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An Introduction to the Flora, Life Form and Plant Chorology in Damghan Rangelands

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An Introduction to the Flora, Life Form and Plant Chorology in Damghan Rangelands Archive of SID ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺟﻠﺪ ﺷﺎﻧﺰدﻫﻢ، وﯾﮋهﻧﺎﻣﻪ 1 -اﻟﻒ، ﺳﺎل 1388 www.jasnr.info www.sid.ir www.magiran.com/jasnr ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﻓﻠ ﻮر، اﺷﮑﺎل زﯾﺴﺘﯽ و ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن داﻣﻐﺎن * زﻫﺮه ﮐﺮﯾﻤﯽ ﻣﺮﺑﯽ ﮔﺮوه زﯾﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ: 21/1/87؛ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﭘﺬﯾﺮش: 88/1/25 ﭼﮑﯿﺪه در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن داروﯾﯽ و ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ اي- ﻣﺮﺗﻌﯽ در ﺣﺎل اﻧﻘﺮاض ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﯿﺎن ﺑﻨﺪ ﮐـﻪ در ﺷﻬﺮﺳـﺘﺎن داﻣﻐـﺎن واﻗـﻊ ﺷﺪه، ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﻓﻠﻮر ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ 242 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑـﻪ 38 ﺗﯿـﺮه وﺟـﻮد دارد ﮐـﻪ 93 ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﮔﯿـﺎه داروﯾﯽ و 149 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ اي- ﻣﺮﺗﻌﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت اﺷﮑﺎل زﯾﺴﺘﯽ 30 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮐﺎﻣﻔﯿـﺖ 141 ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫﻤـﯽ ﮐﺮﭘﯿﺘﻮﻓﯿـﺖ و ژﺋﻮﻓﯿﺖ، 40 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺮوﻓﯿﺖ و 31 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﺎﻧﺮوﻓﯿﺖ و ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻓﺎﻧﺮوﻓﯿﺖ دﯾﺪه ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮ روﯾﺸـﯽ (ﮐﻮروﺗﯿـﭗ ) ﮔﯿﺎﻫـﺎن ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻋﻤﺪه ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﯾﻦ ﺳﺮزﻣﯿﻦ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ دارﻧﺪ. 8/ 3 درﺻﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺟﻬﺎن وﻃﻨﯽ، 17 درﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اروﭘﺎ- ﺳـﯿﺒﺮي و ﻣﺪﯾﺘﺮاﻧﻪ اي و اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ- ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ، 45/ 1 درﺻﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ روﯾﺸﯽ اروﭘﺎ- ﺳﯿﺒﺮي و ﺻﺤﺎرا ﺳﻨﺪي و ﯾـﺎ اﯾﺮاﻧـﯽ - ﺗـﻮراﻧﯽ و 7/ 9 9 درﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﺪﯾﺘﺮاﻧﻪاي و اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ- ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ، 2/10 درﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺻﺤﺎري ﺳﻨﺪي و اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ- ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ، 42/ 2 درﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﺼـﺮ اروﭘـﺎ - ﺳﯿﺒﺮي، ﺻﺤﺎري ﺳﻨﺪي و اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ- ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ و ﻣﺪﯾﺘﺮاﻧﻪ اي و 8/ 3 درﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺻﺤﺎرا ﺳـﻨﺪي و اﯾﺮاﻧـﯽ - ﺗـﻮراﻧﯽ و ﻣﺪﯾﺘﺮاﻧـﻪ اي، 4/19 درﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اروﭘﺎ- ﺳﯿﺒﺮي و اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ- ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ و 6/28 درﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ- ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ، 1 درﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اروﭘﺎ- ﺳﯿﺒﺮي، 63/ 1 1 درﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺻﺤﺎرا ﺳﻨﺪي و 1 درﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﺪﯾﺘﺮاﻧﻪ اي ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﻋﻼوهﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪ ﺷﺪه ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻧﺎم ﺑﺮده ﺑﺮاﺳـﺎس ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎي IUCN ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ و 4 رﺳﺘﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي در ﻣﻌﺮض اﻧﻘﺮاض، آﺳﯿﺐ ﭘﺬﯾﺮ، ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ ﮐﻤﺘـﺮ و ﮐﻤﺒـﻮد داده در ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ، و ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻧﺎم ﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﯾﺎد ﺷﺪه اراﯾﻪ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ ﻧﺸـﺎن دا د ﮐـﻪ 47 ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﮔﯿـﺎﻫﯽ در رﺳـﺘﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪ ﺷﺪه وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ . واژهﻫﺎي ﮐﻠﯿﺪي: ﻓﻠﻮر، اﺷﮑﺎل زﯾﺴﺘﯽ، ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ، ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻧﺎدر، داﻣﻐﺎن 1 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ و ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖﻫﺎي روﯾﺸﯽ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ، اﻣﮑﺎن اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮرﮐﻠﯽ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ و ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ رﺳﺘﻨﯽﻫﺎي ﯾﮏ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ و ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوم و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت در ﺣﺎل اﻧﻘﺮاض و ﮐﻤﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ و زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ وﯾﮋهاي دارد ﮐﻪ از آن ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﮔﻨﺠﯿﻨﻪ ژﻧﯽ آﻧﻬﺎ، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن داروﯾﯽ و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ اﻣﮑﺎن دﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ آﺳﺎن و ﺳﺮﯾﻊ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ اﺻﻮﻟﯽ از آﻧﻬﺎ و ﮐﻤﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﻧﺎم ﺑﺮد ﺧﺎص در ﻣﺤﻞ و زﻣﺎن ﻣﻌﯿﻦ (اﺳﺘﯿﺲ، 1989)، ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ (رﺷﯿﻨﮕﺮ، 1977؛ ﻟﻤﯽ، 1978؛ دﯾﻮﯾﺲ، 1978؛ ﻓﺮاري و ﻫﻤﮑﺎران، 1993؛ ﮐﺮﮔﻮﻟﻦ، 1993). ﻓﻠﻮر اﯾﺮان از دﯾﺮﺑﺎز * - ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﻣﮑﺎﺗﺒﻪ: [email protected] www.SID.ir Archive of SID ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ و داﺧﻠﯽ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ و از ﻧﻈﺮ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﯽ ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ اﻋﻈـﻢ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ را ﺳـﻨﮓ ﻫـﺎي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ زﯾﺎدي ﺟﻤﻊآوري و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪه آﻫــﮑﯽ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ داده اﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎل در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﯿﭻﮔﻮﻧـﻪ (ﭘﺎرﺳﺎ، 1960 -1948؛ رﺷﯿﻨﮕﺮ، 2001 -1963؛ زﻫﺮي، ﻗﺮﻗﯽ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻧﺸﺪ (اﻣﯿـﺮي ﻧﯿـﺎ و ﺷـﺎﮐﺮي، 2002 ). در ﻃـﯽ 1974؛ ﻣﺒﯿﻦ، 1994-1975؛ اﺳﺪي، 1996 -1988؛ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮت ﻫﺎﯾﯽ در ﻓﺼﻮل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳـﺎل ﻫـﺎي 1381 و 1382 ﻣﻌﺼﻮﻣﯽ، 1995-1986؛ ﻟﺌﻮﻧﺎرد، 1992-1981؛ دﯾﻮﯾﺲ، ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻠﻮرﻫﺎ و ﮐﺘـﺐ 1988 -1965) وﻟﯽ ﻫﻨﻮز ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﯽ وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪرﻏﻢ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ، ﻧﺎم ﻋﻠﻤﯽ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﯿـﯿﻦ ﺷـﺪ (دﯾـﻮﯾﺲ ، 1988 -1965؛ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﻏﻨﯽ، ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﭘﺎرﺳـــﺎ، 1960 -1948؛ رﺷـــﯿﻨﮕﺮ، 2001 -1963؛ رﺷـــﯿﻨﮕﺮ، ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﯿﺎنﺑﻨﺪ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن داﻣﻐﺎن ﯾﮑﯽ از 1977؛ ﻣﻈﻔﺮﯾـــﺎن، 1996؛ ﻣﺒـــﯿﻦ، 1994 -1975؛ اﺳـــﺪي، اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺮاي اوﻟﯿﻦ ﺑﺎر در اﯾﻦ 1996 -1988؛ ﻣﻌﺼــﻮﻣﯽ، 1995 -1986). ﻧــﻮع اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و از اﻫﺪاف ﻋﻤﺪه آن ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ دﻗﯿﻖ ﺑﻬـﺮه وري ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺗـﻮﺟﻪ ﺑـﻪ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﻫـﺎي ﻣﺤﻠـﯽ ﻣـﺮدم ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﻪﺧﺼﻮص ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﻣﺤﻠﯽ ﻣﻨﻄـﻘﻪ و ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪهﻫﺎي ﺷﺨﺼﯽ و ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳـﯽ ﻫـﺎي ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮐﻮروﺗﯿﭗ و اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه ﻣﺘﺨﺼـﺼﺎن ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ و ﮐﺘﺎب ﻫـﺎي ﻣﺮﺟـﻊ اﻧﺠـﺎم ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎي ﺷـــﺪ (زرﮔــﺮي، 1991 -1989؛ ﻻﺳــﺖ، 1994، ﻗﺮﺑــﺎﻧﯽ، ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ 2005). در اﯾﻦ ﺗـﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮔـﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎدر ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ 1 (IUCN ) و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﮑﻞ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ . از ﻣﻌـﯿﺎرﻫـــﺎي ﺳـــﺎزﻣﺎن IUCN (1981) ﻣـــﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻃـــﻮل ﻋـﻤﺮ، ﺷﮑﻞ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ، اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ و ﺑﻬـﺮه ﺑـﺮداري ﮔﯿـﺎه ﻣﻮاد و روشﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ اﻧﺴﺎن، اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. ﺷـﮑﻞ زﯾـﺴﺘﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ ﻣﺮاﺗـﻊ آﺳـﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﯿـﺎن ﺑﻨـﺪ ﺷﻬﺮﺳـﺘﺎن ﺑﻪ روش راﻧـ ـﮑﯿﻪ ﺗﻌﯿـﯿﻦ و ﻧـﺎم ﻓﺎرﺳـﯽ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎ از ﮐﺘـﺎب داﻣﻐﺎن ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ از ﺷﻤﺎل ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮزه ﻫﺎي ﮐﻼﺗـﻪ و ﭼﯿـﺮو و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ ﻧﺎم ﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﻈﻔﺮﯾﺎن (1996) ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪه ﺳﯿﺎهﻃﻮل، از ﻏﺮب ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﻮدآﺑـﺎد و از ﺟﻨـﻮب و ﺷـﺮق ﺑـﻪ IUCN º اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن (1981) و ﮐﺘـﺎب ﺣﻮزه آﻫﻮﺑﺎﻧﻮ ﻣﺤﺪود ﻣﯽ ﮔـﺮ دد و درﻃـﻮل ´30 53 ﺗـﺎ ´Red data book of Iran 30 º º º (ﺟﻠﯿﻠـﯽ و ﺟﻤـﺰاد، 1999)، 2 ´ 54 ﺷﺮﻗﯽ و ﻋﺮض ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ 36 ﺗﺎ 30 36 ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ واﻗـﻊ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﺎدر ﺑﻪ رﺳﺘﻪﻫﺎي زﯾﺮ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ : : 3EX اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ از ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺗﻮﭘـﻮﮔﺮاﻓﯽ، ﮐﻮﻫﺴـﺘﺎﻧﯽ و داراي 1- ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻘﺮض ﺷﺪه ( ): ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮنﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐـﻪ در ﺷﯿﺐ 15 - 5 درﺻﺪ و ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎرﻧﺪﮔﯽ 16/84 ﻣﯿﻠـﯽ ﻣﺘـﺮ در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ و اﻣﺮوزه از ﺑﯿﻦ رﻓﺘﻪ اﻧـﺪ و اﻃﻼﻋـﺎت ﺳﺎل ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ، ﺣـﺪاﻗﻞ دﻣـﺎ 11 - درﺟـﻪ و ﺣـﺪاﮐﺜﺮ آن 43 ﮔﯿﺎهﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ دﻗﯿﻖ ﺑﺮاي آﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﯿﺎز اﺳﺖ. درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﮔﺮاد اﺳﺖ، ﻧﻮع اﻗﻠﯿﻢ ﺑﺮاﺳـﺎ س روش ﮐـﻮﭘﻦ از 4EXW 2- ﮔﻮﻧــﻪﻫــﺎي ﻣﻨﻘــﺮض ﺷــﺪه در ﻃﺒﯿﻌــﺖ ( :) ﻧﻮع ﺑﯿﺎﺑﺎﻧﯽ و ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس روش دوﻣﺎرﺗﻦ از ﻧﻮع ﺧﺸﮏ ﺑﻮده و ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮن ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﮐﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪه در ﺑـﺎغ ﻫـﺎي ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ در ارﺗﻔﺎع ﭘﯿﺶ ﺳﺮ ﺣﺪود 2000 ﻣﺘﺮ و ﮔﯿﺎه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ و ﯾﺎ ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت داﻧـﻪ در ﺑﺎﻧـﮏ ﻫـﺎي ژن وﺟـﻮد ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع در ﺣﺪود 1400 ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ . ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﻣـﻮرد دارﻧﺪ . ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ داﺷﺘﻦ اﻗﻠﯿﻢ ﺧﺸﮏ و ﺑﺎرﻧﺪﮔﯽﻫـﺎي ﻣﺘﻨـﺎوب 5CEN 3- ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﯽ ( :) وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﯾـﮏ ﺗﺎﮐﺴـﻮن ، ﻓﺼﻠﯽ داراي ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ آﺑﯽ و ﺑﺎدي ﺷـﺪﯾﺪ ﺑـ ﻮده ﮐـﻪ ﻇﻬـﻮر زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻄﺮ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در آﯾﻨﺪه ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﺳﻨﮓ و ﺳﻨﮓ رﯾﺰه و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ آﺷﮑﺎر ﺷـﺪن ﺑـﻦ ﮔﯿﺎﻫـﺎن در ﺑﺎ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ اﻧﻘﺮاض روﺑﺮو ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎك ﺑﻪﺧﺼﻮص در ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت ﮔﻮﯾﺎي اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﻮد. 2- Rate Species 3- Extinc 4- Extinc in the Wild 1- International Union for Conservation of Nature 5- Critically Endangered and Natural Resources www.SID.ir Archive of SID 1EN 4- ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻄﺮ ( :) ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮن ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﻌﯽ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ از اﯾﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد، ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺧﻮشﺧﻮراك ﺑﻪ در ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤـﺪود وﺟـﻮد داﺷـﺘﻪ دو ﮔﺮوه اﺻﻠﯽ ﮔﻨﺪﻣﯿﺎن و ﻧﯿﺎمداران ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ و وﻟﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻞ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن در ﻣﻌﺮض ﻧﺎﺑﻮدي ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ . ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ داراي 30 و 20 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ 2VU 5- ﮔﻮﻧــﻪﻫــﺎي آﺳــﯿﺐﭘــﺬﯾﺮ ( ): اﯾــﻦ ﺗﺎﮐﺴــﻮنﻫــﺎ روﯾﺸﯽ (ﮐﻮروﺗﯿﭗ) ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻋﻤﺪه ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﯾﻦ ﺟﻤﻌﯿــﺖﻫــﺎي ﺑــﻪ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﻓــﺮاوان دارﻧــﺪ وﻟــﯽ ﺑــﻪﻋﻠــﺖ ﺳﺮزﻣﯿﻦ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ دارﻧﺪ در ﺑﯿﻦ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن 8/ 3 درﺻﺪ ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداري ﯾﺎ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪه دﯾﮕﺮ، در آﯾﻨﺪه ﺑـﺎ ﺧﻄـﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ داراي ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ ﺟﻬﺎن وﻃﻨﯽ، 17 درﺻﺪ آﻧﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺑﻮدي ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ . ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ اروﭘﺎ- ﺳﯿﺒﺮي و ﻣﺪﯾﺘﺮاﻧﻪاي و اﯾﺮاﻧﻮ- ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ 3LR 6 - ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ( :) ﯾﮏ ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮن زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﺤﺪود ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ، 45/ 1 درﺻﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ روﯾﺸﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ ﮐﻤﺘﺮي روﺑﺮو اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ در اروﭘﺎ- ﺳﯿﺒﺮي ﯾﺎ ﺻﺤﺎري ﺳﻨﺪي و ﯾﺎ اﯾﺮاﻧﻮ- ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ و ﻫﯿﭻﯾﮏ از ﻃﺒﻘﺎت ﺧﻄﺮ (ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﯽ، در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻄﺮ اﻧﻘﺮاض 7/ 9 درﺻﺪ آﻧﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ ﻣﺪﯾﺘﺮاﻧﻪاي و اﯾﺮاﻧﻮ - ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ، و ﯾﺎ آﺳﯿﺐﭘﺬﯾﺮ) ﻗﺮار ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ و اﮔﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻗﺮار 2/10 درﺻﺪ آﻧﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ ﺻﺤﺎري ﺳﻨﺪي و اﯾﺮاﻧﻮ - ﻧﮕﯿﺮد در ﻣﺪت ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﺟﺰء ﯾﮑﯽ از آن ﻃﺒﻘﺎت ﻗﺮار ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ، 42/ 2 درﺻﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ روﯾﺸﯽ اروﭘﺎ - ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﺳﯿﺒﺮي، ﺻﺤﺎري ﺳﻨﺪي و اﯾﺮاﻧﻮ - ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ و ﻣﺪﯾﺘﺮاﻧﻪاي 4SU 7 - ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻈﻨﻮن ( ): اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮنﻫﺎ در ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ و 8/ 3 درﺻﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ روﯾﺸﯽ ﺻﺤﺎري ﻫﯿﭻﯾﮏ از رﺳﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﻗﺮار ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ وﻟﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺪي و اﯾﺮاﻧﻮ - ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ و ﻣﺪﯾﺘﺮاﻧﻪاي و 4/19 درﺻﺪ ﻣﺤﺪوده ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ آﻧﻬﺎ و ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪه، ﺑﻘﺎي آﻧﻬﺎ در ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ روﯾﺸﯽ اروﭘﺎ- ﺳﯿﺒﺮي، اﯾﺮاﻧﻮ - ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ و ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺷﮏ ﻫﻤﺮاه اﺳﺖ . 6/28 درﺻﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ اﯾﺮاﻧﻮ- ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ، 1 درﺻﺪ 5NE 8 - ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻧﺸﺪه ( :) ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮنﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ روﯾﺸﯽ اروﭘﺎ - ﺳﯿﺒﺮي، 63/ 1 درﺻﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﺻﺤﺎري ﺳﻨﺪي و 1 درﺻﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﻣﺪﯾﺘﺮاﻧﻪاي ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻫﻨﻮز ﻣﻮرد ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻗﺮار ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ . 6DD ﻣﺤﺪود ﻣﯽﮔﺮدﻧﺪ از رﺳﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﺷﺪه ﻃﺒﻖ اﺻﻮل 9 - ﮐﻤﺒﻮد داده ﻫﺎ ( :) ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮنﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ IUCN 4 رﺳﺘﻪ در اﯾﺮان ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ داده ﺷﺪه ﮐﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﮑﻮك ﺑﻮده و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﮐﺎﻓﯽ از آﻧﻬﺎ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد . از ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻄﺮ اﻧﻘﺮاض (EN)، ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي آﺳﯿﺐﭘﺬﯾﺮ (VU)، ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ (LR) و ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﮐﻤﺒﻮد دادهﻫﺎ (DD) (ﺟﻠﯿﻠﯽ و ﺟﻤﺰاد، ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻓﻠﻮر و ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي آﺳﯿﺐﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن 1999)، ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ آﻧﮑﻪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﮐﺎﻣﻠﯽ از ﻓﻠﻮر ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ در ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ 242 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ وﺟﻮد دارد ﮐﻪ 30 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮐﺎﻣﻔﯿﺖ، 141 ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد، ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ 47 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺎدر و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﻤﯽﮐﺮﭘﯿﺘﻮﻓﯿﺖ و ژﺋﻮﻓﯿﺖ، 40 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺮوﻓﯿﺖ، 31 آﺳﯿﺐﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﯾﺎد ﺷﺪه در ﺟﺪول 2 ذﮐﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد، در ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﺎﻧﺮوﻓﯿﺖ و ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻓﺎﻧﺮوﻓﯿﺖ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﯾﻦ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻋﻼوهﺑﺮ ﻧﺎم ﻋﻠﻤﯽ، ﺗﯿﺮه، ﻧﺎم ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ، ﺷﮑﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ و اﺳﺘﻔﺎدهﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻠﯽ و ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪهﻫﺎي ﺷﺨﺼﯽ، ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن زﯾﺴﺘﯽ، ﮐﻮروﺗﯿﭗ و ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺼﺮف آﻧﻬﺎ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ و داروﯾﯽ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. در ﺟﺪولﻫﺎي وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه در اﯾﻦ 1 و 2 ﺗﻌﺪاد 93 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﯿﺎه داروﯾﯽ و 149 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪاي - ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اراﯾﻪ ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد. 1- Endangered 2- Vulnerable 3- Lower Risk 4- Susceptible 5- Not Evaluated 6- Data Deficient www.SID.ir Archive of SID ﺟﺪول 1- ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ، اﺷﮑﺎل زﯾﺴﺘﯽ، ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ و ﻧﻮع ﻣﺼﺮف ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ .
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