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Ethnobotanical Investigations Among the Tribal Communities of Thakht‐E‐Sulaiman Hills, Pakistan

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Ethnobotanical Investigations Among the Tribal Communities of Thakht‐E‐Sulaiman Hills, Pakistan ETHNOBOTANICAL INVESTIGATIONS AMONG THE TRIBAL COMMUNITIES OF THAKHT‐E‐SULAIMAN HILLS, PAKISTAN BY KHALID AHMAD DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCES QUAID‐I‐AZAM UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN 2014 ETHNOBOTANICAL INVESTIGATIONS AMONG THE TRIBAL COMMUNITIES OF THAKHT‐E‐SULAIMAN HILLS, PAKISTAN KHALID AHMAD Thesis submitted to The Department of Plant Sciences Quaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad In the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Plant Sciences DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCES QUAID‐I‐AZAM UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praises to Almighty Allah, who enabled me to accomplish this task. I would like to take this opportunity to convey my cordial gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor Assistant Prof. Dr. Mushtaq Ahmad, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan and my co‐supervisor, Dr. Caroline Weckerle, Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Switzerland. I am really indebted to them for their accommodating attitude, thought provoking guidance, immense intellectual input, patience and sympathetic behavior. Thanks to Prof. Dr. Asghari Bano, Dean, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Chairperson, Department of Plant Sciences, Q.A.U, Islamabad, for providing me all the possible research facilities during the present studies and Prof. Dr. Mir Ajab Khan for giving the insight whenever I get stuck in my project. Sincere thanks to my friend Zahid‐Ullah (QAU), who helped me in identification of plant specimens and Maja Dal Cero (Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Switzerland) for continued help in data management and analysis. I would extend my thanks to Dr. Muhammad Zafar, Herbarium Botanist, Department of Plant Sciences, Q.A.U., for his co‐operation and support. Sincere thanks are extended to Dr. Franz K. Huber (ETH Zurich‐ Switzerland) and Dr. Brigitta Hug (Zollikerstrasse, 193, Zurich‐ Switzerland) for their cordial help during my entire stay in Switzerland (for data analysis and compilation). I can’t forget the help of my friends Abdul Aziz (QAU) and Zulqarnain (University of Campinas, Brazil) for their special help during this project. Words are lacking to express my thanks and appreciation to all the tribal men of Thakht‐e‐ Sulaiman Mountains for sharing their knowledge. Last but not least, I really acknowledge and offer my heartiest gratitude to my whole family who afford my time devoted to my studies at the time when they were in real need of it. This thesis is very much the product of my personal efforts and Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan for their financial assistance for my PhD studies and supporting me through IRSIP which make me able to compile my work under the direct supervision of my co‐ supervisor. I am thankful to all my friends, colleagues, Lab fellows, department and hostel fellows for their friendly behaviors. Khalid Ahmad This thesis is dedicated to the most hospitable tribal communities of Thakht‐e‐Sulaiman Hills (residents of the present research area) Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 2 1. Introduction to Ethnobotany .................................................................................................. 2 2. Introduction to the Area ......................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Area and ethnicity ..................................................................................................................... 5 3. Reasons for selection of area .................................................................................................. 7 4. Objectives of research ............................................................................................................ 8 Chapter 2 Material and Methods .......................................................................................................................... 10 1. Study sites ............................................................................................................................. 10 2. Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 10 3. Total population and sample size ......................................................................................... 11 4. Collection and identification of plant specimens.................................................................. 13 5. Classification of diseases ....................................................................................................... 13 6. Data analysis ......................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 3 Results and Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 15 Multiple sources of income .......................................................................................................... 15 Overview of the plants used ......................................................................................................... 16 Table 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 18 1. Medicinal Plants .................................................................................................................... 24 Table 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 36 2. Wild Food Plants ................................................................................................................... 40 2.1 Self‐eaten wild food plants ..................................................................................................... 40 2.2 Commercial wild food species .......................................................................................... 48 Table 3 ........................................................................................................................................... 56 3. Ethnoveterinary Medicinal Plants ......................................................................................... 60 Table 4 ........................................................................................................................................... 66 4. Fodder species ...................................................................................................................... 69 Table 5 ........................................................................................................................................... 79 5. Timber and Construction species .......................................................................................... 86 i 5.1 Self‐used timber ................................................................................................................ 86 5.2 Commercial timber ........................................................................................................... 92 5.3 Construction ...................................................................................................................... 96 Table 6 ......................................................................................................................................... 101 6. Fuel Wood Species .............................................................................................................. 104 Table 7 ......................................................................................................................................... 109 7. Goods/Leather Water Carrier making Species ................................................................... 111 Table 8 ......................................................................................................................................... 111 8. Ten Most Important Plants ................................................................................................. 114 Table 9 ......................................................................................................................................... 118 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 120 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................... 120 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................... 120 Chapter 4 References .......................................................................................................................................... 121 Appendix I ................................................................................................................................... 131 Appendix II .................................................................................................................................. 133 ii Abstract The tribal communities on the eastern side of thakht‐e‐sulaiman hills were investigated for the wild plants knowledge, factors affecting this
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