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Helge K. Fauskanger http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/ zzR1RR1'Eq'E'EqE6EE6tt# ## zzR5RR5Ì#jÌ#Ì#j¸Y ¸Y¸Y Quenya – English th (last updated December 25 . 2008) by Helge K. Fauskanger http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/ Wordlist last updated December 25th, 2008 1 Presented by http://www.ambar-eldaron.com Helge K. Fauskanger http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/ Quettaparma Quenyallo † = poetic or archaic word (e.g. †él "star", elen being the ordinary word) or a poetic or archaic meaning of an ordinary word (e.g. russë "corruscation, †swordblade"), * = unattested form, ** = wrong form, # = word that is only attested in a compound or as an inflected form (e.g. # ahya -), LotR = The Lord of the Rings , Silm = The Silmarillion , MC = The Monsters and the Critics and other Essays , MR = Morgoth's Ring , LR = The Lost Road , Etym = The Etymologies (in LR : 347-400), FS = Fíriel's Song (in LR : 72), RGEO = The Road Goes Ever On (Second Edition), WJ = The War of the Jewels , PM = The Peoples of Middle-earth , Letters = The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, LT1 = The Book of Lost Tales 1 , LT2 = The Book of Lost Tales 2, 2am = 2amárië (in LotR : 398), CO = Cirion's Oath and its commentary in UT : 305, 317, Arct = "Arctic" sentence (in The Father Christmas Letters ), Markirya = the Markirya Poem and its commentary in MC : 221-223; GL = Gnomish Lexicon (in Parma Eldalamberon #11), QL = Qenya Lexicon (in Parma Eldalamberon #12), PE = Parma Eldalamberon , VT = Vinyar Tengwar (PE and VT being journals publishing Tolkien material edited by C. Gilson, C.F. Hostetter, A.R. Smith, W. Welden and P. Wynne; please refer to the individual journals here referenced to determine which editors are involved in any given case), vb = verb, adj = adjective, interj = interjection, pa.t. = past tense, fut = future tense, perf = perfect tense, freq = frequentative form, inf = infinitive, gen = genitive, pl = plural form, sg = singular form. The spelling used in this wordlist is regularized (c for k except in a few names, x for ks , long vowels marked with accents rather than macrons or circumflexes; the diaeresis is used as in most of LotR). The spelling used in the source is usually indicated; for instance, ("k") following a word indicates that the word is spelt with a k instead of a c in Tolkien's text. When s in a word represents earlier Þ (th as in "thing") and it should be spelt with the letter súlë instead of silmë in Tengwar writing (though Tolkien himself sometimes ignored or forgot this), this is indicated by ( Þ) immediately following the word in question (see for instance asëa aranion ). When n in a word represents earlier ñ ( ng as in "thing") and should be spelt with the letter noldo rather than númen in Tengwar writing, this is indicated by ( ñ) immediately following the word in question (see for instance oldomar ). When the word is actually spelt with ñ instead of n in the source, this is indicated by ("ñ") immediately following the word in question (see for instance nandë #2). Wordlist last updated December 25th, 2008 2 Presented by http://www.ambar-eldaron.com Helge K. Fauskanger http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/ Wordlist last updated December 25th, 2008 A a (1) vocative particle "O" in a vanimar an uninflected aorist stem. This aorist can be "O beautiful ones" (LotR3 : VI ch. 6, translated in plural to indicate a 3rd person pl. subject : á Letters : 308) ; also attested repeatedly in VT44 : ricir! “let them try!” (PE17 : 93) . Alyë (VT43 : 17, 12 (cf. 15) : A Hrísto *"o Christ", A Eruion *"o VT44 : 9) seems to be the imperative particle a God the son / son of God", a Aina Fairë *"o Holy with the pronominal suffix -lyë "you, thou" Spirit", a aina Maria *"o holy Mary". suffixed to indicate the subject who is to carry a (2) conj. "and", a variant of ar out the command; attested in the phrase alyë occurring in Fíriel's Song (that also has ar ; a anta *"give thou" (elided aly ' in VT43 : 11, since seems to be used before words in f-, but contrast the next word begins in e- : aly' eterúna me , ar formenna *”and northwards” in a late text, *"do thou deliver us"); presumably other VT49 : 26). According to PE17 : 41, “Old pronominal suffixes could likewise be added. Quenya” could have the conjunction a (as a The particle a is also present in the negative variant of ar ) before n, ñ, m, h, hy , hw ( f is not imperatives ala , # ála or áva , q.v. mentioned), PE17 : 71 adding ty , ny , hr , hl , ñ, l, a- (1) prefix occurring in the word r, þ , s. See ar #1. It may be that the a or the Atalante , said to denote "complete". Probably sentence nornë a lintieryanen “he ran with his just a prefixed stemvowel; cf. a root like ANÁR, speed” (i.e. as quickly as he could) is to be said to be derived from NAR. (TALÁT) understood as this conjunction, if the literal a- (2) a prefix occurring in the Markirya meaning is *“he ran and [did so] with his speed” poem (Tolkien first used na -, then changed it). It (PE17 : 58) . may be prefixed to verbal stems following a noun a (3), also á, imperative particle. An that is the object of sense-verbs like "see" and imperative with “immediate time reference” is "hear" when the verb it is prefixed to describes expressed by á in front of the verb (or what happens to this noun, as in man cenuva “occasionally after it, sometimes before and after lumbor ahosta [?] (changed from na-hosta ), for emphasis”), with the verb following in “the "who shall see the clouds gather?" ( hosta = simplest form also used for the uninflected "gather"). ‘aorist’ without specific time reference past or acas (“k”) noun “neck” (the bony part of present or future” (PE17 : 93) . Cf. a laita te, laita the neck, not including throat), pl. axi (“ks”) (and te! "[o] bless them, bless them!", á vala Manwë! so perhaps general stem-form ax -). Also sg. axë "may Manwë order it!", literally *"o rule Manwë!" (said to be a “later” form apparently replacing (see laita , vala for reference); cf. also á carë acas ). The word is also used geographically of *“do[!]”, á ricë “try!”, á lirë “sing[!]”, á menë rock ridges. (PE17 : 92) “proceed [!] ”, a norë “run[!]” (PE17 : 92-93, notice acca ("k") adv. "too" (= excessively, as short a here) , á tula *"come!" (VT43 : 14) . In the in "too big") (PE13 : 108) last example, the verb tul - “come” receives an accar - vb. “do back; react; requite, ending -a that probably represents the suffixed avenge” (PE17 : 166) . Also ahtar -. (The note form of the imperative particle, this apparently containing this form was struck out, but the being an example of the imperative element related Sindarin word acharn “vengeance” occurring both “before and after” the verbal stem appears in the narratives.) “for emphasis” (PE17 : 93) . This ending may also Acairis ("k") fem. name, "bride" (LT1 : appear on its own with no preceding a / á, as in 252; in Tolkien's later Quenya, "bride" is rather the command queta “speak!” (PE17 : 138) . indis ) Other examples of imperatives with suffixed -a acúna ("k") see cúna include cena and tira (VT47 : 31 , see cen -, tir -); Ae (Quenya?) noun "day" (LEP / LEPEN the imperatives of these same verbs are / LEPEK - ae was written over ar [# 2] in the however also attested as á tirë , á cenë (PE17 : names of the Valinorean week, but ar was not 94) with the imperative particle remaining struck out.) independent and the following verb appearing as Wordlist last updated December 25th, 2008 3 Presented by http://www.ambar-eldaron.com Helge K. Fauskanger http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/ aha noun "rage", also name of tengwa aina (2) adj "holy" (AYAN) , derived from #11, earlier called harma (Appendix E) Ainu . Adopted and adapted from Valarin. ahosta see hosta According to VT43 : 32, the word is "obsolete, ahtar - “do back; react; requite, avenge” except in Ainur ", apparently suggesting that airë (PE17 : 166) . Also accar -. (The note containing or airëa (q.v.) was the normal term for "holy" in this form was struck out, but the related Sindarin later Quenya. However, Tolkien repeatedly used word acharn “vengeance” appears in the aina in his translation of the Litany of Loreto : narratives.) Aina Fairë "Holy Spirit", Aina Neldië "Holy #ahya - vb. "change" (intransitive) , only Trinity", Aina Maria "Holy Mary", Aina Wendë attested in the past tense : ahyanë (PM : 395) "Holy Virgin". He also used Aina Eruontari for ai! interjection "Ah!", "Alas!" (Nam, "holy Mother" in his rendering of the Sub Tuum RGEO : 66; also twice in Narqelion, Praesidium (WJ : 399, FS, SA, VT43 : 32, VT44 : untranslated.) In one (abandoned) version of the 5, 12, 17-18) Quenya Lord's Prayer, Tolkien may seem to use ainas noun “a hallow, a fane” (PE17 : ai as a vocative particle : ai Ataremma ?"o our 149) . Compare yána #2. Father" (VT43 : 10, 13) Aini noun feminine form of Ainu (AYAN, aia interjection "hail", variant of aiya LT1 : 248) ; see Ainu . (VT43 : 28) ainima adj. “blessed, holy (of things )” aian noun “a holy thing or object or (PE17 : 149) place”, later form of áyan (PE17 : 149) Aino noun "god", within Tolkien's aica (1) ("k") adj. "sharp" (AYAK) or "fell, mythos a synonym of Ainu (but since Aino is terrible, dire" (PM : 347; according to PM : 363 basically only a personalized form of aina "holy", seldom applied to evil things) . In Aicanáro , q.v. hence "holy one", it could be used as a general aica (2) ("k") adj.
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    This page intentionally left blank Indo-European Linguistics The Indo-European language family comprises several hun- dred languages and dialects, including most of those spoken in Europe, and south, south-west and central Asia. Spoken by an estimated 3 billion people, it has the largest number of native speakers in the world today. This textbook provides an accessible introduction to the study of the Indo-European proto-language. It clearly sets out the methods for relating the languages to one another, presents an engaging discussion of the current debates and controversies concerning their clas- sification, and offers sample problems and suggestions for how to solve them. Complete with a comprehensive glossary, almost 100 tables in which language data and examples are clearly laid out, suggestions for further reading, discussion points and a range of exercises, this text will be an essential toolkit for all those studying historical linguistics, language typology and the Indo-European proto-language for the first time. james clackson is Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Classics, University of Cambridge, and is Fellow and Direc- tor of Studies, Jesus College, University of Cambridge. His previous books include The Linguistic Relationship between Armenian and Greek (1994) and Indo-European Word For- mation (co-edited with Birgit Anette Olson, 2004). CAMBRIDGE TEXTBOOKS IN LINGUISTICS General editors: p. austin, j. bresnan, b. comrie, s. crain, w. dressler, c. ewen, r. lass, d. lightfoot, k. rice, i. roberts, s. romaine, n. v. smith Indo-European Linguistics An Introduction In this series: j. allwood, l.-g. anderson and o.¨ dahl Logic in Linguistics d.
  • Treasures of Middle Earth

    Treasures of Middle Earth

    T M TREASURES OF MIDDLE-EARTH CONTENTS FOREWORD 5.0 CREATORS..............................................................................105 5.1 Eru and the Ainur.............................................................. 105 PART ONE 5.11 The Valar.....................................................................105 1.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................................ 2 5.12 The Maiar....................................................................106 2.0 USING TREASURES OF MIDDLE EARTH............................ 2 5.13 The Istari .....................................................................106 5.2 The Free Peoples ...............................................................107 3.0 GUIDELINES................................................................................ 3 5.21 Dwarves ...................................................................... 107 3.1 Abbreviations........................................................................ 3 5.22 Elves ............................................................................ 109 3.2 Definitions.............................................................................. 3 5.23 Ents .............................................................................. 111 3.3 Converting Statistics ............................................................ 4 5.24 Hobbits........................................................................ 111 3.31 Converting Hits and Bonuses...................................... 4 5.25