KOALICJE W SYSTEMIE POLITYCZNYM NOWEJ ZELANDII Od Klasycznych Do Sieciowych Porozumień

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KOALICJE W SYSTEMIE POLITYCZNYM NOWEJ ZELANDII Od Klasycznych Do Sieciowych Porozumień PRZEMYSŁAW ŻUKIEWICZ KOALICJE W SYSTEMIE POLITYCZNYM NOWEJ ZELANDII Od klasycznych do sieciowych porozumień PRZEMYSŁAW ŻUKIEWICZ KOALICJE W SYSTEMIE POLITYCZNYM NOWEJ ZELANDII Od klasycznych do sieciowych porozumień Instytut Politologii Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego Wrocław 2020 3 Recenzent: dr hab. prof. UWM Maciej Hartliński, Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie Autor: dr hab. prof. UWr Przemysław Żukiewicz, Uniwersytet Wrocławski ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7579-4341 Wydawca: Instytut Politologii Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego Miejsce i data wydania: Wrocław 2020 ISBN: 978-83-960216-1-8 Licencja: Creative Commons 3.0. Zdjęcie na okładce (z kolekcji prywatnej autora): The Beehive – jeden z budynków nowozelandzkiego parlamentu w Wellington. Słowa kluczowe: systemy polityczne, parlamentaryzm westminsterski, gabinety, koalicje, Nowa Zelandia Monografia jest efektem projektu badawczego nr 2015/19/B/HS5/00426 finansowanego przez Narodowe Centrum Nauki. 4 Koalicje w systemie politycznym Nowej Zelandii O AUTORZE Przemysław Żukiewicz – jest profesorem Uni- wersytetu Wrocławskiego w zakresie systemów politycznych i prawa konstytucyjnego porów- nawczego oraz kierownikiem Laboratorium Danych i Sieci Społecznych w Instytucie Polito- logii UWr. Prowadzi badania w obszarach przy- wództwa politycznego, komunikacji politycz- nej, polityki mobilności oraz sieci społecznych. Realizował bądź aktualnie realizuje projekty badawcze finansowane przez Unię Europejską (Horizon 2020), Narodowe Centrum Nauki (Opus, Miniatura), Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego (Narodowy Pro- gram Rozwoju Humanistyki) i Międzynarodowy Fundusz Wyszehradzki, pełniąc w nich funkcję kierownika, głównego wykonawcy lub eksperta. Odbył staże naukowe, przeprowadził kwerendy lub wykładał gościnnie na wielu zagranicznych uczelniach, m.in. w Nowej Zelandii, Irlandii, Kana- dzie, Wielkiej Brytanii, Czechach, Litwie i Albanii. W latach 2016–2019 peł- nił funkcje sekretarza i członka zarządu głównego Polskiego Towarzystwa Nauk Politycznych oraz prezesa wrocławskiego oddziału tej organizacji. Był nagradzany w prestiżowych konkursach (w tym na najlepszą pracę doktorską obronioną w dyscyplinie nauk o polityce oraz na politologiczną książkę roku), otrzymał także stypendium samorządu Wrocławia. Najważniejsze książki autora: A. Antoszewski, P. Żukiewicz, M. Zieliński, K. Domagała, Formation of Gov- ernment Coalition in Westminster Democracies. Towards a Network Ap- proach, Berlin 2020; P. Żukiewicz, Pozycja ustrojowa rządu w państwach postjugosłowiańskich. Analiza prawnoporównawcza, Wrocław 2017; P. Żukiewicz, Przywództwo prezydenckie w państwach Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej po 1989 roku. Analiza porównawcza, Toruń 2013; P. Żukiewicz, Przywództwo polityczne. Teoria i praktyka, Warszawa 2011. Kontakt e-mail: [email protected] 5 SPIS TREŚCI OD AUTORA .............................................................................................................................. 7 STRESZCZENIE ........................................................................................................................... 8 WSTĘP ......................................................................................................................................... 9 ROZDZIAŁ I. NOWA ZELANDIA – PARLAMENTARYZM WESTMINSTERSKI? .................................. 16 1. Ustrój państwa ................................................................................................................. 16 2. System partyjny Nowej Zelandii – zarys ewolucji do 1993 roku ................................ 25 3. Zmiana systemu wyborczego i jej znaczenie dla konfiguracji nowozelandzkiego systemu partyjnego ............................................ 28 4. Stabilizacja wzorców rywalizacji w systemie wielopartyjnym Nowej Zelandii po 1996 roku .......................................... 36 ROZDZIAŁ II. KOALICJE GABINETOWE I PARLAMENTARNE – UWAGI TEORETYCZNE .............. 44 1. Rodzaje koalicji ............................................................................................................... 44 2. Koalicje w demokracjach westminsterskich .................................................................48 3. Nieadekwatność pojęcia rządu mniejszościowego ...................................................... 52 4. Parlamentaryzm kontraktowy – redefinicja modelu ................................................... 56 5. Warianty kontraktów wsparcia .................................................................................... 60 6. Krytyka kontraktów wsparcia ........................................................................................ 67 ROZDZIAŁ III. POLITYKA KOALICYJNA W NOWEJ ZELANDII PO 1993 ROKU .................................. 70 1. Faza przejściowa (1993–1996).......................................................................................... 71 2. Kryzys koalicji gabinetowej (1996–1999) ...................................................................... 78 3. Ku wielopartyjnej kooperacji sieciowej (1999–2014) .................................................... 82 4. Powrót do sojuszu hybrydowego (2017)........................................................................ 97 5. Kontrakty wsparcia jako podstawa sieciowych sojuszy parlamentarnych w Nowej Zelandii ................................................................ 112 6 Koalicje w systemie politycznym Nowej Zelandii ZAKOŃCZENIE ...................................................................................................................... 120 ANEKSY .................................................................................................................................... 125 Aneks 1: Metodologia badań sieciowych ............................................................................... 125 Aneks 2: Umowa koalicyjna pomiędzy Nowozelandzką Partią Pracy a New Zealand First – tłumaczenie autorskie ............................................................................................................. 127 Aneks 3: Porozumienie w sprawie wotum zaufania i budżetu pomiędzy Nowozelandzką Partią Pracy a Partią Zielonych Nowej Zelandii – tłumaczenie autorskie ......................... 133 Aneks 4. Słowniczek podstawowych pojęć ...........................................................................139 Aneks 5. Wykaz nazw partii politycznych ............................................................................ 141 BIBLIOGRAFIA ....................................................................................................................... 142 SPIS TABEL ............................................................................................................................. 160 SPIS RYSUNKÓW .................................................................................................................... 161 7 OD AUTORA iniejsza książka jest nieplanowanym wcześniej – co wcale nie oznacza, że mało istotnym – efektem projektu „Sieciowy model N formowania koalicji gabinetowych. Studium porównawcze przy- padków Wielkiej Brytanii, Kanady i Nowej Zelandii” zrealizowanego w In- stytucie Politologii Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego w latach 2016–2019 przez czteroosobowy zespół, w skład którego wchodzili: prof. dr hab. Andrzej An- toszewski (kierownik), dr Mateusz Zieliński, mgr Katarzyna Domagała i ja (wykonawcy). Napisałem ją z trzech zasadniczych powodów. Pierwszym było zaintere- sowanie specyfiką systemu politycznego Nowej Zelandii, który wprawdzie wcześniej znałem, ale który – wraz z postępami prac projektowych – wydał mi się jeszcze bardziej interesujący i wart gruntownego przeanalizowania. Drugim była oryginalność nowozelandzkich rozwiązań koalicyjnych nie- mieszczących się – jak staram się to wykazać – w klasycznych koncepcjach formowania koalicji gabinetowych. Trzecim zaś stało się przekonanie, że międzynarodowe efekty projektu – artykuły anglojęzyczne oraz najważ- niejsza poprojektowa monografia wydana w zagranicznym wydawnictwie (Antoszewski i in., 2020) – są ważne z punktu widzenia naszego uczestnic- twa w globalnym dyskursie naukowym, ale jednocześnie pozbawiają pol- skojęzyczne czytelniczki i polskojęzycznych czytelników możliwości zapo- znania się z efektami naszych badań. Uznałem więc, że – wbrew reformom i modom – warto poświęcić czas, by choćby część wniosków ze zrealizowa- nego projektu zaprezentować w monografii napisanej w języku polskim. Dziękuję w tym miejscu wszystkim pozostałym członkom i członkini ze- społu projektowego, naukowczyniom i naukowcom oraz politykom i poli- tyczkom nowozelandzkim, którzy poświęcili nam swój cenny czas w trak- cie naszej wizyty studyjnej w Nowej Zelandii w 2017 roku, władzom Insty- tutu Politologii Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, a także Narodowemu Cen- trum Nauki, które sfinansowało projekt. 8 Koalicje w systemie politycznym Nowej Zelandii STRESZCZENIE Monografia jest poświęcona polityce koalicyjnej w Nowej Zelandii po 1993 roku. Wówczas to Nowozelandczycy podjęli w referendum decyzję o istot- nej transformacji systemu wyborczego z większościowego na mieszany. Autor odpowiada na pytania o to, jak zmiana ordynacji wpłynęła na proces formowania gabinetów, na ile zróżnicowane pozostają strategie koalicyjne partii dużych (formujących koalicje) i partii małych (dopełniających koali- cje) oraz w jaki sposób afiliacja ideologiczna ugrupowań politycznych de- terminuje ich aktywność sojuszniczą. Praca składa się z trzech części: wprowadzenia do problematyki nowo- zelandzkiego systemu politycznego (rozdział I), teoretycznej
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