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Diplomová Práce PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA Diplomová práce Monika Kolényová Brno 2020 PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA Diverzita lignikolních hub na tlejících kmenech v NPR Žákova hora Diplomová práce Monika Kolényová Vedoucí práce: Petr Hrouda Ústav botaniky a zoologie Brno 2020 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Bc. Monika Kolényová Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav botaniky a zoologie Diverzita lignikolních hub na tlejících kmenech v Název práce: NPR Žákova hora Studijní program: PřF N-BOT Botanika Studijní obor: PřF FYMY Fykologie a mykologie Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Petr Hrouda Ph.D. Konzultant: Mgr. Daniel Dvořák Akademický rok: 2019/2020 Počet stran: 97+38 Klíčová slova: Mŕtve drevo; lignikolné makromycéty; Fagus sylvatica; Picea abies; prirodzený les; morfológia plodníc Bibliographic Entry Author: Bc. Monika Kolényová Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Botany and Zoology Diversity of lignicolous fungi on decaying logs in Title of Thesis: Žákova hora N.N.R. Degree programme: PřF N-BOT Botany Field of Study: PřF FYMY Phycology and Mycology Supervisor: Mgr. Petr Hrouda Ph.D. Consultant: Mgr. Daniel Dvořák Academic Year: 2019/2020 Number of Pages: 97+38 Keywords: Deadwood; lignicolous fungi; microhabitats; Fagus sylvatica; Picea abies; natural forest; fruitbody morphology Abstrakt Tato diplomová práca sa venuje diverzite a ekológii makromycét na rôzne zotletých bukových a smrekových kmeňoch v pralesovitých rezerváciách. Na popis ekologických a mikrohabitatových preferencií jednotlivých druhov bol použitý dataset z roku 2015 zahrňujúci štyri pralesovité lokality (PR Polom, NPR Kohoutov, NPR Žofínský prales, NPR Žákova hora). Preferencie pre konkrétne mikrohabitaty (rozklad dreva, vertikálna/horizontálna pozícia, pokryvnosť machorastov/borky v mieste rastu plodnice a rast na špeciálnych stanovištiach – drevný opad, lomová plocha, dutina) je hodnotený ako z pohľadu jednotlivých druhov, tak z pohľadu morfologických skupín. Morfológia plodníc sa silne uplatňuje hlavne pri vertikálnej pozícii na kmeni – na vrchnej strane fruktifikujú prevažne klobúkaté druhy, na spodnú stranu kmeňa sú viazané druhy resupinátne. V druhej časti práce autorka spracováva vlastné dáta z lokality NPR Žákova hora. Autorka analyzuje sukcesnú radu od roku 2015 do roku 2019 na 32 bukových kmeňoch. Podarilo sa preukázať zmenu druhového zloženia na jednotlivých kmeňoch z dôvodu sukcesie už za 5 rokov sledovania vývoja mykobioty. Najdôležitejšie faktory ktoré ovplyvňujú druhové zloženie na bukových kmeňoch sú stupeň rozkladu, zápoj a pokryvosť kmeňa machorastami. Rovnakou metódou je analyzovaných 28 smrekových kmeňov, na ktorých boli zbierané dáta v rokoch 2018–2019. Tu má najväčší vplyv na druhové zloženie stupeň rozkladu a pokryvnosť borky. Abstract In this thesis we studied diversity and ecology of lignicolous fungi on dead wood in natural forests. We described microhabitat preferences of individual species and morphological groups on decaying beech logs using data collected in 2015 from four reserves (Polom N.R., Kohoutov N.N.R., Žofínský prales N.N.R., Žákova hora N.N.R.). We analysed the microhabitat preferences (wood decay, vertical/horizontal position, the cover of bryophytes/bark in area of fructification, growth on specific habitats – woody material fallen from a log, hollow, surface breakage) of species and morphological groups. The strongest pattern was apparent in the vertical position of fruitbodies on logs. Fully resupinate species could be frequently found on the bottom of the log and pileate species on top. In the second part of the thesis, the author analysed her dataset from Žákova hora N.N.R. The author investigated successional stages from 2015 to 2019 on 32 beech logs. We confirmed changes in species composition caused by succession in five years period. Main factors affecting species composition were wood decay, canopy and moss cover. Similarly, we demonstrated the effect of decay stage and bark cover as the most significant factors affecting species composition on spruce logs. Masarykova univerzita Přírodovědecká fakulta ZADÁNÍ DIPLOMOVÉ PRÁCE Student: Bc. Monika Kolényová Studijní program: Ekologická a evoluční biologie Studijní obor: Botanika Studijní směr: Fykologie a mykologie Ředitel Ústavu botaniky a zoologie PřF MU Vám ve smyslu Studijního a zkušebního řádu MU určuje diplomovou práci s tématem: Diverzita lignikolních hub na tlejících kmenech v NPR Žákova hora Diversity of lignicolous fungi on lying logs in Žákova hora N.N.R. Oficiální zadání: Diplomová práce tematicky naváže na práci bakalářskou, ve které byla v roce 2016 podrobně sledována mykoflóra tlejících bukových kmenů v NPR Žákova hora, včetně jejich mikrostanovištních preferencí. Dílčím tématem bude pokračování ve sledování fruktifikace makromycetů na 32 bukových kmenech, sledovaných již v rámci bakalářské práce. Tyto kmeny budou v počátku sezony 2018 doplněny o čerstvě padlé buky v prvních fázích rozkladu. Současně budou dle stejných kriterií jako u kmenů buku v bakalářské práci vybrány ležící kmeny smrku ztepilého jakožto druhé nejvíce zastoupené dřeviny ve sledovaném území. Na této sadě vybraných kmenů proběhne v několika návštěvách (načasovaných tak, aby vystihly hlavní fenologické aspekty) detailní mykologický monitoring. V terénu budou zaznamenávány a pro další určení sbírány makroskopické houby z následujících skupin: vřeckaté houby – Pyrenomycetes (stromatické druhy), Discomycetes; stopkovýtrusné houby – Heterobasidomycetes s.l., Polyporales s.l., všechny lupenaté houby. O jednotlivých sběrech budou zaznamenány údaje o substrátu (tvrdost, pokryvnost mechů/kůry, lokalizace na kmeni), v terénu neurčené sběry budou determinovány mikroskopicky dle příslušné literatury a data sumarizována a vyhodnocena. Získané údaje z bukových kmenů autorka srovná s datovým souborem z týchž kmenů získaným v rámci monitorovacího projektu v roce 2015 a na něj navazující bakalářské práce. Zároveň budou srovnány údaje o diverzitě (celkové, v rámci jednotlivých stadií rozkladu i na jednotlivých kmenech) na dřevě smrku a buku. Vybraná literatura: Hansen L. et Knudsen H. (eds.) (2000): Nordic macromycetes. Vol. 1. Ascomycetes. – Nordsvamp, Copenhagen. Hansen L. et Knudsen H. (eds.) (1997): Nordic macromycetes. Vol. 3. Heterobasidioid, aphyllophoroid and gasteromycetoid Basidiomycetes. – Nordsvamp, Copenhagen. Heilmann-Clausen J. (2001): A gradient analysis of communities of macrofungi and slime moulds on decaying beech logs. – Mycol. Res. 105 (5): 575-596. Heilmann-Clausen J., Aude E. et Christensen M. (2005): Cryptogam communities on decaying deciduous wood – does tree species diversity matter? – Biodiv. Conserv. 14: 2061–2078. Heilmann-Clausen J. et Christensen M. (2003): Fungal diversity on decaying beech logs - implications for sustainable forestry. – Biodiversity and Conservation 12: 953-973. Knudsen H. et Vesterholt J. (eds.) (2012): Funga Nordica. Agaricoid, boletoid, clavarioid, cyphelloid and gasteroid genera. – Nordsvamp, Copenhagen. Lange M. (1992): Sequence of macromycetes on decaying beech logs. – Persoonia 14(4): 449-456. Renvall P. 1995. Community structure and dynamics of wood-rotting Basidiomycetes on decom- posing conifer trunks in northern Finland. Karstenia 35: 1–51. Ryvarden L. et Melo I. (2014): Poroid fungi of Europe. – Synopsis Fungorum 31: 1-455. Stokland J.N., Siitonen J. et Jonsson B.G. (2012): Biodiversity in dead wood. – Cambridge University Press, New York. Jazyk závěrečné práce: slovenština Vedoucí diplomové práce: Mgr. Petr Hrouda, PhD. Podpis vedoucího práce: Konzultant: Mgr. Daniel Dvořák Vedoucí pracovní skupiny: Podpis vedoucího pracovní skupiny: V Brně dne 31. 10. 2017 prof. RNDr. Milan Chytrý, Ph.D. ředitel Ústavu botaniky a zoologie Zadání diplomové práce převzal dne: Podpis studenta Poděkování V prvom rade by som rada poďakovala svojmu školiteľovi Petrovi, za korekcie textu a hlavne konzultantovi Danovi, za vedenie diplomovej práce. Následne ďakujem českému pivovarníckemu priemyslu za to, že pomohol toto vedenie prežiť všetkým zúčastneným osobám bez ujmy na zdraví. Ďalej by som rada poďakovala Jankovi Běťákovi za poskytnutie dát a Jakubovi Těšitelovi za pomoc s RDA analýzou na bukových kmeňoch. Terezke Tejklovej, Lucke Zíbarovej a Jane Beneschovej ďakujem za rady pri determinácii a poskytnutú literatúru, Lucke zvlášť za fotografie. Dušanovi Adamovi za vytvorenie mapy kmeňov a poskytnutie GPS súradníc. AOPK za povolenie vstupu na lokalitu. Jacobovi Heilmann-Clausenovi ďakujem za milé prijatie na stáži a za rady, na základe ktorých vznikla časť práce. Patičke Singh a Linde Majdanovej za revíziu textu. Ondrovi za príjemné a tiché prostredie na prácu. A celému ÚBZ za krásne štúdium. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem svoji diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím informačních zdrojů, které jsou v práci citovány. Brno 15. mája 2020 ……………………………… Monika Kolényová „Houby jsou produktem ďábla, vymyšleným jen proto, aby narušoval harmonii přírody, přiváděl do rozpaků a zoufalství botaniky.“ botanik L. Vaillant, 1727 Obsah Použité skratky .................................................................................................................................. 11 1. Úvod .................................................................................................................................................. 12 1.1 Rozklad kmeňa – kolonizácia mykobiotou ................................................................................. 15 1.2 Funkčné vlastnosti makromycét – morfológia plodníc ..............................................................
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