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Warsi 4171.Pdf Warsi, Sahil K. (2015) Being and belonging in Delhi: Afghan individuals and communities in a global city. PhD thesis. SOAS University of London. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/22782/ Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Being and Belonging in Delhi: Afghan Individuals and Communities in a Global City Sahil K. Warsi Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD 2015 Department of Anthropology and Sociology SOAS, University of London 1 Declaration for SOAS PhD thesis I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of the SOAS, University of London concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person. I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged in the work which I present for examination. Signed: ____________________________ Date: _________________ 2 Abstract This thesis considers what it means to be and belong as Afghan in Delhi today. It argues that Afghan belonging in Delhi must be understood as inherently multiple and articulated at different scales, and that this multiplicity must be further considered with regard to the varying influence of different conceptions of belonging in migrants’ everyday life. Chapters one and two present the thesis’ methodological and theoretical framework, bringing together anthropological research on Afghanistan with work on personhood, ontology, and ethics. The subsequent four ethnographic chapters explore ideas of Afghan belonging in Delhi at the scales of state, individual, and community. To frame the argument, chapter three presents the state scale understanding of Afghan migrants as individuals belonging to an Afghan community rooted in the territory of Afghanistan, whose story of migration determines the legality of their presence in Delhi. Chapters four and five turn to the individual scale to respectively demonstrate how complex and varied trajectories of movement belie facile categorization of migrants as legal or illegal, and how they shape and reflect Afghan migrants’ diverse affective and material ties to the city. Chapter six depicts how this diversity is also articulated at the scale of community through a comparison of two Afghan communities in the city. The ethnography illustrates how despite the fact that Afghan migrants conceive of and express multiple ways of being and belonging in Delhi, how they inhabit the city is contingent on their access to financial and social resources, and thus indicative of wider issues of belonging and urban citizenship in Delhi today. While contributing to the study of Afghan migration and urban life in India, the thesis also adds to broader discussions of personhood and relatedness by bringing together insights from anthropological research on ontology, ethics, and morality. 3 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 9 1.1 On Methodologies and Questions .................................................................................... 10 Doing Fieldwork in the City .................................................................................................................... 10 Coming to the Research Question ........................................................................................................ 15 1.2 Thesis Structure ..................................................................................................................... 17 1.3 Sukhanhaye Guftani (Words to Say) ................................................................................ 19 2. Situating the Research .................................................................................................. 23 2.1 Afghan Migration and India ............................................................................................... 23 Afghan Migration Studies ......................................................................................................................... 23 Afghan‐Indian Migration .......................................................................................................................... 26 Migration and the City ............................................................................................................................... 30 2.2 Individual and Society in Afghanistan and South Asia ............................................. 33 Relatedness in South Asia ........................................................................................................................ 38 Personhood and Relatedness in Research on Afghanistan ........................................................ 40 2.3 Thinking through Multiplicity and Scale ....................................................................... 44 Ontological Multiplicity ............................................................................................................................ 45 Morality, Ethics, and Multiplicity .......................................................................................................... 49 Bringing Perspectives in Scale ............................................................................................................... 52 3. The State Scale ................................................................................................................. 53 3.1 Context: The Refugee System in India ............................................................................ 56 3.2 Controlling the Refugee Label ........................................................................................... 63 3.3 Stereotyping and Belonging: Splitting the Afghan Refugee Label ........................ 75 3.4 The Hindu‐Sikh Afghans and Citizenship: Belonging and Scale ........................... 81 The Citizenship Scheme ............................................................................................................................ 81 Afghan Sikh Experiences .......................................................................................................................... 88 3.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 95 4. Migrant Trajectories: Being Afghan in Delhi ...................................................... 100 4.1 Case 1: Shahrukh, The Refugee ...................................................................................... 107 4.2 Case 2: Musa Saheb, the Economic Migrant ............................................................... 119 4.3 Case 3: Ali, the Student ..................................................................................................... 127 4.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 132 5. Feeling in One’s Place: Afghan Belonging in Delhi ........................................... 136 5.1 Doing Business and Eating Spicy Food: Afghan Migrants and Personhood ... 140 5.2 Language and History: Afghan Migrants’ Connections to Delhi ......................... 146 4 Belonging in Delhi through Language .............................................................................................. 147 History and Afghan Belonging in Delhi ............................................................................................ 151 5.3 Bridge over Troubled Waters: Not Belonging in Delhi ......................................... 155 Jamshed’s Frustrations: Wanting to Not Belong .......................................................................... 155 Shahrukh’s Disappointments in Trying to Belong ....................................................................... 159 Belonging and Not Belonging: Analysis ........................................................................................... 160 5.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 163 6. Afghan Community in Delhi ...................................................................................... 167 6.1 Lajpat Nagar Refugees: W(h)ither the Afghan Community? ............................... 173 Hamdardi and Afghan Community: What’s Emotion Got to Do with It? ............................ 176 The Rise and Fall of the Refugee Solidarity Committee ............................................................ 179 6.2 The Afghans of Wazirabad .............................................................................................. 185 Standing Up and Sitting Down Together: Trust and Network Membership ..................... 188 Shahrukh’s
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