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An Introduction to the Flora, Life Form and Plant Chorology in Damghan Rangelands

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Archive of SID ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺟﻠﺪ ﺷﺎﻧﺰدﻫﻢ، وﯾﮋهﻧﺎﻣﻪ 1 -اﻟﻒ، ﺳﺎل 1388 www.jasnr.info www.sid.ir www.magiran.com/jasnr ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﻓﻠ ﻮر، اﺷﮑﺎل زﯾﺴﺘﯽ و ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن داﻣﻐﺎن * زﻫﺮه ﮐﺮﯾﻤﯽ ﻣﺮﺑﯽ ﮔﺮوه زﯾﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ: 21/1/87؛ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﭘﺬﯾﺮش: 88/1/25 ﭼﮑﯿﺪه در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن داروﯾﯽ و ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ اي- ﻣﺮﺗﻌﯽ در ﺣﺎل اﻧﻘﺮاض ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﯿﺎن ﺑﻨﺪ ﮐـﻪ در ﺷﻬﺮﺳـﺘﺎن داﻣﻐـﺎن واﻗـﻊ ﺷﺪه، ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﻓﻠﻮر ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ 242 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑـﻪ 38 ﺗﯿـﺮه وﺟـﻮد دارد ﮐـﻪ 93 ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﮔﯿـﺎه داروﯾﯽ و 149 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ اي- ﻣﺮﺗﻌﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت اﺷﮑﺎل زﯾﺴﺘﯽ 30 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮐﺎﻣﻔﯿـﺖ 141 ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫﻤـﯽ ﮐﺮﭘﯿﺘﻮﻓﯿـﺖ و ژﺋﻮﻓﯿﺖ، 40 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺮوﻓﯿﺖ و 31 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﺎﻧﺮوﻓﯿﺖ و ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻓﺎﻧﺮوﻓﯿﺖ دﯾﺪه ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮ روﯾﺸـﯽ (ﮐﻮروﺗﯿـﭗ ) ﮔﯿﺎﻫـﺎن ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻋﻤﺪه ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﯾﻦ ﺳﺮزﻣﯿﻦ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ دارﻧﺪ. 8/ 3 درﺻﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺟﻬﺎن وﻃﻨﯽ، 17 درﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اروﭘﺎ- ﺳـﯿﺒﺮي و ﻣﺪﯾﺘﺮاﻧﻪ اي و اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ- ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ، 45/ 1 درﺻﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ روﯾﺸﯽ اروﭘﺎ- ﺳﯿﺒﺮي و ﺻﺤﺎرا ﺳﻨﺪي و ﯾـﺎ اﯾﺮاﻧـﯽ - ﺗـﻮراﻧﯽ و 7/ 9 9 درﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﺪﯾﺘﺮاﻧﻪاي و اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ- ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ، 2/10 درﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺻﺤﺎري ﺳﻨﺪي و اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ- ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ، 42/ 2 درﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﺼـﺮ اروﭘـﺎ - ﺳﯿﺒﺮي، ﺻﺤﺎري ﺳﻨﺪي و اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ- ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ و ﻣﺪﯾﺘﺮاﻧﻪ اي و 8/ 3 درﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺻﺤﺎرا ﺳـﻨﺪي و اﯾﺮاﻧـﯽ - ﺗـﻮراﻧﯽ و ﻣﺪﯾﺘﺮاﻧـﻪ اي، 4/19 درﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اروﭘﺎ- ﺳﯿﺒﺮي و اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ- ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ و 6/28 درﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ- ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ، 1 درﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اروﭘﺎ- ﺳﯿﺒﺮي، 63/ 1 1 درﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺻﺤﺎرا ﺳﻨﺪي و 1 درﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﺪﯾﺘﺮاﻧﻪ اي ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﻋﻼوهﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪ ﺷﺪه ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻧﺎم ﺑﺮده ﺑﺮاﺳـﺎس ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎي IUCN ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ و 4 رﺳﺘﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي در ﻣﻌﺮض اﻧﻘﺮاض، آﺳﯿﺐ ﭘﺬﯾﺮ، ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ ﮐﻤﺘـﺮ و ﮐﻤﺒـﻮد داده در ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ، و ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻧﺎم ﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﯾﺎد ﺷﺪه اراﯾﻪ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ ﻧﺸـﺎن دا د ﮐـﻪ 47 ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﮔﯿـﺎﻫﯽ در رﺳـﺘﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪ ﺷﺪه وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ . واژهﻫﺎي ﮐﻠﯿﺪي: ﻓﻠﻮر، اﺷﮑﺎل زﯾﺴﺘﯽ، ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ، ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻧﺎدر، داﻣﻐﺎن 1 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ و ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖﻫﺎي روﯾﺸﯽ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ، اﻣﮑﺎن اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮرﮐﻠﯽ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ و ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ رﺳﺘﻨﯽﻫﺎي ﯾﮏ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ و ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوم و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت در ﺣﺎل اﻧﻘﺮاض و ﮐﻤﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ و زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ وﯾﮋهاي دارد ﮐﻪ از آن ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﮔﻨﺠﯿﻨﻪ ژﻧﯽ آﻧﻬﺎ، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن داروﯾﯽ و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ اﻣﮑﺎن دﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ آﺳﺎن و ﺳﺮﯾﻊ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ اﺻﻮﻟﯽ از آﻧﻬﺎ و ﮐﻤﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﻧﺎم ﺑﺮد ﺧﺎص در ﻣﺤﻞ و زﻣﺎن ﻣﻌﯿﻦ (اﺳﺘﯿﺲ، 1989)، ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ (رﺷﯿﻨﮕﺮ، 1977؛ ﻟﻤﯽ، 1978؛ دﯾﻮﯾﺲ، 1978؛ ﻓﺮاري و ﻫﻤﮑﺎران، 1993؛ ﮐﺮﮔﻮﻟﻦ، 1993). ﻓﻠﻮر اﯾﺮان از دﯾﺮﺑﺎز * - ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﻣﮑﺎﺗﺒﻪ: [email protected] www.SID.ir Archive of SID ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ و داﺧﻠﯽ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ و از ﻧﻈﺮ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﯽ ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ اﻋﻈـﻢ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ را ﺳـﻨﮓ ﻫـﺎي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ زﯾﺎدي ﺟﻤﻊآوري و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪه آﻫــﮑﯽ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ داده اﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎل در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﯿﭻﮔﻮﻧـﻪ (ﭘﺎرﺳﺎ، 1960 -1948؛ رﺷﯿﻨﮕﺮ، 2001 -1963؛ زﻫﺮي، ﻗﺮﻗﯽ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻧﺸﺪ (اﻣﯿـﺮي ﻧﯿـﺎ و ﺷـﺎﮐﺮي، 2002 ). در ﻃـﯽ 1974؛ ﻣﺒﯿﻦ، 1994-1975؛ اﺳﺪي، 1996 -1988؛ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮت ﻫﺎﯾﯽ در ﻓﺼﻮل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳـﺎل ﻫـﺎي 1381 و 1382 ﻣﻌﺼﻮﻣﯽ، 1995-1986؛ ﻟﺌﻮﻧﺎرد، 1992-1981؛ دﯾﻮﯾﺲ، ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻠﻮرﻫﺎ و ﮐﺘـﺐ 1988 -1965) وﻟﯽ ﻫﻨﻮز ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﯽ وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪرﻏﻢ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ، ﻧﺎم ﻋﻠﻤﯽ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﯿـﯿﻦ ﺷـﺪ (دﯾـﻮﯾﺲ ، 1988 -1965؛ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﻏﻨﯽ، ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﭘﺎرﺳـــﺎ، 1960 -1948؛ رﺷـــﯿﻨﮕﺮ، 2001 -1963؛ رﺷـــﯿﻨﮕﺮ، ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﯿﺎنﺑﻨﺪ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن داﻣﻐﺎن ﯾﮑﯽ از 1977؛ ﻣﻈﻔﺮﯾـــﺎن، 1996؛ ﻣﺒـــﯿﻦ، 1994 -1975؛ اﺳـــﺪي، اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺮاي اوﻟﯿﻦ ﺑﺎر در اﯾﻦ 1996 -1988؛ ﻣﻌﺼــﻮﻣﯽ، 1995 -1986). ﻧــﻮع اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و از اﻫﺪاف ﻋﻤﺪه آن ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ دﻗﯿﻖ ﺑﻬـﺮه وري ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺗـﻮﺟﻪ ﺑـﻪ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﻫـﺎي ﻣﺤﻠـﯽ ﻣـﺮدم ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﻪﺧﺼﻮص ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﻣﺤﻠﯽ ﻣﻨﻄـﻘﻪ و ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪهﻫﺎي ﺷﺨﺼﯽ و ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳـﯽ ﻫـﺎي ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮐﻮروﺗﯿﭗ و اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه ﻣﺘﺨﺼـﺼﺎن ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ و ﮐﺘﺎب ﻫـﺎي ﻣﺮﺟـﻊ اﻧﺠـﺎم ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎي ﺷـــﺪ (زرﮔــﺮي، 1991 -1989؛ ﻻﺳــﺖ، 1994، ﻗﺮﺑــﺎﻧﯽ، ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ 2005). در اﯾﻦ ﺗـﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮔـﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎدر ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ 1 (IUCN ) و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﮑﻞ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ . از ﻣﻌـﯿﺎرﻫـــﺎي ﺳـــﺎزﻣﺎن IUCN (1981) ﻣـــﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻃـــﻮل ﻋـﻤﺮ، ﺷﮑﻞ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ، اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ و ﺑﻬـﺮه ﺑـﺮداري ﮔﯿـﺎه ﻣﻮاد و روشﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ اﻧﺴﺎن، اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. ﺷـﮑﻞ زﯾـﺴﺘﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ ﻣﺮاﺗـﻊ آﺳـﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﯿـﺎن ﺑﻨـﺪ ﺷﻬﺮﺳـﺘﺎن ﺑﻪ روش راﻧـ ـﮑﯿﻪ ﺗﻌﯿـﯿﻦ و ﻧـﺎم ﻓﺎرﺳـﯽ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎ از ﮐﺘـﺎب داﻣﻐﺎن ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ از ﺷﻤﺎل ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮزه ﻫﺎي ﮐﻼﺗـﻪ و ﭼﯿـﺮو و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ ﻧﺎم ﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﻈﻔﺮﯾﺎن (1996) ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪه ﺳﯿﺎهﻃﻮل، از ﻏﺮب ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﻮدآﺑـﺎد و از ﺟﻨـﻮب و ﺷـﺮق ﺑـﻪ IUCN º اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن (1981) و ﮐﺘـﺎب ﺣﻮزه آﻫﻮﺑﺎﻧﻮ ﻣﺤﺪود ﻣﯽ ﮔـﺮ دد و درﻃـﻮل ´30 53 ﺗـﺎ ´Red data book of Iran 30 º º º (ﺟﻠﯿﻠـﯽ و ﺟﻤـﺰاد، 1999)، 2 ´ 54 ﺷﺮﻗﯽ و ﻋﺮض ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ 36 ﺗﺎ 30 36 ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ واﻗـﻊ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﺎدر ﺑﻪ رﺳﺘﻪﻫﺎي زﯾﺮ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ : : 3EX اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ از ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺗﻮﭘـﻮﮔﺮاﻓﯽ، ﮐﻮﻫﺴـﺘﺎﻧﯽ و داراي 1- ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻘﺮض ﺷﺪه ( ): ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮنﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐـﻪ در ﺷﯿﺐ 15 - 5 درﺻﺪ و ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎرﻧﺪﮔﯽ 16/84 ﻣﯿﻠـﯽ ﻣﺘـﺮ در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ و اﻣﺮوزه از ﺑﯿﻦ رﻓﺘﻪ اﻧـﺪ و اﻃﻼﻋـﺎت ﺳﺎل ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ، ﺣـﺪاﻗﻞ دﻣـﺎ 11 - درﺟـﻪ و ﺣـﺪاﮐﺜﺮ آن 43 ﮔﯿﺎهﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ دﻗﯿﻖ ﺑﺮاي آﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﯿﺎز اﺳﺖ. درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﮔﺮاد اﺳﺖ، ﻧﻮع اﻗﻠﯿﻢ ﺑﺮاﺳـﺎ س روش ﮐـﻮﭘﻦ از 4EXW 2- ﮔﻮﻧــﻪﻫــﺎي ﻣﻨﻘــﺮض ﺷــﺪه در ﻃﺒﯿﻌــﺖ ( :) ﻧﻮع ﺑﯿﺎﺑﺎﻧﯽ و ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس روش دوﻣﺎرﺗﻦ از ﻧﻮع ﺧﺸﮏ ﺑﻮده و ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮن ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﮐﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪه در ﺑـﺎغ ﻫـﺎي ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ در ارﺗﻔﺎع ﭘﯿﺶ ﺳﺮ ﺣﺪود 2000 ﻣﺘﺮ و ﮔﯿﺎه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ و ﯾﺎ ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت داﻧـﻪ در ﺑﺎﻧـﮏ ﻫـﺎي ژن وﺟـﻮد ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع در ﺣﺪود 1400 ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ . ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﻣـﻮرد دارﻧﺪ . ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ داﺷﺘﻦ اﻗﻠﯿﻢ ﺧﺸﮏ و ﺑﺎرﻧﺪﮔﯽﻫـﺎي ﻣﺘﻨـﺎوب 5CEN 3- ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﯽ ( :) وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﯾـﮏ ﺗﺎﮐﺴـﻮن ، ﻓﺼﻠﯽ داراي ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ آﺑﯽ و ﺑﺎدي ﺷـﺪﯾﺪ ﺑـ ﻮده ﮐـﻪ ﻇﻬـﻮر زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻄﺮ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در آﯾﻨﺪه ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﺳﻨﮓ و ﺳﻨﮓ رﯾﺰه و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ آﺷﮑﺎر ﺷـﺪن ﺑـﻦ ﮔﯿﺎﻫـﺎن در ﺑﺎ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ اﻧﻘﺮاض روﺑﺮو ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎك ﺑﻪﺧﺼﻮص در ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت ﮔﻮﯾﺎي اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﻮد. 2- Rate Species 3- Extinc 4- Extinc in the Wild 1- International Union for Conservation of Nature 5- Critically Endangered and Natural Resources www.SID.ir Archive of SID 1EN 4- ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻄﺮ ( :) ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮن ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﻌﯽ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ از اﯾﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد، ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺧﻮشﺧﻮراك ﺑﻪ در ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤـﺪود وﺟـﻮد داﺷـﺘﻪ دو ﮔﺮوه اﺻﻠﯽ ﮔﻨﺪﻣﯿﺎن و ﻧﯿﺎمداران ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ و وﻟﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻞ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن در ﻣﻌﺮض ﻧﺎﺑﻮدي ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ . ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ داراي 30 و 20 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ 2VU 5- ﮔﻮﻧــﻪﻫــﺎي آﺳــﯿﺐﭘــﺬﯾﺮ ( ): اﯾــﻦ ﺗﺎﮐﺴــﻮنﻫــﺎ روﯾﺸﯽ (ﮐﻮروﺗﯿﭗ) ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻋﻤﺪه ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﯾﻦ ﺟﻤﻌﯿــﺖﻫــﺎي ﺑــﻪ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﻓــﺮاوان دارﻧــﺪ وﻟــﯽ ﺑــﻪﻋﻠــﺖ ﺳﺮزﻣﯿﻦ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ دارﻧﺪ در ﺑﯿﻦ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن 8/ 3 درﺻﺪ ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداري ﯾﺎ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪه دﯾﮕﺮ، در آﯾﻨﺪه ﺑـﺎ ﺧﻄـﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ داراي ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ ﺟﻬﺎن وﻃﻨﯽ، 17 درﺻﺪ آﻧﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺑﻮدي ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ . ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ اروﭘﺎ- ﺳﯿﺒﺮي و ﻣﺪﯾﺘﺮاﻧﻪاي و اﯾﺮاﻧﻮ- ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ 3LR 6 - ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ( :) ﯾﮏ ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮن زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﺤﺪود ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ، 45/ 1 درﺻﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ روﯾﺸﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ ﮐﻤﺘﺮي روﺑﺮو اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ در اروﭘﺎ- ﺳﯿﺒﺮي ﯾﺎ ﺻﺤﺎري ﺳﻨﺪي و ﯾﺎ اﯾﺮاﻧﻮ- ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ و ﻫﯿﭻﯾﮏ از ﻃﺒﻘﺎت ﺧﻄﺮ (ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﯽ، در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻄﺮ اﻧﻘﺮاض 7/ 9 درﺻﺪ آﻧﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ ﻣﺪﯾﺘﺮاﻧﻪاي و اﯾﺮاﻧﻮ - ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ، و ﯾﺎ آﺳﯿﺐﭘﺬﯾﺮ) ﻗﺮار ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ و اﮔﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻗﺮار 2/10 درﺻﺪ آﻧﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ ﺻﺤﺎري ﺳﻨﺪي و اﯾﺮاﻧﻮ - ﻧﮕﯿﺮد در ﻣﺪت ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﺟﺰء ﯾﮑﯽ از آن ﻃﺒﻘﺎت ﻗﺮار ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ، 42/ 2 درﺻﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ روﯾﺸﯽ اروﭘﺎ - ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﺳﯿﺒﺮي، ﺻﺤﺎري ﺳﻨﺪي و اﯾﺮاﻧﻮ - ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ و ﻣﺪﯾﺘﺮاﻧﻪاي 4SU 7 - ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻈﻨﻮن ( ): اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮنﻫﺎ در ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ و 8/ 3 درﺻﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ روﯾﺸﯽ ﺻﺤﺎري ﻫﯿﭻﯾﮏ از رﺳﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﻗﺮار ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ وﻟﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺪي و اﯾﺮاﻧﻮ - ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ و ﻣﺪﯾﺘﺮاﻧﻪاي و 4/19 درﺻﺪ ﻣﺤﺪوده ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ آﻧﻬﺎ و ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪه، ﺑﻘﺎي آﻧﻬﺎ در ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ روﯾﺸﯽ اروﭘﺎ- ﺳﯿﺒﺮي، اﯾﺮاﻧﻮ - ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ و ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺷﮏ ﻫﻤﺮاه اﺳﺖ . 6/28 درﺻﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ اﯾﺮاﻧﻮ- ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ، 1 درﺻﺪ 5NE 8 - ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻧﺸﺪه ( :) ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮنﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ روﯾﺸﯽ اروﭘﺎ - ﺳﯿﺒﺮي، 63/ 1 درﺻﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﺻﺤﺎري ﺳﻨﺪي و 1 درﺻﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﻣﺪﯾﺘﺮاﻧﻪاي ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻫﻨﻮز ﻣﻮرد ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻗﺮار ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ . 6DD ﻣﺤﺪود ﻣﯽﮔﺮدﻧﺪ از رﺳﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﺷﺪه ﻃﺒﻖ اﺻﻮل 9 - ﮐﻤﺒﻮد داده ﻫﺎ ( :) ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮنﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ IUCN 4 رﺳﺘﻪ در اﯾﺮان ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ داده ﺷﺪه ﮐﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﮑﻮك ﺑﻮده و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﮐﺎﻓﯽ از آﻧﻬﺎ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد . از ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻄﺮ اﻧﻘﺮاض (EN)، ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي آﺳﯿﺐﭘﺬﯾﺮ (VU)، ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ (LR) و ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﮐﻤﺒﻮد دادهﻫﺎ (DD) (ﺟﻠﯿﻠﯽ و ﺟﻤﺰاد، ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻓﻠﻮر و ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي آﺳﯿﺐﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن 1999)، ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ آﻧﮑﻪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﮐﺎﻣﻠﯽ از ﻓﻠﻮر ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ در ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ 242 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ وﺟﻮد دارد ﮐﻪ 30 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮐﺎﻣﻔﯿﺖ، 141 ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد، ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ 47 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺎدر و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﻤﯽﮐﺮﭘﯿﺘﻮﻓﯿﺖ و ژﺋﻮﻓﯿﺖ، 40 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺮوﻓﯿﺖ، 31 آﺳﯿﺐﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﯾﺎد ﺷﺪه در ﺟﺪول 2 ذﮐﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد، در ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﺎﻧﺮوﻓﯿﺖ و ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻓﺎﻧﺮوﻓﯿﺖ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﯾﻦ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻋﻼوهﺑﺮ ﻧﺎم ﻋﻠﻤﯽ، ﺗﯿﺮه، ﻧﺎم ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ، ﺷﮑﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ و اﺳﺘﻔﺎدهﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻠﯽ و ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪهﻫﺎي ﺷﺨﺼﯽ، ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن زﯾﺴﺘﯽ، ﮐﻮروﺗﯿﭗ و ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺼﺮف آﻧﻬﺎ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ و داروﯾﯽ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. در ﺟﺪولﻫﺎي وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه در اﯾﻦ 1 و 2 ﺗﻌﺪاد 93 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﯿﺎه داروﯾﯽ و 149 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪاي - ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اراﯾﻪ ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد. 1- Endangered 2- Vulnerable 3- Lower Risk 4- Susceptible 5- Not Evaluated 6- Data Deficient www.SID.ir Archive of SID ﺟﺪول 1- ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ، اﺷﮑﺎل زﯾﺴﺘﯽ، ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ و ﻧﻮع ﻣﺼﺮف ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ .
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    cHeckliSt of tHe vaScUlaR PlaNtS of SaN DieGo coUNty 5th edition Pinus torreyana subsp. torreyana Downingia concolor var. brevior Thermopsis californica var. semota Pogogyne abramsii Hulsea californica Cylindropuntia fosbergii Dudleya brevifolia Chorizanthe orcuttiana Astragalus deanei by Jon P. Rebman and Michael G. Simpson San Diego Natural History Museum and San Diego State University examples of checklist taxa: SPecieS SPecieS iNfRaSPecieS iNfRaSPecieS NaMe aUtHoR RaNk & NaMe aUtHoR Eriodictyon trichocalyx A. Heller var. lanatum (Brand) Jepson {SD 135251} [E. t. subsp. l. (Brand) Munz] Hairy yerba Santa SyNoNyM SyMBol foR NoN-NATIVE, NATURaliZeD PlaNt *Erodium cicutarium (L.) Aiton {SD 122398} red-Stem Filaree/StorkSbill HeRBaRiUM SPeciMeN coMMoN DocUMeNTATION NaMe SyMBol foR PlaNt Not liSteD iN THE JEPSON MANUAL †Rhus aromatica Aiton var. simplicifolia (Greene) Conquist {SD 118139} Single-leaF SkunkbruSH SyMBol foR StRict eNDeMic TO SaN DieGo coUNty §§Dudleya brevifolia (Moran) Moran {SD 130030} SHort-leaF dudleya [D. blochmaniae (Eastw.) Moran subsp. brevifolia Moran] 1B.1 S1.1 G2t1 ce SyMBol foR NeaR eNDeMic TO SaN DieGo coUNty §Nolina interrata Gentry {SD 79876} deHeSa nolina 1B.1 S2 G2 ce eNviRoNMeNTAL liStiNG SyMBol foR MiSiDeNtifieD PlaNt, Not occURRiNG iN coUNty (Note: this symbol used in appendix 1 only.) ?Cirsium brevistylum Cronq. indian tHiStle i checklist of the vascular plants of san Diego county 5th edition by Jon p. rebman and Michael g. simpson san Diego natural history Museum and san Diego state university publication of: san Diego natural history Museum san Diego, california ii Copyright © 2014 by Jon P. Rebman and Michael G. Simpson Fifth edition 2014. isBn 0-918969-08-5 Copyright © 2006 by Jon P.
  • Nature and Science

    Nature and Science

    An International Journal Nature and Science ISSN 1545-0740 Volume 9 - Number 1 (Cumulated No. 46), January 1, 2011 Marsland Press PO Box 180432, Richmond Hill, New York 11418, USA http://www.sciencepub.net [email protected] [email protected] 347-321-7172 http://www.sciencepub.net/nature [email protected] Nature and Science ISSN 1545-0740 Nature and Science ISSN: 1545-0740 The Nature and Science is an international journal with a purpose to enhance our natural and scientific knowledge dissemination in the world under the free publication principle. Papers submitted could be reviews, objective descriptions, research reports, opinions/debates, news, letters, and other types of writings that are nature and science related. All manuscripts submitted will be peer reviewed and the valuable papers will be considered for the publication after the peer review. The Authors are responsible to the contents of their articles. Editor-in-Chief: Ma, Hongbao, [email protected] Associate Editors-in-Chief: Cherng, Shen, Fu, Qiang, Ma, Yongsheng Editors: Ahmed, Mahgoub; Chen, George; Edmondson, Jingjing Z; Eissa, Alaa Eldin Abdel Mouty Mohamed; El-Nabulsi Ahmad Rami; Ezz, Eman Abou El; Fateen, Ekram; Hansen, Mark; Jiang, Wayne; Kalimuthu, Sennimalai; Kholoussi, Naglaa; Kumar Das, Manas; Lindley, Mark; Ma, Margaret; Ma, Mike; Mahmoud, Amal; Mary Herbert; Ouyang, Da; Qiao, Tracy X; Rasha, Adel; Ren, Xiaofeng; Sah, Pankaj; Shaalan, Ashrasf; Teng, Alice; Tripathi, Arvind Kumar; Warren, George; Xia, Qing; Xie, Yonggang; Xu, Shulai; Yang, Lijian; Young, Jenny; Yusuf, Mahmoud; Zaki, Maha Saad; Zaki, Mona Saad Ali; Zhou, Ruanbao; Zhu, Yi Web Design: Young, Jenny Introductions to Authors 1. General Information (1) Goals: As an international journal published both in print and on Reference Examples: internet, Nature and Science is dedicated to the dissemination of Journal Article: Hacker J, Hentschel U, Dobrindt U.
  • Floristic Study of the Cypress (Cupressus Sempervirens L.) Habitat in Firoozabad (Fars Province)

    Floristic Study of the Cypress (Cupressus Sempervirens L.) Habitat in Firoozabad (Fars Province)

    Archive of SID 2 Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 9th Year, No. 32, Autumn 2017 Floristic Study of the Cypress (Cupressus Sempervirens L.) Habitat in Firoozabad (Fars Province) Einollah Bahrani Fard 1, Mahdi Yousofi 2*, Ahmad Reza Khosravi 3 1 M. S. Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran 2 Associate Professor Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran 3 Professor Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Abstract The cypress habitat of Firoozabad in Fars province is one of the valuable reserves of cypress tree (Cupressus sempervirence) in Iran. The climate of this habitat is semi-arid with an average annual rainfall of 434.8 mm and an average annual temperature of 20.6 degrees Celsius. Flora, life form, geographical distribution, and medicinal species of this habitat were studied in the present work. Identification of the collected specimens was done using the relevant references. As a result, 238 species belonging to 188 genera and 61 families were identified in the area. Asteraceae with 42 species and 33 genera and Astragalus with seven species are the largest family and genus in this region, respectively. Therophytes with 45 percent and hemicryptophytes with 25 percent were the most frequent life forms in the flora of Firoozabad cypress habitat. Geographical distribution of the species includes 38 percent Iran-Turanian, 28 percent bi-regional (Irano-Turanian, Mediterranean; Irano-Turanian, Euro-Siberian and Irano-Turanian, Saharo-Sindian), 14 percent tri-regional (Irano- Turanian, Euro-Siberian, Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian, Saharo-Sindian, Mediterranean), 3 percent multi-regional and 5 percent cosmopolite elements.

  • Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics of Angiosperm Trees Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models

    Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models 21 Andrew Groover Quentin Cronk Editors Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics of Angiosperm Trees Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models Volume 21 Series Editor Richard A. Jorgensen More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7397 [email protected] Andrew Groover • Quentin Cronk Editors Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics of Angiosperm Trees [email protected] Editors Andrew Groover Quentin Cronk Pacific Southwest Research Station Department of Botany United States Forest Service University of British Columbia Davis, CA Vancouver, BC USA Canada ISSN 2363-9601 ISSN 2363-961X (electronic) Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models ISBN 978-3-319-49327-5 ISBN 978-3-319-49329-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-49329-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017955083 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication.
  • Checklist of the Vascular Plants of San Diego County 5Th Edition by Jon P

    Checklist of the Vascular Plants of San Diego County 5Th Edition by Jon P

    i checklist of the vascular plants of san Diego county 5th edition by Jon p. rebman and Michael g. simpson san Diego natural history Museum and san Diego state university publication of: san Diego natural history Museum san Diego, california ii Copyright © 2014 by Jon P. Rebman and Michael G. Simpson Fifth edition 2014. isBn 0-918969-08-5 Copyright © 2006 by Jon P. Rebman and Michael G. Simpson © 2001 by Michael G. Simpson and Jon P. Rebman © 1996 by Michael G. Simpson, Scott C. McMillan, Brenda L. McMillan, Judy Gibson, and Jon P. Rebman. © 1995 by Michael G. Simpson, Scott C. McMillan, and Brenda L. Stone This material may not be reproduced or resold. for correspondence, write to: Dr. Jon P. Rebman, San Diego Natural History Museum, P.O. Box 121390, San Diego, CA 92112-1390 Email: [email protected] or to: Dr. Michael G. Simpson, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614 Email: [email protected] Cover photographs are plants endemic to San Diego County, California, all taken by the authors. iii table of contents preface v alphabetical listing of families xxi san Diego county vascular plant checklist: Documented with herbarium vouchers lycophytes 1 equisetophytes 1 ophioglossoid ferns 1 leptosporangiate ferns 1 seed plants 3 conifers 3 gnetales 4 angiosperms (flowering plants) 4 Magnoliids: laurales (calycanthaceae & lauraceae) 4 Magnoliids: piperales (saururaceae) 4 ceratophyllales (ceratophyllaceae) 4 eudicots 4 Monocots 81 appendix 1: taxa reported for san Diego county but excluded 97 appendix