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)Nstitutionens�Historier� %N�Vënbok�Till�'Ullúg�.Ordquist )NSTITUTIONENSHISTORIER %NVËNBOKTILL'ULLÚG.ORDQUIST Red. Erika Weiberg, Susanne Carlsson & Gunnel Ekroth Institutionens historier. En vänbok till Gullög Nordquist © Författarna ISBN 978-91-506-2326-0 Tryckt i Sverige av DanagårdLITHO AB, Ödeshög 2013 )NNEHÍLL Förord ................................................................................................................. xi BÖRJAN Arkadien ............................................................................................................... 3 – Anneli Ekblom & Michel Notelid FEST & MUSIK Mysticus och Chloe spelar upp. En glimt av musiken och skådelspelen vid Pompejis teatrar ................................................................ 15 – Erika Lindgren Liljenstolpe Den oändliga festen ... .................................................................................... 25 – Eva-Lena Wahlberg Hygelacs horn och bƵman. Om konsten att blåsa med besked ................. 33 – Frands Herschend Den fete etrusken blåser i sin elfenbenspipa. Musik och musikinstrument i Etrurien ............................................................................ 41 – Fredrik Tobin Mytologiska matkrig. Ett ganska okänt rödfigurligt vasmotiv ................. 51 – Gunnel Ekroth Bind mig väl, ni krigare, men lämna mitt öra fritt! Allt som hörs och syns och känns ska bli mitt”. Örats betydelse i det gamla Egypten ......... 61 – Erika Meyer-Dietrich BARN, KVINNA & MAN Utsatta barn i antikens Grekland ................................................................... 71 – Susanne Carlsson Från en ledsen mor till en ogudaktig son. Varför lät romare göra gravinskrifter till barn? .................................................................................... 79 – Lisa Hagelin Kvinnoliv i Mesopotamien avspeglade i Maridokumenten. ...................... 89 – Kristina J. Hesse En sällsam dag i Cinquantenairemuséet ....................................................... 99 – Hedvig Landenius Enegren Fanns bromance i antikens Grekland? ....................................................... 105 – Henrik Berg Cisternarsle! Torr humor och grekiska cisterner ....................................... 109 – Patrik Klingborg Intersektionalitet i ett antikhistoriskt perspektiv. Gör det skillnad? ...... 121 – Birgitta Leppänen Sjöberg ARKEOLOGI UTAN GRÄNSER Mellan Öst och Väst. Arkeologisk forskning och gränser då och nu .... 129 – Carl-Gösta Ojala & Karin Ojala Att blinka med antiken. Antikens betydelser och antikvetenskapens blinda fläckar................................................................................................... 141 – Johannes Siapkas Post-romersk globalisering. Spåren av Bysans i Sverige 560–800 e.Kr. ................................................................................................. 151 – John Ljungkvist Krokodilen som blev en diamant. En arkeologisk resa till människans ursprung .................................................................................... 163 – Kjel Knutsson Odysseus nordliga resa. Om pseudovetenskap och ”pimpade” kulturarv .......................................................................................................... 175 – Lena Sjögren Fishing in the backwaters of time ............................................................... 185 – Paul Sinclair MATERIALETS MÖJLIGHETER Stil och motiv. Några tankar kring vikingatidens ikonografi och ornamentik ...................................................................................................... 195 – Anne-Sofie Gräslund For practical use. An example of recycling in the ancient world ........... 209 – Irmgard Hein Mynt, ekonomi och politik. De grekiska stadsstaternas mynt som historisk källa .................................................................................................. 213 – Kerstin Höghammar I Argolis med Gullög eller polygonalmurens revansch ........................... 223 – Lars Karlsson Kompromiss i Konstantinopel. Kristen kejsare knäar för kysk kvinna ..................................................................................................... 227 – Svante Fischer Gud, gudomlig eller gudalik? Om bilder av romerska kejsare................ 231 – Ragnar Hedlund LIV & DÖD Lindorm och Midgårdsorm. Två blodsfränder med celest bakgrund ... 245 – Bo Gräslund Sokrates sista ord. ”Vi är skyldiga Asklepios en tupp” ............................ 253 – Pontus Hellström Silvanus. En senantik tragedi eller Ond bråd död i Gallien ......................... 259 – Hans Lejdegård Föda för döda ................................................................................................. 267 – Per Ström Huset med Venus i snäckan ......................................................................... 273 – Marina Weilguni En smärtsam historia ..................................................................................... 281 – Anne Ingvarsson-Sundström Forntider. Tankar om tidens gång i förhistoriska samhällen .................. 291 – Erika Weiberg AVSLUT På återbesök i en mellanhelladisk by ........................................................... 305 – Michael Lindblom APPENDIX Konstnärlig verksamhet ................................................................................ 315 Arbetsliv .......................................................................................................... 319 Publikationer i urval ...................................................................................... 321 Kvinnoliv i Mesopotamien avspeglade i Maridokumenten Kristina J. Hesse Under våren 2004 hade jag nöjet att under några veckor delta i en dokto- rand- och forskarresa till Syrien, arrangerad av det syrisk-finska projektet SYGIS. Med på resan var förutom oss doktorander från Norden även lärare och professorer, däribland Gullög. I projektet ingick både studiere- sor till intressanta arkeologiska platser liksom fältarbete med övernatt- ningar under enkla förhållanden i beduintält (Fig. 1). Figur 1. Beduinläger i Jebel Bishri. Foto: författaren. En av de studieresor vi gjorde var till de fantastiska arkeologiska läm- ningarna av Maripalatset, som är beläget på gränsen till nuvarande Irak vid Eufratflodens västra bank (Fig. 2). Mina tidigare studier om Mari har berört handel och kulturella kontakter, men då jag även delar Gullögs intresse för kvinnors situation i historia och arkeologi blev valet av ämne till denna artikel att belysa några av de kvinnoroller som förekommit under mellersta bronsålderns Mari. | 89 Figur 2. Maris läge vid Eufrat. Zimri-Lims resa (sträckningen efter Sasson 1984, 246), markerad med fet linje. Karta: författaren. Mari och utgrävningarna Stadsstaten Maris stora glansperiod var under den s.k. Mariperioden (ca 1810–1760 f.Kr.). Stadens läge, som internationell mötesplats för flodtra- fiken och karavanhandeln vid Eufrat, tillsammans med ett blomstrande jordbruk, bevattnat av kanaler, lade grunden till välståndet. Transferhan- deln med långväga råvaror, framförallt tenn och brons, bidrog till in- komsterna genom uppbärandet av tull och skatter. Blomstringen började med Yahdun-Lim, son till Yaggid-Lim, som började gräva kanaler för bevattning och transporter. Han skulle ha efterträtts av sin son Zimri- Lim, men istället intogs tronen av en inkräktare och strax därefter av den assyriske kungen Shamshi-Adad, som utnämnde sin son Yasmah-Adad till kung av Mari (Fig. 3). Under det assyriska styret levde Zimri-Lim i exil i Aleppo, där han gifte sig med prinsessan Shibtu. Hans svärfar Yarim- Lim, kungen av Aleppo, hjälpte honom senare att återvinna tronen till Mari. Efter 14 framgångsrika år i Mari störtades Zimri-Lim av Hammu- rabi av Babylon. Palatset plundrades och brändes under striderna. 90 | Kristina J. Hesse Figur 3. Kronologi Mari och relaterade stadsstater. Från Hesse 2008, 33. Förstörelsen ledde till att byggnadens tak föll in och lade sig som ett lock över palatset, vilket paradoxalt nog innebar att lämningarna bevarades och lämnades orörda under närmare 4000 år tills dess de under 1900- talet grävdes ut av ett flertal franska expeditioner under ledning av André Parrot (1933-1974). Från och med 1979 tog Jean-Claude Margueron över ledningen av utgrävningarna (Fig. 4). Palatset är egentligen tre överlagrade monumentala byggnader från olika perioder under tidig och mellersta bronsåldern. Det sista palatset, dvs. från Zimri-Lims tid, var byggt i två våningar och innehöll närmare 300 rum endast på bottenvåningen. Dess storlek och speciella arkitektur gjorde att det var vida omtalat under sin samtid, vilket är beskrivet i ett dokument i form av en lertavla där kungen av Aleppo vidarebefordrar till Zimri-Lim en önskan från kungen av Ugarit (Dossin 1952, 236): “Visa mig Zimri-Lims palats! Jag önskar se det!”. Det som tillåter oss att analysera kvinnornas situation under mellersta bronsålderns Mesopotamien är de tusentals akkadiska kilskriftsdokument som är funna under Mariutgrävningarna i form av lertavlor. Lertavlorna ratades av plundrarna vid förstörelsen och blev därmed kvar i sina arkiv. Särskilt intressanta för den här artikeln är de personliga brev som är skrivna till kvinnor, om kvinnor och av kvinnor. Även vissa administra- tiva dokument, som utgörs av listor för löner eller tilldelning för utfört Kvinnoliv i Mesopotamien avspeglade i Maridokumenten | 91 arbete, innehållande kvinnonamn är en god hjälp i tolkningarna, speciellt av kvinnors vardagliga situation. Av arkeologiskt material är det avbild- ningar och statyetter föreställande kvinnor som kan användas som ana- lysmaterial men då måste
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