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Número Completo INDICE DESARROLLADO DE TEXTOS INTRODUCCIÓN Los orígenes de Elam (No. 1) La etnia de los elamitas (No. 2) Riqueza e importancia de Elam (No. 3) Enki y el Orden del mundo (No. 4) Enki y Ninhursag (No. 5) Himno a Ninurta (No. 6) El matrimonio de Sud (No. 7) La epopeya de Erra (No. 8) Inanna y Ebih (No. 9) Inanna y Shukaletuda (No. 10) TERCER MILENIO Sumer y Elam: Kish (I dinastía) Enmebaragesi (No. 11) Awan (I dinastía) Lista real sumeria (No. 12) Uruk (I dinastía) Enmerkar (Enmerkar y el señor de Arata) (No. 13) Lugalbanda (Lugalbanda y Enmerkar) (No. 14) Lagash (I dinastía) Eannatum (Nos. 15-20) Enetarzi (No. 21) Kish Ennail (No. 22) Adab Lugalannemundu (No. 23) Awan y el imperio de Akkad: La maldición de Akkad (No. 24) Reyes de Akkad Sargon (Nos. 25-31) Rimush (Nos. 32-36) Manistusu (Nos. 37-44) Naramsin (Nos. 42-45) Sarkalisarri (No. 46) Lulubum (...)iipirini (No. 47) Lagash (II dinastía) Gudea (Nos. 48-51) El imperio de Ur III y Elam: Ur (III dinastía) Umammu (Nos. 52-54) Shulgi (Nos. 55-67) Amarsin (Nos. 68-70) Shusin (Nos. 71-77e) Ibisin (Nos. 78-89) La queja de Ibisin (No. 90) La lamentación sobre Sumer y Ur (No. 91) La lamentación sobre Ur (No. 92) La lamentación de Eridú (No. 93) Fragmentos no atribuidos a ningún rey (Nos. 94-94a-94b) SEGUNDO MILENIO La dinastía de Simaski: Isin (I dinastía) Ishbierra (Nos. 95-101) Shuilishu (Nos. 102-103) Idindagan (Nos. 104-105) 10 Lipitishtar (No. 106) Larsa (I dinastia) Gungunum (Nos. 107-109) Sinidinam (No. 110) Siniqishan (No. Ili) Rimsin (No. 112) Der Ilum/Anummutabil (Nos. 113-114) Los Yábridas o Sukkalmah de Elam: Ashnakum Ishmeaddu (Nos. 115-117) Ilisumu(No. 118) Mari Zimrilim (Nos. 119-200) Babilonia (I dinastia) Hamurabi (Nos. 201-202) Samsuiluna (No. 203) Asiria Samsiadad I (Nos. 204-205) Babilonia (dinastia del País del Mar) Eagamil (No. 206) La época de los reinos combatientes: Babilonia (dinastía casita) Kurigalzu II (Nos. 207-208) La dinastía de los Igehalkidas: Babilonia (dinastía casita) Enlilnadinshume (No. 209) Adadshumaidin (No. 210) La dinastía de los Shutrukidas: Babilonia (dinastía casita) Zababashumaidin/Enlilnadinahe (No. 211) Codorlaomer (Nos. 212-214) Babilonia (II dinastía de Isin) Nabucodònosor I (Nos. 215-226) 11 PRIMER MILENIO Los reyes neoelamitas: Babilonia (dinastía elamita) Marbitiaplausur (No. 227) Babilonia (IX dinastía) Nabushumaishicun (No. 228) Nabonasar (No. 229) Merodacbaladan II (Nos. 230-232) Asumadinshume (Nos. 233-234) Nergalushezib (No. 235) Mushezibmarduk (Nos. 236-238) Asaradón (Nos. 239-241) Samahshumaukin (No. 242) Imperio neoasirio SamsiadadV(No. 243) Tigaltpileser UI (Nos. 244-245) Sargón II (Nos. 246-275) Senaquerib (Nos. 276-295) Asaradón (Nos. 296-306) Asurbanipal (Nos. 307-370) La época elamita tardía: Israel (Nos. 371-377) Imperio neobabilonio Nabopolasar (No. 378) Nabucodònosor II (Nos. 379-381) Nabonido (Nos. 382-385) Imperio persa Ciro II (No. 386) Darí'o I (Nos, 387-391) Jerjes (No. 392) Artajerjes II (No. 393) Artajerjes IH (Nos. 394-395) Epoca griega Antioco UI (No. 396) Epoca romana (No. 397) 12 PREFACIO La colección Estudios Orientales emprendida por la Universidad de Murcia, se inició con nuestra obra Historia de Elam, el vecino mesopotámico, basada en las más recientes investigaciones sobre la civilización elamita, y cuyos acontecimientos históricos estaban documentados puntualmente a través de las notas explicativas y referenciales. Este nuevo volumen de la colección, dedicado a Elam, nace con la pretensión de inten• tar seguir cubriendo una laguna —que se nos antoja profunda— existente en la investiga• ción española. Se recogen en él los textos —que hemos considerado con contenido histó• rico— en los que las culturas vecinas (principalmente súmenos, acadios, babilonios, asi- rios, hebreos y persas) se refieren a Elam y a sus regiones, o lo mencionan de algún modo. Nuestra intención es poner a disposición del público en general y de los estudiantes e investigadores en particular, la documentación histórica conocida relativa a Elam (con excepción de las fuentes indígenas elamitas, lo que precisaría un volumen aparte) y en len• gua castellana, a fín de evitarles la necesidad de tener que recurrir a artículos de especia• listas, por lo demás dispersos en numerosas revistas de difícil acceso, o a obras ya desca• talogadas e igualmente inasequibles, y en todos los casos escritas en idioma extranjero (principalmente inglés, francés y alemán), lo que requeriría su conocimiento y el dispendio de un tiempo enorme dedicado a la búsqueda y reunión del material. Hemos incluido al final de la obra, las fuentes para el estudio de la civilización elami• ta, junto con la bibliografía correspondiente en donde están contenidas, de acuerdo con el estado actual de la investigación. Finalmente, se recogen en anexo unas tablas sobre comer• cio elamita y un resumen de nombres reales de años, que hemos considerado de utilidad práctica. 13 ADVERTENCU Con excepción de los textos bíblicos —versión oficial de 1966 de Nacar-Colunga—, de los persas aqueménidas, y de aquellos en que así se indique, hemos intentado ofrecer traduc• ciones personales de primera mano, si bien en algunas ocasiones nos hemos servido —como hilo conductor y guía para la nuestra propia— de traducciones especializadas, serias y ajus• tadas al texto, las cuales son puntualmente mencionadas. No se presenta la transcripción o transliteración de los propios textos cuneiformes, por exceder del espacio y del objetivo de la obra, aunque el curioso e interesado lector encontrará las citas útiles relativas a los mismos. Las referencias, en notas, aluden a una publicación principal del texto, o bien a edicio• nes importantes, donde se puede encontrar una transcripción y/o traducción del mismo; han sido escogidas bajo criterio personal del autor, y sólo pretenden ser una guía para el lector interesado, si bien se recogen normalmente las grandes colecciones de textos (inglesas, francesas y alemanas), aunque algunas de ellas ya estén superadas. Los textos deben ser considerados como un punto de partida, cuya ampliación y enten• dimiento completo requieren la consulta, entre otras, de las obras referenciales citadas. En las notas a pie de página se han incluido, en ocasiones, comentarios, ya sean históricos, filológicos, geográficos, etc., para facilitar su comprensión o para aclarar algunos extremos del mismo. Los puntos suspensivos indican texto no citado, ya sea por no tener relación con el con• texto elamita, o por tratarse de un pasaje de difícil o imposible traducción. Los mismos puntos entre corchetes indican texto destruido o no legible, total o parcialmente. Entre paréntesis, texto añadido para facilitar la comprensión. La presentación sigue un orden cronológico, que pretende ser estricto (de más antiguos a más modernos), para cuya guía ha de seguirse el índice de la obra, el cual constituye un resumen histórico. Respecto al contenido de los propios textos, se incluyen los documentos históricos no elamitas (sumerios, acadios, babilonios, asirios, hebreos y persas) que mencionan Elam y/o sus regiones, entre ellos nombres de años de reinado, presagios, textos proféticos y astro• lógicos, correspondencia, textos literarios e inscripciones reales en su más amplio sentido (ladrillos inscritos, estelas, relieves, botín de guerra, etc.). No se recogen documentos de archivo (jurfdicos, económicos, administrativos, etc.), por suponer una literatura enorme• mente dispersa y normalmente inaccesible; en cualquier caso su inclusión excedería el objeto de la presente obra; tampoco la correspondencia asiría, que se encuentra en curso de publicación. 15 INTRODUCCIÓN LOS ORÍGENES DE ELAM': No. 1 «(1) Esta es la descendencia de los hijos de Noe: Sem, Cam y Jafet, a quienes nacieron hijos después del diluvio... (21) También le nacieron hijos a Sem, padre de todos los Bene-Hebery hermano mayor de Jafet. (22) Son hijos de Sem: Elam, Asur, Arfaxad, Lud, Aram y Cainán»^. No. 2 «Hijos de Sem: Elam, Asur, Arfaxad, LudyAram»K 1 La Biblia es el unico documento que informa sobre el origen de la civilización elamita. Faltando otros datos, lo único que puede decirse es que de todos los hermanos de Elam, sólo Lud puede ser emparentado geográfícamente, pues se trata del desierto de Lut en pleno país de Irán. Respecto al idioma elamita, no parece tener relación con las lenguas semíticas, sino más bien con el dravídico de la India, aunque no debe descartarse a priori su origen semita. La Biblia no menciona ninguna descendencia de Elam, lo que concuerda con lo que sabemos actualmente, puesto que no se cono• cen ni pueblos ni lenguas descendientes de Elam o influenciados por él. Los elamitas y su idioma permanecieron, al parecer, aislados en sí mismos a lo largo de los tres mil a«os de su historia. La anterioridad bíblica de Elam respecto a sus hermanos sugieie su mayor antigüedad, lo que tambiín es conforme con el conocimiento actual de la investigación, que lo considera contemporáneo en sus inicios de los súmenos. 2 Génesis 10. 3 \ Crónicas 17 LA ETNIA DE LOS ELAMITAS^: No. 3 Carta de Hamishtamar a Zimrilim: «A mi señor díle, así habla Hamishtamar, tu siervo:... que tu dios y el dios Dagan, señor del país, rompan las armas de los elamitas, aunque si vienen a la orilla del Eufrates ¿no se distinguirán como los insectos-rimmatum de la orilla, que uno es blanco y el otro negro ?»^, RIQUEZA E IMPORTANCIA DE ELAM«: No. 4 Enki y el orden del mundo' «... Para que Elam y Marhasi habiten juntos como los peces..." «El rey con la fuerza que le ha dado el dios Enlil sus templos destruyó, sus muros des• truyó, sus metales, su lapislázuli, sus tesoros, para el dios Enlil rey de los países, a Nipur se lo trajo». No. 5 Enki y Ninhursag" «Elpaís de Tukris que transporte oro de Harali, lapislázuli...» «El país de Meluhha...» «El país de Magan...» 4 Aparte de los relieves de la ciudad de Persépolis y las tumbas vidriadas de Susa, que parecen sugerir un cierto color oscuro de la piel de los elamitas.
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