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Proverbs and Patriarchy: Analysis of Linguistic Sexism and Gender Relations Among the Pashtuns of Pakistan

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Proverbs and Patriarchy: Analysis of Linguistic Sexism and Gender Relations Among the Pashtuns of Pakistan Sanauddin, Noor (2015) Proverbs and patriarchy: analysis of linguistic sexism and gender relations among the Pashtuns of Pakistan. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6243/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Proverbs and Patriarchy: Analysis of Linguistic Sexism and Gender Relations among the Pashtuns of Pakistan A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Noor Sanauddin School of Social and Political Sciences, The College Social Sciences University of Glasgow, Scotland March, 2015 1 Abstract This study analyses the ways in which gender relations are expressed and articulated through the use of folk proverbs amongst Pashto-speaking people of Pakistan. Previous work on Pashto proverbs have romanticised proverbs as a cultural asset and a source of Pashtun pride and ethnic identity, and most studies have aimed to promote or preserve folk proverbs. However, there is little recognition in previous literature of the sexist and gendered role of proverbs in Pashtun society. This study argues that Pashto proverbs encode and promote a patriarchal view and sexist ideology, demonstrating this with the help of proverbs as text as well as proverbs performance in context by Pashto speakers. The analysis is based on more than 500 proverbs relating to gender, collected from both published sources and through ethnographic fieldwork in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Qualitative data was collected through 40 interviews conducted with Pashto-speaking men and women of various ages and class/educational backgrounds, along with informal discussions with local people and the personal observations of the researcher. The study is informed by a combination of theoretical approaches including folkloristics, feminist sociology and sociolinguistics. While establishing that patriarchal structures and values are transmitted through proverbs, the study also reveals that proverbs‘ meanings and messages are context-bound and women may, therefore, use proverbs in order to discuss, contest and (sometimes) undermine gender ideologies. More specifically, it is argued that: (1) Proverbs as ‗wisdom texts‘ represent the viewpoint of those having the authority to define proper and improper behaviour, and as such, rather than objective reality represent a partial and partisan reality which, in the context of the present research, is sexist and misogynist. (2) While proverbs as ‗texts‘ seem to present a more fixed view of reality, proverbs as ‗performance in context‘ suggest that different speakers may use proverbs for different strategic purposes, such as to establish and negotiate ethnic and gendered identities and power which varies on the basis of gender, age, ethnicity, and class of the interlocutors. The thesis concludes that, rather than considering folk proverbs as ‗factual‘ and ‗valuable‘ sources of cultural expression, scholars should pay more attention to their ‗performatory‘, ‗derogatory‘ and ‗declaratory‘ aspects as these often relegate women (and ‗other‘, weaker groups) to a lesser position in society. 2 Dedicated to Aba, my father 3 Acknowledgements Writing this thesis has been at turns interesting, frustrating, fun and rewarding. I could not have done it without the help and support of a great many people, and I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincerest thanks. First and foremost, I am thankful to my supervisors – Dr Francesca Scrinzi, Dr Jennifer Smith and Dr Roona Simpson for enabling me to complete this dissertation. They provided me with the best guidance and have encouraged me whenever I was feeling down. They never lost patience with me and I am truly grateful for this. I am also thankful to the University of Peshawar for financially supporting my studies at Glasgow and for providing me the required study leave for this purpose. I am also thankful to the School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow for providing me with the best academic environment and facilities to accomplish this piece of research. I am greatly indebted to the staff members in the school, especially Dr Matthew Waites, Professor Bridget Fowler, Professor Andrew Smith, and Dr Nicole Bourque for extending their support whenever I needed it. I also want to leave a thank you note to my fellow PhD students in the sociology subject area – Stephen, Jeff, Emma, Giuliana, Lito, Francesca, Poppy, Jo, Sylvia and Aizan. I have learnt so much from interacting with these wonderful people. My thanks also go to my Pakistani friends in Glasgow – Jaffar, Rafiq, Yasar, Shahzad, Inayat, Asif, and Umar – for providing me a homely environment in Scotland. It was because of their cheerful company and our heated debates on social and political issues in our kitchen (we used to call it the ―Glasgow Kitchen Show‖) that our time in Scotland will remain memorable for life. I am also thankful to Norma DeVilbiss, my ―Scottish granny‖ who never let me feel alone in Glasgow. I am thankful to all the research participants who took part in this study. My very special thanks go to the three female research assistants who facilitated me in the data collection for this research project. This thesis would not have been possible in its current shape without their cooperation. I am also thankful to Kirsty Kay who helped by proof-reading the final manuscript. Finally, the one person who has done the most to make this possible has been my father. His faith in me, his belief in the worth of this endeavour, and his compassion and love for me have been a tremendous inspiration. I remember once he came to our primary school and told the class: ―My son will do PhD‖ and when the other kids in the classroom asked him ―What is a PhD?‖ he explained; ―It is a big study, very big degree‖. Sadly, he passed away before seeing the ‗big degree‘ in my hand. I am sorry father; I was a little late. Noor Sanauddin Glasgow, March 2015 4 Author’s Declaration I declare that the original work presented in this thesis is the work of the author Noor Sanauddin. I have been responsible for all aspects of the study, unless otherwise stated. The research for this thesis was carried out between September 2010 and November 2014. This work has not been submitted for any other course or qualification on a previous occasion. Noor Sanauddin 5 Table of Contents Abstract ………………………………………………………………………….. 1 Dedication ………………………………………………………………………. 2 Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………... 3 Author‘s Declaration ……………………………………………………………. 4 List of Tables and Figures ………………………………………………………. 8 Introduction to the Thesis ………………………………………………………. 9 Chapter 1: Proverbs and Gender: Review of Literature ...…………………... 16 Introduction …………………………………………………………………. 16 1.1. An Overview of Proverb Scholarship ………………………………………. 16 1.2. Definition of Proverb ……………………………………………………….. 18 1.2.1. What Proverbs Are: Linguistic and Structural Feature of Proverbs ….. 19 1.2.2. What Proverbs Do: Communicative and Behavioural Functions of Proverbs……………………………………………………………….. 23 1.3. Pashto Proverbs: Collections and Studies …………………………………… 26 1.4. Studies on Proverbs and Gender: Representation and Performance ………… 30 Summary of the Chapter……………………………………………………… 36 Chapter 2: Sexism and Patriarchy: A Theoretical Framework ……………… 38 Introduction…………………………………………………………………… 48 2.1. Definition of Sexism and Sexist Language …………..…………………........ 39 2.2. Language and Gender: Research and Theories ……………………………… 39 2.2.1. Theories of Language and Gender……………………………………… 41 2.3. Language, Sexism and Ideology ……………………………………..………. 51 2.4. Patriarchy and the Reproduction of Gender Relations ………………………. 54 2.4.1. Sylvia Walby: Six Structures of Patriarchy…………………………… 56 2.4.2. Deniz Kandiyoti: The Patriarchal Bargain ……………………………. 58 2.4.3. Valentine Moghadam: The Patriarchal Gender Contract……………… 59 2.4.4. R. W. Connell: Hegemonic Masculinity ............................................... 60 2.5. A Synthesis of Theories ................................................................................... 62 Summary of the Chapter …………………………………………………….. 63 Chapter 3: Setting the Context: Gender Relations in Pakistan……………….. 65 Introduction………………………………………………………………….. 65 6 3.1. Pakistan, Pashtuns and the Pashto Language…………………………………. 66 3.2. Gender, Family and Household in Pakistan………………………………….. 68 3.3. Gender, Sexuality and Seclusion of Women in Pakistan. ……………………. 71 3.4. Gender, Education and Paid Work in Pakistan…………….…………………. 75 3.5. Gender, Nationhood and State Laws in Pakistan….………………………….. 78 Summary of the Chapter ……………………………………………………... 82 Chapter 4: Methodology ………………………………………………………... 84 Introduction ………………………………………………………………….. 84 4.1. Methods of Data Collection………………………………………………….. 84 4.1.1. Proverbs Selection …………………………………………………….. 85 4.1.2. The Fieldwork: Semi-structured Interviews …………………………... 86 4.1.3. The Participants and Their Recruitment Strategies …………………… 88 4.1.4. Female Research Assistants: Recruitment,
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