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Xerox University Microfilms BIOLOGY OF SPARASSIS RADICATA (WEIR) IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Martin, Kenneth J., 1942- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 30/09/2021 06:09:57 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288246 ] INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 74-21,162 MARTIN, Kenneth J, 1942- BIOLOGY OF SPARASSIS RADICATA WEIR IN SOUTHERN ARISM! The University of Arizona, Ph.D., 1974 Agriculture, plant pathology University Microfilms, A XEROX Company. Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. BIOLOGY OF SBARASSIS RADICATA WEIR IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA by Kenneth J Martin A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEBARTMENT OF PLANT ETHOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 7 4 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA. GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Kenneth J Martin entitled BIOLOGY OF SIARASSIS RADICATA WETR IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Director Date After inspection of the final copy of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:-'' fts . Clop*... IX Ma* 1*1* This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to bor­ rowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or re­ production of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the in­ terests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: DEDICATION To Siizanne, Greg, and Kendra ill ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank Dr. Robert L. Gilbertson, under whose guidance and supervision this work was done, for his patient and expert assis­ tance and many helpful suggestions. Thanks are also extended to Dr. George B. Cummins, Dr. Ross M. Allen, Dr. Roger L. Caldwell, Dr. Michael E. Stanghellini, and Dr. Richard B. Hine for their suggestions and crit­ ical review of the manuscript, and to J. Rage Lindsey for her assistance and the collections she made. A special thanks to the Department of Plant Rathology, University of Arizona for providing financial assis­ tance during this study. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vii LIST OF TABLES X ABSTRACT xi INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 MATERIALS AND METHODS 10 Studies on Sparassis radicata 16 Cultural Morphology 16 Oxidase Reactions . 17 Temperature Relations 18 Basidiospore Germination and Jfycelial Development .... 18 Mating System 19 Test for Multiple Alleles for Incompatibility 20 Decay Studies 21 Incidence of ,S. radicata 23 Studies with Cultures Labeled S>. crispa and S. laminosa ... 23 Di-mon Matings 23 RESULTS 25 Morphology of Basidiocarps 25 Cultural Studies of S>. radicata 32 Growth Characters 32 Microscopic Characters 32 Oxidase Reactions 36 Basidiospore Germination and Mycelial Development .... 36 Mating System 40 Asexual Spores 43 Key Pattern 47 Multiple Allele Test for Incompatibility ..... 47 Temperature Relations ..... 50 Decay Studies 50 Decay in Nature 50 Agar-block Decay Studies 55 Incidence of S. radicata in the Santa Catalina Mountains ... 56 v vl TABLE OF CONTENTS~-Continued Plage Studies with Isolates Labeled _S. crlspa and j>. lamlnosa ... 63 Growth Characters 65 Microscopic Characters 65 Di-mon Matlngs 67 DISCUSSION 70 LITERATURE CITED 81 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Bage 1. Hiotograph of basidiocarp of S. radicata (KJM-274), (X 0.4) "" 26 2. Hiotograph of basidiocarp of _S. radicata (KJM-274) as usually found associated with living trees ....... 26 3. Hiotograph of pseudosclerotium of jS. radicata (KJM-274), (X 0.13) 7 27 4. Camera lucida drawings of subhymenlal and contextual hyphae in basidiocarps of £!. radicata (KJM-468) 29 5. Camera lucida drawings of gloeoplerous hyphae, basidia, and basidiospores in basidiocarps of S. radicata (KJM-468) 30 6. Camera lucida drawings of three types of hyphae in pseudosclerotium of S. radicata (KJM-468) 31 7. Photographs showing growth characters of _S. radicata (RLG-8240) on Nobles agar at 25C in the dark 33 8. Camera lucida drawings of hyphae of the advancing zone and submerged mycelium of J3. radicata (KJM-389) on Nobles agar at 25C in the dark four weeks after inoculation ....... 34 9. Camera lucida drawings of two types of aerial hyphae of £. radicata (KJM-389) on Nobles agar at 25C in the dark six weeks after inoculation 35 10. Hiase contrast photomicrograph of spathulate swollen tips of hyphae of S. radicata (KJM-389) on Nobles agar at 25C in the dark six weeks after inoculation, (X 400) 37 11. Hiotographs showing negative reaction for the production of extracellular oxidase by S. radicata (KJM-274) on gallic and tannic acid media after 10 days at 25C in the dark 38 vii viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS—Continued Figure Page 12. Ihotograph showing negative reaction for the production of extracellular oxidase by _S. radicata (KJM-274) with gum guaiac solution 38 13. Camera lucida drawings of germinating basidiospores of JS. radicata (KJM-274) on 3.07. MEA under alternating 12 hr periods of darkness and 85 ft-c illumination .... 39 14. Chart showing results of pairing 23 single basidiospore isolates of Si. radicata (KJM-274) in all combinations ... 41 15. Bipolar pattern of sexuality of j>. radicata (KJM-274) rearranged into mating type groups 42 16. Chart showing results of pairing 20 single basidiospore isolates of £>. radicata (KJM-390) in all combinations ... 44 17. Bipolar pattern of sexuality of j5. radicata (KJM-390) rearranged into mating type groups 45 18. Hiase contrast photomicrograph showing chlamydospores of _S. radicata (KJM-389) produced in Nobles agar at 25C in the dark six weeks after inoculation, (X 400) ... 46 19. Chart showing multiple alleles for incompatibility by pairing 36 homokaryotic isolates representing the two mating types from each of 18 basidiocarps of S. radicata collected in Arizona 48 20. Photograph showing decay caused by S. radicata (JH) in the butt log of a 48" DBH Douglas fir, (X 0.07) .... 53 21. Riotographs showing decay caused by £!. radicata (KJM-389) in the roots of Douglas fir 54 22. Ihotograph showing growth characters on Nobles agar at 25C in the dark of southeastern United States isolates labeled crispa . 64 23. Camera lucida drawings of hyphae of the advancing zone, submerged mycelium, and aerial mycelium of southeastern United States isolates labeled SI. crispa (RLG-3860) . 66 ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS—Contlnued Figure Plage 24. Hiotograph showing comparison of growth on Nobles agar at four weeks of £. radicata from Arizona and isolates labeled j>. crlspa from Japan, Germany, and southeastern United States 69 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Mating type factors found in 18 basidiocarps of S. radicata collected in Arizona ....... 49 2. Growth (mm)* of Sparassis radicata nycelium on 3.0% MIA at various temperatures after 21 days incubation 51 3.
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