McLuhan nos une” 1964; ...... de Kerckhove 1991, 1997), would 109 be sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 36 But related studies on the ‘computational mind’ (Pinker 1997, 2005) and generative5.7 Challenges grammars ...... are constantly being conducted, some with interesting, if 114 far fromBibliography definitive, results ...... (e.g. Nowak, Komarova and Niyogi 2000; Moro et 116 al. 2001; Opitz1 and Friederici 2004; Friederici at al. 2006). 37 Cf. the vast science fiction utopia / dystopia production of the 20th century, Workingfeaturing prominent Together authors for the such Well-being as Aldous of Huxley,Migrants George ...... Orwell, Philip 119 K. DickBarry and WilliamHalliday Gibson, to name just a few. 38 Where the main concern would be the ethical problems related to AI (cf. Bellini 2007 for a recent view on the topic).

34 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

complete: human evolution would undergo a dramatic change, and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 becoming endogenous, self-induced, self-oriented and tremendously fast3.5 (Longo Conclusion 2003, ...... 2006). Language, conceived as a resource for59 exchangingBibliography information, ...... would have to evolve too, to cater for the 60 greatly increased quantity and pace of data exchanges, but it could do 4.that The with Ethics the ofnew Migration. awareness of having reached and gone beyond the ultimateReflections metalinguistic on Recent goalMigration of disclosing Policies its own intrinsic working mechanismsand “Non-policies”39. in Italy and Europe ...... 61 LauraWhat, Zanfrini then, is the relevance of these reflections on the possible s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, evolution of research on language and cognition to the notions of 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 equivalence, talent and translation as conceived in the present world and4.2 time? Initiatives It lies for Governingin their introducing Family and Humanitarianand supporting a scientific- Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. philosophical stance – here just merely outlined but having deep roots in 4.3both From Western Guest andWorkers Eastern to Unwelcome tradition and Guests rich ...... in references from and 82 across cultures and ages – suggesting the impossibility to provide an answer4.4 Selective to these Policies issues withand the man’s Brain present Drain...... knowledge of the world and 87 the4.5 investigation Equal Opportunity tools inand his Denied current Opportu possession.nities ...... This, however, far90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors from “discrediting” or “discarding” the notion of equivalence, as ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according fearedBibliography by Baker ...... (2004: 64) noticing its loss of favour with 97 contemporary Translation Studies scholars, does not imply setting it 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 aside as ‘impossible to explain thus irrelevant’, but rather invites to Urs Watter focus efforts in language research on its phenomenological aspects, in the5.1 absence State Interest and andanticipation Responsibility of de velopments on the enigmas of cognitiontowards at large. their Citizens As anticipated Living Abro earlierad ...... in this paragraph, then, 102this ‘non-answerability’ is non-definitive. However, while this condition to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper lasts, it is also non-defining, and research cannot only define phenomena5.3 Migration by whatPolicy they and Ethicsare not...... It should instead concurrently keep 106 making5.4 Migration hypotheses Policy – although in Colombia they ...... might not be verifiable in the short 108 term – as to what they are, just as physicists or doctors of past centuries never5.5 “Colombiadreamt of nos giving une” ...... up developing or testing their theoretical 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It models5.6 Alianza simply País because ...... they could not prove them, e.g. at 112the molecular level: in fact, many are the laws of physics that were 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography ...... 116 39 Of course, changes of this kind must be thought of – if ever – in evolutionary terms and time, and with the sound notion that, even though based on currently Workingexisting and Together verifiable for research, the Well-being trends and everof Migrants faster devel ...... opments in computer 119 technologyBarry Halliday and biogenetics, they remain speculations open to a hardly quantifiable number of not only scientific but also, necessarily, socioeconomic and geopolitical variables.

1. Reflections on translation 35 10 Table of Contents

demonstrated with very limited resources and tools. From this and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 perspective, even in linguistics and in translation in particular (as this book’s3.5 Conclusion subject), the...... best line of research, as things are, seems to be 59to workBibliography in the long ...... term on breaking the human cognitive code (not 60 necessarily because it is right or advisable to, but because humans 4.cannot The Ethicshelp trying of Migration. to, due to their innate inquisitive nature) and, in the shortReflections term, to onfocus Recent on Migrationpractice as Policies a way of accumulating empirical dataand that “Non-policies” could possibly in Italy verify and limitedEurope theoretical...... assumptions, i.e. 61 encompassingLaura Zanfrini aspects or manifestations or elements of the translating s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, phenomenon, which cannot currently be comprehended per se. 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Applied to translation, this would mean that to photograph translation at 4.2one Initiatives specific momentfor Governing in the Family time – and since Humanitarian universal mechanisms can Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. only be uncovered in long-term diachrony – can be the sole possible object4.3 From of studies Guest Workerson translation. to Unwelcome Or, to Guestsput it ...... in M.A.K. Halliday’s 82 words (1992: 16, italics added), “Linguistics cannot offer any theory of translation4.4 Selective equivalence. Policies an dThere the Brain can Drain...... be no such general theory”. At87 least,4.5 forEqual the Opportunity time being. and Denied Opportunities ...... 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 1.5 Translation science, theories, studies 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 Halliday’sUrs Watter view of equivalence in translation, closing the above paragraph with a bleak, abrupt statement, introduces nonetheless 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility another whole set of issues that can prove useful to further towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...... 102 circumscribe the field: the theorizations (possible, existing and to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper desired) to which translation can be subject. 5.3Hardly Migration a univocally Policy and Ethicsdefinable ...... phenomenon, starting from 106the 1950s-1960s (but building on the millennial heritage of the entire Western5.4 Migration civilization) Policy translation in Colombia has ...... however given rise to flourishing 108 studies5.5 “Colombia that in turn nos converged une” ...... into an academic branch of its own dur- 109

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It ing the 1970s, continuing into the present day. Gentzler (1993), Nergaard5.6 Alianza (1995) País and ...... Munday (2001), among others, comprehensively 112 report5.7 Challenges on the various ...... phases of development of the new discipline 11440, first concerned with establishing, in Nergaard’s (1995) wording, a Bibliography ...... 116 “science” of translation, then “translation theories”, and finally opting for focusing on “translation studies” at large, as defined by the Ameri- Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday 40 The term ‘discipline’ will be used to refer to translation in the academic (research / didactics) context by analogy with other subjects (cf. chapt. 1, note 1).

36 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

can poet and translator James S. Holmes in his 1972 seminal article41, and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 considered the foundation of contemporary research on translation. Following3.5 Conclusion Nergaard ...... (1995), the 1950s-1960s “science” was concerned 59 withBibliography finding scientific ...... mechanisms in the linguistic transfer (cf. the 60 1965 work on translation theory by British phonetician John C. 4.Catford), The Ethics spurred of Migration. by the then pioneering promises of machine transla- tionReflections (e.g. MIT on Recentmathematician-linguist Migration Policies Yehoshua Bar-Hillel and Anthonyand “Non-policies” Oettinger at Harvard),in Italy and and Europe assuming ...... the quantifiability of in-61 formationLaura Zanfrini and (re)producibility of generative grammars (e.g. Bible s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, scholar Eugene Nida, another key name in last century’s translation re- 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 search). Translation “theorists” from the 1970s-1980s throughout the 1990s4.2 Initiatives focused on for a Governing mostly descripti Familyve and metareflection Humanitarian on the phenome- Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. non of translation, with special attention not just to linguistic but also textual4.3 From and Guestcultural Workers aspects to and Unwelcome variables Guests (e.g. Itamar...... Evan-Zohar and 82 Gideon Toury, founders of the so called ‘Tel Aviv school’); were al- most4.4 exclusivelySelective Policies preoccupi and theed withBrain literary Drain...... texts and especially literary 87 critique4.5 Equal (cf. Opportunitythe German andKatharina Denied Reiss’sOpportu pragmaticnities ...... stance in her ma- 90 th d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors jor work from 1971); co-occurred with the apogee of 19 century ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according semioticsBibliography (as in ...... the figures of Roland Barthes, Umberto Eco, Claude 97 Lévi-Strauss, Thomas Sebeok, to name a few); and included several 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 prominent Eastern European scholars with deep roots in Russian Urs Watter structuralism and formalism (like the Czech Jiŕí Levý and Anton Popovi5.1 Stateč, and Interest the semioticians and Responsibility from the Estonian Tartu school led by Yuri Lotman).towards their The Citizens 1980s Livingsaw the Abro rising,ad ...... mainly in a European con- 102 text42, of a new approach to translation which, under the umbrella term to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper of “Translation Studies (TS)”, intended to bring together, ideally, all the5.3 researchers Migration Policyon the and subject, Ethics irre...... spective of differing backgrounds 106 and5.4 perspectives. Migration Policy TS was in Colombia a product ...... of its decade, modelled on similar 108 disciplines, born in earlier years and by the 1980s well established in English-speaking5.5 “Colombia nos academic une” ...... contexts, both in its name (cf. Women’s 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Studies,5.6 Alianza Gender País Studies, ...... Cultural Studies, etc.) and in the strong criti- 112 cal and ideological load it carried (e.g. Venuti 1998), to the point that, 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 “with all due caution, the TS perspective could be compared to Derrida’sBibliography deconstructionism ...... in philosophy” (Morini 2007: 20-21, 116my transl.). Initiating figures in TS were the Netherlands-born and British- Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday 41 Significantly titled “The name and nature of translation studies”. 42 Though James Holmes, considered the ‘father’ of TS, was American-born.

1. Reflections on translation 37 10 Table of Contents

educated André Lefevere and the British Susan Bassnett, both and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 comparative literature scholars, building upon the original 1972 pro- grammatic3.5 Conclusion proposal ...... by J.S. Holmes. During the 1990s and the 2000s, 59 however,Bibliography TS tended ...... to lose part of its ‘deconstructionist’ attitude43 and 60 actually move towards the originally intended inclusiveness of multiple 4.perspectives The Ethics into of Migration. the discipline. ReflectionsThe novel onand Recent interesting Migration contributions Policies brought forth into the dis- ciplineand “Non-policies” over the past in thirty Italy andyears Europe are too...... numerous to list here, 61 spurredLaura asZanfrini they were by the now worldwide communication made s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, possible by technology, as well as by the changed political scenario 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 allowing wider cultural exchanges than in the past. To the English- written4.2 Initiatives and English-focused for Governing Family TS, re andsearch Humanitarian in and/or about and/or Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. comparing other languages must be added, where studies on distantly related4.3 From idioms Guest (cf. Workers the increasing to Unwelcome studies Guests on non-European ...... languages 82 like Chinese or Arabic appearing in the main TS journals44) seem to be4.4 the Selective most interesting. Policies an Ford the the Brain pur posesDrain...... of this study, the most rele- 87 vant4.5 innovation Equal Opportunity brought and forth Denied by Tran Opportuslationnities Studies ...... is their opening 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors to reflection on specialized texts, which for the first time in history ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according haveBibliography acquired ...... their own acknowledged, if limited, academic place 97 and bibliography within this discipline. The ‘Translation Studies’ la- 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 bel from the 1970s has also by now proved successful in describing Urs Watter the disparate and thriving research in the field, and to this day it is generally5.1 State deemedInterest andthe Responsibility best and most common option in English- speakingtowards contexts their 45Citizens, with Livingthe terminological Abroad ...... debate within the disci- 102 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 43 5.3Cultural Migration and ideologicalPolicy and perspectivesEthics ...... were still pursued, though: Bassnett 106 developed an interest in feminist (1986) and post-colonial (1999) translation, for instance,5.4 Migration while another Policy prominentin Colombia name ...... in translation, Mona Baker, recently 108 brought the Arab-Israeli conflict into TS by advertising her support for the ‘Israeli Academic5.5 “Colombia Institutions nos Boycott’ une” ...... campaign in her academic research (e.g. through 109

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It her website www.monabaker.com). 44 5.6Such Alianza as Meta País, Target ...... , Babel. 112 45 A debate has been going on intermittently for decades on whether the discipline ought5.7 toChallenges be called otherwise, ...... to obtain an analogy with ‘linguistics’, which can sport 114 a nominaBibliography agentis ,...... ‘linguist’, and an adjective, ‘linguistic’, while ‘translation’ 116and ‘translation studies’ have ‘translator’, which is different from ‘a person researching translation’ that would be ‘translation scholar’, and does not have an adjective. The Workingoften proposed Together option for‘traductology’ the Well-being (or ‘translatology’) of Migrants would ...... in fact solve 119 the lexicalBarry issue, Halliday and its equivalent is used for instance in French, Spanish and Italian, but is frequently understood as something different and/or more specific. Holmes (1972), Morini (2007), and Delisle, Lee-Jahnke and Cormier (2002).

38 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

pline now shifting towards internal terminology instead46. ‘Transla- and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 tion Studies’ is thus adopted throughout this work, too, but – the subject3.5 Conclusion being specialized ...... translation – only in the sense of a term 59 “representingBibliography the...... entire field of study […] [and not] restricted 60to scholars working essentially within a comparative literature frame- 4.work” The Ethics(Ulrych of and Migration. Bollettieri Bosinelli 1999: 221-222). ReflectionsIn light of onthe Recent above, Migration the question Policies of whether and which translationand theories “Non-policies” are available, in Italy posed and atEurope the beginning ...... of the paragraph, 61 is easilyLaura answerable Zanfrini (though not easily answered): they do, and there s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, are many of them. They are also better illustrated and examined in 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 works such as Gentzler (1993), Osimo (2002), Salmon (2003), Snell- Hornby4.2 Initiatives (2006), for to Governing mention Familyjust a andfew, Humanitarian and bearing in mind that Migration: Labour Migration but not47 Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. translations are increasing by the year and so are relevant academic works4.3 From on the Guest subject. Workers However, to Unwelcome what even Guests the ...... simplified sketch pro- 82 vided in the previous lines hopes to be showing is the unquestionable variety4.4 Selective of educational Policies andand thegeographi Brain Drain...... cal backgrounds – as well as re-87 search4.5 Equal perspectives Opportunity – of and scholar Denieds shaping Opportu nitiesTS then ...... and now. The de- 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors bate thus moves on to the question of which of these theories / ap- ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according proachesBibliography is the ...... right / best one, excluding – of course – those assert- 97 ing that no translation theory is possible: to Halliday’s (1992), at least 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 George Steiner’s opinion that Urs Watter 5.1There State are, Interest most and assuredly, Responsibility and pace our current masters in Byzantium,towards theirno Citizens‘theories Living of translation’. Abroad ...... What we do have are 102 reasoned descriptions of the processes ([1975] 1992: xvi) to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper must be added. The position held throughout this book – based on the views5.3 Migration expressed Policy in par. and 1.4 Ethics – is ...... necessarily close to Halliday’s and106 Steiner’s5.4 Migration in its conclusion,Policy in Colombia although ...... not in its premise, and could 108 be better reformulated as follows: probably, it will be possible, in the 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...... 109 very long run, to uncover the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It language,5.6 Alianza and País thus ...... to establish an ultimate ‘theory of translation’. 112 Until5.7 Challengesthen, we can ...... only concentrate on producing “reasoned descrip- 114 Bibliography ...... 116 46 Cf. Snell-Hornby (2006: chapt. 3) about open terminological issues in translation. 47 The French linguist and semiotician Georges Mounin, who opened his classic Teoria Workinge storia della Together traduzione for in 1965 the Well-beingreporting data offrom Migrants the UNESCO ...... Index Traslationum, 119 wouldBarry be Hallidayamazed not only at the current figures, but also at it now being freely searchable online and including countries like China, which he pinpointed in 1959 as “the only (and relevant) absence” (Mounin 1965: 15, my transl.).

1. Reflections on translation 39 10 Table of Contents

tions of procedures”. Therefore, if ‘translation theories’ is taken to and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 mean precisely such “reasoned descriptions of procedures”, and not models3.5 Conclusion trying to ...... explain the ultimate functioning of the translating 59 processBibliography48, theories ...... describing phenomena could well be formulated 60 from a functionalist perspective and with functionalist purposes in 4.mind, The andEthics not of be Migration. in contrast with the assumption made at a deeper, cognitiveReflections level. on TheRecent ‘right Migration / best’ theory, Policies then, could be any one that canand fulfil “Non-policies” the function infor Italy which and it Europe was developed ...... and be grounded 61in reality,Laura i.e. Zanfrini be supported by evidence (translation may be a subject s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, particularly open to philosophical speculation, but also generates very 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 tangible products). 4.2In Initiativesthis work, for pre-eminence Governing Family will andbe givenHumanitarian to linguistic and com- Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. municative theories, though acknowledging that multiple disciplines contribute4.3 From toGuest and Workersdraw from to Unwelcome translation. Guests The multidisciplinary ...... aspect 82 will however not be considered hindering or intimidating but enrich- ing,4.4 and Selective something Policies to carefullyand the Brain yet Drain...... encouragingly take advantage of,87 in 4.5case Equal methodological Opportunity andtools Denied or view Opportus fromnities other ...... fields might help 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors shape translation theories better fitting any one or more of its func- ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according tions:Bibliography cultural ...... aspects, for example, which do play an indisputable 97 role in the translating process, can both be studied with linguistic 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 methods (pragmatics, semantics, discourse analysis), and taken into Urs Watter account per se, as elements of the environment in which translation takes5.1 placeState Interest and which and Responsibilitycan never be severed from any human process. The followingtowards their paragraph Citizens Livingwill endeavour Abroad ...... to propose an organic 102de- piction of the translating phenomenon, consistent with the theoretical to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper stance resulting from the views expressed so far in this chapter about the5.3 classic Migration issues Policy in andtranslation Ethics ...... of equivalence, talent, evaluation, 106 theory5.4 Migration and function. Policy in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...... 109

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 1.6 Defining translation: an operational proposal 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 Adhering5.7 Challenges to a systemic-functional ...... view – nonetheless envisaging 114the remote but possible eventual disclosure of the universal cognitive Bibliography ...... 116

Working48 A distinction Together could be for made the by Well-being defining ‘theory of Migrants of translation’ ...... (a singular noun 119with an Barryexplicit, Halliday postmodifying specification) the latter and ‘translation theory/-ies’ (a premodified singular or plural noun) the former. Obviously, this would work in English and in languages allowing the same distinction, but pose problems in many others.

40 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

aspects of language – and building upon several existing models and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 within TS itself49, translation is defined, for the purposes of this work,3.5 Conclusionas a product ...... , a process and a practice. These qualities, simul- 59 taneouslyBibliography identifying ...... the translating phenomenon, are seen as non- 60 exclusive, complementary and interdependent, and as furthermore 4.modulated The Ethics by of time Migration.. ReflectionsIn a micro on to Recent macro Migration order, translation Policies is first and foremost a productand “Non-policies” because it results in Italy in the and produc Europetion ...... (no matter whether art- 61or craft-generated)Laura Zanfrini of a tangible token. In the web age, the adjective s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, ‘tangible’, as in the piece of paper traditionally containing the 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 translated text, may be substituted for ‘perceivable’ to account for electronic4.2 Initiatives / digital for Governing supports. FamilyThis would and Humanitarian also include the certainly Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. even older oral form of translation (today technically labelled ‘interpretation’),4.3 From Guest whicWorkersh by to definition Unwelcome must Guests be audible...... and which has 82 in modern times gained as much durability as written documents since4.4 Selectiveit became Policies recordable and the in Brain audi oDrain...... or audio/video formats. At the 87 intersemiotic4.5 Equal Opportunity level, sign and languageDenied Opportu wouldnities also ...... be included as 90a

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors visually perceivable form of translation. In brief, in order to occur, ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according translationBibliography must ...... make use of a medium of human communication, 97 thus necessarily perceivable by any one or more of the human senses. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 The translated message, contained in whatever human conceived Urs Watter support, and communicated through whatever human employed medium,5.1 State represents Interest and a Responsibilityhuman produc t, potentially comprehensible50 by anytowards human their user Citizens familiar Living with Abro thead same ...... medium and possessing 102 the required language or code. In addition, the product of translation to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper is intentionally defined a ‘token’, since it stands for an original, representing5.3 Migration it in Policy the target and Ethics language...... 106 5.4Secondly, Migration translation Policy in Colombia is indeed ...... a process. It has long been 108 recognized and defined as such (cf. par. 1.1), and this is possibly its most5.5 “Colombiainteresting nosaspect, une” ...... the one that scholars from all fields have 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112

49 5.7The Challengesnotions of translation ...... as both a product and a process (concurrently adopted 114 hereBibliography in) are far ...... from recent or original; among contemporary scholars 116who particularly focussed on this definition, there are Hatim and Mason (1990) and Hatim and Munday (1995). Working50 ‘Understanding’, Together of forcourse, the goesWell-being much furt ofher Migrants than ‘comprehension’ ...... as pictured 119 in theBarry classic Halliday communication vision of message ‘production → codification → transmission → reception → decodification’ (cf. Fig. 2). This issue will be better discussed later in this paragraph and in the book.

1. Reflections on translation 41 10 Table of Contents

chiefly been interested in and insisted on, in order to understand and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 firstly how it works (philosophical, linguistic, cognitive, IT studies) and,3.5 alternativelyConclusion ...... or simultaneously, to describe how it happens 59 (descriptiveBibliography TS), ...... or to prescribe how best it should be carried out 60 (prescriptive TS). In contemporary times, the most successful models 4.depicting The Ethics the oftranslating Migration. process are based on those developed to explainReflections linguistic on Recent communication. Migration PoliciesTwo classical models are Nida’s (1969)and “Non-policies” representation inof Italytranslation and Europe (Fig. 2):...... 61 Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 InitiativesSource languagefor Governing Family and HumanitarianReceptor la nguage Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 4.5 EqualAnalysis Opportunity and DeniedTransfe Opportur nities ...... Restructuring 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 Fig. 2 Eugene Nida’s (1969) model of translation 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 Urs Watter And Jakobson’s (1960) (Fig. 3), another historic model of communica- tion5.1 in State linguistics Interest clearly and Responsibility taken into account by the first: towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...... 102 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Policy and EthicsReferential ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “ColombiaEmotive nos une” ...... Poetic Conative 109

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Phatic 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 5.7 Challenges ...... Metalingual 114 Bibliography ...... 116

WorkingFig. 3 Roman Together Jakobson’s for the (1960) Well-being model of Migrantslinguistic communication...... 119 Barry Halliday

42 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

Amendments and developments to both models and new suggestions and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 altogether have been and keep being proposed, confirming this is a very3.5 productiveConclusion ...... area of TS51. A common feature of these models, 59 withinBibliography each ...... one’s specific functional scope, is their general 60 acceptability or rather – deriving from the impossibility to univocally 4.establish The Ethics the offunctioning Migration. of the process – their non-falsifiability. In fact,Reflections almost onevery Recent translator Migration reflecting Policies on what s/he does when translatingand “Non-policies” would probably in Italy andcome Europe up with ...... a sensible descriptive 61 representation,Laura Zanfrini either coinciding with one of the existing models, or s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, adding yet another facet to this complex object. 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Thirdly, translation is seen as a practice in that there is more to a text4.2 than Initiatives the text for itself:Governing there Family is the andtext, Humanitarian its co-text, and there is its Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. context. Studies on the notion of context have been carried out for several4.3 From decades Guest nowWorkers and toit Unwelcomewould not Guestsbe incorrect ...... to identify their 82 turning point, in contemporary linguistics, in the work done by the 194.4th-century-born Selective Policies phonetician and the Brain John Drain...... Firth, whose school greatly 87 contributed4.5 Equal Opportunityto giving rise and Deniedto func Opportutional linguistics.nities ...... Best applied 90to

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors translation, however, is the sociolinguistic notion of context, the only ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according oneBibliography which, based ...... on a wider set of linguistic and extra-linguistic 97 factors, can account for the many variables constraining translation 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 and represented, for instance but not only, by the translator’s Urs Watter language variety, knowledge, education, training, as well as his/her age,5.1 gender,State Interest ethnicity, and Responsibility etc. But even the sociolinguistic notion of contexttowards cannot their entirely Citizens cater Living for Abro thead key ...... variable in translation 102 – experience – in its personal (the individual’s), professional (the to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper translator’s) and social (the translator’s community’s) declinations. Furthermore,5.3 Migration if Policyconsidering and Ethics that ...... a translator’s (or anyone’s, for that106 matter)5.4 Migration ‘community’ Policy inis Colombia a stratified ...... entity – comprising smaller 108 overlapping groups like ‘family’ and ‘friends’, but also much larger ones5.5 “Colombialike ‘translators’ nos une” ...... or ‘same speech community’, to 109the sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It hypernymic5.6 Alianza ‘humanPaís ...... community’ – an even more suitable notion 112 expanding on context is the concept provided by Discourse Analysis 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 (DA) and its more ideologically connotated version, Critical DiscourseBibliography Analysis ...... (CDA)52, of ‘social practices’: 116

Working51 Torop (1995),Together drawing for the on Well-beingPopovič (1976), of Migrants and subsequently ...... elaborated 119 by OsimoBarry (2002), Halliday is just one of the most interesting and recent examples. 52 Chouliaraki and Fairclough (1999), Fairclough (1992), Fairclough (1995), Fairclough and Wodak (1997).

1. Reflections on translation 43 10 Table of Contents

articulations of different types of social elements which are and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 associated with particular areas of social life – the social practice of 3.5classroom Conclusion teaching ...... in contemporary British education, for example 59 (Fairclough 2003: 25). Bibliography ...... 60 In the specific case of translation, the example could be ‘the social 4.practice The Ethics of TS of Migration.classroom teaching in contemporary British education’,Reflections or ‘the onsocial Recent practice Migration of prof Policiesessional translation in the Italian translationand “Non-policies” industry’, inbut Italy also and ‘the Europe social ...... practice of freelance work- 61 ingLaura women Zanfrini in Arab societies’ in the case of an Arab female freelance s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, translator.4.1 Restrictive As apparent, Policies andanyone’s Structural social Demand practices for Immigrant are many, Labour overlap- .. 65 ping and stratified into what Fairclough (2003: 24) calls an “order of discourse”,4.2 Initiatives “a network for Governing of social Family practices and Humanitarian in its language aspect”. The Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. DA’s notion of social practice and especially the CDA’s “order of discourse”,4.3 From Guestby stressing Workers the to Unwelcomeintrinsic, indispensable, Guests ...... inevitable social 82 role of any linguistic event, are the concepts from which the defini- 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 tion of ‘translation as a practice’ given here is mainly derived53. Its purpose4.5 Equal is toOpportunity account for and the Denied variab Opportule(s) ofnities social ...... experience(s) im- 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors manent in translation from a clear-cut ideological position, where ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 ‘ideological’ does not necessarily (but can if required) mean ‘politi- 54 5.cally Colombia: connotated’, Including but Emigrantrather ‘sociallys in Their responsible’ Societies of .Origin In particular, ...... 101 whenUrs aWatter translation project has ethical implications with not only linguistic, textual or communicative potential consequences, but also consequences5.1 State Interest of a and practical Responsibility nature in the real world, this inexorably placestowards the translator their Citizens as a humanLiving Abrointo ada human...... setting made of prac- 102 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. tices.5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Finally, time joins together these three different but not separate 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 realizations of translation – product, process, practice – in a contin- uum5.4 thatMigration is seen Policy not necessarilyin Colombia as...... linear (Pym 1993) but rather 108 as circular5.5 “Colombia or, better, nos spiral. une” ...... Time constrains the product in its material 109 support (decayable / durable, destroyable / reproducible) and in its sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It purpose5.6 Alianza (disposable País ...... after use / for keeping after use). It constrains 112the process5.7 Challenges of manufacturing ...... translation (the time allowed for translat- 114 Bibliography ...... 116 53 Just like Fairclough’s “order of discourse” is explicitly derived from Michel Foucault’s (1981), who in turn inherited views from Antonio Gramsci (in Forgacs Working2000), and Togetherthey all fall for within the Well-beingthe macro so ofcial Migrants practice of ...... ‘Western culture 119and civilization’.Barry Halliday 54 The following chapters will further detail and debate the very important concept of (translator’s) responsibility.

44 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

ing, reviewing, proofreading – whether in a didactic or a professional and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 context – irremediably determines the outcome of the process, mak- ing3.5 deadlines Conclusion the ...... translator’s nightmare). It lastly and more relevantly 59 constrainsBibliography translation ...... practice in its historical dimension, through the 60 various intra- and intertextual references, the information recombina- 4.tions, The Ethicsreformulations, of Migration. retranslatio ns, transfer and conservation of collectiveReflections information on Recent at Migration the social Policies level and within social groups, understoodand “Non-policies” e.g. as nations, in Italy but and also Europe as speech ...... communities and dis- 61 courseLaura communities Zanfrini 55. Historical time thus proves the success of sin- s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, gle translations as well as of authors (e.g. Shakespearean or Bible 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 translations), and evolutionary time proves the success of life on earth4.2 Initiativesin the way for information Governing Familyis tran andslated Humanitarian (non-linguistically but ac- Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. cording to a certain code or language) into different or evolved forms of 4.3life, From and Guestmight Workers prove or to disproveUnwelcome all Gueststheories ...... of translation in the 82 long run. Moreover, translation products can be conceived as con- strained4.4 Selective by time Policies in a linearand the way Brain (beginning-to-end), Drain...... processes in 87 a circular4.5 Equal way Opportunity (beginning-to-end and Denied thr Opportuough allnities the ...... various intermediate 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors phases), practices in a spiralling way (for instance when repeating ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according translationBibliography processes ...... over again in different ages because a new 97 translation is needed or desired, with every repeated process being an 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 unrepeatable event in itself, superimposable yet never coinciding Urs Watter with the previous or the following ones, like turns in a spiral). Con- versely,5.1 State the Interest translation and Responsibility phenomenon can be seen as circles of processes towardsresulting their in aCitizens line of Livingproducts Abro, inad turn ...... winding up to create spi-102 rals of practices, as time keeps all three dimensions alive, communi- to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper cating and r(evolving). 5.3The Migration view of Policytranslation and Ethics provided ...... here intends to be a functional 106 or better5.4 Migrationan operational Policy inone, Colombia adopted ...... as a tool for categorizing and 108or- ganizing subevents within the translating macroevent, with opera- tional5.5 “Colombia(professional, nos une”research, ...... didactic) purposes and specialized texts 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It in 5.6mind. Alianza It does País not ...... expect to explain the neurocognitive mechanisms 112 behind translation or translation’s intrinsic nature, though neither 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 does it seem to contrast with any facts on the neurological processes involvedBibliography in either ...... language or translation activities known so far, 116 on the contrary leaving room for further developments in that area (cf. Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday 55 See, for instance, the diachronic dimension of the medical discourse community and its relevance in medical discourse and medical translation in Fischbach (1993).

1. Reflections on translation 45 10 Table of Contents

par. 1.5). It is anyway only one more among many proposals and, and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 like all, it shares the fate of every theoretical construction: to be willingly3.5 Conclusion discarded ...... in favour of new or improved models better ex- 59 plainingBibliography the empirical ...... data derived from phenomenological observa- 60 tion. 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

47 10 Table of Contents

Bibliography ...... ROSALINE: What would these strangers? […] 60 If they do speak our language, ‘tis our will 4. The Ethics of Migration.that some plain man recount their purposes Reflections on Recent MigrationWilliam Shakespeare Policies 1598, and “Non-policies” in ItalyLove’s and Labour’s Europe Lost ...... , Act V, Scene II 61 Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 2.14.2 From Initiatives translation for Governing to specialized Family and Humanitarian translation Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. ‘Purpose’ is the keyword in specialized translation. As will be argued later4.3 inFrom this Guest chapter, Workers it is toin Unwelcomefact the keyword Guests ...... in translation at large. 82 What,4.4 Selective then, characterizes Policies and specializedthe Brain Drain...... translation? How is it different 87 from non-specialized translation? Is there such a thing as non- specialized4.5 Equal translation?Opportunity andAnd Denied where Opportu does literarynities ...... translation belong, 90in d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are this distinction? These are some of the questions that this chapter will

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 address, and try to answer. 5. Colombia:It is interesting Including to start Emigrant precissely in Theirfrom theSocieties latter. of Looking Origin ...... back 101 at theUrs few Watter definitions and reflections reported in the previous chapter, although just a scarce sample of the entire Western thought about the 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility topic, they seem enough to show how the history of translation until towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...... 102 about the mid-twentieth century revolved exclusively around to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper literature; not only, it was taken for granted that it should regard nothing5.3 Migration but that. Policy While and the Ethics importance ...... of literature in any culture and106 of its transfer across cultures does not need explaining, the mere fact remains5.4 Migration that among Policy the in oldestColombia written ...... translations (and texts) into 108any language5.5 “Colombia and of nosall une”times ...... there is a prevalence not of literary but 109 of

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It ‘service’ documents, i.e. those that would currently be called ‘domain-specific’5.6 Alianza País ...... or specialized texts. An outstanding example is 112the Ptolemaic5.7 Challenges decree ...... reported on the Rosetta Stone which, the Pharaoh 114 commanded, Bibliography ...... 116 should be written on a stela of hard stone, in sacred writing, document Workingwriting, Together and Greek for writing, the Well-being and it should of Migrants be set up ...... in the first-class 119 Barrytemples, Halliday the second-class temples and the third-class temples, next to the statue of the King, living forever (Simpson 1996).

48 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

The trilingual decree that allowed breaking the Egyptian hieroglyphs’ and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 code indeed survived until today: universally acknowledged as a milestone3.5 Conclusion in history ...... and philology, it also ought to be considered one 59 in Bibliographytranslation...... Like the Rosetta inscription, contracts, accounts, in-60 ventories, edicts and laws – to name a few – all pertain to the busi- 4.ness The and/or Ethics legal of Migration. domains and, for one Bible and one Iliad that were translatedReflections many on Recenttimes overMigration and st Policiesirred debates continuing into the presentand “Non-policies” day, there are inprobably Italy and mil Europelions of ...... humble few-line contracts 61 or Lauratestaments Zanfrini that were translated only once and disappeared the s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, moment their purpose was fulfilled; again, time and purpose recur as 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 key concepts. The argument is not (or not only) one of quality vs. quantity,4.2 Initiatives i.e. that for one Governing Bible should Family be and deemed Humanitarian worth more, less or as Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. much as millions of contracts, but points to the relevance of both types4.3 Fromof communicative Guest Workers eventsto Unwelcome in human Guests civilizations: ...... while artists 82 and scholars wrote literature (poetry, fiction, essays) for the uplift of the4.4 spirit, Selective populations Policies ansubsistedd the Brain through Drain...... grains and cattle being sold 87 and4.5 bought, Equal Opportunity cargoes being and Deniedshipped Opportu and received,nities ...... taxes being levied, 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors justice being administered. The supremacy that literary translation ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are th ontribution is published according enjoyedBibliography until the ...... 20 century lies in its practitioners’ possessing the 97 tools, the purpose and ultimately the time not only to carry out their 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 activity, but also to write about it. Urs Watter It is not as if nobody ever, in the course of history, recognized or wrote5.1 Stateabout Interest specialized and Responsibility translation; on the contrary, many mentioned it with towardsthe specific their Citizensobjective Living of asser Abrotingad ...... its inferiority compared 102 to literary translation. Paradoxically, however, some of the very authors to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper who denigrated this phenomenon also provided brilliant descriptions of it, 5.3which Migration acquire Policy new and significance Ethics ...... if observed from a contemporary 106 perspective.5.4 Migration Von Policy Humboldt, in Colombia for example, ...... in writing that 108 5.5one “Colombia often hears nos it saidune” of ...... translation that the translator should write 109

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It the way the author of the original would have written in the language 5.6of Alianzathe translator. País ...... […] This kind of thinking has not taken into 112 5.7consideration Challenges that, ...... apart from discussions of the sciences and actual 114 facts, no writer would have written the same thing in the same way Bibliographyin another language ...... (von Humboldt [1816] 1992: 58)1, 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

1 Cf. chapt. 1, note 29.

2. Specialized texts, specialized translation 49 10 Table of Contents

affirms that the principle of equivalence, long discussed and for and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 many varying from illogical to impossible, in fact seamlessly applies to 3.5“discussions Conclusion of ...... the sciences and actual facts”. Schleiermacher 59is moreBibliography specific, ...... stating that “Business dealings generally involve 60 a matter of readily apparent, or at least fairly well defined objects” 4.(Schleiermacher The Ethics of Migration. [1813] 2004: 45). He further expands on the precise natureReflections of “apparent” on Recent or “wellMigration define Policiesd” objects in specialized contexts byand specifying “Non-policies” that “all in Italynegotiations and Europe are, ...... as it were, arithmetical 61or geometricalLaura Zanfrini in nature, and numbers and measures come to one’s aid s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, at every step” (Schleiermacher [1813] 2004: 45). He then identifies 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 the secret to translating commercial texts in the fact that 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian evenMigration: in the case Labour of notions Migration that, but as not the Workers’ ancients Migrationalready observed, ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. encompass the greater and lesser within themselves and are indicated 4.3by aFrom graded Guest series Workers of terms to Unwelcomethat vary in Guestsordinary ...... usage, making their 82 import uncertain, even in the case habit and convention soon serve to 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 fix the usage of individual terms (Schleiermacher [1813] 2004: 45), 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors before concluding that ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 Thus is translation in this realm little more than a mechanical task 5. Colombia:which can beIncluding performed Emigrant by anyones in whoTheir has Societies moderate of knowledgeOrigin ...... of 101 Ursthe twoWatter languages (Schleiermacher [1813] 2004: 45). The5.1 importanceState Interest ofand Schleiermacher Responsibility ’s pages on the translation of specializedtowards texts their Citizens(he wrote Living quite Abro a adfew ...... paragraphs on this non- 102

to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica relevant subject) does not only lie in his being one of the intellectuals ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper that most influenced modern thought on translation2. Two centuries before5.3 Migration TS established Policy and its Ethicsimportance, ...... he also clearly and concisely 106 identified,5.4 Migration while Policy dismissing in Colombia them ...... as non-problematic for translation, 108 the key features of specialized texts: the relevance of their lexicon – 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...... 109 usage-determined and community-agreed – and its objectivity, sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It quantifiability5.6 Alianza País and ...... mono-referentiality. As for their translation being 112 just5.7 a Challenges “mechanical ...... activity”, if this statement anticipated machine 114 translation, it could in a way have been prophetic in predicting it wouldBibliography be pursued, ...... but wrong in expecting success from it; more 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 2 ArguingBarry Halliday in favour of bringing the reader closer to the original rather than the opposite, and thus, despite being considered a Romantic, expressing a love for philology very close to that of the German Enlightenment (Crouter 2005).

50 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

appropriately, it must be considered in a historical perspective, as and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 pertaining to its author’s culture and time. 3.5Specialized Conclusion translation, ...... then, appears to be strictly linked to the 59 natureBibliography of the ...... texts it deals with which, as seen, might belong 60to different specific domains, but share an operational purpose, and are 4.characterized The Ethics ofby Migration. specific lexical use in the first place. Understanding in Reflectionsdetail what on makesRecent Migrationa text specialized Policies is therefore the key to understandingand “Non-policies” what specialized in Italy and tran Europeslation ...... is and how it works. 61 Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 2.24.1 Specialized Restrictive Policies purposes, and Structural specialized Demand languages for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian To outlineMigration: the history Labour ofMigration specialized but not texts Workers’ means Migration to look back ...... at the 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. history of humankind, at its commercial dealings, at its institutional, political,4.3 From legal Guest organizations,Workers to Unwelcome at its Guestsscientific ...... and technological 82 research,4.4 Selective from Policies the deeds and theand Brain cont Drain...... racts that feature among every 87 civilization’s first attested documents, to the hyperspecialized information4.5 Equal Opportunity populating andtoday’s Denied WWW. Opportu Thisnities would ...... be a challenging 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are task for a team of multilingual, multidiscipline researchers producing

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 an extended series of volumes. The actual academic research over 5.specialized Colombia: languages Including only Emigrant starteds inas Theirrecently Societies as the of1970s, Origin following ...... 101 theUrs major Watter developments that occurred in all fields of knowledge, especially in science, since the second half of the 20th century, and 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility produced the results that are most interesting in a TS perspective. towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...... 102 The Languages for Specific or Special Purposes (LSPs) were ini- to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper tially identified and researched as early as the 1960s, in the wake of the5.3 then Migration newly Policyflourishing and Ethics studies ...... in applied linguistics, though evi-106 dence of a reflection on the subject can be ascribed to Ferdinand de Saussure5.4 Migration himself Policy and into Colombiaeven earl ...... ier authors (Garzone 1998: 75-76). 108 A 5.5LSP “Colombia can be defined nos une” as ...... a natural language as typically used in109 a

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It specific technical or disciplinary field, for a functional or an opera- tional5.6 Alianzapurpose, País commonly ...... within a given professional setting. The112 natural5.7 Challenges language ...... and the professional setting are the basic variables 114 in LSPs, so that there can be a Business English, an español jurídico, Bibliography ...... 116 a français medical, an italiano dello sport, etc., according to the specific field and national language considered. The group of profes- Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 sionalsBarry or Halliday – to use a successful phrase coined by anthropologists and borrowed by sociolinguists – “community of practice” (Lave and

2. Specialized texts, specialized translation 51 10 Table of Contents

Wenger 1991) involved, however, can be and frequently is interna- and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 tional and/or supranational, for example when the français medical includes3.5 Conclusion French ...... speakers from Switzerland, Canada and the Ivory 59 Coast,Bibliography or in the ...... case of UN and EU English. 60 It is undeniable, in fact, that English takes the lion’s share in both 4.practical The Ethics usage of ofMigration. and theoretical studies on LSPs: when speaking of LSP,Reflections it is actually on Recent to E SPMigration (English Policies for Specifi c Purposes) that most scholarsand “Non-policies” look for reference in Italy or and for Europe a comparison ...... with their own lan- 61 guagesLaura3. ZanfriniHutchinson and Waters (1987: 6-7), among the most s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, authoritative ESP theoreticians, indicate, as the reasons for the rise of 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 English over other languages in the second half of the 20th century, the “unprecedented4.2 Initiatives forexpansion Governing in Familyscientific, and technical Humanitarian and economic activ- Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. ity on an international scale”, “the economic power of the United States”4.3 From and Guest“the Oil Workers Crises to of Unwelcome the early 1970s Guests which ...... resulted in a mas- 82 sive flow of funds and Western expertise into the oil-rich countries”. The4.4 past Selective century’s Policies affirmation and the Brain of these Drain...... English-speaking “scientific, 87 technical4.5 Equal and Opportunity economic” and forces Denied tippe Opportud the nitiesworld’s ...... scales in favour 90of

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors the specialized ‘hard sciences’ and drove away interests from the hu- ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according manitiesBibliography and the ...... ‘soft sciences’. The incongruity of a world where 97 sectorial hyperspecialization pointed to very narrow horizons, while 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 the need to communicate and trade this hyperspecialization required Urs Watter reaching out to very wide ones, only reflected the lines along which scientific5.1 State research Interest wasand Responsibilitygoing, as it headed towards the 21st century: “in searchtowards of the theirmicroscopi Citizensc Livingon the Abroone adhand ...... (atomic sub nuclei, DNA, 102 microelectronics) and of the macroscopic on the other (deep space ob- to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper servation, satellites, probes)” (Grego forthcoming), and ultimately sowing5.3 Migration the seeds Policy of this and day’sEthics global ...... ization. As English imposed 106 its predominance5.4 Migration in Policy all the in economicallyColombia ...... relevant fields, the double need 108 arose to learn to communicate in and through English: English Lan- guage5.5 “Colombia Teaching (ELT),nos une” and ...... especially the didactics of ESP, catered 109 for sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It the5.6 ‘in’; Alianza specialized País ...... translation took charge of the ‘through’ (i.e. ‘from 112 / into’). 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Since the onset of ESP (Barber 1962, Swales 1971), the field has beenBibliography delimited ...... (Widdowson 1983, 1998), defined (for instance 116by Strevens 1988 and Dudley-Evans and St John 1998), and expanded Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday 3 It is also the perspective adopted in this book, which refers to English-Italian translation.

52 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

upon by successive generations of scholars. As applied linguistics and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 evolved, the concept of “community of practice” was joined by that of “discourse3.5 Conclusion community” ...... (Nystrand 1982, Swales 1990), the original 59 definitionBibliography of ESP ...... by the wider one of Domain-Specific English (DSE), 60 and the focus of ESP research also changed: from terminology alone, 4.to Thecommunication Ethics of Migration. in general; from the initial register and text analyses, to Reflectionsgenre and discourse on Recent analyses. Migration The Policies major defining feature of LSPs – purposeand “Non-policies” – has nonetheless in Italy remained and Europe unchanged...... A specialized lan- 61 guage’sLaura purposeZanfrini is defined, delimited and set out by a community of s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, practice exercising within a specific professional domain that can be 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 technical, scientific, or disciplinary in nature. This community can be called4.2 Initiatives a discourse for community Governing Familyaccording and toHumanitarian Swales (1990: 24-27) if, as Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. well as sharing a domain-specific knowledge, (a) it also shares “a broadly-agreed4.3 From Guest set Workers of common to Unwelcome public goals”, Guests (b) ...... it employs the same 82 communicative tools and practices through which the knowledge is passed4.4 Selective among itsPolicies members, and the (c) Brain it uses Drain...... these tools to actively exchange 87 information,4.5 Equal Opportunity (d) it communicates and Denied thOpporturough nitiesspecific ...... lexes and genres, 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors and (e) it has an established “threshold level of membership” to distin- ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according guishBibliography its members ...... from novices and non-members. Fairclough (2003, 97 2006) furthermore expands the notion of discourse community to that 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 of a social, not only professional, construction. In this view, each Urs Watter member of a community of practice (or anyone, for that matter) be- longs5.1 Statesimultaneously Interest and to Responsibility various discourse communities, each of which overlapstowards with their the Citizensothers, Livingand contributes Abroad ...... to determining everyone’s 102 general and specific knowledge, his/her set of communicative tools, to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and the skills to use them – in a word, everyone’s private, professional and5.3 public Migration place Policy in society. and Ethics All the ...... above definitions and specifications 106 of 5.4the Migration agents in Policyand the in objectsColombia of ...... specialized languages only support 108 the key role of purpose in ESP. It is then apparent why, if the purpose is 5.5the “Colombiasmooth transfer nos une” of ...... information among members but not to non- 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It members,5.6 Alianza ESP País greatly ...... seeks, for its members, clarity, objectiveness, 112 non-hermeticity, non-arbitrariness of language, and precise and agreed 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 canons and tools for communicating in that language, but exactly the oppositeBibliography (non-transparent ...... lexicon and communicative strategies) 116for non-members, who should thus remain excluded. However, the meet- Workinging of a diatypic Together variant for the and Well-being a diatopic ofone Migrants creates yet...... another paradox: 119 thatBarry of striving Halliday to exclude non-specialists locally while trying to include specialists globally; again, the former task is accomplished by

2. Specialized texts, specialized translation 53 10 Table of Contents

ESP, the latter by specialized translation. The following paragraphs of- and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 fer a short summary of the main linguistic features of ESP, with spe- cific3.5 reference Conclusion to ...... the implications these have on translation. 59 Bibliography ...... 60 2.3 Lexical features of specialized texts 4. The Ethics of Migration. TheReflections established on lexical Recent monoreferentia Migration Policieslity of ESP is best seen in scien- tificand domains: “Non-policies” science, in by Italy favourin and Europeg univocal ...... relations between objects 61 andLaura their Zanfrini referents, between the signified and their signifiers, is espe- s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, cially4.1 Restrictivesafe from Policiesthe alluring and Structural dangers ofDemand hermeneutics for Immigrant inherent Labour in liter- .. 65 ary texts, and its translation could theoretically even fit Schleier- 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian macher’sMigration: definition Labour of a Migration “mechanical but notactivity”. Workers’ This Migration condition, ...... though, 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. has not always existed. In ancient times, dominant civilizations did not feel4.3 the From need Guest to share Workers their to knowle Unwelcomedge with Guests subjected ...... populations, but 82 would4.4 Selective impose Policiestheir culture and the on Brain them. Drain...... On the other hand, it could hap- 87 pen that one civilization would feel their inferiority in some areas of knowledge4.5 Equal withOpportunity respect andto a Denied past ci Opportuvilization,nities as ...... in the case of the Ro- 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are mans with Greek philosophy (cf. Seneca in par. 1.2). The argument of

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 the inescapable decline of Western civilization since the Greeks sur- 5.vived Colombia: through Including the centuries, Emigrant from sthe in RomansTheir Societies through of the Origin Renaissance ...... 101 to theUrs Enlightenment,Watter and one of its effects was the preservation of the specialized vocabulary of Greek philosophy, art and architecture to this 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility very day: considering that philosophy included and coincided with the towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...... 102 modern notion of ‘science’, it is easy to see how, at the beginning of th to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper the 20 century, at least three major specific domains already shared a common5.3 Migration lexis that Policy had and been Ethics carefully ...... carried over by successive gen- 106 erations of scholars for over two millennia. This happened in spite of the5.4 two Migration main changes Policy inin Colombia the recogn ...... ized language of Western culture 108 after5.5 the “Colombia one from nos Greek une” ...... to Latin: the move from Latin to national lan-109

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It guages, which however never had the time to acquire the same impor- tance5.6 Alianzaas Latin, País and ...... that to English which, starting from the Scientific 112 Revolution5.7 Challenges that inaugurated...... the experimental method, slowly built 114 itself a then missing scientific vocabulary, until it eventually came to oc- Bibliography ...... 116 cupy the hegemonic position it still holds to this day. In other fields, specialized English lexis was not constructed by Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 deliberateBarry Halliday choice, but rather underwent a sort of natural selection process, for instance in economics, where it adopted, in turn, the

54 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

language and vocabulary of the commercially prevailing culture, but and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 not necessarily discarding words acquired in the course of its early or recent3.5 Conclusion history (QUOTA ...... , FORMULA from Latin; CLIQUE, NICHE from 59 French;Bibliography WIRTSCHAFTSWUNDER ...... from German; OMBUDSMAN from 60 Swedish). It was not till after WWII, however, that the same feeling 4.of Thepost-war Ethics ofreconciliation Migration. that led to the establishment of ESP encouragedReflections the on standardizationRecent Migration of Policiessciences in the name of common progress,and “Non-policies” for example in by Italy founding and Europe the International ...... Organization for 61 StandardizationLaura Zanfrini (ISO) in 1947, an entity with a name “derived from s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, the Greek isos, meaning ‘equal’” (ISO 2009a) and the aim “to 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 facilitate the international coordination and unification of industrial standards”4.2 Initiatives (ISO for 2009b). Governing The Family other ideologicaland Humanitarian (yet very much real) Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. child of those years is of course the European Union, another institution4.3 From Guestcounting Workers harmonization to Unwelcome and Guests standardization ...... among 82its main objectives, and “one of the biggest employers of translators anywhere4.4 Selective in the Policies world” an (Europeand the Brain Commission Drain...... 2009). 87 4.5Domain-specific Equal Opportunity lexicons, and Denied as well Opportu as thenities already ...... mentioned clarity 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors and non-ambiguity, also show a high degree of productivity, necessary ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according forBibliography the respective ...... discourse communities to keep the pace with 97 advances in their fields by being able to name new developments 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 (products, services, but also processes, procedures, etc.). It has amply Urs Watter been highlighted (Gotti 1991 and 1996) how originally, to form new words5.1 State in scientific Interest and English, Responsibility “the model was essentially that of Latin” (Garzonetowards 2006: their 16), Citizens and included Living Abroloanwordsad ...... or direct borrowings, loan 102 or semantic translations, in addition to actually new English terms, to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper mostly created by affixation, conversion and compounding; other types of 5.3words Migration found Policy in ESP and are Ethics abbreviations, ...... acronyms and initialisms, 106 eponyms,5.4 Migration noun Policy strings in Colombiaas in collocations...... Specialized terms, thus, 108 present with a high degree of technicality – resulting especially from the5.5 use “Colombia of Greek nos / Latin une” ...... affixes, the use of several affixes within 109the sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It same5.6 Alianzaterm, the País uncommonly ...... large number of syllables – and produce 112 an effect of artificiality, wherein terms deliberately ‘sound’ non-natural 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 to alert both experts and non-experts that they are facing a code. BibliographyFrom the perspective ...... of translation, the highly specialized lexicon, 116 which is what distinguishes LSPs from ‘natural’ languages, also Workingrepresents Together the first andfor thestronger Well-being barrier of making Migrants up ...... Swales’s “threshold 119 of Barrymembership”, Halliday and resulting in non-specialists commonly finding a specialized text perfectly readable yet not comprehensible, which

2. Specialized texts, specialized translation 55 10 Table of Contents

means an average reader is usually able to follow the syntactic and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 structure of sentences, but not to decipher the meaning of single words (usually,3.5 Conclusion as will ...... be seen, nouns), where these words carry both the 59 specializedBibliography information ...... and the text’s largest quantity of meaning. 60A specialized text would then appear to non-specialists as a thinly woven 4.fabric, The Ethicswith few, of Migration. well-spaced-out threads and many big knots. Undoing theReflections knots is the on specialized Recent Migration translator’s Policies task at the lexical level. andStrategies “Non-policies” that can in be Italy applied and Europe to do ...... this include examining the 61 etymologyLaura Zanfrini of the word, checking whether it has a generic meaning s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, that can help infer its specialized sense or whether it was directly 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 created as specialized, comparing the different (generic and specific) meanings4.2 Initiatives the word for Governing has in order Family to establish and Humanitarian which semantic fields it Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. is used in. A combination of all the above would probably prove the best4.3 solution,From Guest but Workers a prescriptive to Unwelcome approach Guests is ...... not the aim of these 82 pages, which rather focus on describing the effects that the specific linguistic4.4 Selective phenomenon Policies an ofd ESPthe Brain has onDrain...... translation. Obviously, the first 87 of 4.5these Equal is theOpportunity concentration and Denied on lexicon Opportu onnities the ...... part of the translator, 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors since s/he would require ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 not only a firm mastery of both the source and target languages, but 5. Colombia:also at least Including an informed Emigrant las yman’sin Their (orSocieties even ofjourneyman’s) Origin ...... 101 Ursunderstanding Watter of the subject field treated by the text, coupled with the research skills needed to write like an expert on the leading edge 5.1of technical State Interest disciplines and Responsibility (Wright and Wright 1993: 1). towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...... 102 The specialized translator is therefore faced with concerns that are not to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper only linguistic in nature, but cognitive, sociological and potentially ethical5.3 Migration too. Taking Policy for and granted Ethics the ...... “mastery of both source and target 106 languages”,5.4 Migration without Policy delving in Colombia deeper ...... into issues of bilingualism 108and second language acquisition, the following problems would at least arise:5.5 “Colombiahow to learn nos the une” desired ...... information; how fast, how detailed 109and sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It how5.6 permanentAlianza País this ...... cognition ought to be; and which channels 112 in society are available, open and suitable to pursue in order to acquire the5.7 information. Challenges Wright...... and Wright go on to recall how, in general, 114 Bibliography ...... 116 Technical translators are typically either trained linguists who develop specialized research skills along with ancillary knowledge in selected Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 technical areas, or engineers, scientists and other subject-area specialists Barrywho have Halliday developed a high degree of linguistic knowledge, which they apply to the translation of texts in their fields of specialization (1993: 1).

56 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

The antithetic pair ‘linguist with specialized knowledge’ versus ‘spe- and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 cialist with language knowledge’ is the subject of another classical de- bate3.5 in Conclusion TS besides ...... those on (in)equivalence and (in)fidelity, and no less 59 passionate.Bibliography The ...... two figures are, in fact, potentially equal (though 60 speaking from the linguist’s viewpoint here), on condition that they 4.possess The Ethics the sufficient of Migration. linguistic and specialized knowledge to carry out a givenReflections translation. on Recent The Migrationquestion is, Policies rather, how to evaluate (linguistic andand specialized) “Non-policies” knowledge, in Italy which and Europe leads back...... to yet another dilemma 61 hintedLaura at Zanfrini earlier, that of epistemology and of the quantifiability of s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, knowledge. Given the current impossibility to solve the issue, a func- 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 tional view should perhaps be adopted: a sufficient translating knowl- edge4.2 wouldInitiatives be thatfor Governingwhich allows Family a translation and Humanitarian to be received and proc- Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. essed – i.e. used – by a discourse community as any other working text written4.3 From for theGuest purpose Workers and to in Unwelcome the language Guests of the ...... said community. The 82 task (and the responsibility) of evaluation would thus fall onto a pro- fessional4.4 Selective community Policies that, and as the an Brain estab Drain...... lished working group, is bound 87to possess4.5 Equal established Opportunity intern andal workingDenied Opportu standards,nities which ...... could be applied 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors to test the functionality of its domain-specific translated texts. This is ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according indeedBibliography the direction ...... that the field of translation is following, in its own 97 protective / protectionist interest. Many translators’ associations and 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 translation companies recommend / guarantee following client-related Urs Watter procedures and standards in translating. The UK’s Institute of Transla- tion5.1 & State Interpreting, Interest and for Responsibility example, has published a 39-step guideline that features,towards as its their 5th step, Citizens the questionLiving Abro ad ...... 102 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Does the style or terminology used in the translation have to conform 5.3to anyMigration specific Policy requirements? and Ethics e.g...... consistency with ISO document, 106 house style, pharmacopoeia…4. 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 But standardization also relates to the translation field itself: a tech- nical5.5 “Colombiacommittee nos for une” ‘Terminology ...... and other language and content 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It resources’5.6 Alianza has País existed ...... at ISO since its founding in 1947, under 112the code TC37 and aiming at the “Standardization of principles, meth- ods5.7 and Challenges applications ...... relating to terminology and other language and114 contentBibliography resources ...... in the contexts of multilingual communication 116 and cultural diversity” (ISO 2009c). As early as 1977, an ISO Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 4 InstituteBarry Halliday of Translation & Interpreting, The thirty-nine steps. Questions you need to ask yourself when undertaking a translation, http://www.iti.org.uk/pdfs/newPDF/10FH_39Steps_(02-08).pdf.

2. Specialized texts, specialized translation 57 10 Table of Contents

2384:1977 standard on the “Documentation - Presentation of trans- and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 lations” already existed. Over sixty years later, this initiative, which had3.5 expectedly Conclusion ...... started as focused on terminology, European lan- 59 guagesBibliography and the ...... written medium, is furiously striving to keep ahead 60 of the technological and socio-political events that came to pass in 4.the The meantime: Ethics of headed Migration. by a Chinese Secretary, it currently boasts 63 betweenReflections participating on Recent andMigration observing Policies countries, and 27 published standardsand “Non-policies” since 1992 in (ISO Italy 2009d) and Europe5, including ...... “Computer applica- 61 tionsLaura in Zanfriniterminology - Machine-readable terminology interchange s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, format (MARTIF) - Negotiated interchange” (ISO 12200:1999), 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 “Translation-oriented terminography” (ISO 12616:2002), and “As- sessment4.2 Initiatives and benchmarking for Governing Familyof terminological and Humanitarian resources - General Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. concepts, principles and requirements” (ISO 23185:2009). 4.3The From trend, Guest as Workers seen, isto Unwelcometowards establishing Guests ...... a common set 82of international standards in as many aspects of specialized fields as possible,4.4 Selective and Policiesthis comprises and the Brain their Drain...... distinguishing communicative 87 element:4.5 Equal terminology. Opportunity This and Deniedtendency Opportu definitelynities benefits ...... translators, 90in

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors that it partly makes up for the reluctance of their own evasive ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according disciplineBibliography to be ...... quantified and evaluated. It is also particularly 97 applicable to lexicon, which indeed is at least apparently discrete, 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 separable as it is into single independent words, especially nouns. Urs Watter Whether perfect, word-to-word equivalence may be found across languages5.1 State Interestis another and Responsibility matter, usually not insurmountable when dealingtowards with theirspecialized Citizens Livingdomain Abros andad ...... European languages (the102 shared classical roots and affixes help), but increasingly complex as it to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper comes to languages not sharing a common origin and culture: in this perspective,5.3 Migration the Policy monopoly and Ethics of just...... one language, such as English 106 today,5.4 Migration can help Policybridge in gaps Colombia by means ...... of heavy word-borrowing into108 all other languages. For the same reasons, lexicon is also the linguistic5.5 “Colombia feature nos best une” adaptable ...... to comparable database filing, i.e. 109 to sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It the5.6 construction Alianza País of ...... bi-/multilingual glossaries. This was understood 112 and put into practice decades before the diffusion of personal 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 computers, and terminology-building was initially thought of in printedBibliography format ...... alone; later mass access to IT only contributed 116 to

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 5 ISOBarry [2010d] Halliday “TC 37 - Terminology and other language and content resources”, http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/technical_committees/list_of_iso_t echnical_committees/iso_technical_committee_participation.htm?commid=48104.

58 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

speeding up its development. The Inter-Active Terminology for and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 Europe (IATE) online database, for example – started in 1999 and made3.5 Conclusionfreely available ...... to the public in 2007 – is a wealthy official EU 59 electronicBibliography resource ...... (8.4 million terms in 23 European languages, 60 IATE 2009) now accessible by anyone, but in fact builds upon the 4.terminological The Ethics of effortsMigration. of hundreds of EU translators and specialists sinceReflections the founding on Recent of the Migration European Policies Economic Community in 1951. andAs “Non-policies”with any large-scale in Italy trend, and standardization Europe ...... too has its opponents. 61 TranslationLaura Zanfrini scholars and professionals are no exception, especially – s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, understandably – those researching literary translation. At a general 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 level, though, in specialized translation and particularly in scientific / technological4.2 Initiatives domains, for Governing it will Family probably and Humanitarian soon be impossible to do Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. without meeting a certain (growing) number of standards. Without thinking4.3 From of Guest ISO Workersones, proof to Unwelcome of this is Guests the mere ...... use of computer 82 technology in translation, which is taken for granted at least to a minimum4.4 Selective degree Policies (e.g. an dword-processi the Brain Drain...... ng, receipt and delivery 87of documents4.5 Equal inOpportunity electronic andformats, Denied etc. Opportu). But nitiesthen again ...... some opposition 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors is perceived, although to a much lesser extent, even against the use of ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according ITBibliography technology ...... in translation, mostly concerning the use of CAT 97 (Computer-Assisted Translation) tools: in a 2005 survey on the major 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 professional translators’ web portal ProZ, to the question “What is Urs Watter your level of use of CAT tools?”, the majority (25.8%) of answering members5.1 State replied Interest “I and don’t Responsibility use any CA T tool” (ProZ 2005). Again, just like standardstowards their in terminology, Citizens Living the Abro use adof ...... translation memories and 102the like may not always be necessary – not in very short texts and hardly in to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper literary ones – but as a general trend it cannot be either ignored or denied,5.3 Migration and in thePolicy majority and Ethics of special ...... ized translations it is useful 106and even5.4 explicitlyMigration required Policy in by Colombia clients...... 108 Summarizing, domain-specific lexicon has always, correctly, been identified5.5 “Colombia as the nosLSPs’ une” main ...... vehicle of expert information, and thus 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It as 5.6the Alianza greatest País barrier ...... to a layperson’s understanding of specialized 112 texts and the biggest obstacle – if not the only one – in translating 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 them. Researching lexicon for the purpose of specialized translation is Bibliographytherefore a translator’s ...... most immediate and time-consuming task, 116 often proving hard to carry out because s/he lacks the required do- Workingmain-specific Together knowledge, for the Well-beingand terminological of Migrants resources ...... are not avail- 119 ableBarry or reliable. Halliday The latter circumstance is often due to an absence of constructive cooperation either (a) between linguists and specialists

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(e.g. between translators and their clients) in building glossaries, da- and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 tabases, translation memories, etc., or (b) among linguists, in sharing them.3.5 ConclusionThis furthermore ...... implies that, when terminology-building ac- 59 tuallyBibliography takes place ...... (i.e. during the translating process), the translator 60 frequently also lacks any guidelines as to the correct strategies to 4.follow The Ethicsto make of Migration.the resulting product suitable for the receiving dis- courseReflections community, on Recent and theMigration sources Policies to confirm his/her translation. For alland these “Non-policies” reasons, when in Italytranslati and ngEurope for professional ...... discourse com- 61 munitiesLaura Zanfrini (already sharing internal sets of harmonized procedures), s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, the existence and application of standards is considered helpful and 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 desirable, to a certain degree, in solving lexical problems and build- ing4.2 reliable Initiatives terminologies. for Governing There Family are and conditions, Humanitarian however, if termi- Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. nological databases and sources are to be shared: the general stan- dards4.3 Fromemployed Guest canWorkers never to beUnwelcome unilaterally Guests set, ...... but must be mutually 82 recognized and accepted by both the translating and the professional communities,4.4 Selective sincePolicies the an strengthd the Brain and Drain...... value of standards lie in their 87 recognition4.5 Equal Opportunityand sharedness and Denied– the wideOpportur, thenities better...... Sacrificing crea- 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors tivity, inventiveness and originality to standards is acceptable and ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according evenBibliography required ...... in specialized translation for its intrinsic purpose 97of providing clear and synthetic communication, where clarity and 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 synthesis are reciprocally restraining: at the lexical level, this means a Urs Watter term must be translated as clearly as possible but within the tight limits5.1 Stateallowed Interest by andany Responsibilityspecialized field; it must be translated as syn- theticallytowards as possible,their Citizens but Livingamply Abroenoughad ...... to make it clearly compre- 102 hensible6. to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper The argument in favour of the introduction and respect of common5.3 Migration standards, Policy defined and Ethics and ...... delimited according to the specific 106 cases,5.4 Migration is furthermore Policy in in lineColombia with th...... e suggested view of translation 108 as a time-constrained product, process and practice. Product-wise, the focus5.5 “Colombiais on the short-term,nos une” ...... circumscribed purpose of retrieving 109and sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It adapting5.6 Alianza the terms País ...... to complete a specific translation project. Process- 112 wise, it may be relevant to acquire the terms for a longer period and a 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 wider purpose, i.e. to organize and store them in databases for future referenceBibliography and use ...... (especially within large projects or for future work 116 for the same client), or to be shared with other translators or Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday 6 The preferred option is always the ‘one original word, one translated word’ unit, unless culture-specific collocations are available.

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specialists. Practice-wise, the discourse community that the translated and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 product will reach and affect ought to be considered too, namely in evaluating3.5 Conclusion the average ...... or expected lifetime of the specialized terms 59 appearingBibliography in the ...... product: by observing the pace of change in 60 a specific field, it could be possible to determine whether and when it 4.is Thesuitable Ethics to of review Migration. the product’s terminology, and to consider updatingReflections old terminologi on Recent Migrationcal resources Policies and past translations. andGiving “Non-policies” in to a degree in Italy of andharmoni Europezation ...... ultimately appears to 61be beneficialLaura Zanfrini for specialized translation, as well as the general trend s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, within and without the translation field, especially as regards termi- 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 nology. It does not necessarily mean giving up more creativity or originality4.2 Initiatives than forspecialized Governing transl Familyation and requires Humanitarian (very little, though the Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. creative aspect is never ignorable in any type of translation, even if just4.3 to From understand Guest Workers how a text to Unwelcome works in order Guests to ...... reproduce it), nor sur- 82 rendering to the supremacy of the hegemonic language of the mo- ment4.4 ifSelective lexical Policiesborrowing and fromthe Brain that Drain...... language is imposed by the stan- 87 dards.4.5 Equal In fact, Opportunity lexical hegemony and Denied is aOpportu historicalnities condition, ...... and success- 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ful languages never totally wane, as is still apparent when it comes to ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according namingBibliography supranational ...... objects, like the ISO institution or, more re-97 cently, the EU’s contest for young translators, established in 2007 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 and deftly christened Juvenes Translatores. Urs Watter 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility 2.4 Non-lexicaltowards their Citizensfeatures Living of specialized Abroad ...... texts 102 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Comprehensibly, lexis – as the outstanding feature in specialized lan- guages5.3 Migration and the Policyvehicle and for Ethics communica ...... ting expertise with clarity and106 monoreferentiality – has since ancient times been identified as their major5.4 Migration and often Policy as their in onlyColombia feature...... This is not the case: research, 108 as will5.5 be “Colombia shown shortly, nos une” has ...... established that also syntactic and textual 109

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It features, although in lesser proportions, undergo variations in ESP. In spite5.6 ofAlianza these Paísaspects ...... also being relevant and frequently proving quite 112 problematic5.7 Challenges in translation, ...... they still suffer from a quantitative bias114 with respect to lexical issues, which justifies dealing with them in the Bibliography ...... 116 same section. Focusing on terminology and that alone is precisely one common Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 fauxBarry pas Halliday of many an inexperienced (and experienced) specialized translator, and it also stems from the hard-dying notion that, once the

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lexical problems are solved, the entire translation puzzle is and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 deciphered. Unfortunately, or fortunately for puzzle-lovers and connoisseurs3.5 Conclusion of ...... the complexities of language, that is hardly true. As59 evenBibliography laypeople ...... with basic schooling in their own language know, 60 words may be the building blocks of language, but syntax binds them 4.together The Ethics into ofsentences Migration. and textual construction organizes them into textsReflections endowed on withRecent the Migration coherenc Policiese and cohesion required for the communicativeand “Non-policies” purpose in Italy they and must Europe serve, ...... all the more so if this 61is specialized.Laura Zanfrini The risk is, therefore, to find oneself eventually with an s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, accurate glossary for the text to be translated, and experience serious 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 difficulty in laying out words effectively and reproduce not only terms4.2 ,Initiatives but full fortexts Governing. On the Family other and hand, Humanitarian even the recent years’ Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. attention to communication in general, rather than just language, especially4.3 From inGuest fields Workers like marketingto Unwelcome and Guests advertising, ...... has sometimes 82 resulted in the opposite mistake of concentrating only on text- building,4.4 Selective where Policies texts anared thehowever Brain Drain...... very short and almost / often 87 coincide4.5 Equal with Opportunity just one sentence, and Denied if notOpportu one nitiesphrase ...... or the juxtaposition 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors of a few of them. In short, fast-paced communication for a past-paced ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according civilizationBibliography has ...... killed, or at least seriously injured, the articulate use 97 of syntax, still quite necessary in specialized translation, in spite of 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 the common belief that domain-specific texts are syntactically plain. Urs Watter Halliday and Hasan ([1985] 1991), Swales (1990), Gotti (1991 and [2005]5.1 State 2008), Interest Halliday and Responsibility (1997), Gotti and Dossena (2001), Cortese and Riley towards(2002), their Garzone Citizens (2003 Living and Abro 2004)ad ...... and Gotti and Flowerdew 102 (2006), to name some, have singled out the non-lexical features shown to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper by specialized texts. These include (but are not limited to) strategies relating5.3 Migration to (a) at Policy the syntactic and Ethics level: ...... nominalization, modality (Palmer 106 [1986]5.4 Migration 2001), depersonalizationPolicy in Colombia (p ...... assivization, cleft sentences, topi- 108 calization, fronting, inversion, postponement, etc.); (b) at the textual level:5.5 “Colombiasynthetization nos une”(listing, ...... schematization, graphic aids, etc.), cohe- 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It sion5.6 (references, Alianza País substitu ...... tion, ellipses, conjunctions as in Halliday 112and Hasan 1976), hedging (Lakoff 1972). The two levels, however, are not 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 always clearly distinct; or, rather, comprehensive effects like deper- sonalizationBibliography and ...... cohesion are achieved by means of elements taken 116 from both. All the above features, and others besides, need to be taken Workinginto account Together when for considering the Well-being specialized of Migrants texts ...... for both writing 119 / readingBarry andHalliday translating purposes. By directly applying one of the above

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instances of textual organization, the following lines will provide a and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 schematic sketch of the main non-lexical strategies in specialized texts. 3.5 Conclusion ...... 59 Nominalization is the tendency to an increase in noun forms Bibliographycompared ...... to verbal forms, as well as the grammatical process 60 of transforming words from other classes (verbs, mainly) or 4. The verbalEthics ofphrases Migration. into nouns. It has a high occurrence in Reflectionsspecialized on Recent written Migration texts. Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Modality relates to the mood of verbs, expressing possibility Laura Zanfrini or necessity. Modal verbs tend to abound in specialized lan- s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictiveguages, e.g. Policies they and are Structural especially Demand linked for to Immigrant the uncertainty Labour .. 65of 4.2 Initiativesresults / fordevelopments Governing Family in sci enceand Humanitarian (possibility), and to neces- Migration:sity in law Labour (deontic Migration use). Moodbut not isWorkers’ differently Migration obtained ...... in dif- 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. ferent languages; translators need to apply the corresponding 4.3 Fromlinguistic Guest strategyWorkers toto reproduceUnwelcome it. Guests ...... 82 4.4 SelectiveDepersonalization Policies an daims the Brainto make Drain...... communication impersonal, for87 different purposes and through different strategies. For example, 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors it could be employed to relieve authors from responsibility for ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliographythe content ...... of a text (hedging purposes), or emphasize the 97 objective stance taken in presenting the topic, and it can be 5. Colombia:obtained Including by using Emigrant the passives in Theirvoice Societieswithout ofan Originagent, ...... or cleft 101 Urs Wattersentences that topicalize the object of an action and reduce the 5.1 Staterole Interestof its subject, and Responsibility etc. towardsSynthetization their Citizens includes Living any Abro recoursead ...... functional to communi- 102 cating the relevant information in the shortest and clearest way to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper possible. It is the same economy principle underlying – as seen 5.3 Migration– the choice Policy of andhow Ethics to transl ...... ate domain-specific terminology. 106 5.4 MigrationIt is highly Policy used in Colombia in specialized ...... texts and it is variously 108 achieved, but mainly relies on the use of lists and iconic 5.5 “Colombiaelements nos(graphs, une” ...... diagrams, figures, photographs, etc.). It 109 is sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.6 Alianzausually País little ...... problematic in translation as elements 112are generally maintained, except for example between horizontally 5.7 Challengesor vertically ...... specularly written languages. 114 Bibliography Cohesion ...... is responsible for the functional and orderly 116 organization of relations of meaning within a text (coherence), Workingas realizedTogether by for grammatical the Well-being means. of Migrants To obtain ...... it, references 119can Barry Halliday be used to create signposts (temporal, deictic, conceptual) within the text; substitution to avoid repetition by employing

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‘weaker’ token words for ‘stronger’ ones; ellipses to expedite and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 and polish communication; while conjunctions are language’s 3.5 Conclusiontrue binding ...... elements, turning sentences into text. 59 Bibliography Hedging ...... can be defined as a set of linguistic strategies of any 60 nature employed to place a distance between authors and 4. The theirEthics statements, of Migration. thus reducing the former’s responsibility for Reflectionsthe latter. on Recent Entire Migration phrases Policies can be used (‘unless where and “Non-policies”otherwise stated’ in Italy – in and legal Europe language; ...... ‘as it appears’ – 61in Laurascientific Zanfrini language, e.g. in relating an experiment), adverbs s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive(‘supposedly’, Policies ‘potentially’), and Structural Demandmodals for(‘it Immigrant might resultLabour in’),.. 65 agent-less passive verbs (cf. ‘Depersonalization’ above), etc. 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian As indicated,Migration: these Labour are Migrationjust a few but of not many Workers’ non-lexical Migration aspects ...... to 73be ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. found in specialized texts, but they are possibly the most prominent, and4.3 their From impact Guest Workerson translation to Unwelcome is definitely Guests to ...... be evaluated. In par- 82 ticular,4.4 Selective some syntacticPolicies an elementsd the Brain w Drain...... ill be analyzed presently, which 87 seem especially interesting in an English-Italian contrastive perspective.4.5 ItEqual must Opportunity also be pointed and Denied out that, Opportu whilenities lexicon ...... can be and has 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are been discussed at a general, multilingual level because the reflections

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 that can be offered about it tend to apply to all languages and cer- 5.tainly Colombia: do to IncludingEuropean Emigrant languages,s in Theirnon-lexical Societies features, of Origin especially ...... 101 syntax,Urs Watter call for comparison. 5.1Nominalization State Interest and is, expectedly,Responsibility one of the features interesting to see in detail,towards which their links Citizens the reflection Living Abro on lexiconad ...... to that on syntax / text. 102 It explains and is explained by what has been said about lexis being a to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper LSP’s defining and most evident trait. In a self-propelling vicious circle,5.3 Migration by nature Policy nouns and carry Ethics the ...... most specialized information 106and distinguish LSPs from generic language, so that when new concepts are5.4 introduced, Migration Policythe established in Colombia use ...... encourages practitioners to name 108 them5.5 according“Colombia to nos custom, une” ...... i.e. by assigning them a non-arbitrary name, 109

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It a noun, to be preferred over locutions of other types for its precision 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 and gate-keeping function, with nomina agentis and nomina actionis being5.7 Challengesamong the ...... most frequent. Not only, the desire for clarity 114and brevity creates ‘noun prestige’, and induces practitioners to construct Bibliography ...... 116 sentences in ways that keep the nouns ‘as they are’, to make them Workingstand out Togetherand catch for the the attention Well-being of the of Migrantsexpert reader, ...... who in turn 119 is lookingBarry Hallidayout for nouns, not locutions or paraphrases. Indeed, the evocative power of nouns over verbs is understandable: the semantic

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and cultural load carried just by the simple substantive logos, or lex, and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 would not be carried by the corresponding verb, ‘to speak’, ‘to legislate’,3.5 Conclusion or by any ...... locution comprising it or its derived forms. So the 59 phenomenonBibliography progresses: ...... domain-specific languages develop and 60 increase their terminology dramatically as new advances are made in a 4.field, The andEthics internal of Migration. communication self-feeds the word-creating and word-usingReflections mechanisms, on Recent Migration with result Policiess that in the long run become stereotypedand “Non-policies” and even inparadoxical, Italy and Europe as they ...... reverse their original aim 61 andLaura start Zanfrinimaking communication unclear. This is the case, for instance, s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, of word clusters, strings of juxtaposed noun phrases (also including 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 deverbal and non-deverbal adjectives), and adverbs, which can form practical4.2 Initiatives collocations for Governing to a point, Family but and turn Humanitarian into decoding nightmares Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. beyond that. For this reason, certain very large lexical clusters acquire the4.3 status From ofGuest acronyms Workers or to initialisms;Unwelcome thisGuests way, ...... they abandon their 82 original class, and return to being simple one-word nouns as is desirable4.4 Selective in specialized Policies an d communicatthe Brain Drain...... ion, yet losing part of their 87 connotation4.5 Equal Opportunityand becoming and Deniednon-tran Opportusparent,nities with ...... many non-experts 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors even ignoring they were ever ‘something else’ (e.g. ‘quasi-stellar radio ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according source’Bibliography or QUASAR; ...... self-contained underwater breathing apparatus 97or SCUBA). When it comes to translating these words, standardized 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 terminology imposes the use of the English original, so that in Italy Urs Watter very few non-specialists know that SCUBA is an acronym, and even some5.1 Statespecialists Interest fail and toResponsibility remember exactly what it stands for. The problemstowards these their words Citizens raise Living for transl Abroationad ...... are obvious and concern 102the decoding not so much of well-known clusters like ‘global warming’ to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper (with collocation status by now) but of less common, more specialized associations5.3 Migration of Policynouns. and In Ethics practical ...... terms, to what extent are long 106 English5.4 Migration clusters Policy made in explicit Colombia when ...... translated into Italian7? Italian 108 cannot support the same number of clustered words, and by nature it is already5.5 “Colombia less synthetic nos une” a language ...... than English just for the fact that 109 its sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It words5.6 Alianza are longer. País For...... instance, a long but neutral phrase like 112 [1]5.7 Challengeshigh-sensitivity ...... C-reactive protein8 114 necessarilyBibliography needs ...... to be broken down into its conceptual logical 116 constituents, in Italian, and the ‘correct’ translation Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 7 ThisBarry volume’s Halliday horizon, it is worth recalling it, is English into Italian translation. 8 This and the following English examples are all realia (see Sources of realia used for exemplification).

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[2] proteina C-reattiva ad alta sensibilità9 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 manages to add just one more word (the preposition ‘ad’) to the lot, 3.5 Conclusion ...... 59 so it avoids making explicit the adjective phrase [3]Bibliography C-reactive ...... 60 [4] reattiva al polisaccaride C dello pneumococco 4. The Ethics of Migration. byReflections establishing on Recenta syntactic Migration calque Policies (typical of scientific language) instead.and “Non-policies” This is just one in Italy exemplif and Europeication, ...... but the subject is complex 61 andLaura fascinating, Zanfrini proving, as it does, how the various elements of s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, language that are by convention separately analyzed are in fact strictly4.1 Restrictive related and Policies influenced and Structural by each Demand other. for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2Verb Initiatives tenses foralso Governing deserve specialFamily andconsideration, Humanitarian particularly those Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. that do not enjoy strict or univocal English-Italian correspondence. It is 4.3known From that Guest the Workers desire for to Unwelcomeobjectivity, Guests together ...... with depersonaliza- 82 tion and hedging, creates a preference in ESP for non-finite verbal forms4.4 Selective such as Policiesinfinitives, and participlethe Brain Drain...... s and gerunds. In Italian, this re-87 sults4.5 inEqual the Opportunityissue of how and to Denied differentiate Opportu betweennities ...... an infinitive and 90 a

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors gerund, which is often solved by replacing the English gerund dever- ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according balBibliography noun with ...... an Italian noun tout court, thus nominalising and 97 keeping in line with the general trend: 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 [5] It was decided to remove the tumour Urs Watter [6] Si è deciso di rimuovere il tumore. vs.5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...... 102 [7] removing the tumour was categorized as routine to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. [8]5.2 Appliedla rimozione Ethics del tumore...... era classificata come di routine. 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper The5.3 frequency Migration ofPolicy participles, and Ethics on ...... the other hand, requires expanding 106 in Italian, so it is dealt with in the same way as noun clusters, i.e. by 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 applying similar strategies. 5.5Finally, “Colombia even nosmore une” interesting ...... is the analysis of the ‘past simple 109 - sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It present5.6 Alianza perfect’ País pair, ...... a tricky topic in EFL didactics, as any EFL 112 teacher well knows. The correspondence between these tenses is nowhere5.7 Challenges near perfect, ...... and it can even imply addressing a grammatical 114 entityBibliography that does ...... not exist in the target language (i.e. Italian, here), in 116 the case where the English present perfect is employed in a duration form. Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday 9 Italian definitions [2] and [4] are also taken from real texts (see Sources of realia used for exemplification).

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The problem lies in the multiple value (and translation) that each and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 English tense has in Italian. The past simple 3.5 Conclusion ...... 59 [9] the patient responded well canBibliography be translated ...... into the Italian passato remoto, passato prossimo 60or imperfetto: 4. The Ethics of Migration. [10] il paziente rispose bene Reflections on Recent Migration Policies [11]and il “Non-policies” paziente ha risposto in Italy bene and Europe ...... 61 [12]Laura il paziente Zanfrini rispondeva bene. s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, The4.1 present Restrictive perfect Policies can andactually Structural refer Demand to a past for action Immigrant [13], Labouror be used .. 65 with a non-action verb as a duration form [14]: 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian [13] the patient has responded well Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. [14] the infant has been in a critical condition [since / for]. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 In the first case [13], the Italian equivalent is the passato prossimo as seen4.4 in Selective [11]. In Policies the second and thecase Brain [14], Drain...... it is translated using the presente 87 indicativo4.5 Equal [15]: Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors [15] il neonato è / si trova in condizioni critiche [da]. ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 What is not possible is to translate [14] using a passato prossimo [16]: 5.[16] Colombia: il neonato Including è stato in condizioniEmigrant critiche*s in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 [17]Urs the Watter infant was / had been in a critical condition A 5.1back-translation State Interest and into Responsibility English woul d in that case return a different messagetowards [17], their not Citizensimplying Living that Abrothe patient’sad ...... condition is stable, 102 as the original [14] stated, but that it has now changed, for the better or to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper even for the worse. From the specialized translator’s perspective, it is hardly5.3 Migration indifferent Policy which and Ethicsthe corre ...... ct interpretation is. A wrong 106 or superficial syntactic choice would not only represent a circumscribed 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 mistake within a single sentence: if it determines an incorrect logical implication,5.5 “Colombia this noscould une” go ...... on to affect the entire textual organization 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It of 5.6the Alianza target Paísproduct ...... and, consequently, the comprehension of 112the message at large. In other words, it is no use having created / obtained5.7 Challenges a good ...... bilingual glossary of a text’s specific terminology 114 if, whenBibliography moving to...... the syntactic level, a patient is killed and the results 116 of a clinical trial are reversed. Above all in specialized texts, the Workingcrime would Together not remain for the onWell-being paper al one:of Migrants a wrong ...... transfer of expert 119 informationBarry Halliday can have observable consequences within and without the affected community of practice, potentially lethal, for instance, in

2. Specialized texts, specialized translation 67 10 Table of Contents

the above case of a medical community, and with relevant legal / and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 economic implications too. As Mounin commented as far back as 1965,3.5 Conclusion“in technical ...... translation, one will note that price concerns are 59 muchBibliography deadlier than...... literary ridicule” (1965: 172, my transl.). 60 The non-lexical features of specialized languages, some of which 4.have The beenEthics brieflyof Migration. reviewed above with special reference to translationReflections purposes, on Recent are Migration first of all Policies hard to list according to clear-cut categories.and “Non-policies” Elements inlike Italy verb and aspectEurope and ...... mood certainly play 61a relevantLaura Zanfrinirole at the syntactic level, but also at the textual, discursive s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, and communicative one. Likewise, cohesion is studied in text analysis, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 but it is realized by means of lexico-semantic and syntactic strategies, and4.2 of Initiatives course it for also Governing contributes Family to anddiscourse Humanitarian and communication at Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. large. Syntax, text, discourse, communication do not constitute a hypernymic4.3 From Guest / hyponymic Workers to set, Unwelcome but rather Guests represent ...... overlapping yet 82 separate perspectives that can be adopted to investigate a complex phenomenon4.4 Selective like Policies language, and the requiring Brain Drain...... and accommodating more than 87 just4.5 one Equal research Opportunity approach. and Denied But wher Opportueas linguistsnities ...... should be glad 90to

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors have various resources available, in translation an abundance of them ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according canBibliography prove disorienting, ...... and more than ever in specialized settings, 97 where time is of essence and purpose is all-pervading, and tends to 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 eclipse everything that does not seem functional to it. Linguistic Urs Watter approaches are nonetheless functional to specialized translation and in 5.1fact State are essential,Interest and as Responsibility seen, in decoding the original message and re- codifyingtowards it intotheir theCitizens target Living product Abro correctlyad ...... and according to 102the purpose. It takes a selective process to identify what analytical to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper resources are to be employed with each single text to translate; the greater5.3 Migration the experience, Policy and the Ethics faster ...... this process is carried out. However, 106 the5.4 ‘crystallization’ Migration Policy tendency in Colombia in ...... specialized communication – 108for which successful strategies, like nominalization, are fixed into crystallized5.5 “Colombia norms nos une”that ...... are welcome and even expected by 109the sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It community5.6 Alianza – Paísmakes ...... it possible to identify not only single recurring 112 patterns within the same domains, but various sets of them, each 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 comprising specific lexical, semantic, syntactic, textual, discursive andBibliography communicative ...... features: these are better known as genres 11610.

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 10 TheBarry key Halliday theorist of genre analysis, John Swales, was actually heavily influenced in the formulation of his perspective by his extensive research on specialized languages (e.g. Swales 1971, 1985).

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Genre theory can mediate between the requirements of specialized and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 translation and the variety of analytical tools offered by linguistics. 3.5 Conclusion ...... 59 2.5Bibliography Genre theory ...... and specialized texts 60

4.Not The all Ethics textual of features Migration. were accounted for in the previous paragraph, whichReflections left out, on for Recent instance, Migration those re Policieslating to coherence. This was done onand purpose, “Non-policies” as it seemed in Italy more and Europeappropriate ...... to discuss them when 61 addressingLaura Zanfrini genre theory: a functional approach in linguistics that itself s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, contributes4.1 Restrictive to bringing Policies coherenceand Structural to allDemand that has for Immigrantbeen said Labourabout ESP.. 65 and its relationship with translation, by providing an organic theory of 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian how lexicalMigration: and non-lexicalLabour Migration aspects but combine not Workers’ in specialized Migration texts...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Genre theory, too, results from the evolution of various lines of thought4.3 From in WesternGuest Workers linguistics to Unwelcome and philosophy. Guests ...... The very Platonic ar-82 chetype4.4 Selective and the Policies Aristotelian and the Braincategory Drain...... are amongst its earliest testi- 87 monies, through Kant’s cognition-centred “categories as the true primi- tive4.5 conceptions Equal Opportunity of the and pure Denied understanding” Opportunities ([1781] ...... 1855: 65), 90to d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are Wittgenstein’s “Familienähnlichkeiten” or “family resemblances”

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 ([1953] 2001: 52), down to the last century’s structuralist and then 5.deconstructionist Colombia: Including views Emigrant which, s inwhether Their Societiessupporting of Origin or rejecting ...... 101 structuresUrs Watter in reality, nonetheless acknowledged their indisputable role in human epistemology: 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Everytowards text participatestheir Citizens in Livingone or Abroseveralad ...... genres, there is no genreless 102 text; there is always a genre and genres, yet such participation never to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper amounts to belonging. And not because of an abundant overflowing 5.3or aMigration free, anarchic, Policy and Ethicsunclassifi ...... able productivity, but because of 106 the trait of participation itself, because of the effect of the code and 5.4of theMigration generic Policy mark. inMaking Colombia genre ...... its mark, a text demarcates itself 108 5.5(Derrida “Colombia and Ronell nos une” 1980: ...... 65). 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Isolating5.6 Alianza from País Jacques ...... Derrida’s lines the notions of ‘belonging’ and112 ‘understanding’,5.7 Challenges ...... and combining them with Kant’s ‘participation’, 114 three keywords typical of domain-specific communication, as out- linedBibliography in the previous ...... paragraphs, emerge11. A genre, being: 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday 11 Mikhail Bakhtin too categorized “all kinds of scientific research” into “secondary genres” (in Holquist and Emerson eds 1986: 62, italics added).

2. Specialized texts, specialized translation 69 10 Table of Contents

a recognizable communicative event characterized by a set of and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 communicative purpose(s) identified and mutually understood by the 3.5members Conclusion of the ...... professional or academic community in which it 59 regularly occurs (Bhatia 1993: 13, italics added), Bibliography ...... 60 embodies these underlying concepts, expressed in Vijay Bhatia’s 4.above The Ethicsdefinition of Migration. by the highlighte d keywords. In a specialized com- municativeReflections event, on Recent smooth Migration and immediate Policies understanding (“mutually understoodand “Non-policies””) must be in guaranteed Italy and Europeboth ways ...... between the sender and 61 theLaura receiver, Zanfrini whose belonging to the same group of professionals must s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, be4.1 publicly Restrictive acknowledged Policies and Structural(“members Demand”), where for Immigrant membership Labour means .. 65 active participation, through information exchange, to their “community”4.2 ofInitiatives practice for12. GoverningEqually, Wittgenstein’s Family and Humanitarian ‘family resemblance’, and Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. the ensuing reflection on ‘prototypes’13, is closely related to genre the- ory4.3 in Fromthat Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 4.4exemplars Selective of Policiesa genre exhibitand the variousBrain Drain...... patterns of similarity in terms of 87 structure, style, content and intended audience. If all high probability 4.5expectations Equal Opportunity are realized, and Denied the Opportuexemplarnities will ...... be viewed as 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are prototypical by the parent discourse community (Swales 1990: 58,

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 italics added). 5.In Colombia:practical terms, Including then, Emigrantgenres ares incollections Their Societies of similar of Origin structural ...... 101and stylisticUrs Watter patterns, applicable to certain domains, for communication within5.1 State or across Interest certain and Responsibility communities or, even, beyond communities, betweentowards specialists their Citizens and non-specialists. Living Abroad Well-known ...... examples are 102the legal contract, the research article in hard sciences, the technical report, to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper the patient’s medical record in clinical medicine. Genres, however, do not5.3 always Migration necessarily Policy and belong Ethics to...... so specific fields. Many facilitate 106 communication5.4 Migration Policybetween in Colombia specialists ...... and non-specialists, for example 108 for dissemination or didactic purposes: the medical prescription, the in- struction5.5 “Colombia manual, nos the une” textbook...... Others are outright typical of popular 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It settings:5.6 Alianza the letter País ...... to the editor, the agony aunt column, the cooking 112 recipe (e.g. Askehave and Swales 2001 analysed shopping lists) are 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography ...... 116 12 An interesting essay on the history of the scientific speech community seen from an evolutionary perspective is Valle (1997). Bazerman (1988) also outlines the Workingevolution of Together genres. for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 13 PrototypeBarry Halliday theory developed within cognitive psychology (Rosch 1975, Rosch and Mervis 1975), but found interesting applications in other fields, including linguistics, for example as investigated by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and Lakoff (1987).

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just a few of them. Simply put, whoever does not know the ‘internal and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 rules’ of the specialized genre (e.g. who the sender and the receiver are,3.5 what Conclusion channels ...... they use, what the agreed relation between them 59is, etc.)Bibliography can neither ...... access the genre, nor share in the discourse commu- 60 nity behind it. 4. TheMost Ethics relevant of Migration. for this book are the genres used in professional settings,Reflections although on Recent popular Migration ones are Policies functional to introduce the notion thatand ‘specialized’ “Non-policies” does in Italynot andnecessarily Europe ...... mean ‘from specialist 61to specialist’:Laura Zanfrini the agony aunt column too is a highly specialized genre in s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, its own fashion, such as requires writing by a professional according 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 to certain “patterns of similarity in terms of structure, style, content and4.2 intended Initiatives audience”, for Governing but the Family writer and and Humanitarian the reader are on different Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. levels. So far, the concept of purpose in LSPs has been associated mainly4.3 From to Guestthat ofWorkers discourse to Unwelcome / professional Guests ...... community, i.e. with 82 reference, in fact, to the domain. Studies on textual genres introduce a 4.4differentiation Selective Policies or, better,and the Braina second Drain...... nuance to it: within their 87 ‘purpose’,4.5 Equal LSPs Opportunity accommodate and Denied not Opportuonly a professionalnities ...... focus linked 90to

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors a specific domain or topic, but also a degree of specialization that ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according variesBibliography from specialist ...... to non-specialist. This is known as a horizontal- 97 vertical framework (Cortelazzo 1994, 2000), where the horizontal 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 variation relates to the domain, and the vertical variation to the Urs Watter degree of specialization. Most researchers in this area (e.g. Cloître and5.1 Shinn State Interest1985; Hilgartner and Responsibility 1990; Bucchi, 1996, 1998) consider the verticaltowards variation their Citizensa continuum, Living Abroratherad ...... than made up of separate 102 stages, and provide finer distinctions. Cloître and Shinn’s successful to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper model (1985: 34), for example, identifies an “intra-specialist level” (specialists5.3 Migration communicating Policy and Ethics with ...... each other within one field), 106an “inter-specialist5.4 Migration Policy level” in (specialistsColombia ...... communicating across fields), 108 a “didactic level” (specialists teaching below-the-threshold members of a 5.5specialized “Colombia community),nos une” ...... and a “popular level” (specialists 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It communicating5.6 Alianza País with ...... non-specialists). Cloître and Shinn’s (1985) 112 categories are a function of both the sender and the receiver, and can 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 be described as ‘sender-receiver’-based. They could further be functionallyBibliography grouped ...... into ‘internal’ and ‘outbound’ levels, with 116the intra-specialist and inter-specialist levels making up the internal Workinglevels, and Together the didactic for the and Well-being popular levels of Migrants the ‘outbound’ ...... (directed 119 to receiversBarry Halliday outside specialized discourse communities) ones.

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Genre theory introduces and highlights the relevance of the hori- and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 zontal-vertical variation communicative model in order to define genres,3.5 which Conclusion are cognitive ...... and communicative models – or ‘containers’ 59 – featuringBibliography own specific...... sets of linguistic patterns. Genres may then 60be used across domains and levels: e.g. the textual genre of the ‘report’ 4.may The be Ethics filled of with Migration. economic content at the intraspecialist level and takeReflections the form ofon theRecent annual Migration reports iPoliciesssued to their shareholders by large multinationals;and “Non-policies” or it can in Italypertain and to Europe the technical ...... domain and the inter- 61 specialistLaura Zanfrini level and be embodied by an engineering consultant’s report s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, on the safety standards of a school carried out for the Ministry of Edu- 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 cation. A report with didactic purposes could be one that students have to 4.2write Initiatives and hand for Governingin to their Familyteacher and about Humanitarian an experiment they con- Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. ducted in the lab. A popular level report could be the feature article published4.3 From in Guest a tabloid Workers newspaper to Unwelcome about dresses Guests ...... worn by red carpet ac- 82 tresses at the Academy Awards. Not all genres are as flexible as the report.4.4 Some,Selective on Policies the contrary, and the are Brain very Drain...... rigidly constrained: e.g. the in-87 voice,4.5 Equal which Opportunity may vary and from Denied country Opportu to countrynities ...... but not within the 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors same country, where the data it has to include are regulated by law14. ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according SomeBibliography texts may ...... be said to pertain to different genres at the same time, 97 for example the above-mentioned fashion report, which can also be 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 called an ‘article’ or, to better delimit it, a ‘tabloid article’, or a ‘fashion Urs Watter and showbiz tabloid article’. In fact, most texts would belong to more than5.1 one State genre Interest or, anddifferently Responsibility put, show features of various genres simultaneously.towards their Very Citizens few, on Living the other Abro adhand, ...... would fulfil all the proto- 102 typical requirements of a ‘pure’ genre: the prototypical end of this di- to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper mension is occupied by highly crystallized genres, usually typical of highly5.3 Migration intraspecialist Policy levelsand Ethics and ...... particularly of legal language, where 106 formulas5.4 Migration often Policyappear in as Colombia “performative ...... utterances” in John Austin’s 108 ([1955] 1962) terms. Another crystallized genre is the medical research article,5.5 “Colombia where the nos need une” for ...... maximum clarity and non-arbitrariness 109has sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It even5.6 Alianzaimposed País a ...... specific logical-argumentative structure to follow 112 when reporting case studies or clinical trials (a broadly and long re- 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 searched topic, e.g. by Swales 1971, Gotti 2003 and Halliday 2006). BibliographyHowever, to ...... disprove what has just been suggested, popular com- 116 munication too, commonly at the other end of the crystallization con- Workingtinuum, can Together make use for ofthe strictly Well-being rigid genres,of Migrants again ...... depending on their 119 Barry Halliday

14 Though specific textual features like the layout and graphics may vary.

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purpose. For example, a grandmother’s cooking recipe, if it must be and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 successful, shares the same need for absolute clarity as the description of 3.5a newly Conclusion synthesized ...... molecule, so it follows very crystallized rules 59 andBibliography has a scientific ...... content like a chemical formula’s, if for the fact 60 it may use different systems of measurement, e.g. tablespoons and cups; 4.in Thetranslation Ethics (andof Migration. in the kitchen), it is treated with the same thorough- nessReflections as any ‘real’ on Recent scientific Migration text. In Policiesview of this discrepancy caused by purpose,and “Non-policies” the definition in of Italy special andization Europe variation ...... as two-dimensional 61 shouldLaura perhaps Zanfrini be adapted into a tri-dimensional structure, linking do-

s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of 15 stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, main, specialization and purpose at all levels . The classical horizon- 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 tal (domain) - vertical (specialization) variation realising specialized languages4.2 Initiatives could for then Governing be seen Family as integr and Humanitarianated into a widely reaching Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. framework comprising a horizontal (domain) - vertical (specialization) - oblique4.3 From (purpose)Guest Workers variation, to Unwelcome realising Guests specialized ...... communication 82 (Fig. 4). 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... specialization 97

5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 Urs Watter 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...... 102 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper TEXT 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 domain 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108

5.5 “Colombiapurpose nos une” ...... 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112

5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Fig. 4 Specialized communication: a suggested model of representation Bibliography ...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday 15 Askehave and Swales (2001) suggested a redefinition of the concept and role of purpose in genres, for example.

2. Specialized texts, specialized translation 73 10 Table of Contents

Here, while specialization and domain are seen as predominantly and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 inbound characteristics, determining as they do the inner nature of the text3.5 (but Conclusion not exclusively, ...... because a specialized text also needs to 59be easilyBibliography received ...... outside, by readers within the same domain and with 60 the same degree of specialization), purpose is seen as a mainly 4.outbound The Ethics feature, of Migration. i.e. relevant in shaping the text internally, but affectingReflections the external on Recent use Migration that is done Policies of it in greater percentage. andA more “Non-policies” articulated in framework Italy and Europe could indeed...... help account for the 61 evasiveLaura natureZanfrini and use of genres. s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1The Restrictive problem isPolicies that, howeverand Structural the typology Demand isfor set Immigrant up, any Labourreal text .. 65 4.2will Initiatives display features for Governing of more Family than one and type.Humanitarian This multifunctionality is the rule rather than the exception, and any useful typology of texts Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. will have to be able to accommodate such diversity (Hatim and 4.3Mason From 1990: Guest 138). Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 For4.4 this Selective reason, Policies ascertaining and the beyondBrain Drain...... doubt what a genre is can still 87 prove4.5 Equalproblematic. Opportunity An established and Denied viewOpportu in literarynities ...... studies upholds that 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors a genre really is one when it can be parodied (“As a rule, the testing of ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according discourseBibliography is coupled ...... with its being parodied”, Bakhtin in Holquist 97 1981: 413), i.e. when a set framework is filled with unusual content, 5.thus Colombia: disrupting Including the audience’s Emigrant expectationss in Their Societiesabout its ofmessage Origin ...... and cre-101 atingUrs irony. Watter This can also be done with a different and more question- able5.1 purpose State Interest in mind, and i.e.Responsibility when genres from one domain and level are used totowards convey their a message Citizens destinedLiving Abro to aad different ...... audience. The classic 102 example is found in advertising, where a message is often ‘masked’ as to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper a scientific publication using features of this genre to convey to lay- people5.3 Migration the same Policy authority and thatEthics intra- ...... / interspecialist texts do: 106 [18]5.4 MigrationStudies show Policy rosemary in Colombia may protec ...... t against free radical damage both108 internally and externally16. 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...... 109 [19] I test clinici dimostrano che Notox-Hepaxil protegge il fegato, ma anche il sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.6 cervelloAlianza e Paíslo stomaco ...... 17. 112 In 5.7translation Challenges too ...... any variation from the established use of a genre 114 is identified and may be either reproduced or altered, depending on theBibliography purpose, but ...... bearing in mind the deontological problems this116 can create (Scarpa 2007a). Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday 16 From a slimming product’s advertising website. 17 From a food supplement’s advertising website.

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All this “fuzziness” (Swales 1990: 33) inherent in genre and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 definition and use may produce the feeling that genre theory is nowhere3.5 Conclusion near providing ...... any reassuring norms and stable models, 59 andBibliography discourage ...... employing it in translation. Far from this, genre 60 analysis ought to be well-received and adopted by specialized 4.translators The Ethics looking of Migration. (as outlined in par. 2.3 and 2.4) for signposts, rulesReflections and standards, on Recent as itMigration provides Policiesthem with sufficient sets of these to andreceive “Non-policies” and attain in Italythe desiredand Europe harmonization, ...... but also with 61 enoughLaura flexibilityZanfrini to customize their application to suit the needs of

s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of 18 stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, each single translating job . The professional translator, following 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Kant’s and Wittgenstein’s cognitive categories, does not look for genres4.2 Initiatives in texts, for but Governing interprets Family a text and according Humanitarian to the genre features Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. that best describe it: genre analysis as applied to translation is essentially4.3 From Guesta matter Workers of choices to Unwelcome (a theme Guests that will...... be discussed later 82 on in this and the next chapter). 4.4The Selective connection Policies existing and the between Brain Drain...... genres and textual coherence, 87 mentioned4.5 Equal atOpportunity the beginning and Deniedof the paragraph,Opportunities can ...... now be made more 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors explicit, together with the relevance these concepts hold in translation. ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according GenreBibliography analysis ...... is a functional-linguistic approach19 with roots and 97 applications in philosophy, literature and the arts. It is inherently con- 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 cerned with coherence at the textual level as obtained by the combina- Urs Watter tion of cohesive lexico-semantic and syntactic elements. However, since5.1 “coherenceState Interest is and provided Responsibility not only by the ordering of sentences, but also bytowards their meaningtheir Citizens and Livingreference” Abro (vanad ...... Dijk 1985: 110), establish- 102 ing the meaning of sentences is a semantic operation related to inter- to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper pretation – one aspect of translation. It furthermore provides the spe- cialized5.3 Migration translator Policy with and a Ethicsvariety ...... of analytical tools from which 106 to choose5.4 Migration that are Policythis time in Colombia well-stru ...... ctured and ‘packaged’ into ready- 108 made yet flexible, adaptable and interchangeably constructed textual frameworks:5.5 “Colombia genres. nos une”This ...... way, the translator is offered the possibility 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It to 5.6choose Alianza from País an ...... abstract ‘library’ of basic interpreting canons 112 or standards arranged into concretely applicable models. Finally, genre 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography ...... 116 18 Ulrych (2005) goes deeper into the relationship between genres and translation and, based on previous studies including Even-Zohar (1979) and Toury (1980), Workingproposes the Together notion of fortransla thetion Well-being as a genre ofof its Migrants own...... 119 19 BarryM.A.K. Halliday Halliday too published on ESP (Halliday, Macintosh, and Strevens 1964, Halliday and Martin 1993, Halliday 2006) and did extensive work on coherence (Halliday and Hasan 1976 and 1991).

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analysis redefines and enriches a translator’s purpose by introducing and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 the diaphasic dimension or level of specialization. All this is supposed to 3.5endow Conclusion translators ...... with increasing(ly) suitable tools to address their 59 task,Bibliography leaving it ...... to personal training, experience, effort and – for want 60of a better word – talent to apply them to their best use in specialized 4.translation. The Ethics Indeed, of Migration. the same reflection as was made about lexical stan- dardsReflections in par. 2.2 on Recentrelates toMigration genres: likePolicies words, genres also evolve, and sinceand many“Non-policies” of them arein Italy connected and Europe to contemporary ...... communication, 61 theyLaura do soZanfrini at its changing pace, i.e. very fast. For this reason, genres s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, too can and ought to be regarded in and over time, and related to 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 translation differently depending on this being considered in its product,4.2 process Initiatives or practice for Governing form. Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 2.64.3 Approaches From Guest Workers to specialized to Unwelcome translation Guests ...... 82 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 The considerations made and reported in chapt. 1 about translation in general,4.5 Equal and Opportunity those presented and Denied in this Opportu chapternities about ...... the theoretical tools 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are provided by applied linguistics that can contribute to the translator’s

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 work, do not say in detail how this should be carried out. This 5.shortcoming Colombia: Includingis partly Emigrantdue to thiss in Theirbook Societiesnot taking of Origina prescriptive ...... 101 stance,Urs Watter but being concerned with how specialized translation is carried out. Although these and often do coincide, it is not always so. 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility The didactics of translation is an altogether separate yet closely towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...... 102 related topic, that part of translation concerned with discipline rather to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper than doctrine, as defined by the OED (cf. par. 1.1) and, again, different5.3 Migration from its Policy practice. and Ethics Translation ...... – this much is clear by now 106 – is all these things at the same time and, in writing about it, each of these5.4 Migrationaspects can Policy take in precedence Colombia ...... over the others, but never ignore 108 them.5.5 “ColombiaThis quality nos of une” translation ...... is derived from its being after all 109 an

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It art – though according to many a minor one, not the child of creation but5.6 of Alianza the lesser País god ...... that is imitation. Still, even as a secondary art, 112 it shares5.7 Challenges the same traits...... and problems of the arts as regards equivalence 114 and talent, and didactics is the aspect of translation most concerned Bibliography ...... 116 with them. Any strictly prescriptive work will then have to deal with these aspects, though art and talent seem hardly teachable if absent, Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 justBarry refineable Halliday or developable if present. The extreme difficulty of presenting a comprehensive prescriptive view does not mean that

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good and even excellent didactic supports do not exist; they do and and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 they are very significant to follow at the practical level and to compare3.5 Conclusion at the theoretical ...... one. The reason why this paragraph reports 59 someBibliography of the main ...... authors in English-into-Italian translation teaching 60 is, however, different: didactics is seen as really bringing together the 4.various The Ethics linguistic of Migration. theories touched upon in this chapter and demonstratingReflections on in Recent practice Migration how they Policies apply to the translation process. It is worthand “Non-policies” remarking the in originally Italy and diEuropedactic ...... purpose of research on ESP 61 and,Laura subsequently, Zanfrini on genres, as many key linguists who contributed s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, to these fields – Widdowson (1992, 1994 and 1997), Halliday 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 (2007)20, Swales and Feak (2004), Swales et al. (1998) – also carried out4.2 extensive Initiatives work for Governing on EFL, Family which and has Humanitarian of course close ties with Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. translation. Recent studies on specialized translation all take into account4.3 From contemporary Guest Workers research to Unwelcome in applied Guests linguistics...... While it 82is impossible to mention them all21, a selection of texts particularly relevant4.4 Selective for their Policies links anwithd the linguistics Brain Drain...... is given below. 87 4.5Peter Equal Newmark’s Opportunity books and Denied(1981, Opportu1988 andnities 1991) ...... were, for about 90 a

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors decade, in the 1980s, the main source on specialized translation, ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according amongBibliography a majority ...... of studies that were still focused only on literary and 97 biblical translation (Hermans 1985, Toury 1980). He was also one of 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 the first authors in TS to provide indications that were openly prescrip- Urs Watter tive and directly applicable as a manual. Newmark’s contribution lies especially5.1 State Interestin having and definitelyResponsibility brought specialized translation into Translationtowards Studies. their Citizens He alsoLiving in Abrotroducedad ...... a systemic-functional 102ap- proach, although questioning the perfect application of Halliday’s to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper functional categories and notion of register to translation, and rather finding5.3 Migration it “refreshing Policy andto returnEthics ...... to Chomsky” (1991: 55), whom 106 he appreciates5.4 Migration not Policyin all aspects,in Colombia but essentially...... for his “creative view 108 of language” (1991: 55). Newmark’s functional approach differentiates between5.5 “Colombia semantic nos and une” communicative ...... translation. The first is author- 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It centred5.6 Alianza and tends País ...... towards literality; the second is reader-centred 112and less constrained. For most specialized texts, he recommends communi- 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 cative translation, while he sees semantic translation closer to literary texts.Bibliography Not a completely ...... original view, because it builds upon a histori- 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 20 BarryThis volumeHalliday collects the most relevant papers on the subject by M.A.K. Halliday, who also authored studies in Chinese language (2009). 21 A clear account of the recent methods in TS is Snell-Hornby (2006).

2. Specialized texts, specialized translation 77 10 Table of Contents

cal dualistic opposition, and relatively outdated today because of its and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 ‘mere’ bidimensionality, it was however relevant at and for the time in which3.5 Conclusion it was proposed, ...... and highly influential for the future develop- 59 mentBibliography of the specialized ...... branch of TS22. 60 Many interesting works were published in the 1990s. Among 4.these, The EthicsHatim ofand Migration. Mason’s, although not strictly didactic23, had a lastingReflections influence on Recent on other Migration texts Policieson translation didactics of the followingand “Non-policies” two decades in Italy(Baker and 1992,Europe Taylor ...... 1998, Scarpa [2001] 61 2008).Laura Discourse Zanfrini and the translator (1990) testifies to its authors’ s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, functionalist view: 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2in Initiativesits insistence for Governing on according Family prio andrity Humanitarian to the investigation of ‘competence’Migration: (theLabour ideal Migration speaker but/ hearer’s not Workers’ language Migration faculty ...... over the 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. investigation of ‘performance’ […]), transformational grammar drew 4.3attention From Guestaway fromWorkers language to Unwelcome as communication, Guests ...... the very substance 82 of the translator’s work (1990: 32). 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 It 4.5also Equal reports Opportunity their interest and Deniedin regi Opportuster analysisnities ...... (chapt. 3) and genres 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors (chapt. 8), and introduces machine translation (pp. 22-25), the then ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according developingBibliography notion ...... of discourse (chapt. 4), and the importance of the 97 social framework (pp. 1-20), with which the focus moves from 5.‘reader’ Colombia: to ‘reader Including in society’Emigrant. Ins in The Their translator Societies asof Origincommunicator ...... 101 Urs Watter (1997), the same authors move on to consider translation within even wider5.1 Statehorizons, Interest thus and leaving Responsibility the bidi mensional plane for the holistic view towardsof translation their Citizens in communication. Living Abroad ...... Newmark’s semantic and102 communicative translation is substituted by static and dynamic to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper translation (1997: 30-35); the concept of register blends into social semiotics5.3 Migration (1997: Policy 22-24); and coherence Ethics ...... is introduced as a key element 106 in translating5.4 Migration texts Policy (“Indeed, in Colombia one might ...... define the task of the translator 108 as a communicator as being one of seeking to maintain coherence”, 1997:5.5 “Colombia12); and annos overall une” ...... textual analysis approach is followed and109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It recommended5.6 Alianza País (chapt...... 2). 112 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography ...... 116 22 Sergio Viaggio (1991, 1992, 2000), a UN interpreter and former Chief of Vienna’s UN Interpreting Section, offers detailed and highly critical analyses of WorkingNewmark’s Together work. for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 23 Barry“The titleHalliday of this book might lead some to believe that our intention is, somehow, to teach translators how to translate. Nothing could be further from the truth” (Hatim and Mason 1990: xi).

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Mona Baker has been publishing extensively on translation and TS. and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 Her 1992 influential classic is an actual Coursebook, offering a com- prehensive3.5 Conclusion linguistic ...... approach to translation that is also immediately 59 understandableBibliography ...... and applicable by the expert and the training translator 60 alike. Baker adopts a bottom-up or micro-to-macro method that starts 4.by The taking Ethics into of account Migration. as usual the lexical level, however still tradi- tionallyReflections divided on intoRecent “word Migration level” Policies(chapt. 2) and “above word level” (chapt.and “Non-policies” 3). As expected, in theItaly next and level Europe accounted ...... for is grammar, while 61 theLaura following Zanfrini is text analysis. In fact, Baker’s text analysis is much s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, more articulated than Hatim and Mason’s, taking three chapters and 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 exploring theme and topic organization (in the Hallidayan sense), tex- tual4.2 cohesion Initiatives and, for Governingfinally, what Family she andconsiders Humanitarian responsible for “prag- Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. matic equivalence” (chapt. 7): coherence. Coherence deals with “how texts4.3 areFrom used Guest in communicativeWorkers to Unwelcome situations Guests that ...... involve variables such 82 as writers, readers and cultural context” (1992: 5): a concept that re- calls4.4 SelectiveLSPs and Policies anticipates and the genr Braines. Drain...... Genres are actually mentioned 87 throughout4.5 Equal theOpportunity volume, andbut Deniedare only Opportu explicitlynities described ...... in a subpara- 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors graph of the chapter on grammar as an “introducing” feature of texts ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according (1992:Bibliography 111)...... 97 Taylor (1998), conceived as a “user-friendly” tool (1998: 3), is 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 representative of various shifts in both content and form. Firstly, it Urs Watter adopts the now common structure (in translation didactics) of a two- section5.1 State volume, Interest withand Responsibility the first pa rt dealing with translation and linguistictowards theory, their andCitizens the Livingsecond Abro presentingad ...... real sample texts from 102 different domains, translated and commented on, to illustrate how the to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper translating process takes place in effect. Secondly, it introduces a view5.3 ofMigration genre theoryPolicy andamong Ethics the ...... tools suggested for analyzing texts 106 before5.4 Migration and while Policy addres in Colombiasing them...... Thirdly, a specific and original 108 methodology is illustrated: translation as a “rolling” (part two) or circular5.5 “Colombia process, nosmade une” up ...... of the various subsequent stages leading 109 to sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It the5.6 actual Alianza translation, País ...... from the first literal version, through 112the analysis of the various levels of the text, to the final version. Lastly, 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 this book also addresses specifically, e.g. in the choice of sample texts,Bibliography an English ...... / Italian translating audience (possibly with 116 a necessary bias towards Italian into English translation), who shares Workingspecific and Together recurrent for thesets Well-being of problems of Migrantsat all linguistic ...... levels and 119 in bothBarry transfer Halliday directions.

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Ulrych (1999) focuses on the multidisciplinary nature that and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 translation has always enjoyed – reinforced by the holistic approach that3.5 imposed Conclusion itself ...... as a general trend at the end of the 20th century 59 – andBibliography on the changing ...... role of the translator in its three main 60 manifestations: the translation student, the translator-trainer and the 4.professional The Ethics translator.of Migration. In particular, she perceives and receives the changesReflections in the on media Recent that Migration were taking Policies place at the end of the 1990s, especiallyand “Non-policies” as regards inthe Italy mass and use Europe of computers...... An evidence-based 61 perspectiveLaura Zanfrini in Translation Studies – similar to the same-name s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, paradigm shift occurred earlier that decade in medicine – is thus 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 proposed, which would find its best expression in the use of corpora for4.2 translating Initiatives purposes. for Governing An unquestiFamily andonable Humanitarian revolution in linguistics, Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. corpus-based technology as the only or even just the main paradigm in 4.3TS Fromwould Guest in later Workers years toprove Unwelcome to pose Guestsvarious ...... issues, chiefly that 82of self-referentiality (cf. par. 3.2 on corpus linguistics and TS and par. 3.54.4 on Selective the web Policiesas a corpus). and the Brain Drain...... 87 4.5Moving Equal Opportunityinto the 2000s, and Denied Scarpa Opportu ([2001]nities ...... 2008) represents 90an

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors organic, articulated didactic instrument, directed at English into ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according ItalianBibliography translators...... Like Taylor starting from linguistics and moving 97 to translation, it is nonetheless no longer divided into separate 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 sections, but is presented as a continuum. LSPs occupy the first Urs Watter chapters, followed by the actual chapters on translation in its general,5.1 State preparatory Interest and Responsibilityand productive aspects. The final chapters, dealingtowards with their the Citizensever-returning, Living Abro veryad ...... complex issue of quality 102 evaluation and translation competence, discuss didactics at the to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper theoretical level, a topic amply explored by the author (2005, 2007a,5.3 Migration 2007b, Policy2007c and and Ethics 2007d)...... Scarpa returns to a traditional 106 distinction5.4 Migration between Policy “intraduzione Colombia ...... letterale” and “parafrasi” (par. 108 4.1), the latter articulated into various strategies (par. 4.1.2). Her methodology5.5 “Colombia includes nos une” the ...... following stages: identification of text109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It types5.6 Alianzaor genres, País ...... identification of models in the target language; 112 identification of purposes which, based on skopostheorie (Vermeer 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 1989, Nord 1997), can differ from the source text’s; reading; identificationBibliography of ...... translating problems. 116 Osimo (2007) is a self-defined “manuale pratico” (2007: 3). WorkingAlthough Togetherfocusing foron theessays, Well-being the me ofthod Migrants it proposes ...... can also find119 applicationsBarry Halliday in specific domains. The theoretical section in this book is very limited compared to the space dedicated to the step-by-step

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analysis and translation of realia, but the prescriptive aim amply and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 justifies this, as well as the fact that this volume follows an earlier, thorough3.5 Conclusion account ...... of translation history and theory (2002). Osimo sees 59 translationBibliography as a ...... process (mediated from Popovič 1976 and Torop 1995) 60 leading from a prototext to a metatext through a number of stages: the 4.linguistic The Ethics and ofcultural Migration. analyses, the mental elaboration of the message, theReflections identification on Recent of the Migrationmodel reader Policies and of the dominant, the first draft,and the “Non-policies” review. The inlinguistic Italy and anal Europeysis in ...... turn comprises linguistic 61as wellLaura as Zanfrinisocio-economic levels, i.e. the identification of the text’s s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, typology (or genre), style and content; and of the target market and 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 reader. The translation, like in Scarpa ([2001] 2008), is thus built on a first,4.2 serviceInitiatives draft, for Governingto be lately Family reprocessed and Humanitarian taking into account the Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. lexical, syntactic and textual levels, and finally analysing the problems and4.3 any From loss Guest occurred Workers during to Unwelcomethe transfer. Guests ...... 82 The selected publications about the didactics of specialized trans- lation4.4 Selectivereviewed Policies above, an althoughd the Brain a restDrain...... ricted sample, represent some 87 of 4.5the Equal recent Opportunity developments, and Denied i.e. over Opportu the pastnities thirty ...... years, in the re-90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ception and application of linguistic theories within translation24. ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according ChangesBibliography went ...... from an originally bidimensional model (Newmark 97 1991, 1988), deriving from previous research on literary texts but not 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 necessarily fitting them either (e.g. Toury 1995), to multilayer ap- Urs Watter proaches focusing not only on purpose and not only on lexicon, but on5.1 text, State genre Interest and and discourse Responsibility (Hatim and Mason 1990, 1997; Baker 1992)towards and, furthermore, their Citizens Livingon the Abro writingad ...... and re-writing phases 102 of translation (Taylor 1998), on the factors influencing reception and to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper evaluation (Scarpa [2001] 2008), and on the wider socio-economic contexts5.3 Migration in which Policy translations and Ethics ...... occur (Osimo 2007). Specialized 106 translation,5.4 Migration it seems, Policy inhas Colombia dropped ...... the bidimensionality of its tradi- 108 tional paper support, and has acquired increasing degrees of depth, until5.5 it“Colombia has come nos to une” be seen ...... as an event set in co-text, context 109and sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It eventually5.6 Alianza society, País ...... and it has done so thanks to the application 112 of relevant aspects of relevant linguistic theories to the initially innova- 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 tive though limited studies on LSPs/ESP. The following paragraph, drawingBibliography from existing...... research and introducing personal reflections, 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday 24 More works on scientific and technical translation in particular include Finch (1969), Pinchuck (1977), Hann (1992), Wright and Wright (1993).

2. Specialized texts, specialized translation 81 10 Table of Contents

outlines a suggested description of the mechanisms at work in spe- and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 cialized translation. 3.5 Conclusion ...... 59 2.7Bibliography Specialized ...... translation: an operational approach 60

4.The The proposed Ethics of interpretation Migration. of the factors determining and influencing specializedReflections translation on Recent cannot Migration but Policiesstart from the underlying concept recurringand “Non-policies” since the beginning in Italy andof the Europe chapter: ...... purpose. The framework 61 followedLaura Zanfrini is definitely functional and functionalist, in line with the s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, nature4.1 Restrictive of specialized Policies languages and Structural themselves Demand forand Immigrant of all research Labour .. 65on LSPs/ESP and genres. It is also founded on aspects of critical discourse 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian analysisMigration: as a perspective Labour Migration rooted in but linguistics not Workers’ yet lookingMigration to ...... society 73as ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. the place where linguistic events occur, and it moves from the product / process4.3 From / practice Guest Workers conception to Unwelcome of translation Guests described ...... in par. 1.6. 82 4.4According Selective toPolicies this view, and the the Brain parameters Drain...... of domain, specialization 87 and purpose, amply discussed above, are joined by a third one: time. Supposing4.5 Equal aOpportunity specialized and text Denied is to Opportube translated,nities ...... a process aiming 90to d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are manufacture a product starts that is essentially selective in nature.

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 The notion of translation as a selection process is intuitive, of course, 5.and Colombia: it has been Including formulated Emigrant theoreticas in llyTheir by Societiesvarious researchers of Origin ...... in past101 andUrs recent Watter history (e.g. Levý 1967, Katan [1999] 2004, Salmon 2002, 2005a). Only, the time allowed to complete this choosing task is 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility always limited, and the limit is as theoretical as it is practical. Every towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...... 102 ‘real’ translation that is carried out in actuality has a time schedule. to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper The professional translator knows it very well, since it is a major constraint5.3 Migration and concernPolicy and in Ethicshis/her ...... job, the variable that goes down 106 in contracts with agencies and clients, and one over which breach-of- contract5.4 Migration lawsuits Policy are more in Colombia often filed, ...... as it is much easier to evaluate 108 than5.5 – “Colombia again – quality. nos une” But ...... a deadline applies to just any translating 109

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It project, not only strictly professional ones. The issue is also well- known5.6 Alianza in didactics: País ...... any translation course at any level is usually 112 characterised5.7 Challenges and/or ...... followed by one or more assignments, which 114 must be carried out within a given deadline. The few hours allowed Bibliography ...... 116 for an exam, or the days or weeks in case of a project, constrain the translation in not insignificant ways, so that tasks are (ought to be) Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 carefullyBarry Halliday planned and structured in relation to the time given. Failing to either design a suitably timed task or to hand in the project within

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the set deadline has negative consequences and involves and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 responsibility issues just as in any professional environment, because even3.5 academicConclusion / ...... educational settings are professional settings, if not 59 (mistakenly)Bibliography from ...... the student’s viewpoint, certainly from the 60 teaching and managing staff’s. Even without contemplating clear-cut, 4.prototypical The Ethics ofexamples Migration. such as assignments in the well-known professionalReflections and on Recentacademic Migration settings, Policies the situation is similar. Suffice it to andthink “Non-policies” of ‘open projects’, in Italy those and cEuropeonsidered ...... to have no deadline. The 61 greatLaura translating Zanfrini works commanded by King Alfred in 9th century s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, England or by King Alfonso X ‘the Wise’ in Spain to the men of 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 letters of the Toledo Translation School, c. 13th century25, come to mind.4.2 InitiativesLess grandly, for Governing there are Family several and living Humanitarian authors who are being Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. translated into various languages and whose works make up open and in-progress4.3 From Guestcorpora, Workers i.e. to J.K.Unwelcome Rowling Guests of ...... Harry Potter fame, 82 translated even into Latin (Meddemmen 2006-2007), or the Italian writer4.4 Selective Andrea PoliciesCamilleri and (Gutkowsthe Brain Drain...... ki 2009). In the first case, the 87 projects4.5 Equal were Opportunity constrained and by Denied the sponsoring Opportunities mentor’s ...... lifetime, or by90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors the lifetime of the individual translators, or by that of the school or ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according centreBibliography hosting ...... it. In the second case, it is the author’s lifetime and 97 prolificacy that determine when the project ends. On a larger scale, 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 taking into account works being constantly re-translated because they Urs Watter are the founding texts of their cultures – of which the Bible is the classical5.1 State example Interest and– radical Responsibility geopolitical changes could put an end to their importancetowards their and Citizens see theLiving rise Abro of adother ...... key texts from emerging 102 cultures. Finally, the translation of the important texts of humanity to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper could ultimately end with the end of the human species itself. Either on5.3 a smallMigration or aPolicy big scale,and Ethics thus, ...... the end of a translation project 106 is always5.4 Migration assumable. Policy in Colombia ...... 108 For all these reasons, it is suggested that, in translating a specialized5.5 “Colombia text, nos domain une” ...... , specialization, purpose and time – 109or, sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It better,5.6 Alianza domain, País ...... specialization and purpose in time – be 112all considered first level factors affecting the translating product, 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 process and practice. Once the source and the target texts’ purposes haveBibliography been established ...... – as well as other socio-economic variables 116 such as the receiving market, or the type of client who ordered the Workingjob done Together– the text for will the definitely Well-being need of Migrants to be read ...... and analyzed 119 at Barry Halliday

25 Cf. Bately (1988) and García Yebra (1983) for reference.

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all the various levels identified by research as laid out in par. 2.6, and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 including by way of text and genre analyses. However, since the project3.5 Conclusion does not ...... occur out of the temporal dimension, as most 59 manualsBibliography seem ...... to assume, time will constrain which of these levels 60 will take priority, according to the initially identified purposes. So 4.starts The theEthics selection of Migration. process that will lead the translator to eliminate optionsReflections at all onlinguistic Recent andMigration extra- linguisticPolicies levels and come up with theand final “Non-policies” product. In in a Italy prototypical and Europe performance ...... of this process 61 (GarzoneLaura Zanfrini 2005), the ideally conceivable yet inexistent ‘perfect’ s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, translation is thus produced. Rather than describing how this 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 exemplary performance is obtained, which would be impossible unless4.2 Initiatives at least fora Governingtext, a domain, Family anda purpose Humanitarian and a deadline are Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. provided, and difficult even in that case, some examples of unsuccessful4.3 From Guest choices Workers will to be Unwelcome envisaged Guests below, ...... with reference to the 82 product / process / practice translation model. 4.4To Selective start with, Policies assuming and the aBrain purpose Drain...... has been clearly specified, 87 time4.5 couldEqual Opportunitybe assigned and disproportiona Denied Opportutelynities to each...... linguistic level, 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors thus taking up all the translator’s attention, leaving little or none for ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according theBibliography others: this ...... would be an issue of time misuse in translation as 97 a process. In specialized translation, lexicon, for the reasons seen in 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 par. 2.2, often is that level. At the lexical level, outdated Urs Watter terminology could be relied on and used; this would be a problem regarding5.1 State timeInterest in andtranslation Responsibility as a practice. At the co-textual level, for example,towards their the Citizenstext’s Livingsource Abro (and,ad ...... consequently, any parallel 102 texts) could fail to be correctly identified in place and time (e.g. an to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper American patient information leaflet from the 1990s instead of a 2010s’5.3 Migration British Policyone26), and resulting Ethics ...... in loss of time (process problem) 106 and/or5.4 Migration in a target Policy text in notColombia in line ...... with the project’s requirements 108 (source text out of temporal context: product problem). Most of the problems5.5 “Colombia would nos however une” ...... occur at the contextual level. Assuming 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It the5.6 set Alianza deadline País ...... is appropriate for the project, time could 112be generically misused and run out of (process problem), or unsuitable 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 / ineffective tools, from dictionaries to CAT tools, could be employedBibliography (practice ...... problem). The typology of issues that can 116 be incurred in during the translation is very wide, especially at the Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday 26 Legislation on drugs may change from country to country and over time; drugs that are sold over-the-counter in one country may even not be marketed in another.

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practice level. The point of mentioning some is to illustrate how the and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 lexico-grammatical and textual dimensions intersect purpose and time3.5 toConclusion create complex ...... networks in which chains of causes and 59 effectsBibliography are activated ...... by choices. These choices affect the translation 60 at all the posited levels: as a product (target text), as a process (in its 4.realization), The Ethics and of Migration. a as a practice (in the way it relates to translation at largeReflections as a profession, on Recent Migrationas a global Policies corpus, as a cultural event). Moreover,and “Non-policies” the entire insystem Italy andis immersed Europe ...... in context, which further 61 expandsLaura Zanfrinithe sets of variables that can affect the mere linguistic s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, process. 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Following such a view, domain, purpose and specialization make up4.2 an Initiativesat least tri-dimensional for Governing Family representation and Humanitarian of translation, joined by Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. contextual time – time in context, and context in time – as a fourth variable,4.3 From itself Guest a multivariable.Workers to Unwelcome Time is Guestsconsidered ...... to be what makes 82 any model of translation viable, i.e. not just functioning theoretically, but4.4 actually Selective operational Policies an. dThis the Brainway, Drain...... translation would appear (Fig. 875) as:4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are domain-defined (according to LSPs/ESP studies);

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 purpose-oriented (in line with skopostheorie); 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 Urs lexico-grammatically-made Watter (as in functional grammar); 5.1 Statetext- Interestand genre-organized and Responsibility (following text / genre analysis); towardscontext-influenced their Citizens Living(or immer Abroadsed ...... in society, in critical 102 discourse analysis terms); to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migrationpursuing Policya prototypical and Ethics target ...... text (as postulated in particular 106 by Garzone 2002c, 2005); 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 a multidiscipline (as implied by many and theorised in 5.5 “Colombiaparticular bynos Ulrych une” ...... 1997 and 1999); 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.6 Alianzatime-constrained País ...... (in a historical / hermeneutic / philosophical 112 5.7 Challengesdimension) ...... (Torop 1995); and, ultimately, 114 choice-determined (in a cognitive and neurocognitive view as Bibliography ...... 116 in Levý 1967, Katan [1999] 2004, Salmon 2005a, 2005b). Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

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stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, T I M E 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand fordomain Immigrant Labour .. 65 TT purpose 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 Fig. 5 Specialized translation: a suggested model of representation 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are Demonstration of the underlying nature of translation is, according to

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 the cognitive-agnostic view outlined in the first chapter, impossible, 5.either Colombia: in absolute Including terms Emigrant or in the sshort in Their run, Societies so models of Origincan only ...... try 101 to bringUrs togetherWatter and hypothetically account for phenomenal evidence. This representation of the phenomenon of translation is thought to 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility accommodatetowards their the Citizensvarious Livingaspects Abro listeadd ...... as defining it, and possibly 102 leave room for more. It applies, in particular, to specialized texts as to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper identified in this chapter. ‘Specialized’, though, is a definition that goes further5.3 Migration than the Policy vertical, and Ethicsdiaphasic ...... variation it is associated with 106 because, as seen, even popular genres could be deemed the domain of specialists5.4 Migration (e.g. Policythose usedin Colombia by adve ...... rtising experts in specialist-to-non- 108 specialist5.5 “Colombia communication), nos une” ...... at what has been termed the ‘outbound’ 109

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It specialist level. A tri-dimensional horizontal (domain) - vertical (specialization)5.6 Alianza País - diagonal ...... (purpose) variation framework as expressed 112 in 5.7par. Challenges 2.6 is seen ...... as better fitting the concept of specialization 114 variation in communication. Bibliography ...... 116 One of the two questions asked in the first paragraph and unan- Workingswered so Together far was: for how the Well-beingis specialized of Migrants translation ...... different from 119 non-specializedBarry Halliday translation? Perhaps, in a perspective where specialization is so closely related to domain and purpose, it is not.

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Translation always regards a piece of communication and, just as and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 there is no such thing as purposeless communication, there is no purposeless3.5 Conclusion translation, ...... which in turn prevents the existence of non- 59 specializedBibliography communication ...... and translation, as a consequence. 60 The other question – ‘where does literary translation belong, in 4.this The distinction?’ Ethics of Migration. – is much harder to answer and requires hermeneuticReflections ontools Recent not Migrationcontemplated Policies by this investigation. In a phenomenal-descriptiveand “Non-policies” in Italyview, and it could Europe be ...... just said that the difference 61 withLaura literary Zanfrini translation is that specialized translation is particular s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, instead of universal, and for immediate consumption, not generally 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 destined to last. This would be a view of literary translation as heavily4.2 Initiatives influenced for Governing by context Family and and time. Humanitarian With time as the main Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. descriptor, though, literary translation too could possibly be inscribed within4.3 From this Guestmodel, Workers although to Unwelcome the weight Guests of the ...... variables from each 82 dimension would be differently distributed, with literary translation tending4.4 Selective to have Policies much an higherd the Brain releva Drain...... nce at the practice level. In 87so doing,4.5 Equal literary Opportunity language and would Denied appear Opportu to nitiesbe one ...... type of specialized 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors language according to domain, purpose, specialization and time, ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according whereBibliography contextual ...... time prevails, the domain variable value is usually 97 very low on a generic-to-specific scale, the specialization variable is 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 set to all values (the literary author is a literary specialist writing for Urs Watter all, fellow specialists, other specialists, non-specialists at the same time),5.1 State and Interestthe purpose and Responsibility is whatever epistemology, hermeneutics and literarytowards criticism their Citizenssay the Living purpose Abro ofad ...... literature is: entertainment, 102 beauty, etc. – or even no purpose at all, where no purpose is, after all, to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper a zero-value purpose. Obviously, the degree of choice allowed a literary5.3 Migration author isPolicy as wide and Ethicsas that ...... of the literary translator is critically 106 limited5.4 Migration – much Policythe same in Colombia as in the ...... case of the specialized translator. 108 Whether or not literature can be entirely perceived along the suggested5.5 “Colombia lines, nosit seems une” ...... that this may be possible at least in terms 109 of sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It choice,5.6 Alianza and choice País ...... is definitely, together with time, the major focus 112 of this model, as the cognitive, neuro-biological, universal element 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 that makes the same text translated with the same purpose, deadline andBibliography tools, but by ...... different people, a different target text. 116 Lefevere and Bassnett’s view (1990: 11) that “translation, like any Working(re)writing, Together is never for innocent”the Well-being is not of subscribedMigrants ...... to. Translation 119 is innocent;Barry Halliday it is the translator who is not: like anyone who makes choices for a living, s/he takes (or ought to take) responsibility for

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his/her choices, and has to live with those mistakes that s/he makes. and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 Choice is seen as the ultimate decision factor in translation, amplified in 3.5specialized Conclusion translation ...... by the immediate economic repercussions 59 thatBibliography it has on the...... client, the translator and the receiving discourse 60 / practice communities. Choice calls for responsibility, in turn calling 4.for The commitment, Ethics of Migration. as in the Italian ‘impegno’: an obligation, promise, task,Reflections appointment, on Recent event, Migration effort, buPoliciest also “attivo interessamento ai problemiand “Non-policies” sociali e politici in Italy da andparte Europe dell'uomo ...... di cultura”27 (a man 61of culture’sLaura Zanfrini active interest in social and political problems). ‘Purpose’ is s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, the keyword this chapter opened and dealt with; ‘choice’, and its 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 corollary concept of ‘impegno’ as social responsibility, will be informing4.2 Initiatives the next. for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82

4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

27 Zingarelli 2010, s.v. IMPEGNO.

89 10 Table of Contents

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.3.4 Into The theHuman web Rights’ age Approach ...... 58 3.5 Conclusion ...... 59 Bibliography ...... 60 C-9D9: How many languages do you speak? 4. The Ethics C-3PO:of Migration. I am fluent in over six million forms of communication, Reflectionsand on canRecent readily– Migration Policies and “Non-policies”C-9D9: Splendid! in Italy Weand have Europe been ...... without an interpreter since our61 Laura Zanfrinimaster got angry with our last protocol droid and disintegrated him. s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 RestrictiveKasdan, Policies L. & and G. LucasStructural 1983, Demand Return of for the Immigrant Jedi, Scene Labour Ten .. 65 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 3.1 The digital turn 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 It 4.5has Equal been Opportunitya deliberate and choice, Denied in Opportu the previousnities ...... chapters, to make 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors little or no reference to any of the related concepts of ‘channel’, ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according ‘medium’Bibliography and ...... ‘support’. Whenever the word ‘text’ was mentioned, 97 no further specifications were given, assuming and letting readers 5.assume Colombia: that itIncluding meant, inEmigrant traditionals in Theirterms, Societies a text conveyed of Origin ...... through 101 theUrs written Watter medium. Thinking along these lines is justified by this having5.1 State been Interest the situation and Responsibility for the largest part of human history to this day,towards actually their Citizens until less Living than Abro a adcentury ...... ago: first during 102the manual writing age, then after printing was introduced, until the to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper digital revolution (by this meaning the invention of hardware, software5.3 Migration and methods Policy and of Ethicsdigital ...... information exchange) of the mid- 106 th 205.4 century. Migration All Policy the inmajor Colombia chang ...... es in vehicles of communication 108 following printing occurred over the last 150 years, after electricity found5.5 “Colombia applications nos inune” technology ...... and industry, with a concentration 109 th sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It in 5.6the Alianzafinal decades País ...... of the 20 century. 112 A few extra details are worth adding. To start with, it took several years,5.7 Challenges even decades, ...... for technological developments to become 114 availableBibliography on a ...... large scale, which they did only in the early 1990s. 116 Then, Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barrya new Hallidaytechnology always has a significant effect on the character and use of language, but when a technology produces a medium that is so different from anything we have experienced hitherto, the linguistic

90 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

consequences are likely to be dramatic, involving all areas of English and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 structure and use, and introducing new considerations into the 3.5methodology Conclusion of ...... its study (Crystal 2006: 401). 59 ThisBibliography statement’s ...... relevance is maximum for the culturally leading 60 language of the historical moment involved but, of course, it is also 4.valid The for Ethics any languageof Migration. at large. Finally, there are currently an estimate 750Reflections million personal on Recent computers Migration (United Policies Nations Statistics Division 2006),and “Non-policies”1.5 billion Internet in Italy user ands Europe(International ...... Telecommunications 61 UnionLaura 2009), Zanfrini and “over 100 million” websites in the world, “but s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, although4.1 Restrictive about 70% Policies of the and populati Structuralon Demand now has for access Immigrant to the Labour Internet .. 65in North America, the figure is just 11% in Asia and less than 4% in 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Africa” (The Economist 2007: 31). Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. The ensuing consequences are several. Firstly that, when dis- cussing4.3 From ‘new Guest technologies’, Workers to Unwelcome as digital calculators Guests ...... have existed since 82 the4.4 1940s Selective (Ceruzzi Policies 2003), and thethe Brain real subjectDrain...... is often their effects. Sec- 87 ondly that, barely into the 2010s, the effects of the new technolo- gies4.5 onEqual all Opportunityfields are andstill Denied in their Opportu earlynities stages ...... of investigation. 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are Thirdly, that “new considerations into the methodology” of their

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 study call for modified theoretical representations able to accom- 5.modate Colombia: both Includingthe old and Emigrant the new.s inLanguages Their Societies and translation of Origin ...... are two101 fieldsUrs Wattercertainly affected by the digital turn (another of Snell- Hornby’s 2006 “turns in translation”): as recipients of the change 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility but, also and especially, as vehicles of it. towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...... 102 The next few paragraphs will first discuss some of the many to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. influences5.2 Applied this Et shifthics ...... produced on language, then move on to see how 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper they5.3 affect Migration translation Policy andand Ethics what ...... trends (if any) are identifiable for 106the near future. 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 3.25.5 Corpus “Colombia linguistics nos une” ...... and/in specialized translation 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 Related to the digital revolution, though not strictly to the Internet, corpora5.7 Challenges represent ...... perhaps the major consequence that digitalization 114 hasBibliography had on translation, ...... except of course for word-processing and 116the personal computer itself. The concept and creation of corpora are Workingno 20th-century Together invention, for the Well-being though ofthe Migrants extent ...... reached by their 119 applicationsBarry Halliday certainly are. A corpus, in its original Latin sense, has always been understood as ‘a collection of texts’. An example is the

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Roman emperor Justinian’s Corpus Iuris Civilis from the 6th and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 century, bringing together all the existing imperial laws into an organic3.5 Conclusion set. The ...... Iuris Civilis, however, differs from the definitions 59 of Bibliography‘corpus’ currently ...... adopted in corpus linguistics, for example 60 John Sinclair’s: 4. The Ethics of Migration. ReflectionsA corpus is ona collection Recent Migration of pieces of Policies language text in electronic form, selected according to external criteria to represent, as far as possible, anda language “Non-policies” or language in Italy variety and Europeas a source ...... of data for linguistic 61 Lauraresearch Zanfrini (2004a: par. 1.12, italics added). s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 What is similar are the notions of ‘collection’ and of ‘text’ but, to get to 4.2contemporary Initiatives for corpora,Governing several Family andfurther Humanitarian restrictions must apply, Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. namely 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 the verbal nature of texts; 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 4.5one Equal or more Opportunity selection and criteria Denied; Opportu nities ...... 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according Bibliographythe ‘real’ origin ...... of the texts, i.e. their being representative 97of naturally occurring languages or varieties thereof; 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 Ursthe Watterelectronic format; 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility researchtowards as their its Citizenscollecting Living purpose. Abroad ...... 102 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper The most important of the above features is definitely the second: the5.3 existence Migration of Policy at least and Ethicsone criterion ...... guiding the choice and 106the assembling of the texts. In the case of the first, unrestricted 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 definition (‘a collection of texts’), therefore, this variable c can be c ≥ 0,5.5 which “Colombia includes nos une”c = 0, ...... or no criterion at all. This is not provided 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It for5.6 in Alianza corpus Paíslinguistics ...... according to Sinclair (2004a), as it would 112 invalidate the research purpose as in point 5. However, a corpus as intended5.7 Challenges in Bartoletti ...... Colombo (1990: 453) for example, used 114for “theBibliography creation of ...... a Dictionary of Justinian’s constitutions based 116 on the emperor’s legislative lexicon formed in the Corpus Iuris and Workingelsewhere”, Together would for instead the Well-being qualify asof Migrantsa corpus ...... linguistics-centred 119 (lexicography-oriented)Barry Halliday study, not only because it is verbal (in the written form) and follows a criterion (Justinian’s original aim), but

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also because it is electronic, used for a clear research purpose, and and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 represents an original instance of imperial ‘Latin for a Special (legal)3.5 Conclusion Purpose’...... 59 BibliographyThe example ...... provided is merely meant to show how, in reality, 60 neither the concept nor the realization of a corpus are or should be 4.seen The as Ethics anything of Migration. separated from the inheritance of past culture and research.Reflections Not on only, Recent contemporary Migration Policies corpus studies originated around theand 1960s “Non-policies” not for the inexquisitely Italy and Europelinguistic ...... aims now vastly pursued 61 withinLaura this Zanfrini field, but to offer instrumental support to literary studies s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, (Quirk 1960, Tognini Bonelli and Sinclair 2005). Classical corpora 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 of an author’s works, like the Shakespeare corpus (e.g. Montgomery4.2 Initiatives and for GoverningBurnard 1989), Family didand notHumanitarian just appear the moment Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. they were transported into digital format, though in a way they did start4.3 aFrom new Guest life, Workersby acquiring to Unwelcome the quality Guests of being...... fast-computable 82 through the discreteness bestowed on them by the new medium. The4.4 quantitativeSelective Policies aspect and theis Brainexactly Drain...... what makes any electronic 87 collection4.5 Equal revolutionary Opportunity and compared Denied Opportu to standardnities ...... printed editions: the 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors speed at which great quantities of information – because this is ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according whatBibliography even Shakespeare’s ...... works become, in digital format – can 97be processed creates a quantity / quality direct proportionality that 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 goes further than statistics. This can be better explained by means Urs Watter of exemplification. In corpus linguistics, the analysis of a text essentially5.1 State Interestconsists and in Responsibility its being broken down into pre-set units (words,towards typically) their Citizens and ‘counted’, Living Abro producingad ...... lists of these units 102 (Sinclair 1991, Facchinetti 2004). The operation can be much more to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper complex than its basic version, of course, by taking into consideration5.3 Migration larger Policy units,and Ethics for example,...... or keywords (Scott 1997), 106 or 5.4by Migrationusing annotated Policy in corpora Colombia (Garside, ...... Leech and McEnery 1997), 108 in which each unit is labelled according to one or more criteria (e.g. marked-up,5.5 “Colombia semantically nos une” ...... tagged or syntactically parsed, etc.). If 109the sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It considered5.6 Alianza text País is ...... short, even as short as a single page or less, 112the analysis will return results that are most relevant at word level, i.e. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 interesting in lexico-semantic terms. This is one aspect that part of corpusBibliography semantics ...... largely concentrated on, especially at 116the beginning (Sinclair 1996 and 1998; Stubbs 2001), with extremely Workingsuccessful Together operative for results the Well-being like the ofCOBUILD Migrants ...... Collins Dictionary 119 (SinclairBarry Halliday 1987). However, the larger the quantity of text analysed, the more detailed patterns in texts apparently emerge: this way, by

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increasing a quantitative variable, the qualitative result is also and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 enhanced, thus demonstrating an important correspondence between3.5 Conclusion a discrete ...... feature and pragmatic realization. Studies in this 59 directionBibliography gave ...... rise to concepts like “semantic prosody” (Louw 60 1993, Tognini Bonelli 2001) and to investigations on non-lexical 4.patterns, The Ethics like of syntax Migration. (Biber, Conrad and Reppen 1998), metaphor (PartingtonReflections 2006), on Recent and even Migration genre Policies(Bondi 2001). andThe “Non-policies” possible applications in Italy and of Europecorpus ...... technology and studies 61to linguisticLaura Zanfrini analysis are easily imaginable. For a start, corpora can be

s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of 1 stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, applied to language teaching and ELT in particular (Aston 1995, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 2001, Sinclair 2004b). They have been usefully employed in genre analysis4.2 Initiatives (Scarpa for 1999) Governing and inFamily ESP and research Humanitarian to identify the lexical Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. and non-lexical characteristics typical of specialized texts (Gavioli 2005)4.3 From using Guest realia Workers. They toalso Unwelcome find many Guests and important...... applications 82 in specialized translation: corpora can be divided into mono- or multilingual,4.4 Selective parallel Policies or an dnon-parallel the Brain Drain...... (collections of the ‘same’ texts 87 in 4.5various Equal languages),Opportunity andcomparable Denied Opportu or non-comparablenities ...... (collections 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors of similar texts in the source language or in other languages). In ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according theirBibliography bi- or multilingual ...... and parallel versions, they obviously 97 represent an invaluable source of information for translators, the 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 more precious the larger the corpus because – as seen – large Urs Watter corpora return steadier, i.e. more reliable (from a translator’s viewpoint)5.1 State Interest patterns. and OneResponsibility obvious example is that of translators (learnerstowards and their professionals Citizens Living alike) Abro of adEU ...... texts: the EU institutions, 102 through their freely accessible websites, provide a parallel corpus of to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper millions of plurilingual documents from which to draw or which to check5.3 Migration for reference. Policy and These Ethics ...... are also searchable via specific 106 terminological5.4 Migration Policydatabases in Colombia provided ...... by the institutions themselves 108 and also online and free to the public2; for instance, looking up 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...... 109 TRANSLATION in the IATE database for the English-Italian pair sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It returns5.6 Alianza an answer País ...... as in Fig. 6. 112 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography ...... 116 1 For reasons similar to those explaining the prevalence of English, outlined in par. 2.2. Working2 For instance, Together the InterActive for the Well-beingTerminology offor Migrants Europe (IATE) ...... database (cf. 119par. 2.3),Barry the HallidayJoint Research Centre’s Acquis Multilingual Parallel Corpus (JRC- Acquis), or the Directorate General for Translation’s Multilingual Translation Memory of the Acquis Communautaire (DGT-TM).

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Fig.4.3 6 FromResults Guest of the Workers search forto Unwelcome TRANSLATION Guests in the ...... IATE database 82 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 Corpus-based Translation Studies has become an established sub- 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors discipline within TS with its own various lines of investigation ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according (BakerBibliography 1993, ...... 1995, 1996; Bernardini 2003, 2005; Hunston 2002; 97 Laviosa 1998, 2002). One of these postulates the existence of 5.‘translation Colombia: Includinguniversals’ Emigrant (Bakers in1993, Their 1996),Societies tangibleof Origin ...... patterns 101 recognisableUrs Watter in translations which could, if demonstrated, provide applications5.1 State Interest in evaluation and Responsibility and didact ics. The presence or absence and the qualitytowards oftheir any Citizens such Livinguniversals Abro adin ...... learners’ translations, 102for example, could be functional to establishing objective criteria for to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper marking them. Taken their existence for granted, the difficulty in defining5.3 Migration the nature Policy of and these Ethics patterns ...... and whether they can really 106 be considered or even just called ‘universals’ (a very connotated term in linguistics5.4 Migration3) is stillPolicy under in Colombia discussion ...... (Mauranen and Kujamäki 2004) 108 and5.5 makes “Colombia up one nos of une” the ...... most up-to-date and open topics in current 109

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It TS. 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 Other interesting reflections stemming from the relationship between5.7 Challenges corpora ...... and translation take into account the introduction 114 of Bibliographythe online condition:...... not only corpora can go digital, they 116can also be shared through the Internet and enrich the World Wide WorkingWeb. This Together aspect forof thethe Well-being new technologies of Migrants will ...... be discussed 119 in Barry Halliday 3 Cf. the issues raised by and around Noam Chomsky’s hypotheses on generative grammar (1965).

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greater detail in the next paragraph. Here, it is merely interesting to and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 focus on a very simple, yet important extension of a notion recently put3.5 forward Conclusion in ...... corpus linguistics, with relevant implications for 59 translation:Bibliography that ...... of the World Wide Web itself seen as a corpus 60 (Kilgarriff and Grefenstette 2003, Baroni, Bernardini and Evert 4.2006). The EthicsAt anof Migration.individual (the translator’s) level, corpora of translationsReflections (products) on Recent canMigration be grouped Policies according to various criteria, probablyand “Non-policies” not much different in Italy andfrom Europe any translator’s ...... criteria for filing 61 his/herLaura work Zanfrini (domain, author, client, year, etc.). However, at a more s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, abstract level, ideal sets can be conceived, such as ‘all the legal 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 translations in the world’, or ‘all English-into-Italian translations’, with4.2 potentiallyInitiatives for infinite Governing criteria Family and and sub-criteria Humanitarian that can be applied Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. to create a variety of different sets. Such a representation, which would4.3 From have Guest been Workers only a tospeculative Unwelcome exercise Guests ...... until a few decades 82 ago, now finds practical and promising applications thanks to the Internet,4.4 Selective which Policies makes an thed the connection Brain Drain...... of potentially anybody in the 87 world4.5 Equal possible. Opportunity This implies and Denied the Opportupotentialnities sharing ...... of innumerable 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors documents, among which innumerable translations: a simple search ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according engineBibliography can already ...... answer finely tuned queries, extracting texts 97 with the specified characteristics out of billions. In ideal terms, it is 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 possible to conceive a moment when everybody is Internet- Urs Watter connected, and all translations are Internet-shared: thus, the largest set5.1 of State ‘all translationsInterest and Responsibility in the world’ would be obtained, and would also coincidetowards their with Citizens ‘the largest Living corpus Abroad of ...... translations in the world’. 102 In this case, the usefulness would lie in the quantity of the to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper information available and in (the speed of) its searchability: a translator5.3 Migration working Policy on and a Ethics given ...... text could make use of all 106the previous5.4 Migration translations Policy ofin Colombiathe same ...... text or of similar ones, much like108 it happens with EU documents hinted at above. 5.5At “Colombia the dawn nosof the une” digital ...... turn, machine research made scholars, 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It including5.6 Alianza linguists, País ...... believe that the future of translation lay 112 in automated machine translation, and that this would prove apparent 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 within a few years (Bar-Hillel 1951, Dostert 1955). Computer-based toolsBibliography have indeed ...... become prominent4, but human-less automated 116 translation at human level just proved unattainable (Bar-Hillel 1960, Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

4 See par. 3.5 for more on current translation tools.

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Garvin 1967)5. Into the web age, it seems established that the future and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 of translation certainly does not lie in machines alone; conversely, there3.5 isConclusion no foreseeable ...... future in translation without them. 59 Bibliography ...... 60 3.3 Multimodality, multimediality: multitranslation? 4. The Ethics of Migration. TheReflections ‘web as ona Recentcorpus’ Migration – anyone Policies would agree – is a fascinating, powerfuland “Non-policies” image. It isin Italyalso, andin Europeits power, ...... quite frightening. The 61 Laura Zanfrini uneasiness is caused by the great uncertainties existing about the s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, physical4.1 Restrictive and non-physical Policies and limitsStructural of theDemand web, for raising Immigrant further Labour difficult .. 65 questions4.2 Initiatives such as:for isGoverning the web measuraFamily andble? Humanitarian According to which criteria, internalMigration: ones Labour(bytes, Migrationwords, butdocuments, not Workers’ websites, Migration ...... webpages, 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. webportals, etc.), external ones (users, accesses, data exchanges, Internet4.3 From subscriptions), Guest Workers or tocombinations Unwelcome Guestsof elements ...... from both? The 82 feeling4.4 Selective of dismay Policies in anfrontd the of Brain the Drain...... new or the incommensurable 87– including translation – is well-known in human culture. It is probably the4.5 same Equal Opportunityawe the Romantics and Denied feltOpportu in nitiesfront ...... of nature, or the 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are Postmodernists’ sense of fragmentation at the many possibilities of the

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 new world engulfing traditional convictions. The feeling that 5.everything Colombia: is Includingpossible, generated Emigrant sby in the Their demise Societies of cold of Originwar ideologies ...... 101 at Ursthe Watterend of the 20th century, soon lost its initial optimism, but somehow established a certain faith in (or habit to) feasibility; the new 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility technologiestowards theirthat Citizensjust then, Living in theAbro 1990s,ad ...... reached mass diffusion 102 brought forth a general replacement of ideologies with the belief in th to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper technology (Severino [1988] 2008). In other words, the end of the 20 century5.3 Migration saw a movePolicy ofand Western Ethics ...... civilization from an age of blocks, 106 barriers, crystallized ideologies and no choice, to an age of blurred boundaries,5.4 Migration no Policy ideologies in Colombia and ...... maximum openness towards 108all possibilities,5.5 “Colombia coupled nos une” with ...... increasing numbers of resources from which 109

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It to choose. But too many choices can also result in disorientation, leading5.6 Alianza back toPaís the ...... doubts surrounding the ‘web as a corpus’. 112 5.7Internet Challenges is the...... “global system of interconnected computer 114 networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP)” Bibliography ...... 116 (Wikipedia 2009, s.v. INTERNET); the World Wide Web “a system of interlinked hypertext documents contained on the Internet” Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday 5 More on the famous 1954 Georgetown I.B.M. experiment on machine translation that raised the hopes of automation enthusiasts in Hutchins (2004).

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(Wikipedia 2009, s.v. WORLD WIDE WEB). The web-based and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 encyclopaedia Wikipedia has been intentionally selected as the meta- source3.5 Conclusion of such ...... definitions, with the knowledge that, for its very 59 nature,Bibliography they may ...... be undergoing changes as these lines are being 60 written / read. It is nonetheless thought to well exemplify the main 4.features The Ethics and issuesof Migration. (often coinciding, in a branch of knowledge still underReflections definition) on Recent of multimodalMigration Policies language which, like hyper- documents,and “Non-policies” can be summed in Italy up and by Europe means ...... of tags: medium, semiotics, 61 choice,Laura participation.Zanfrini In practice, most webpages today, even the s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, simplest ones, usually communicate through more than one medium 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 and one mode, for instance verbal language (text), colour(s) and graphic4.2 Initiatives layout, forto Governingwhich sound Family and and video Humanitarian and animations could be Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. added; if the page is a little articulated, it would contain sections, which4.3 From the userGuest could Workers choose to Unwelcome whether to Guests visit ...... or not; finally, it may 82 include a forum or another tool for participation, to invite and publish its4.4 users’ Selective views Policies – any an newspaper’d the Brain Drain...... s online edition would fit as 87an example.4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors The channel as in Jakobson’s model of communication, in which ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according it Bibliographyis named “contact”, ...... has long evolved since it was posited as 97“a physical channel and psychological connection between the addresser 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 and the addressee, enabling both of them to enter and stay in Urs Watter communication” (1960: 353). Not much later, in the booming years of 5.1television, State Interest Marshall and Responsibility McLuhan put forward his famous provoking argumenttowards that their “the Citizens medium Living is the Abro message”ad ...... as it “shapes and controls 102 the scale and form of human association and action” (1964: 9). to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Today, the focus has definitely shifted towards the physical aspect of the5.3 channel, Migration thus Policy identifying and Ethics it with ...... the ‘medium’ used to convey 106the message.5.4 Migration As for Policy the in“psychological Colombia ...... connection”, the concept 108has rather been taken up by text linguistics, discourse analysis and cognitive5.5 “Colombia linguistics nos une”(cf...... par. 1.4), concerned with text in context, 109the sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It social5.6 Alianza aspects País in ...... which communication is immersed, and how 112 it occurs; what has remained is the implication that both the sender and 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 the receiver must share knowledge of and access to whatever connectsBibliography them...... 116 ‘Multimediality’, a highly affixed word with all the characteristics Workingof the ESP Together term (cf. for par. the 2.3),Well-being is the combinedof Migrants and ...... simultaneous 119use of Barrydifferent Halliday media. As the Estonian semiotician Peeter Torop of the Tartu School specifies, it indicates two distinct levels:

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The semantic field of multimedia and multimediality has been and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 moving from technical understanding towards cultural interpretation. 3.5Note Conclusion that this ...... natural conceptual traveling has taken place on two 59 terminological fields. One of them is medium-bound and historically Bibliographyhybrid. This ...... means that multimediality as a concept may but 60 function as one of a bigger association, but it may also derive from 4. Themultimedia Ethics ofas Migration. a metaconcept. The key concepts of this field are Reflectionsmultimedia, onhyper-media, Recent Migration intermedia Policies and transmedia. The other field andis historically “Non-policies” more complex,in Italy and cente Europering on ...... text as the most common 61 Lauraentity Zanfrinienabling analysis of communicational processes in different media. Here the key concepts are multimedial text, transmedial text, s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1hypermedial Restrictive text Policies and intermedial and Structural text Demand (2008: 734). for Immigrant Labour .. 65

The4.2 focus Initiatives has forshifted Governing from FamilyJakobs on’sand Humanitarian physical and psychological Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. channel, to a medium that is both a physical instance of technology and4.3 an From abstract Guest element Workers of to the Unwelcome communicative Guests ...... process. In describing 82 the effects of multimediality on language and translation, the interest 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 is definitely in textuality. 4.5‘Multimodality’, Equal Opportunity on andthe Deniedother hand, Opportu is nitiesa purely ...... semiotic concept, 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors building on Jakobson’s notion of “code” (“fully, or at least partially, ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 common to the addresser and the addressee”, 1960: 353), rather than 6 5.“contact”. Colombia: In Including‘visual designers’ Emigrant sKress in Their and Societies van Leeuwen’s of Origin words, ...... 101 it is Urs“the Watter use of several semiotic modes in the design of a semiotic product or event”, but – they add – “together with the particular way in 5.1which State these Interest modes and Responsibility are combined” (2001: 20): like Torop, they also distinguishtowards their betwee Citizensn the Living actual Abro combinedad ...... en-/de-coding systems 102 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. and5.2 Appliedthe communicative Ethics ...... effects they produce. As research, 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper multimodality therefore acquires cultural and social aspects, making 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 it 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 an approach to text studies and human activity that provides different 5.5answers “Colombia in a wide-ranging nos une” ...... set of social contexts (Baldry 2008: 242). 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 The multimedia / multimodal move has brought forth the need for a complete5.7 Challenges redefinition ...... of communicative models developed 114and appliedBibliography before ...... the mass digital era (O’Halloran 2004, LeVine and116 Scollon 2004, Baldry and Thibault 2006, Gotti 2007). This involves Workingnot only Togetherthe code forand the the Well-being channel /of medium Migrants in ...... their physical and119 Barry Halliday 6 Kress and van Leeuwen pioneered the field in 1996 with their classic text Reading Images. The Grammar of Visual Design.

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semiotic meanings, but also – especially relevant in translation – the and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 sender and the receiver. 3.5The Conclusion number ...... of web texts variously authored and received by59 moreBibliography than one ...... person and usually by many (conversations on forums, 60 chats, but also simple webpages) has only been increasing. At the 4.outset The Ethicsof the of Internet, Migration. the web was populated by ‘frozen’, static hypertexts,Reflections hardly on Recent different Migration from printed Policies texts except for their digital support,and “Non-policies” and which users in Italy could and not Europe interact ...... with. As technology and 61 especiallyLaura Zanfrini its diffusion increased, sender-receiver interaction, s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, previously limited to just e-mail exchange, boomed into different 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 applications, giving rise to a real change of paradigm, subsequently labelled4.2 Initiatives Web 2.0.for Governing The term Family is contested and Humanitarian by technical experts as Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. standing for no substantial development in the technologies used to support4.3 From it. In Guest WWW Workers co-inventor to Unwelcome Tim Berners-Le Guests ...... e’s words, 82 4.4I think Selective Web 2.0Policies is, of an course,d the Brain a piece Drain...... of jargon, nobody even knows 87 what it means. If Web 2.0 for you is blogs and wikis, then that is 4.5people Equal to Opportunitypeople. But thatand Deniedwas what Opportu the Webnities was ...... supposed to be all 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors along (Berners-Lee 2006). ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 Tim O’Reilly, however, the organizer of the annual Web 2.0 Summit 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 since 2004 and considered to be the inventor of the term (Britannica Urs Watter 2010, s.v. WEB 2.0), addresses the issue from a more sociological perspective:5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...... 102 Like many important concepts, Web 2.0 doesn’t have a hard to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper boundary, but rather, a gravitational core. You can visualize Web 2.0 5.3as aMigration set of principles Policy and and Ethics practices ...... that tie together a veritable solar 106 system of sites that demonstrate some or all of those principles, at a 5.4varying Migration distance Policy from in that Colombia core (O’Reilly ...... 2005). 108

The5.5 term “Colombia ‘practice’ nos isune” perhaps ...... the best piece of evidence in favour 109 of sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It the5.6 link Alianza between País ...... discourse, language and the web, all deeply 112 immersed in society, influencing and being influenced by it. Participation5.7 Challenges – as ...... in social-networking and collaborative projects like114 WikipediaBibliography, from ...... which this paragraph’s initial definitions were taken 116 – has been the new focus in web communication for the last few Workingyears, and Together participation for the implies Well-being choice, of Migrants both on ...... the sending and 119 on theBarry receiving Halliday side, as both the sender and the receiver must indeed choose to communicate through the message. However, Jakobson’s

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(1960) author is now a multiauthor, the receiver a multireceiver, the and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 medium a multimedium, the mode a multimode, the text a hypertext, the3.5 context Conclusion a global ...... context, the message the multifaceted result of 59its originalBibliography purpose, ...... conveyed through all the above. ‘Multi-’ is this 60 heavily prefixed era’s number one prefix. Choices in multimodal 4.communication The Ethics of Migration.are more than multiple: they border on the immense. ReflectionsNot that multiauthored on Recent Migration texts never Policies existed before the Internet; the Bible,and “Non-policies”whether or not in it Italy is believed and Europe to be ...... God-inspired, is certainly 61 man-written,Laura Zanfrini and the most outstanding example of a multiauthored – s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, as well as multitranslated – text. It is the large quantity of actors and 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 modes at play, connected through a large quantity of media, which determines4.2 Initiatives the epochalfor Governing quality Family of the and change Humanitarian (Tapscott and Williams Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 2006). As a result, communication is no longer explainable through either4.3 Froma static Guest or aWorkers mono-dimensi to Unwelcomeonal paradigm; Guests ...... it takes at least a bi-82 dynamic model to accommodate both the changes in the senders and the4.4 receivers Selective (endo-dynamic), Policies and the Brainand it Drain...... s own need to prove renegotiable 87 as 4.5the Equalcommunicative Opportunity elements and Denied evolve Opportu (meta-dynamic)nities ...... 7. 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors While unanswered questions about the nature and effects of ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according multimediaBibliography / multimodal ...... communication still abound, multimedia 97 / multimodal translation poses no fewer questions, if not more. What 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 is a multimodal source text? How to turn it into a mono- or Urs Watter multimodal target text? Do multimediality / multimodality change across5.1 State languages? Interest and How Responsibility to translat e a website when this evolves daily?towards How totheir use Citizens online Living resources? Abroad How ...... to exploit collaborative 102 resources without falling victim to them? How often to update to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper terminology, translation tools, methodologies, perspectives? In the present5.3 Migration context, Policy no manual and Ethics can ...... answer these questions and stay 106up- to-date5.4 Migration for long. Policy The insame Colombia collabora ...... tion as in wikis is required 108 of linguistic, sociological and media studies, due to and in spite of the little-defined5.5 “Colombia boundaries nos une” ...... between them. Translation Studies, as in 109the sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It past,5.6 Alianzawill draw País from ...... all of them the operational tools it needs 112 to explain translation in the Internet age which, as ineffably as usual, 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 takes place despite the scholars’ doubts and the engineers’ confidence.Bibliography The ...... only certainty is that the issues raised by 116the ‘Internet turn’ (following the merely ‘digital’ turn) of language in the Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday 7 Askehave and Ellerup (2004 and 2005a) propose a “two-dimensional perspective to the genre analysis model” (2004: 1) of Bhatia (1993); cf. par. 3.4.

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past couple of decades cannot but variously affect translation: as a and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 product that can derive from a multimedia original and be made into a 3.5multimedia Conclusion target ...... text, as the process of transfer from one 59 multimodeBibliography into ...... another via multimedia operations and tools, and as 60 a practice immersed in a global, multimodal society. 4. The Ethics of Migration. 3.4Reflections Genres andon Recent hybridization Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 It wasLaura stated Zanfrini earlier that the influence of the Internet and the web on s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, genres4.1 Restrictive was purposefully Policies and left Structural out when Demand tracing for Immigrantthe main Labourfeatures .. 65of genre theory and analysis in the previous chapter; by now it should 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian be clearMigration: why. Genres,Labour Migration like all butve rbalnot Workers’communication, Migration have ...... been 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. dramatically affected by the Internet turn and, just as text and genre analyses4.3 From began Guest to Workers clearly todescribe Unwelcome ‘traditional’ Guests ...... genres, in the 1990s, 82 new4.4 multimedia Selective Policies / multimodal and the Brainones Drain...... came into play. The ‘new’ genres 87 did not wipe out all that research had highlighted until then, but certainly,4.5 Equal like Opportunity in other subfieldsand Denied of Opportu linguistics,nities they ...... did change many 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are perspectives. According to many, multimodality is present in just

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 every text (“all texts are multimodal”, Kress and van Leeuwen 1998: 5.186; Colombia: “all pages Including are by Emigrantdefinitions inmu Theirltimodal”, Societies Baldry of Origin and Thibault ...... 101 2006:Urs Watter58), in that associating images to written texts (like in many instances of printed matter, e.g. magazines, books, etc.) is itself a 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility basic form of multimodality, and even the written page, without any towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...... 102 images at all, must be arranged into a certain graphic layout. Again, to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper newspapers may be considered a good example, especially when comparing5.3 Migration their Policy online and andEthics offline ...... versions for different layout, 106 content distribution, graphics, etc. The Internet added further media and5.4 Migrationmodes (sound, Policy in animation,Colombia ...... navigation, etc.) to the 108bi- dimensionality5.5 “Colombia of nos ‘print une” and ...... pictures’ that had been the standard since 109

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It prehistoric inscriptions, as well as made participation and exchange available5.6 Alianza to unheard-ofPaís ...... numbers of people. The complexity of 112the change5.7 Challenges that language ...... and communication underwent in recent years 114 has been hinted at earlier in the chapter; the way it affected genres Bibliography ...... 116 will be addressed in this paragraph. Initially, researchers wrote about a migration of traditional genres Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 to Barrythe web Halliday (for instance Kwaśnik and Crowston 2005). However, some 20 years after the creation of the WWW, it is possible to

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suppose such a migration concluded, just as the ‘new’ technologies and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 can no longer be considered so ‘new’. Still, when it comes to establishing3.5 Conclusion how ...... genre theory can be amended to take the online 59 elementBibliography into consideration, ...... the debate is still open. Garzone (2007: 60 20 ff.) identifies eight detailed properties to consider in developing 4.any The framework Ethics of Migration. explaining web-mediated genres: immateriality, extensionReflections in participation on Recent Migration framewo Policiesrk, multimodality, hypertextuality / hypermediality,and “Non-policies” co-articulation in Italy and andEurope interactivity, ...... intertextuality and 61 granularity.Laura Zanfrini While agreeing with these being key aspects to bear in s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, mind, it still seems apparently easier to identify what features a web 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 genre has, rather than what it is. Askehave and Swales (2001) suggest4.2 Initiatives redefining for Governing purpose asFamily the andone Humanitariancriterion informing genres, Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. maintaining the communicative purpose, but granting much more relevance4.3 From to Guest contextual Workers aspects: to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 4.4We Selective thus suggest Policies that anpurposed the Brain (more Drain...... exactly sets of communicative 87 purposes) retains the status as a ‘privileged’ criterion, but in a sense 4.5different Equal toOpportunity the one originally and Denied proposed Opportu bynities Swales...... It is no longer 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors privileged by centrality, prominence or self-evident clarity, nor ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 indeed by reported beliefs of users about genres, but by its status as reward or payoff for investigators as they approximate to completing 5. Colombia:the hermeneutic Including circle Emigrant(2001: 210).s in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 Urs Watter They5.1 Statealso Interestpropose and repurposing Responsibility genres either through a text- or a context-driventowards their procedure Citizens Livingfor genre Abroad analysis, ...... depending on 102the approach (linguistic or ethnographic), only mentioning in passing the to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper “mode of transmission” (2001: 209). Askehave and Ellerup Nielsen (20045.3 Migration and 2005a) Policy take and one Ethics step ...... further and specifically focus 106on digital genres, i.e. those that digital texts belong to (especially 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 interesting are, of course, webpages and their various components). In 5.5par. “Colombia 3.3 a bi-dynamic nos une”...... framework was suggested as the minimum 109

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It requirement capable of explaining multimediality / multimodality: 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 Askehave and Ellerup Nielsen (2004 and 2005a) propose a bi- dimensional5.7 Challenges model, ...... building on Swales (1990) and Bhatia (1993), 114 in whichBibliography the users’ ...... purpose – reading or navigating – makes them focus 116 on the text or on the medium respectively. In particular, they stress Workingthe importance Together of for the the mediumWell-being itself of Migrants as a mode: ...... “not only 119 a distributionBarry Halliday channel but also a carrier of meaning, determining aspects of social practice” (2005a: 7). The above perspectives all

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seem compatible, as they all stress the need for a new framework that and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 takes into consideration the social dimension of communication which,3.5 Conclusion in the Internet ...... era, means accounting for multimediality 59 / multimodality.Bibliography ...... The Web 2.0 view of “the web as a platform” for 60 social practices (O’Reilly 2005) has room for all the key features 4.identified The Ethics by of Garzone Migration. (2007), can accommodate Askehave and SwalesReflections (2001)’s on Recentshift of Migration focus on Policies context, and is compatible with Askehaveand “Non-policies” and Ellerup in ItalyNielsen and Europe(2005a)’s ...... bi-dimensional model. 61 Combined,Laura Zanfrini they could return a view as in Fig. 7. s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 Initiatives for Governingpurpose Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 text (reading mode) ' medium (navigation mode) 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and contextDenied Opportu nities ...... 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 5.Fig. Colombia: 7 Web genres Including as in EmigrantAskehave sand in Their Swales Societies (2001) ofand Origin Askehave ...... 101and EllerupUrs Watter Nielsen (2005a) 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Starting from this representation, which is an interpreted adaptation towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...... 102 of two different perspectives, further specifications as to how to to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. visualize5.2 Applied multimodal Ethics ...... genres will be proposed. 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3The Migration definition Policy of the and multimodal Ethics ...... genre could perhaps start with 106 its name. Given the time elapsed since the diffusion of the Internet and the5.4 familiarity Migration with Policy it inacquired Colombia by ...... its users, it could be suggested that108 a term5.5 “Colombia like ‘multigenre’ nos une” should ...... be preferred to either “web genres” 109 or

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It the even longer “web-mediated genres” (Garzone 2007: 20, 27), because5.6 Alianza it is Paísa single ...... word (handy and monoreferential, as required 112 by5.7 LSPs), Challenges its polyvalence ...... being implicit in the prefix, and because 114 users no longer perceive the novelty of the web as a medium, which is Bibliographynow as familiar ...... as printed paper, so that any pre-modifiers would 116 sound redundant, as in ‘paper-mediated genres’. Furthermore, though Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 the prefix ‘multi-’ recalls multimediality and multimodality, the Barry Halliday ‘med-’ / ‘mod-’ morphemes do not appear in it, thus the focus in

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‘multigenre’ is no longer on the medium, but on the genre itself, and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 which can then be seen as ‘multiple’ not strictly because it is based on3.5 more Conclusion than one ...... medium / mode, but because it encompasses 59 variousBibliography genres ...... that can or cannot be multimedia / multimodal. This 60 way the name would be a little vaguer, but it could also account for a 4.wider The Ethicsspectrum of Migration. of multiplicity: the ‘webpage multigenre’, for instance,Reflections could on Recentalone accountMigration fo Policiesr all the mono-/multimedia and mono-/multimodaland “Non-policies” elements in Italy thatand itEurope may or ...... may not include (e.g. text, 61 images,Laura video,Zanfrini sound, animations, etc., in turn belonging to genres of s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, their own), and express its manifold nature in its very name. 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Secondly, it has been argued that it is easier to list what features web4.2 genres Initiatives have for than Governing what theyFamily are, and as Humanitarian web communication indeed Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. appears to be made of many different, overlapping layers at a time. However,4.3 From theirGuest mostWorkers relevant to Unwelcome feature, Guests for the...... purpose of better 82 defining multigenres, remains its high degree of interactivity and the large4.4 Selectiveaudience(s) Policies it andcan the Brainreach Drain...... (“extension in participation 87 framework”,4.5 Equal Opportunity Garzone 2007: and Denied 20). On Opportu the Internet,nities ...... no text of any genre 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors is safe: the moment it enters the web in electronic format, it becomes ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according a stringBibliography of bits ...... lost in the virtual multidimension, and is potentially 97 lost to its author, put up for copying, modification, editing, 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 reproduction and use. Not even Adobe PDF documents (initially Urs Watter considered a ‘frozen’ genre) and similar graphic formats, which are sometimes5.1 State Interestemployed and byResponsibility users when they wish to preserve texts from immediatetowards interactivity, their Citizens prove Living the Abro stillad snapshots ...... many think they are:102 they can contain hyperlinks too, and legal and illegal converting to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper software allows seizing content from these documents too. Fig. 8 reports5.3 Migration the first Policy page and of Ethicsthe IATE ...... brochure (cf. par. 2.3), a PDF 106 document5.4 Migration downloadable Policy in Colombia from the ...... IATE website. Simple though 108 it may look, it contains text, images (the IATE logos), and three hyperlinks,5.5 “Colombia of which nos une” one ...... to a webpage (http://iate.europa.eu), one 109 to sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It the5.6 PDF Alianza document País ...... itself (http://iate.europa.eu/brochure), and one to112 a contact e-mail address ([email protected]). It is also interesting to 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 notice how the three-column layout would allow anyone who printed it ontoBibliography an A4 sheet...... to fold it into a common three-fold (or standard 116 letter) brochure8, thus certainly changing the medium (electronic to Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday 8 This deriving from the PDF being a graphic format originally designed for printing only.

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paper), and partly the mode (the written and visual modes remain, the and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 hyperlinks as such are lost, becoming normal text falling within the written3.5 Conclusion mode)...... 59 Bibliography ...... 60

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97

5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 Urs Watter Fig.5.1 8 StateThe first Interest page andof the Responsibility IATE Brochure towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...... 102 It is therefore worth commenting on the concepts of author, reader to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and community on the web, which appear to be quite different from those5.3 Migrationtraditionally Policy intended and Ethics in ...... text and genre analysis. The high 106 interactivity5.4 Migration of onlinePolicy incommunication, Colombia ...... as seen in par. 3.3, has made 108 it necessary to identify multiauthors and multireceivers, terms that include5.5 “Colombia all the various nos une” interconnecte ...... d users who modify an original 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It text,5.6 and Alianza all those País ...... who willingly or unwillingly (e.g. chance readers) 112 happen to read it. The key feature of these new actors is, naturally, their5.7 potentialChallenges anonymity: ...... they can act as individuals with a real 114 or falseBibliography identity or ...... as a group, like in newsgroups or in social networks, 116 which are nothing else but web-linked discourse communities. A web Workingdiscourse Togethercommunity for the− or Well-being even the ofentire Migrants web ...... community itself 119 − mayBarry be sketchedHalliday as communicating through genres as in Fig. 9.

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4.Fig. The 9 A Ethics representation of Migration. of web discourse community Reflections on Recent Migration Policies In andthis representation,“Non-policies” xin is Italy the set and of Europe all the authors ...... of a web text, y are 61all its Laurareaders, Zanfrini and ' represents the interaction between them, which is s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, expressed by means of the multigenre in its various declinations. Mar- keting4.1 Restrictive and corporate Policies communication and Structural experts Demand know for Immigrant very well Labour what great .. 65 resource4.2 Initiatives for reaching for Governing audiences Family the web and isHumanitarian9. In terms of reachability, a web textMigration: is potentially Labour directed Migration to buta global not Workers’ audience Migration (y). In practice, ...... 73as ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. things are with current technology distribution, its actual audience can 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 only be (y-n), where n indicates all those potential readers who do not have4.4 accessSelective to Policiesthe web, an ared the not Brain interest Drain...... ed in the text, are interested but 87 miss4.5 it, Equal or simply Opportunity do not and chance Denied to seOpportue it (specificnities ...... reasons are of course 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors innumerable, e.g. bad advertising, bad searching, etc.). The same can be ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according saidBibliography about a potential ...... global author (x), who actually turns out to be (x-97 n). However, since the web is part of the global “semiosphere” (as in 5.Lotman Colombia: [1990] Including 2001), but Emigrant is not separates in Their from Societies the real ofworld Origin – and ...... so 101 far virtualUrs Watterreality does not exist without material reality – what happens within5.1 State this Interestmultigenre and Responsibilityspace is still influenced by non-web reality (i.e. any eventtowards taking their place Citizens in societyLiving Abroat a adglobal ...... level), and of course 102the relationship is biunivocal. The previous vision of web communication to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper should thus be expanded to integrate external factors (Fig. 10). 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 context multiauthor (x-n) ' multireader (y-n) context 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...... 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.6 AlianzaTIME País ...... multigenre 112 5.7(forum Challenges, blog, ...... webpage, webportal, social network, etc.) 114 Bibliography ...... 116

WorkingFig. 10 A suggestedTogether representation for the Well-being of web communication of Migrants ...... through multigenres 119 Barry Halliday 9 Cf. Boaretto, Noci and Pini 2007 and the newly ensued debate on ‘multicanality’ in marketing.

3. Into the web age 107 10 Table of Contents

It is plain that the interesting factor in the study of contemporary web and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 communication, from whichever viewpoint (linguistics, marketing, social3.5 Conclusion sciences) ...... is carried out, is not how many people the web can 59 reachBibliography (y), but ...... how many it cannot reach (n), and the relationship 60 existing between (y) and (n). Time too, as indicated several times 4.throughout The Ethics this of Migration.book, is regarded as a particularly important element thatReflections is both within on Recent the contextMigration (context Policies can be identified as a given situationand “Non-policies” in a given moment in Italy andand timeEurope), and ...... without it (context is not 61 frozen,Laura but Zanfrini is preceded and followed by and coincides with countless 10 s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, other contexts on the timeline) . The entity resulting from the most 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 recent changes in communication could therefore be defined as a container4.2 Initiatives of multigenres for Governing that Family are byand now Humanitarian well-established among Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. their communities of users. These are by now perfectly familiar with hypertextuality,4.3 From Guest interactivity,Workers to Unwelcome volatility, Guests multimodality, ...... although 82as non-specialists they may be unaware of any specific terms. Indeed, though4.4 Selective the theoretical Policies andebated the Brainremains Drain...... open for the linguist just like 87 for4.5 the Equal media Opportunity or marketing and Denied expert, Opportu to thenities ordinary ...... user the web 90is

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors likely to appear like a single unit of space or a ‘platform’. ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according BibliographyThe initial phenomenon...... of genre ‘migration’ ought by now to 97be over. What many researchers have in fact been observing lately are 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 potential instances of genre ‘hybridization’ (Kwaśnik and Crowston Urs Watter 2005, Santini 2006). Predicted by Kwaśnik and Crowston (“digital genres5.1 State evolve, Interest and and may Responsibility go through hybrid stages before solidifying into atowards truly stable their Citizens form”, Living2005: Abro2011ad), ...... this phenomenon, even less102 explored than other web realities, is the ‘natural’ evolution of genres to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper once they have migrated to the digital medium, spurred by the agglutinant5.3 Migration effects Policy of Weband Ethics 2.0 particip ...... ation. It is certainly influenced 106 by5.4 user Migration perception, Policy asin Colombiaemerges ...... from Santini’s interesting study, 108 which 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...... 109

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It explores the perception of genres when users are faced not only with 5.6prototypical Alianza País genre ...... exemplars but also with hybrid or individualized 112 web pages, and interpret the subjects’ perception in term of genre 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 evolution (2006: 35), Bibliography ...... 116 10 Worth mentioning is also the notion of virtual vs. real time, for instance when Workingobserving online Together games for such the as Well-being The Sims or Secondof Migrants Life, which ...... allow their players 119 to liveBarry in aHalliday totally virtual place in real time. 11 The page number refers to the PDF document retrieved online, see the Bibliography.

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and provides useful insights into how web users asked to “assign and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 ‘labels’ to webpage ‘types’” (2006: 35) found it difficult to do so unambiguously.3.5 Conclusion ...... The interest in digital genres and hybridization 59is provedBibliography by various ...... conferences held in very recent years12 and by 60an increasing number of publications, totally or partially centring on the 4.topic The (e.g.Ethics Devitt of Migration. 1993, Shepherd and Watters 1998, 1999, 2004, BhatiaReflections 2004, Askehaveon Recent Migrationand Ellerup Policies Nielsen 2005b, Caballero 2008). Manyand aspects“Non-policies” still remain in Italy to be and defined Europe and ...... explored, the first of which 61 is believedLaura Zanfrini to be what a hybrid (genre) is. It is suggested, first of all, s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, that it is neither a migration / shift (movement), nor a chain or an 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 instance of juxtaposition (linear association), but it is closer to Fairclough’s4.2 Initiatives (2003: for Governing 34) “genre Family mixing” and Humanitarian (granularity). The definition Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. could be expanded by adding that the mixture is seldom homogeneous or 4.3balanced, From Guest that Workers instrumental to Unwelcome elements Guests (media) ...... mix with semiotic 82 features (modes), that in this blending the different elements are still recognizable4.4 Selective as Policies such, anbecaused the Brain bound Drain...... aries between them are indeed 87 dissolving,4.5 Equal butOpportunity they are notand totallyDenied bl Opportuurred yet,nities much ...... like in a chemical 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors suspension (as opposed to a solution). The ensuing result is an ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according altogetherBibliography new ...... and independent entity, different from and non- 97 depending on each of its original founding elements. Furthermore, the 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 hybridization process, in any field, follows a usual pattern, in which the Urs Watter new hybrid entity must first be acknowledged, then it must be named (in5.1 the State Western Interest culture’s and Responsibility logos tradition of naming to exist and existing by virtuetowards of theirnaming), Citizens after Living which Abro itad can ...... more or less quickly 102 or smoothly become accepted and then taken for granted. The moment it to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper is accepted, though, the hybridization process ends, as the new hybrid is 5.3no Migrationlonger perceived Policy and as Ethics either ...... new or a hybrid, but as an entity 106 existing5.4 Migration in its own Policy right. in ColombiaIn the specific ...... case of genres on the web, 108the process can be visualised as in Fig. 1113. 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...... 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 12 In Italy alone: Genre(s) on the Move. Hybridization and Discourse Change in Specialized5.7 Challenges Communication ...... , to be held in Naples, on 9-11 December 2009; 114 DiachronicBibliography Perspectives ...... on Genres in Specialized Communication, to be held 116 at Gargnano del Garda, Brescia on 24-26 June 2010; the 10th ESSE International Conference, to be held in Turin on 24-28 August 2010, will host the seminar Working“Evolving TogetherGenres and for Genre the Well-beingTheory: Focus of onMigrants Specialized ...... Communication 119 in EnglishBarry across Halliday Contexts and Media”. 13 For a further reflection on genre hybridisation and the study of a sample PDF text, cf. Grego and Vicentini (forthcoming).

3. Into the web age 109 10 Table of Contents

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 3.5 Conclusion ...... 59 START Bibliographyonline migration ...... → 60 → hybridization → 4. The Ethics of Migration.→ new hybrid → Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in → Italy recognition and Europe → ...... 61 Laura Zanfrini → definition → s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, → acceptance → 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for→ Immigrant normality Labour .. 65 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian END Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 Fig.4.4 11 Selective A representation Policies anofd genre the Brain hybridization Drain...... on the web 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Again, the newspaper and its traditional genres (the editorial, the col- ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according umn,Bibliography etc.) well ...... exemplify this migration process: as is easily verifi- 97 able, an ordinary online newspaper article would usually feature hy- 5.perlinks, Colombia: or ‘clickable’Including Emigrant words ins inthe Their text Societiesredirecting of Origin the reader ...... 101 to otherUrs connected Watter articles or elements, and possibly many more images than5.1 the State traditional Interest and single Responsibility picture th at used to accompany such texts, or eventowards hyperlinks their Citizens to entire Living gallerie Abros ofad them, ...... videos, audio files, 102etc. Web users can be considered already perfectly aware of the differ- to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper ences between the traditional newspaper article (the classic ‘paper clipping’,5.3 Migration to be Policyclear) andand Ethics the onlin ...... e article and, if not of its micro- 106 structure,5.4 Migration at least Policy of the in Colombiapotential ities...... it offers, to which they should 108 by now be well used, and which they would probably even expect of any5.5 web “Colombia article. nos une” ...... 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.6The Alianza suggested País ...... notion of ‘multigenre’ as a label for the ‘new web- 112 mediated genres’ is thought to stand, in fact, for web genres while they5.7 are Challenges undergoing ...... their process of hybridization: this would also 114 be supportedBibliography by the ...... hybrid nature of the label itself which, like many 116 specialized terms created by affixation, defines a new object by Workingbuilding onTogether an existing for the concept Well-being / noun. of Migrants ...... 119 BarryIn conclusion, Halliday it is clear that the changes brought forth by the Internet medium and the web modes have disrupted the established

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reference frameworks previously used to interpret communication, and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 imposing the need to widen epistemic horizons by including contextual3.5 Conclusion variables, ...... not as peripheral but as central factors. The 59 effectsBibliography that the ...... digital and the Internet turns manifested on language 60 doubly affect translation: as a product, a process and a practice that is 4.both The linguistic Ethics of and Migration. semiotic in nature and has always had to bear on (someReflections vaguely on defined) Recent Migrationcontext anyway. Policies To help the translator in this choice,and “Non-policies” language research in Italy had and identified Europe ...... textual genres that applied 61 wellLaura to traditional, Zanfrini non-digital, offline genres. This was no longer the s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, case when texts went online. It is believed, however, that 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 contemporary and future research into genres and multigenres can and4.2 willInitiatives provide for Governingnew lines Family of interpretationand Humanitarian to adapt to new Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. communication, even if it is obvious that translation cannot stop 14 occurring4.3 From while Guest orWorkers until this to Unwelcome happens. The Guests first ...... instances of a new 82 paradigm embracing technology, participation and communication have4.4 alreadySelective emerged, Policies anandd the point Brain to Drain...... the direction of a “semantic web” 87 of 4.5hyper-documents Equal Opportunity marked and Denied up by Opportu semanticnities tags ...... and interconnected 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors through relations of meaning (Talmy 2000a, 2000b; Berners-Lee and ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according HendlerBibliography 2001), ...... a definition that sounds very similar to that of 97 a (giant) text. ‘Web as a corpus’, ‘web as text’, ‘semantic ontologies’ 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 are all new phrases with old conceptual and terminological roots. If Urs Watter they embody the future of language and communication, while the layman5.1 State may Interest use themand Responsibility daily but st ruggle to even understand their names,towards the translator their Citizens as an Living operati Abrovead semiotician ...... by definition will102 find him/herself at home with them, and translation might even be to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper one of the fields to profit the most from the envisaged ‘semantic future’.5.3 Migration For the Policy time and being, Ethics ...... translators need to make do with 106 whatever5.4 Migration hybrid, Policy granular in Colombia present ...... they live in: the resources available 108 to do this will be dealt with in the next paragraph. 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...... 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 3.55.6 Translation Alianza País ...... tools 2.0 112 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Translation, as said earlier, has always had to bear on context. While Bibliography ...... 116 beforehand the choice of how to relate a text to its context was only the translator’s, at the discretion of his/her common sense (‘good’ Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday 14 Again, originating ideas are only followed by their practical realisation with a few years’ delay.

3. Into the web age 111 10 Table of Contents

sense, meaningfully, in its Italian counterpart buon senso), today s/he and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 is surrounded by and immersed in – off and online – great numbers of 3.5theoretical Conclusion and ...... practical resources supporting him/her. This creates 59 a Bibliographyparadox: the ...... options are more, but freedom seems less, as the 60 choice is subjected to a much longer and more complex decisional 4.process The Ethics that hasof Migration. to take into account very many options, including peerReflections comparison on Recent and evaluation, Migration perPolicies se a stimulating or a blocking resourceand “Non-policies” depending on in theItaly viewpoint. and Europe The ...... following is not a list 61of specificLaura resourcesZanfrini for translators15 in the ‘hybrid era’ but, in line with s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, the latest trends, a review of the types and categories into which they 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 fall. 4.2The Initiatives ‘type’ offor theGoverning resource Family indicates and Humanitarian the translation purpose or Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. the aspect of translation that it is meant to target. Terminology, of course,4.3 From is often Guest the Workers main toissue Unwelcome in specialized Guests ...... translation, and it can 82 be addressed by means of dictionaries, glossaries and encyclopae- dias4.4 (paper Selective or Policiesdigital, anond or the offlin Braine) Drain...... but, as seen, also by an entirely 87 new4.5 setEqual of Opportunitymachine-assisted and Denied tools, Opportu like corporanities ...... interrogation pro- 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors grammes, translation memories (software memorizing chunks of ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according translatedBibliography text ...... and re-proposing them whenever they come up dur- 97 ing a new translation), up to people interrogation resources, as in 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 web-based forums, discussion groups, mailing lists, social net- Urs Watter works, etc16. The same options apply to syntactic and grammatical needs5.1 State in general. Interest andTextual Responsibility issues, as seen, are better explained by text andtowards genre their analyses, Citizens and Living there Abro aread advanced ...... studies on what 102has been termed ‘machine learning’, for example, which relates essen- to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper tially to text recognition inductively carried out by computers fol- lowing5.3 Migration patterns Policy found and in Ethicstexts ‘fed’...... to them (Sebastiani 2002), and106 which,5.4 Migration in due time, Policy may in Colombia considerably ...... affect genre studies and thus 108 translation. 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...... 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 15 Resources for translators are explicitly and interestingly dealt with in detail by many5.7 authorsChallenges on and ...... offline. Especially in the case of online tools, the right114 mediumBibliography to discuss ...... them is surely the web itself, maintaining them accessible 116and up-to-date much better than print does. For recent research on the English into Italian pair of interest here, cf. Scarpa ([2001] 2008: par. 7.3), Catenaccio (2005) Workingand Osimo Together(2007: chapt. for 2). the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 16 BarryExamples Halliday are: the WordReference forums, the ProZ discussion groups, any Google or Yahoo translators’ group’s mailing list, the LinkedIn professional social network.

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Where, then, can translators acquire notions in all these fields? It and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 is well-known that the experienced translator learns about them inductively.3.5 Conclusion For ...... those who wish to learn them through instruction, 59 theBibliography viable option, ...... naturally, is training, the level and duration 60of which vary greatly and cannot be thoroughly addressed here17. Other 4.possibilities The Ethics include of Migration. corpus-based text, genre and discourse analyses, whichReflections again can on Recenttake the Migration form of dePoliciesdicated software and/or training, carryingand “Non-policies” them out or teachingin Italy and to carrEuropey them ...... out, or that of self-made 61 interrogationLaura Zanfrini of the web as a host of parallel / comparable corpora. s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, For other, non-linguistic aspects of translation, for example document 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 composition, revision, editing, layout, transmission or filing, word- processing4.2 Initiatives and fordesktop Governing publishing Family pandackages, Humanitarian as well as a myriad of Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. other machine-based tools and people-administered services, are widely4.3 From available. Guest WorkersThe same to Unwelcomeapplies to the Guests marketing ...... and commercial 82 aspects of paid translation, which varies from hand-written, half-page documents4.4 Selective translated Policies andand thepaid Brain for onDrain...... the spot (e.g. letters to / from 87 emigrated4.5 Equal relatives Opportunity translated and Denied in street Opportu marketsnities ...... in many developing 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors countries18), to large projects outsourced to teams of translators, ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according basedBibliography in different ...... continents but Internet-connected, sharing 97 translation memories and glossaries online in real time, and being 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 paid electronically (e.g. by PayPal). Urs Watter The lists of tools available to specialized translators are by and large5.1 Stateorganized Interest into and categories Responsibility following the distinction commonly appliedtowards of late their to Citizens distinguish Living between Abroad ...... digital and non-digital (e.g. 102 paper, oral, etc.) resources, i.e. based on the medium. The proposal is to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper to arrange them, instead, around the semantic area of ‘choice’. This can5.3 be Migration done deductively,Policy and Ethics for ...... example by specifying classifying 106 criteria5.4 Migration by which Policy to identify in Colombia them ...... Table 1 reports a classification 108 of translation resources according to two arbitrary criteria associated with5.5 choice:“Colombia ‘collaborative’ nos une” ...... or ‘non-collaborative’ (with respect 109 to sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It translator’s5.6 Alianza choice), País ...... and ‘existing’ or ‘new’. The Oxford English 112 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 17 BibliographySuffice it to say ...... that ‘training’ is here meant in its widest sense, from post- 116 graduate education in TS, to the informal suggestions of fellow translators or field experts. Working18 A similar Together but intrasemiotic for the Well-beingand fictional versionof Migrants of street ...... market translation 119 is the Barrymemorable Halliday depiction of poor people’s love messages being artistically ‘doctored’ and made into flowery written letters in García Márquez’s El amor en los tiempos del cólera ([1985] 1997: 245-247).

3. Into the web age 113 10 Table of Contents

Dictionary, e.g., would then appear as a non-collaborative (not and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 because it is single-authored, but because the translator’s choice is limited3.5 Conclusion to choosing ...... among given options), existing (the translator has 59 notBibliography made it up ...... in person) resource. The collective decision of a forum 60 of translators over a member’s query would fall into the ‘existing’ 4.category, The Ethics if the of Migration.solution is attested and based on existing sources, or intoReflections the ‘new’ on category Recent Migrationif it provide Policiess a majority decision resulting in a newand word,“Non-policies” practice, inetc. Italy and Europe ...... 61 Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Non-collaborative / Collaborative / 4.1 RestrictiveChoice Policies and Structuralself / Demand for Immigrantothers Labour/ .. 65 4.2 Initiatives for Governingindividual Family and Humanitarian joint Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. dictionaries forums, 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomeglossaries Guests ...... mailing lists, 82 Existing / encyclopaedias 4.4 Selectiveretrieved /Policies and the Brain Drain...... field experts 87 4.5 Equaldeduced Opportunity andcustomer Denied instructions Opportu nities ...... training 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors international standards … ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 …

5. Colombia: Including Emigrantweb queriess in Their Societies offorums Origin ...... 101 Urs WatterNew / corpus queries mailing lists 5.1 Statecreated Interest / and Responsibilityown glossaries wikis induced towards their Citizensown translationLiving Abro memoriesad ...... social networks 102 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... … … 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper

Table5.3 Migration1 Deductive Policy classification and Ethics ...... of translation resources according 106 to ‘choice’:5.4 Migration a suggested Policy categorization in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...... 109 The classification could however be obtained inductively, by ex- sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It ploiting5.6 Alianza the users’ País ...... perception of how choice-constraining a tool is. 112 If, for5.7 instance, Challenges translators ...... ‘reviewed’ resources by attaching tags relat- 114 ing to choice to each of them, resources could be selected more pre- ciselyBibliography according ...... to the translator’s needs of the case. By way of 116ex- ample, ten users could tag the OED using the tags reported in Table Working2. Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

114 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

User Tags and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 1 OED reliable prescriptive paper outdated 23.5 ConclusionOED ...... paper expensive library old 59 3Bibliography OED non-collaborative ...... reliable online quick 60 4 OED online updated quick reliable 4. 5The EthicsOED of Migration. paper non-collaborative library CDROM 6Reflections OED on Recent quick Migration expensive Policies online authoritative 7and “Non-policies”OED difficult in Italy and Europe free ...... library university 61 Laura Zanfrini 8 OED heavy paper dusty interesting s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 94.1 RestrictiveOED comprehensive Policies and Structural prescriptive Demand for authoritative Immigrant Labour updated .. 65 104.2 InitiativesOED for onlineGoverning Family comprehensive and Humanitarian university free Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Table 2 Imaginary tags assigned by translators to the OED 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 As4.4 even Selective many Policies non-specialist and the Brain Inte rnetDrain...... users know, the web hosts 87 many free and simple applications that anyone can access online, and that4.5 createEqual Opportunity‘tag clouds’ and Deniedfrom spOpportuecific nitiestexts ...... by extracting and 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are arranging words so that “clouds give greater prominence to words

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 that appear more frequently in the source text” (Feinberg 2009). 5.Wordle Colombia:19 is one Including such application, Emigrants inusing Their which Societies a cloud of Origin from ...... the tags101 in TableUrs Watter 2 has been created (Fig. 12). 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...... 102 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...... 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography ...... 116

WorkingFig. 12 Tag Together cloud from for theimaginary Well-being translators’ of Migrants tags for ...... the OED (Table 119 2) Barry Halliday

19 Feinberg (2009).

3. Into the web age 115 10 Table of Contents

Just like Wordle, in his creator’s words, is only a “toy”20, the above and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 tag cloud is only a game with no scientific relevance whatsoever, since3.5 Conclusionall the tags ...... provided are imaginary and artificially fed ad hoc 59. TheBibliography numerical ...... relation between the fictional data and the visual 60 representation is real, though, and what it was hoped to show is 4.precisely The Ethics the of Migration.potential impact of community evaluation (an establishedReflections fact) on Recent if organized Migration in unusualPolicies ways, for instance along theand lines “Non-policies” of semantic in relations, Italy and in Europe the wake ...... of the trends currently 61 followedLaura Zanfrini by technology (what is termed ‘folksonomy’ in web s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 21 jargon4.1 Restrictive). This couldPolicies result and Structural in the faster Demand and formore Immigrant accurate Labour targeting .. 65 of the resources needed by any translator at any given moment. The possible4.2 Initiatives drawbacks for Governing are the same Family as andhave Humanitarian been highlighted by many Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. scholars from various perspectives – most relevantly, for the scope of 4.3this From book, Guest by those Workers warning to Unwelcome about using Guests the ...... web as a corpus (e.g. 82 Kilgarriff and Grefenstette 2003) – and they all derive from the same4.4 Selectiveproblem: Policies the risk and theof Brainself-referentiality. Drain...... The “garbage in,87 garbage4.5 Equal out” Opportunity effect (Scarpa and Denied [2001] Opportu 2008:nities 300)...... does not only 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors represent a translation problem, but is also a constitutive trait of the ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according webBibliography itself, which ...... is fed by its own users and used by its own 97 feeders. If the data fed into the web are not rearranged in creative 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 ways, the same combinations of them are coming out of it, much in Urs Watter the same way that a wrongly translated term posted somewhere on the5.1 web State is Interestpicked andup byResponsibility other translators and starts replicating itself virally,towards or like their genetic Citizens informati Living Abroon constantlyad ...... recombined from 102the same restricted pool will end up returning, at least in genetic terms, to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper ‘errors’. 5.3It hasMigration been noticedPolicy and before Ethics (cf...... par. 3.4) how the Internet turn 106has caused5.4 Migration the introduction Policy in Colombiainto everyday ...... language, not only into web 108 idiolect, of large numbers of affixed words. Another successful web- related5.5 “Colombia neologism nos is une” ‘2.0’, ...... from the version number of software pro- 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It grammes,5.6 Alianza used País as ...... a post-modifying determiner meaning ‘the second, 112 improved version of something’ (cf. par. 3.3). Semantically or- 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 ganized web resources – considered as a whole as if they were a ho- mogeneousBibliography set ...... – could be for translators their ‘translation tools 2.0’. 116

Working20 “Wordle Together is a toy forfor generatingthe Well-being ‘word clouds’of Migrants from text...... that you provide”, 119 FeinbergBarry (2009),Halliday Wordle , “Homepage”, http://www.wordle.net/. 21 The word is reported to be a “portmanteau of folk and taxonomy”, coined in 2004 by Thomas Vander Wal (Wikipedia 2009, s.v. FOLKSONOMY).

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Also hinted at earlier in this book (cf. par. 1.4) is the notion that and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 translation is an instance of language use and of communication but is 3.5furthermore Conclusion determined ...... by human abilities and human behaviour 59 in Bibliographygeneral. Consequently ...... if, in the Canadian philosopher Pierre 60 Lévy’s words, “the main obstacle that prevents human collective 4.intelligence The Ethics from of Migration. crossing the next cognitive threshold [cyberspace] is Reflectionsthe current absenceon Recent of Migration systematic Policies self-awareness” (Lévy 2009: 32), thenand this “Non-policies” is the same obstaclein Italy and face Europed by all ...... web users, including those 61 searchingLaura Zanfrini it for tran slation purposes. s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 3.64.2 Localization, Initiatives for Governing multitranslation, Family and Humanitarianno translation? Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Starting from the early 1980s, but actually booming in the 1990s (Esselink4.3 From 2003), Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 localization is a buzzword for the translation and adaptation of 4.5documents Equal Opportunity to meet the and requiremen Denied Opportuts of nitiesnew ‘locales’...... (country / 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors regions and languages), especially in the fields of software and ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliographywebsites (Pym ...... 2002: 168, italics in the original). 97

5.The Colombia: feeling is Including that this Emigrantterm coulsd in be Their used Societies as a ‘semantic of Origin tag’ ...... to 101po- sitionUrs Wattertranslation experts on the basis of their nearness to the con- temporary5.1 State Interesttranslation and Responsibilitymarket: the more familiar one is with local- izationtowards (theoretically their Citizens or practically), Living Abro thead ...... closer s/he is to the current 102 translation industry. For example, many have a clear idea that lo- to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper calization requires adapting a product (mainly software: classic ex- amples5.3 Migration are the PolicyMicrosoft and EthicsOffice ...... suite or world famous videogames 106 like Nintendo’s Super Mario) to different local realities; fewer know5.4 Migrationthat, e.g. Policy in the in Colombiacase of software, ...... this can be divided into108 software5.5 “Colombia (‘container’) nos une” and ...... content localization, and that verbal 109

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It translation is only part of the adaptation work; fewer still have heard5.6 Alianzaof specific País ...... software used in localization – e.g. CATALYST 112 or 5.7PASSOLO, Challenges representing...... an antithetic pair on the market, each 114 having its share of fans, like PC and MAC, or TRADOS and Bibliography ...... 116 WORDFAST, etc. – and so on, down to the deepest levels of local- Workingization knowledge. Together for The the great Well-being divides of betweenMigrants translation...... theorists 119 andBarry practitioners, Halliday literary and specialized translators, the CAT tools savvy and the IT illiterate, etc. all reflect the multiple perspectives

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from which it is possible to perceive and perform translation. Be- and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 sides, visualizing these differences as making up the fuzzy set of ‘translators’,3.5 Conclusion or as...... a tag cloud, well renders the absence of clear-cut 59 categorizationsBibliography ...... within this agglomerate. A translator could know all60 about localization through training and updates, yet work for small 4.family The Ethicsbusinesses of Migration. only translating a page or two at a time which, for theirReflections intended on uses, Recent might Migration even be Policies handwritten. Or s/he could make a livingand “Non-policies” out of localizing in Italy chunks and Europeof immense ...... projects outsourced by61 largeLaura translation Zanfrini companies (what Anthony Pym, one of the keenest s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, observers of contemporary translation, defines as a possible cause 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 of the “dehumanization of discourse”, 2002), but translate science fiction4.2 Initiatives by night for just Governing out of passion. Family andThe Humanitarian possible cases are as many Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. as the translators are. Chances are that most people working in this field4.3 haveFrom atGuest least Workers once translated to Unwelcome at least Guests one ...... text different from the 82 mainstream projects they carry out, if only to find out they and a specific4.4 Selective domain Policies / genre and thewere Brain incompatible. Drain...... When it comes 87to translation4.5 Equal asOpportunity a business, and to Denied obvious Opportu factorsnities like ...... education, training, 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors experience, domain specific expertise and personal interests, eco- ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according nomicBibliography ones must ...... be added, both translator- and industry-centred, 97 requiring careful human resource profiling. On the one hand, there 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 are the translator’s proven skills, inclination toward individual or Urs Watter team work / self or hired employment, financial expectations, in- vestment5.1 State capacity, Interest and time Responsibility investment, etc. On the other, simply put, there towardsis the demand their Citizens of the Living market, Abro inad ...... which greatly prominent 102 is, today, localization. to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper What the relationship is between localization and translation – i.e. where5.3 Migration the one Policystands and with Ethics respect ...... to the other – has been under 106 discussion5.4 Migration for somePolicy timein Colombia now. Some ...... see them on the same level, 108 overlapping (Scarpa [2001] 2008); others in a localization > translation5.5 “Colombia inclusive nos une” relations ...... hip (O’Hagan 2006; Lommel 2007); 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It others5.6 Alianza see localization País ...... as translation with the addition of other steps 112 and modifications (Pym 2009); others incorporate both into 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 globalization, in the famous (among localizers) “GILT formula” Bibliography ...... 116 GLOBALIZATION = INTERNATIONALIZATION + Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 N*Barry LOCALIZATION Halliday [N = number of locales],

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where (very vaguely put) “Translation is often the largest part of and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 localization” (Cadieux and Esselink 2002)22. These differing views do3.5 not Conclusion stem from ...... inconsistencies in the object being described, 59so muchBibliography so that ...... the corporate-run23 Localization Industry Standards 60 Association (LISA)’s definition of localization as 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflectionsthe process on of Recent modifying Migration products Policies or services to account for differences in distinct markets (Lommel 2007: 11), and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 is Lauracomparable Zanfrini to Pym’s, whose voice is often critical of the s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, predominance4.1 Restrictive of Policies the market-oriented and Structural Demand drives infor localization Immigrant Labour (e.g. Pym .. 65 2001, 2005, 2009). They rather seem to arise from whether an 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian inductive or a deductive operation is carried out in order to describe Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. it, with practitioners abstracting their conclusions from experience and4.3 theoreticiansFrom Guest Workers fitting to theUnwelcome phenomenon Guests ...... into representational 82 frameworks.4.4 Selective The Policies ‘academic and the vs.Brain prof Drain...... essional’ clash (even lexically 87 inappropriate as the terms are not exclusive) is the subject of yet another4.5 Equal classic Opportunity querelle and in this Denied field Opportu and innities other ...... fields too (again, cf.90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are Pym 2001), having led nowhere so far, except to sensible

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 observations that any phenomenon is better explained by a 5.combination Colombia: ofIncluding both theory Emigrant and practice.s in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 UrsThe Watter notion of localization can indeed be rightfully seen as exclusive, inclusive, level with, etc. that of translation, depending on the5.1 perspective: State Interest sociological and Responsibility or linguistic or cultural outlooks on towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...... 102 localization are as good and interesting as business ones. Saying that to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. all5.2 perspectives Applied Ethics are ...... viable, however (even if argued from sound 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper theoretical bases and supported by experimental evidence), may 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 sound generalist, post-modern and ultimately relativist, but relativism is 5.4just Migration round the Policy corner in Colombiafrom nih ilism,...... and nihilism is exactly what 108 translators,5.5 “Colombia who nos make une” choices...... by profession, cannot afford. The109 value of choice in translation and of translation as a decisional sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It process5.6 Alianza has been País ...... stressed throughout the book; how to place, then, 112 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 22 BibliographyAccording to the ...... GILT equation, localizing e.g. the Microsoft Office suite would 116 thus mean: (a) to conceive or design it as an international product in the first place, i.e. to be customizable to specific markets; and (b) to translate all text into and adapt Workingall culture-bound Together elements for tothe the Well-being receiving language of Migrants / culture...... 119 23 “LISABarry Hallidayis a member-governed organization led by a board of leading figures in globalization and related industries”, LISA 2010, “About Lisa”, http://www.lisa.org/About-LISA.31.0.html.

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localization within (or without, or with) translation, at least from a and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 linguistic perspective? Again, there is no single answer: LSP studies would3.5 Conclusion probably ...... claim that localization is ‘translating for 59 globalizationBibliography purposes’;...... systemic-functional views that it is the 60 purest expression of linguistic functionalism; text analysis might 4.label The it Ethics the affirmation of Migration. of the contextual over the (source) text, and criticalReflections discourse on Recent analysis Migration the expression Policies of a shift in the power relationand “Non-policies” between profit in Italy and and perf Europeormance...... One thing, however, 61 emergesLaura Zanfrinifrom and is common to all: the fact that, just like s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, ‘globalization’ is a term acquired and used by many fields but 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 claimed as ‘owned’ by economics, so the undisputable prevalence of the4.2 business Initiatives rationale for Governing over Family other andtypes Humanitarian of interests makes the Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. economic view of localization prevalent too. Whether or not it will be written4.3 From down Guest in Workershistory toas Unwelcome the GILT Guestsequation, ...... to the outrage 82of translation scholars from the humanities and social sciences, also depends4.4 Selective on translators’ Policies an dchoices, the Brain and Drain...... this is deemed to be the real 87 relationship4.5 Equal Opportunity between loca andlization Denied and Opportu translatinitieson: ...... the human link. 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors As an industry, translation (including localization, for sake of ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according convenience)Bibliography will ...... follow the market’s offer-and-demand cycle, but 97 there is already a noticeable shift towards outsourcing translations 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 into a given language to speakers of that language residing in Urs Watter countries with the lowest cost of living, so as to pay the lowest prices in 5.1absolute State Interest terms. andBy Responsibilitymeans of example, when comparing offer and demand,towards a Chinese their Citizens translator Living livi Abrong adin ...... London will not be able 102 to charge the same prices, for a project that can be done at a distance, as to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper a colleague based anywhere in China, but a mediation job in the UK requiring5.3 Migration the mediatorPolicy and inEthics person ...... would favour a London-based 106 professional:5.4 Migration individual Policy in Colombia choices, ...... in this respect, are strongly 108 constrained. It is precisely at the global level that phenomena like globalization5.5 “Colombia can nos be une” modified ...... and shaped, i.e. through the web 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It technologies5.6 Alianza thatPaís best...... serve them. 112 A multiauthor and a multigenre have been proposed earlier on to 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 account for the changes that communication as a whole is going through,Bibliography specifying ...... nonetheless that, whenever a definition is taken 116 one step back towards generalization, it can accommodate more Workingphenomena Together but can for also the prove Well-being less sy ofstematic Migrants a tool ...... for analysis: 119the largerBarry the Halliday framework, the looser the support it offers. If, however, the development is too quick or multifaceted to be effectively investigated

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in depth, taking one step backward is not necessarily synonymous with and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 regress. The Internet era’s translation business in its various facets, including3.5 Conclusion localization, ...... could perhaps be fitted into a generic 59 ‘multitranslation’Bibliography ...... phenomenon as a functional label, valid meanwhile 60 their evolution and the ensuing relationship between them become 4.clearer. The Ethics Multitranslation, of Migration. exploiting all the power of translation tools 2.0,Reflections is where ontranslators’ Recent Migration participation Policies is now expressed, and where individualand “Non-policies” choice can in affect Italy andthe Europevirtual and...... the real world through 61 democracy.Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, The risks of Internet democracy are intuitive and have been 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 mentioned earlier; there are also Internet-ensuing practices that can find4.2 virtuous Initiatives applications: for Governing for Familyexample, and crowdsourcing, Humanitarian free translation Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. and Lingua Franca English (LFE). Crowdsourcing is a blend meaning ‘crowd4.3 From outsourcing’, Guest Workers or ‘outsourcingto Unwelcome a Guests job to ...... the crowds’, by this 82 implying precisely the entire world population connected to / through the4.4 WWW. Selective The Policies phenomenon and the Brain is Drain...... wider than calls for specialized 87 participation4.5 Equal Opportunity in discussion and Deniedforums Opportu, mailingnities lists, ...... or other resources 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors with minimum community restrictions. Crowdsourcing implies ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according limitlesslyBibliography broadening ...... one’s potential audience, obtaining services for97 free, much “like panning for gold”, based on the (little explored and 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 explorable) idea that “groups of amateurs can often produce better Urs Watter results and do so far more cheaply than professionals” (The Economist 2008:5.1 State88). InterestWhile some and Responsibility companies are happy to save money and trust their userstowards to theirreturn Citizens good translations Living Abro24ad, the ...... quality issues raised about 102 using the web as a corpus are taken, here, to their extreme to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper consequences, in which legal considerations also arise, for example when5.3 Migrationan unpublished Policy andwork Ethics is crow ...... d-translated and posted online, 106 as happened5.4 Migration with HarryPolicy Potterin Colombia and the ...... Deathly Hallows (Rowling 2007) 108 in France before it was officially published (Willsher 2007). Thus, another5.5 “Colombia as yet unexplored nos une” ...... but interesting consequence of the newly- 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It emerged5.6 Alianza multiauthor’s País ...... identity is: who is responsible for the source 112 text? Therefore, who to sue for breach of copyright25? The number of 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 web-based projects aiming to translate large or in-progress corpora into Bibliography ...... 116 24 The social network Facebook, to name one, promotes crowdsourcing of Workingtranslations Together into all languages, for the http://www.faceboWell-being of Migrantsok.com/translations/...... 119 25 And,Barry at Halliday an abstract level, this questions the very need to uncover the language production process in order to reproduce it, including for translation purposes (cf. par. 1.4), if it must be applied to innumerable authors at the same time.

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a number of languages is already vast and growing: from song lyrics, and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 to subtitles, to open source software packages26. In all these cases, however,3.5 Conclusion not only ...... the author’s money is at stake, but also the 59 professionalBibliography translators’, ...... who lose shares of the market. The debate 60 rages on, mostly on the web itself, with many translators firmly 4.denouncing The Ethics the of Migration.practice (Bennett 2009) and others (including the authorReflections of this onbook) Recent welcoming Migration it asPolicies just a further expression of Web 2.0-inducedand “Non-policies” changes27 in, to Italy be of and course Europe regulated ...... so that no one’s rights 61 areLaura infringed Zanfrini28. Whatever the position upheld, this debate can be seen s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, as 4.1an instanceRestrictive of Policies ‘glocalization’, and Structural i.e. Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2The Initiatives action, process, for Governing or fact Familyof making and Humanitariansomething both global and local;Migration: spec. the Labour adaptation Migration of global but notinfluences Workers’ or Migrationbusiness strategies ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. in accordance with local conditions; global localization (OED 2009, 4.3s.v. From GLOCALIZATION Guest Workers), to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82

in 4.4which Selective global Policies and local and drivesthe Brain coexist Drain...... and often conflict. Another 87 – indisputably4.5 Equal Opportunity commendable and –Denied practice Opportu born ofnities Web ...... 2.0 multitranslation 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors is that enforced by initiatives like Translators without borders29, ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 “providing voluntary or very low cost translations”30 to those in need. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrant s in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 26 Cf.,Urs respectively,Watter Lyred (lyrics), TED Open Translation Project (video subtitling), Translation5.1 State Project Interest (software). and Responsibility 27 See for example the freely accessible and searchable forums of Proz.com, www.proz.com,towards theirone of Citizens the largest Living portals Abro for professionalad ...... translators in the world. 102 28 The translating profession is so unregulated, actually, that it seems it makes to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper little sense to stand for the translators’ self-declared right to be the only providers of 5.3this Migrationservice when Policy in Italy, and for Ethics example, ...... an official albo or register is still being 106 demanded. Who decides who is a translator and who is not? According to which criteria?5.4 Migration National, Policyinternational in Colombia and supranational ...... entities provide some reliable 108 criteria, and these are necessary – as stated in chapt. 2 – and welcome in specific (e.g.5.5 intraspecialized) “Colombia nos set une”tings, ...... but are hardly thought to apply to web users- 109

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It created, -managed and -translated content. Similarly, what sense does it make to demand5.6 Alianza a protectionist País ...... national register of translators, when globalization 112 is pushing the world in the opposite direction? Trying to oppose global trends has never5.7 beenChallenges much successful...... This is a relevant and topical debate that cannot 114 of courseBibliography be properly ...... dealt with here, and the above is just one opinion, as valid 116 as any other on the subject; only time will probably tell not who was right, but where translation as a global practice decided to go. Working29 Translators Together without forborders the ,Well-being http://tsf.eurotexte.fr/spip.php?rubrique46. of Migrants ...... 119 30 BarryAs long, Halliday of course, as such initiatives are not used to vehicle marketing. Translators without borders, Terms of use, http://tsf.eurotexte.fr/spip.php?article26.

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Finally, a third phenomenon to watch carefully, not web-generated but and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 surely web-amplified, is the global trend towards a lingua franca English3.5 Conclusion (LFE) (Flowerdew ...... 2002, Mauranen 2003, Seidlhofer 2004, 59 JenkinsBibliography 2006)...... The diatopic dimension of (English) language varieties 60 has not been addressed here, for the imaginable complexity of the 4.subject The Ethics and ofits Migration. context-situated ness (e.g. Trudgill [1974] 2000, MeyerhoffReflections 2006), on Recent which Migration makes itPolicies best explorable in a translation manual.and “Non-policies” LFE is “a contact in Italy languageand Europe used ...... only among non-mother 61 tongueLaura speakers” Zanfrini (Jenkins 2006: 160). The relevance of a variety of s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, English (the world’s economic and web-dominating language) that is 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 spreading fast and allows increasing numbers of speakers to develop a minimum4.2 Initiatives knowledge for Governing of it toFamily use andit at Humanitarian least operationally can be Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. paramount in a LFE speaker’s decision to use or not to use translating services.4.3 From Moreover, Guest Workers a global to Unwelcome space (the Guests web) ...... where a non-native 82 variety is the prevalent variety could in time favour its prestige and diffusion4.4 Selective within Policies and without and the the Brain cyberspace, Drain...... endangering both the role 87 of 4.5standard Equal Opportunityvarieties of andEnglish Denied (Gnutzmann Opportunities and ...... Intemann 2005) and 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors translation even in the non-virtual world. The phenomenon of LFE ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according couldBibliography furthermore ...... be seen as an internalized type of translation, where 97 the non-native speaker writes / translates internally and directly into an 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 operative language, whereas his/her interlocutor, allowing a certain Urs Watter variation in decoding, would most of the times be able to receive at least5.1 theState gist Interest of the and message. Responsibility An example: a Super Mario player in Argentinatowards could their interview Citizens Living a more Abro expertad ...... colleague in Japan about 102 game levels and tricks and get an answer all through LFE; their high to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper level of (Super Mario) specialization would allow them to carry out specialized5.3 Migration communication Policy and Ethics even ...... with a minimum knowledge 106of English.5.4 Migration The Policyclassic in Colombiaantithetic ...... pair ‘linguist with specialized 108 knowledge’ versus ‘specialist with language knowledge’ (cf. par. 2.3) could5.5 “Colombiathus be made nos instantlyune” ...... outdated by the LFE speaker, who could 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It come5.6 Alianzato represent País ...... the ‘any-domain specialist with minimum (English) 112 language knowledge’, whose linguistic level would anyhow be 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 acceptable to operate, because his/her interlocutors’ would be the same,Bibliography even within ...... a specialized community. If translators’ guilds 116are worried about crowdsourcing, the future sketched by this latter Workingphenomenon Together makes for it palethe Well-beingin comparison. of Migrants ...... 119 BarryTranslation Halliday in human history has received innumerable definitions, some of which were reported at the beginning, in the first

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chapter. In the Internet age, it has been defined as a multidiscipline and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 (Ulrych 1999), a pluridimensional process (“il carattere essenzial- mente3.5 Conclusion pluridimensionale ...... del processo traduttivo”, Garzone 2005: 56) 59 andBibliography no later than ...... this paragraph it has been suggested to temporarily 60 call it multitranslation. This in response to a process begun in the 4.1990s The Ethicsto widen of Migration. categories and interpretational frameworks to ac- commodateReflections a onmore Recent complex, Migration fragme Policiesnted reality, as opposed to the staticand polarization“Non-policies” of inthe Italy 1980s, and theEurope last ...... decade of 20th century ide- 61 ologies.Laura ZanfriniThis does not mean that ideologies, or the spirit that in- s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, formed them, have merely disappeared. They moved, in some cases, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 into non-strictly political positions, e.g. into gender studies, women studies,4.2 Initiatives (post-) forfeminist Governing studies Family and and cultural Humanitarian studies in general, a Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. move that has found its supporters in TS too (e.g. Bassnett and Trivedi4.3 From 1999 Guest and Workers Robinson to Unwelcome1997b on posGuestst-colonial ...... translation; Go- 82 dard 1984 on gender and translation). In other cases, the ideological spirit4.4 Selectivereturned Policiesor rema aninedd the political Brain Drain...... (Baker 2009). In all cases, most 87 lines4.5 ofEqual thought Opportunity in TS and Deniedin cont Opportuemporarynities culture ...... in general have 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors gone in the direction purported by Levý (1967) in the 1960s, inspired ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according byBibliography choice: the ...... translator must always come up with a solution to the 97 puzzles inherent in his/her work and not only in making a translation 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 product, or carrying out a translation process, but also and especially Urs Watter in participating in the translating practice. The 2000s saw the crisis of ideologies5.1 State Interestdeepen, and the Responsibility concurrent ri se of faith in technology, and the affirmationtowards of their (online) Citizens particip Livingation Abro madead ...... possible by the Web 1022.0 paradigm, but also the great uncertainty and fragmentation that these to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper brought forth. The 2010s will hopefully be the decade of a renewed move5.3 Migrationfrom ideology Policy andto responsibili Ethics ...... ty in all fields, through a reaf- 106 firmation5.4 Migration of personal Policy inmorals, Colombia publi ...... c ethics and professional deontol- 108 ogy. TS is foreseeably going to continue at least for the next decade, and5.5 translation “Colombia in nos its une” manifold ...... aspects – in spite of LFE forging on 109 – sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It for5.6 even Alianza longer; País whether ...... the ‘ethical turn’ foreseen and called for 112 in the 2010s is received by this no longer young, not yet old discipline 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 based on choice could contribute to determining its future prospects. Bibliography ...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

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4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, The4.1 history Restrictive of translationPolicies and isStructural full of brilliantDemand foraphorisms Immigrant on Labour its mani- .. 65 festations and void of any definitive certainties about the cognitive process(es)4.2 Initiatives behind for Governing it. Research Family on andtranslation Humanitarian is full of differently Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. valued prescriptive notions and non-evaluable descriptions. Most re- flections4.3 From on Guest its practice Workers are to Unwelcomestill based Guestson what ...... Cicero said about 82 it over two millennia ago. 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 In 2010, the Royal Society will celebrate its 350th anniversary online4.5 Equal with Opportunitya themed Facebook and Denied page. Opportu Its foundingnities ...... fathers played 90an d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors influential role in the dramatic changes brought about by the ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 scientific revolution, whereby English ended up imposing its primacy 5.in Colombia:all scientific Including fields. EmigrantThe worlsd in in Their 2010 Societies is perceivably of Origin different ...... 101 fromUrs that Watter of 1660. Equipped with a new baggage of theories and tools, 2010s translators5.1 State Interestnonetheless and Responsibility confront the challenge of operating in the face of thistowards paradox, their playing Citizens againstLiving Abrothe adsame ...... difficulties as ever, plus 102 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are many new ones. Not that theirs is a unique situation; however, their perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper position is undoubtedly central, not peripheral, in the present communication-dependent5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics world...... Not that ‘central or peripheral’, 106 on the5.4 web, Migration have Policythe same in Colombia meaning ...... as in the real world: as seen, 108 a personal computer and an Internet connection are enough to link up 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...... 109 with anyone on the web, thus making a peripheral position that of sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It somebody5.6 Alianza without País ...... regular access to it. Not that the ‘web-based 112 reality’5.7 Challenges is not real– ...... and so on, the chain of objections raised when 114 analyzing the current complexities through traditional frameworks clearlyBibliography proves ...... the latter’s inadequacy to do so. Yet, it is common 116 in history to call upon existing models and theories, duly elaborated, at Workingtimes of impasses, Together forin the the attempt Well-being to come of Migrants out of them...... Thus classical 119 termsBarry such Halliday as ‘categor ies’, ‘ontologies’, ‘prototypes’ are heard once

126 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

again in research, though they may undergo lexical restyling and get and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 released to the public as unheard of ‘folksonomies’. 3.5The Conclusion specialized ...... translator must operate in spite of all this. For 59 instance,Bibliography s/he ...... can address the new evasive multigenres exploiting, 60 instead of falling victim to, the new technologies: s/he can take 4.‘webinars’ The Ethics (or of web-seminars) Migration. to keep up-to-date with contemporary trendsReflections in the onprofession, Recent Migration s/he can Policies post terminological requests on forums,and “Non-policies” and contribute in Italy to andtranslation Europe ...... wikis. These resources, 61 however,Laura Zanfrini do not only pertain to translators. The “demands of a brave s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, new world”, identified by Hutchinson and Waters (1987: 6) with 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 reference to the post-war decades, have remained the same, if they have4.2 notInitiatives increased for Governing – for all, Familynot ju stand for Humanitarian translators. For translators Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. specifically, today’s world, in which one can glocalize his/her website4.3 From by Guestcrowdsourcing Workers to the Unwelcome job on the Guests web and ...... get paid by PayPal, 82 is particularly brave and new. Since Huxley’s times, though, with every4.4 Selectivenew development Policies an dit theseems Brain a Drain...... little less brave, a little less new. 87 The4.5 amount Equal Opportunity of technological and Denied advances Opportu hasnities perhaps ...... just made it less 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors surprising. ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according BibliographyThe challenge ...... specific to the specialized translator is dual. The first 97 aspect of it is to preserve the excellence of the profession and the 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 tradition of language, not in order to uphold nostalgic visions or to Urs Watter brandish old-school certainties against the changing tide (opposing ‘natural’5.1 State evolution Interest and does Responsibility tend to pr ove disastrous), but for future referencetowards and their in case Citizens a change Living inAbro globalad ...... trends takes place: human 102 habit to fast-paced and dramatic changes, as well as depriving the to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper species of the ability to surprise itself, should at least have taught it that dramatic5.3 Migration changes Policy can and and Ethics indeed ...... do occur, even within a single 106 individual’s5.4 Migration lifetime. Policy Th in eColombia second is ...... to accept the necessity of change, 108 the one indispensable requirement to attempt to take control of it, which5.5 “Colombia in turn implies nos une” taking ...... responsibility for it, i.e. choosing. This 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It might5.6 Alianzaresult inPaís extreme ...... thinking and planning, for instance even 112 in contemplating the potential death of the translating profession, at least 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 as it has been conceived so far. Better, it is suggested, to accept the evolutionBibliography of the ...... translator’s work, and not to end up like a corporation 116 of weavers at the onset of the industrial revolution. If there is an Workingadvantage Together to translation’s for the Well-being multidisciplinarity, of Migrants compensating ...... for 119the dispersionBarry Halliday it creates, is that it allows rightfully talking about it drawing from various fields, e pluribus unum. The translator is an opportunist

Conclusions 127 10 Table of Contents

by profession – as this book has tried to show with respect to the and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 relationship between translation and linguistics – exploiting whatever tools3.5 andConclusion resources ...... are of use to him/her, from any field or subfield 59 available,Bibliography in order ...... to accomplish his/her task, which is to come up with 60 solutions no matter what. The highly skilled opportunist translator is 4.expected The Ethics to successfully of Migration. survive the change. ReflectionsAs for translation on Recent itself, Migration what humans Policies cannot explain has always beenand thought “Non-policies” of as having in Italy an andinscruta Europeble ...... will of its own and, for this 61 reason,Laura hasZanfrini often been personalized to express their inability to s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, understand it. Accepting to talk about translation this way, its 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 extinction as a living entity, in fact, is not actually believed to be likely.4.2 Initiatives This line for of Governing thought Familyis necessarily and Humanitarian speculative but, into the Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 2020s, researchers born well into the Internet era will probably still describe4.3 From ‘the Guest old Workersconcept toof Unwelcome localization’ Guests and ...... its evolution over the 82 past 30 years. Translation will as usual evolve along with the human species,4.4 Selective perhaps Policies – if anresearchd the Brain into Drain...... ‘creative thinking’ technology 87 allows4.5 Equal it, and Opportunity in view ofand the Denied chance Opportu that nitiesman ...... might not manage 90to

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors survive his own development – even without it, in new ways ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according connectedBibliography with ...... information preservation and transmission. Although 97 some aspects of the traditional translating profession are in danger 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 today and, improbable though possible as it is, it might theoretically Urs Watter even disappear in the long run, it is thought that translation, at least as the5.1 transfer State Interest of information and Responsibility from one semiotic system to another, is not. Translationtowards their is Citizensinformation Living exchan Abroadge, ...... and information is life. Life 102 is conceivable even without humans. Translation will take care of to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper itself. 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...... 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography ...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

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4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Agorni,4.1 Restrictive M. (ed.) 2005, Policies La andtraduzione: Structural teorie Demand e metodologie for Immigrant a confronto Labour, LED, .. 65 Milano. Askehave,4.2 Initiatives I. & A. for Ellerup Governing Nielsen Family 2004, Web-Mediated and Humanitarian Genres – A challenge to traditionalMigration: genre Labour theory Migration, Working Paper but not n. 6,Workers’ Center for Migration Virksomhedskommu- ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. nikation, Aarhus. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 Askehave, I. & A. Ellerup Nielsen 2005a, “What are the characteristics of digital 4.4genres? Selective Genre Policies theory fromand thea multi-modal Brain Drain...... perspective”, in Proceedings of the87 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Computer Society 4.5Press, Equal Washington, Opportunity retrieved and Deniedat Opportunities ...... 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors http://www.computer.org/plugins/dl/pdf/proceedings/hicss/2005/2268/04/2268 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography0098a.pdf?template=1&loginState ...... =1&userData=anonymous-IP%253A% 97 253A94.36.191.201, on 31 October 2009. 5.Askehave, Colombia: I. & A.Including Ellerup Nielsen Emigrant 2005b,s in “Digital Their genres:Societies a challenge of Origin to traditional...... 101 Ursgenre Watter theory”, in Information Technology & People, 18: 2, pp. 120-141. Askehave,5.1 State I. Interest& J. Swales and 2001, Responsibility “Genre identification and communicative purpose: a problemtowards and their a possible Citizens solution”, Living Abroin Appliedad ...... Linguistics, 22: 2, pp. 195-212. 102 Aston, G. 1995, “Corpora in language pedagogy: matching theory and practice”, in to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper G. Cook & B. Seidlhofer (eds), Theory and Practice in Applied Linguistics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 257-270. 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 Aston, G. 2001, Learning with Corpora, CLUEB, Bologna. 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 Austin, J. [1955] 1962, “Lecture I”, in J.O. Urmson (ed.) 1962, How to do things 5.5with “Colombia Words: The nos William une” ...... James Lectures delivered at Harvard University 109 in 1955, Clarendon, Oxford, pp. 1-11. sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Baker,5.6 AlianzaM. 1992, País In other ...... words: a coursebook on translation, Routledge, London. 112 Baker,5.7 ChallengesM. 1993, “Corpus ...... linguistics and translation studies. Implications 114and Applications”, in M. Baker, G. Franci & E. Tognini Bonelli (eds), Text and BibliographyTechnology: In ...... honour of John Sinclair, Benjamins, Amsterdam-Philadelphia, 116 pp. 233-250. WorkingBaker, M. Together1995, “Corpora for the inWell-being Translation of Studies:Migrants an ...... overview and some 119 Barrysuggestions Halliday for future research”, in Target, 7, pp. 223-243.

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Baker, M. 1996, “Corpus-based translation studies: the challenges that lie ahead”, and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4in H.The Somers Human (ed.), Rights’ Terminology, Approach LSP ...... and translation, Benjamins, Amsterdam- 58 3.5Philadelphia, Conclusion pp...... 175-186. 59 Baker, M. (ed.) [1998] 2001, Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies, BibliographyRoutledge, London-New ...... York. 60 Baker, M. 2004, “The status of equivalence in Translation Studies: an appraisal”, 4. Thein J.-M. Ethics Bravo of Migration. (ed.), A new spectrum of translation studies, Universidad de ReflectionsValladolid, Valladolid, on Recent pp. Migration 63-71. Policies Baker,and M.“Non-policies” 2009, “Resisting in stateItaly terror: and Europetheorising ...... communities of activist transla- 61 Laurators and Zanfrini interpreters”, in E. Bielsa Mialet & C. Hughes (eds), Globalisation, s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Political Violence and Translation, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, pp. 222- 4.1242. Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Baldry,4.2 Initiatives A. & P.L. Thibault for Governing 2006, Multimodal Family and transcription Humanitarian and text analysis, Equinox, London.Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Baldry,4.3 From A. 2008, Guest “What Workers is multimodality to Unwelcome for? Syllabus Guests construction...... in English text 82 studies for communication sciences”, in M. Solly, M. Conoscenti & S. 4.4Campagna Selective (eds), Policies Verbal an d/ thevisual Brain narrative Drain...... texts in higher education, Peter 87 Lang, Bern-New York, pp. 229-248. Barber,4.5 Equal C.L. 1962,Opportunity “Some measurable and Denied charac Opportuteristicsnities of ...... modern scientific prose”, 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors in Contributions to English Syntax and Philology, Acta Universitatis ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 Gothoburgensis, Goteborg, pp. 21-43. Reprinted in J.M. Swales (ed.) 1985, Episodes in ESP, Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 3-14. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 Bar-Hillel, Y. 1951, “The present state of research on mechanical translation”, in Urs Watter American Documentation, 2: 4, pp. 229-237. Bar-Hillel,5.1 State Y. Interest 1960, “The and Responsibilitypresent status of automatic translation of languages”, in Advancestowards in theirComputers Citizens, 1, pp.Living 91-163. Abro ad ...... 102 Baroni, M., Bernardini, S. & S. Evert 2006, “A WaCky introduction”, in M. Baroni to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper & S. Bernardini (eds) 2006, Wacky! Working papers on the web as corpus, 5.3GEDIT, Migration Bologna, Policy pp. 9-40.and Ethics ...... 106 Bartoletti Colombo, A.M. 1990, “Justinian Lexicography”, in Computers and the 5.4Humanities Migration, 24, Policy pp. 453-460. in Colombia ...... 108 Bassnett,5.5 “Colombia S. & H. nosTrivedi une” (eds) ...... 1999, Post-colonial Translation: Theory 109and

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Practice, Routledge, London. 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 Bassnett, S. [1980] 2002, Translation Studies, Routledge, New York. Bately,5.7 Challenges J. 1988, “Old ...... English prose before and during the reign of Alfred”, 114 in BibliographyAnglo-Saxon England...... , 17, pp. 93-138. 116 Bazerman, C. 1988, Shaping written knowledge, University of Wisconsin Press, WorkingMadison. Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 BelliniBarry P. Halliday2007, Cyberfilosofia del potere. Immaginari, ideologie e conflitti della civiltà tecnologica, Mimesis, Milano.

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d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Biber, D., Conrad, S. & R. Reppen 1998, Corpus linguistics: investigating ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are language structure and use, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 Biguenet, J. & R. Schulte 1989, The craft of translation, University of Chicago 5. Colombia:Press, Chicago-London. Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ...... 101 Boaretto,Urs Watter A., Noci, G. & F.M. Pini 2007, Marketing reloaded. Leve e strumenti per 5.1la co-creazioneState Interest di andesperienze Responsibility multicanale , Il Sole 24 Ore Pirola, Milano. Bondi,towards M. 2001, their “Small Citizens corpora Living and language Abroad variation: ...... reflexivity across genres”, 102 in M. Ghadessy, A. Henry & R.L. Roseberry (eds), Small corpus studies and to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2ELT: Applied theory Etandhics practice ...... , Benjamins, Amsterdam-Philadelphia, pp.135-174. 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Boulanger,5.3 Migration A. (ed.) Policy 1930, and Jacques Ethics Peletier ...... du Mans. L’art poëtique, Les belles 106 lettres, Paris. Boyd,5.4 MigrationR. & P.J. RichersonPolicy in Colombia2005, The ...... origin and evolution of cultures, Oxford 108 University Press, Oxford-New York. 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...... 109 Bridges, J.H. 1964, The opus majus of Roger Bacon, Minerva, Frankfurt a.M. sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Bucchi,5.6 Alianza M. 1996, País “When ...... scientists turn to the public: alternative routes in science 112 5.7communication”, Challenges ...... in Public understanding of science, 5, pp. 375-394. 114 Bucchi, M. 1998, Science and the media. Alternative routes in scientific Bibliographycommunication ...... , Routledge, London. 116 Caballero, R. 2008, “Theorizing about genre and cybergenre”, in CORELL: WorkingComputer Together Resources for for the Language Well-being Learning of Migrants, 2, pp. 14-27...... 119 Barry Halliday

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Cadieux, P. & B. Esselink 2002, “GILT: Globalization, Internationalization, and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4Localization, The Human Translation”, Rights’ Approach in Language ...... International, issue 1.5, retrieved 58 at 3.5http://www.lisa.org/globalizationins Conclusion ...... ider/2002/, on 31 October 2009. 59 Carroll, P. (ed.) 1956, The Satirical letters of St. Jerome, transl. by P. Carroll, BibliographyRegnery, Chicago...... 60 Carruthers, P. 2006, The architecture of the mind: massive modularity and the 4. Theflexibility Ethics of ofthought Migration., Clarendon, Oxford. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Castro, L. & M.A. Toro 2007, “The evolution of culture: from primate social andlearning “Non-policies” to human culture”, in Italy andin Proceedings Europe ...... of the National Academy 61of LauraSciences Zanfrini of the United States of America, 101: 27, pp. 10235-10240. s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Catenaccio,4.1 Restrictive P. 2005, Policies “Internet and perStructural traduttor Demandi: le risorse for Immigrantin rete”, in Labour G. Garzone .. 65 (ed.), pp. 215-229. Catford,4.2 Initiatives J.C. 1965, for AGoverning linguistic Familytheory andof translation: Humanitarian an essay on applied Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. linguistics, Oxford University Press, London. Ceruzzi,4.3 From P.E. Guest 2003, Workers A history to Unwelcomeof modern computingGuests ...... , 2nd edn, MIT Press, 82 Cambridge MA-London. 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 Chomsky, N. 1965, Aspects of the theory of syntax, MIT Press. Cambridge, MA. Chouliaraki,4.5 Equal L.Opportunity & N. Fairclough and Denied 1999, OpportuDiscoursenities in late ...... modernity, Edinburgh 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors University Press, Edinburgh. ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

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18 Herbalife Science 2008, “Ingredients Glossary”, available at and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 http://www.herbalifescience.com/quality/ingredients/, last consulted on3.5 31 ConclusionOctober 2009...... 59 19Bibliography La forza del ...... benessere 2009, “Notox – Hepaxil”, available at 60 http://www.laforzadelbenessere.it/?id_pagina=9&id_pagina_2=10& 4.Lang=_1, The Ethics last of consulted Migration. on 31 October 2009. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies

and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61

Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

153 10 Table of Contents

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 108 Caballero: 108 Augustine: 19 Call: 31 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 Augustinus: Vedi Augustine Camilleri: 82 Bacon:4.4 Selective 25 Policies and the Brain Drain...... Carroll: 26 87 Baker: 15; 18; 34; 37; 77; 78; Carruthers: 32 4.580; Equal94; 123 Opportunity and Denied OpportuCastro:nities 32 ...... 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are Bakhtin: 68; 73 Catenaccio: 111

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 Baldry: 98; 101 Catford: 36 5.Barber: Colombia: 51 Including Emigrants in TheirCeruzzi: Societies 90 of Origin ...... 101 Bar-Hillel:Urs Watter 36; 95 Chomsky: 76; 94 Baroni: 95 Cicero: 19; 25; 26; 27; 125 Barthes:5.1 State 36 Interest and Responsibility Cloître: 70 Bartolettitowards Colombo: their Citizens 91 Living AbroadConfer: ...... 32 102 Bassnett: 15; 16; 37; 86; 123 Conrad: 93 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Bately: 82 Cormier: 37 Bazerman:5.3 Migration 69 Policy and Ethics ...... Cortelazzo: 70 106 Bellini: 33 Cortese: 61 Bennett:5.4 Migration 121 Policy in Colombia ...... Cosmides: 32 108 Bernardini:5.5 “Colombia 94; 95 nos une” ...... Crouter: 49 109 Berners-Lee: 99; 110 Crowston: 101; 107 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Bhatia:5.6 Alianza 69; 100; País 102; ...... 108 Crystal: 90 112 Biber: 93 Dacier: 25; 27; 28 Biguenet:5.7 Challenges 24 ...... Dante: 15 114 Boaretto:Bibliography 106 ...... de Cervantes: 20 116 Bollettieri Bosinelli: 38 de Kerckhove: 33 WorkingBondi: 93 Together for the Well-being ofde Migrants Saussure: ...... 22; 23; 50 119 Boyd:Barry 31 Halliday De Saussure: Vedi de Saussure Britannica: 99 Deferraris: 20

154 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

Delisle: 37 Gilbert: 31 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 Derrida: 36; 68 Gnutzmann: 122 Devitt:3.5 Conclusion 108 ...... Godard: 123 59 Dick: 33 Gotti: 54; 61; 71; 98 Dobyns:Bibliography 31 ...... Gramsci: 43 60 Dossena: 61 Grefenstette: 95; 115 4.Dostert: The Ethics 95 of Migration. Grego: 51; 108 Dryden:Reflections 21; 25 on Recent Migration PoliciesGummere: 19 du andMans: “Non-policies” 25 in Italy and EuropeGutkowski: ...... 82 61 Dudley-Evans:Laura Zanfrini 51 Halliday: 23; 35; 38; 61; 71; 74; s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Eco: 18; 22; 36 76 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Eichler: 31 Hann: 80 Ellerup4.2 Initiatives Nielsen: for102; Governing 103; 108 Family andHarris: Humanitarian 30 Erasmus:Migration: 27 Labour Migration but notHasan: Workers’ 61; 74Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Esselink: 116; 118 Hatim: 17; 28; 40; 73; 77; 78; 80 European4.3 From Commission: Guest Workers 54 to UnwelcomeHendler: Guests ...... 110 82 Evan-Zohar:4.4 Selective 31; Policies 36 and the Brain Drain...... Hermans: 76 87 Evert: 95 Hilgartner: 70 Facchinetti:4.5 Equal 92Opportunity and Denied OpportuHolmes:nities 16; ...... 36; 37 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Fairclough: 42; 43; 52; 108 Holquist: 68; 73 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 Feinberg: 114; 115 House: 28 Ferguson: 27 Hubbell: 26 5.Finch: Colombia: 80 Including Emigrants in TheirHunston: Societies 94 of Origin ...... 101 Firth:Urs 42 Watter Hutchins: 96 Fischbach:5.1 State 44Interest and Responsibility Hutchinson: 51; 126 Fisher:towards 31 their Citizens Living AbroadHuxley: ...... 33; 126 102 Florio: 20 IATE: 58; 93; 94; 104; 105 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Flowerdew: 61; 122 Intemann: 122 Fodor:5.3 Migration 32 Policy and Ethics ...... International Telecommunications 106 Forgacs: 43 Union: 90 Foucault:5.4 Migration 43 Policy in Colombia ...... ISO: 54; 56; 57; 58; 60 108 Friederici: 33 Jakobson: 23; 41; 97; 98; 99 García5.5 “Colombia Márquez: 112nos une” ...... Jenkins: 122 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It García5.6 Alianza Yebra: País19; 82 ...... Jerome: 19; 26 112 Garside: 92 Johnson: 21; 69 Garvin:5.7 Challenges 96 ...... Justinian: 91 114 Garzone:Bibliography 17; 28; ...... 50; 54; 61; 83; Kaan: 30 116 84; 102; 103; 104; 123 Kaindl: 17 Gavioli: 93 Kant: 68; 74 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Gentzler: 15; 16; 35; 38 Kasdan: 89 Barry Halliday Geschwind: 31 Katan: 81; 84 Gibson: 33 Kilgarriff: 95; 115

Name Index 155 10 Table of Contents

King Alfonso X ‘the Wise’: 82 Nergaard: 15; 16; 18; 35 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 King Alfred: 82 Newmark: 76; 77; 80 Klaudy:3.5 Conclusion 28 ...... Nida: 36; 41 59 Komarova: 33 Niyogi: 33 Kress:Bibliography 98; 101 ...... Noci: 106 60 Kuhl: 32 Nowak: 33 4.Kujamäki: The Ethics 94 of Migration. Nystrand: 52 KwaReflectionsśnik: 101; on107 Recent Migration PoliciesO’Hagan: 117 Lahn:and 31 “Non-policies” in Italy and EuropeO’Halloran: ...... 98 61 Lai:Laura 32 Zanfrini O’Reilly: 99; 103 s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Lakoff: 61; 69 OED: 16; 75; 113; 114; 121 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Lave: 50 Oettinger: 36 Laviosa:4.2 Initiatives 94 for Governing Family andOpitz1: Humanitarian 33 Leech:Migration: 92 Labour Migration but notOrwell: Workers’ 33 Migration ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Lee-Jahnke: 37 Osimo: 19; 38; 42; 79; 80; 111 Lefevere:4.3 From 19; Guest 37; 86 Workers to UnwelcomePalmer: Guests 61...... 82 LeVine:4.4 Selective 98 Policies and the Brain Drain...... Partington: 93 87 Lévi-Strauss: 36 Peirce: 22; 23 Levý:4.5 Equal36; 81; Opportunity 84; 123 and Denied OpportuPinchuck:nities ...... 80 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Lévy: 116 Pini: 106 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 Lieberman: 32 Pinker: 32; 33 LISA: 118 Pöchhacker: 17 5.Lommel: Colombia: 117; Including118 Emigrants in TheirPollard: Societies 26 of Origin ...... 101 Longo:Urs Watter 32; 34 Pope: 26 Lotman:5.1 State 36; Interest 106 and Responsibility Popovič: 36; 42; 80 Louw:towards 93 their Citizens Living AbroadProZ: ...... 58; 111 102 Macintosh: 74 Pym: 17; 43; 116; 117; 118 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Mack: 26 Quirk: 92 Marcus:5.3 Migration 30; 31 Policy and Ethics ...... Reiss: 36 106 Mason: 28; 40; 73; 77; 78; 80 Rhys: 25 Mauranen:5.4 Migration 94; 122 Policy in Colombia ...... Richardson: 32 108 McEnery: 92 Richerson: 31 McLuhan:5.5 “Colombia 33; 97 nos une” ...... Riley: 61 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Meddemmen:5.6 Alianza 82País ...... Ronell: 68 112 Meyerhoff: 122 Rossetti: 25 Miles5.7 Smith:Challenges 21 ...... Rowling: 82; 120 114 Montgomery:Bibliography 92 ...... Salmon: 28; 38; 81; 84 116 Morini: 25; 36; 37 Santini: 107 Moro: 33 Scarpa: 15; 28; 73; 77; 79; 80; Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Mounin: 16; 38; 67 93; 111; 115; 117 Barry Halliday Munday: 17; 35; 40 Schleiermacher: 49; 53 Negroponte: 32 Schulte: 24

156 Kim Grego – Specialized translation 10 Table of Contents

Scollon: 98 Toury: 36; 74; 76; 80 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ...... 58 Scott: 92 translation Sebastiani:3.5 Conclusion 111 ...... definition: 15–17 59 Sebeok: 36 Trevisa: 26 Seidlhofer:Bibliography 122 ...... Trivedi: 123 60 Seneca: 19; 53 Trudgill: 122 4.Severino: The Ethics 96 of Migration. Tytler: 22 Shakespeare:Reflections 47; on 92Recent Migration PoliciesUlrych: 15; 17; 38; 74; 79; 84; Shepherd:and “Non-policies” 108 in Italy and Europe ...... 123 61 Sherwood:Laura Zanfrini 30 United Nations Statistics s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Shinn: 70 Division: 90 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Simpson: 47 Valle: 69 Sinclair:4.2 Initiatives 91; 92; 93for Governing Family andvan Humanitarian Dijk: 74 Smith:Migration: Vedi Miles Labour Smith Migration but notvan Workers’ Leeuwen: Migration 98; 101 ...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Snell-Hornby: 17; 38; 76; 90 Vander Wal: 115 St 4.3John: From 51 Guest Workers to UnwelcomeVarki: Guests 31 ...... 82 Steiner:4.4 Selective 23; 24; Policies38 and the Brain Drain...... Venuti: 15; 19; 36 87 Stevens: 20 Viaggio: 77 Strevens:4.5 Equal 51; Opportunity 74 and Denied OpportuVicentini:nities ...... 108 90 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Stubbs: 92 Vives: 25 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bibliography ...... 97 Swaab: 30 von Humboldt: 27; 48 Swales: 51; 52; 54; 61; 67; 69; Von Humboldt: Vedi von 5. Colombia:71; 72; 74; Including76; 102; 103 Emigrant s in TheirHumboldt Societies of Origin ...... 101 Talmy:Urs Watter 110 Waters: 51; 126 Tapscott:5.1 State 100 Interest and Responsibility Watters: 108 Taylor:towards 15; 77; their 78; 79;Citizens 80 Living AbroadWenger: ...... 51 102 Tettamanti: 31 Widdowson: 51; 76 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper The Economist: 90; 120 Wikipedia: 96; 99; 115 Thibault:5.3 Migration 98; 101 Policy and Ethics ...... Williams: 100 106 Tognini Bonelli: 92; 93 Willsher: 120 Tomasello:5.4 Migration 31 Policy in Colombia ...... Wittgenstein: 68; 69; 74 108 Tooby: 32 Wodak: 42 Toro:5.5 32“Colombia nos une” ...... Wright: 55; 80 109 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Torop:5.6 Alianza 42; 80; País84; 97;...... 98 Zingarelli: 87 112

5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography ...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

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