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GendaLemer THE CREATION OF PATRIARCHY WOMEN AND HISTORY Volume One: The Creation of Patriarchy The Creation of Patriarchy GERDA LERNER OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS New York Oxford Oxford University Press Oxford New York Toronto Delhi Bombay Calcutta Madras Karachi Petaling Jaya Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo Nairobi Dar es Salaam Cape Town Melbourne Auckland and associated companies in Beirut Berlin Ibadan Nicosia Copyright © 1986 by Gerda Lerner First published in 1986 by Oxford University Press, Inc., 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016-4314 First issued as an Oxford University Press paperback, 1987 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lerner, Gerda, 1920- Women and history. Bibliography: v. 1, p. Induces index. Contents: v. 1. The creation of patriarchy— 1. Women— History. I. Title. HQ1121.L47 1986 305.4'09 85-21578 ISBN 0-19-503996-3 (v. 1) ISBN 0-19-505185-8 (pbk.) Printed in the United States of America printing, last digit: 20 19 18 17 16 15 For Virginia Warner Brodine and Elizabeth Kamarck Minnich whose thought has challenged and confirmed mine and whose friendship and love have strengthened and supported me Acknowledgments This book has been eight years in the making. It began in 1977 with a few questions which had occupied my attention, off and on, for over fifteen years. They led me to the hypothesis that it is the re­ lationship of women to history which explains the nature of female subordination, the causes for women's cooperation in the process of their subordination, the conditions for their opposition to it, the rise of feminist consciousness. I had then in mind the formulation of a “general theory" on women in history, and it took nearly five years of work to show me that such a goal was premature. The sources in Ancient Near Eastern culture were so rich, and yielded so many insights, that I realized I would need an entire volume to explore this material. Thus the project expanded into two volumes. I presented the theoretical outline of my projected work in a workshop at the conference "The Second Sex— Thirty Years Later: A Commemorative Conference on Feminist Theory" at New York University, Sept. 27-29, 1979. In this workshop I had the benefit of the stimulating comments made by the writer Elizabeth Janeway and the philosopher Elizabeth Minnich. A revised version of this paper was presented at the 1980 meeting of the Organization of American Historians, San Francisco, April 9 -1 2 , 1980. The session was pre­ sided over by Mary Benson. The helpful critical comments by Sara Evans and George M. Frederickson furthered my understanding. In the initial stages of my research, I was greatly aided by a Guggenheim Foundation grant in 1980-81, which gave me a year in which to read in anthropology and feminist theory and to study the viii Acknowledgments problem of the origin of slavery. One result of that year's work was the chapter 'T h e Slave W oman," which I presented at the Berkshire Conference of Women Historians at Vassar College in June 1981. I greatly benefitted from the insightful critique of Elise Boulding and Linda Kerber and from the comments of Robin Morgan, who ex­ amined the material from the vantage point of a feminist theoreti­ cian. My paper, in a revised form was published as "Women and Slavery" in Slavery and Abolition: A Journal of Comparative Stud­ ies, Vol. 4, no. 3 (December 1983), pp. 173-198. A chapter of this book was published as "The Origin of Prosti­ tution in Ancient Mesopotamia" in SIGNS: Journal of Women in Culture, Vol. XI, no. 2 (Winter 1985). The Graduate School of the University of Wisconsin-Madison has supported my research on this book with a summer research grant in 1981 and with grants for project assistants. My appoint­ ment as Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Senior Distin­ guished Research Professor in 1984 gave me a semester free from teaching obligations, which enabled me to do final revisions and complete the book. I am deeply grateful not only for the tangible support, but for the encouragement of my work implicit in it. The Women's Studies department of the University of Wisconsin-Madison twice offered me an opportunity to share my work in progress with faculty and students, whose keen and lively criticism was of consid­ erable help to me. I am also greatly appreciative of the hospitality offered to me as a visiting scholar by the department of History, University of California at Berkeley in the Spring term 1985. My work on this book presented me with unusual challenges. To step outside one's own discipline and training is in itself a difficult undertaking. To do so asking large questions and attempting to re­ main critical of the answers provided in the major conceptual frame­ works of the thought of Western civilization is daunting, at the least. I represented in my own person all the internalized obstacles that have stood in the way of women's thinking on a grand scale, as men have done. I could not have persisted in the effort without the en­ couragement provided by the community of feminist thinkers in general and the very specific and personal encouragement provided for me by friends and colleagues within that community. Virginia Brodine, Elizabeth Minnich, Eve Merriam, Alice Kessler-Harris, Amy Swerdlow, the late Joan Kelly, Linda Gordon, Florenda Mallon, Steve Stern, and Stephen Feierman gave me friendship and support and were endlessly patient listeners -and critics. In addition to their help along the way Brodine, Minnich, Gordon, and Kessler-Harris read a Acknowledgments ix late draft of the manuscript. Their sympathetic response and detailed criticism sent me off on a final revision which dramatically changed the book. They confirmed and sharpened my thought and helped me to stay with the process until I found the form which expresses my meaning. That is constructive criticism at its best and I am thankful for it. I hope they will like the outcome. Other colleagues at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, whose criticism of one or several chapters enriched my understanding are: Judy Leavitt (History of Medicine), Jane Shoulenburg (Women's History), Susan Friedman and Nellie McKay (Literature), Virginia Sapiro (Political Science), Anne Stoller (Anthropology), and Michael Clover (History and Classics). Colleagues from other institutions— Ann Lane (Women's History, Colgate University), Rayna Rapp (An­ thropology, The New School for Social Research), Joyce Riegelhaupt (Anthropology, Sarah Lawrence College), Jonathan Goldstein (Clas­ sics, University of Iowa), and Evelyn Keller (Mathematics and Hu­ manities, Northeastern University)— provided criticism from the vantage point of their particular disciplines and were helpful with bibliographical suggestions. Very special thanks are due to those specialists in Assyriology, who, despite my being an outsider to their field, offered me advice, criticism, and many helpful leads. I am grateful for their generosity, interest, and collegiality. The help they provided does not necessar­ ily imply their support of my conclusions; although I have been guided by their suggestions, any errors of fact or interpretation are my responsibility. I would like to thank Jack Sasson (Religion, Uni­ versity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill), Jerrold Cooper (Near East­ ern Studies, The Johns Hopkins University), Carole Justus (Linguis­ tics, University of Texas at Austin), Denise Schmandt-Besserat (Middle Eastern Studies, University of Texas at Austin), and especially Anne Draffkorn Kilmer (Near Eastern Studies, University of California at Berkeley) for their reading of the entire manuscript, their criticism and the many suggestions for references and sources they offered me. Over and above this, Denise Schmandt-Besserat shared bibliog­ raphies in her specialty, made suggestions for further contacts among experts in Assyriology, and raised a number of searching questions that caused me to rethink some of my conclusions. Ann Kilmer did more than anyone else to orient me in her field, to help me with difficult passages and with translations, to direct me to references in recent specialized journals, and to open the library resources of her department to me. My gratitude for her generosity and kindness goes beyond words. The Assyriologist Rivkah Harris and Michael X Acknowledgments Fox (Hebrew Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison), who read several chapters, disagreed with my thesis and some of my conclu­ sions, but generously helped with criticism and references. From the inception of this work to its conclusion, Sheldon Meyer of Oxford University Press has given support, encouragement, and trust. He has read the manuscript in its various versions and has patiently endured the many delays and detours necessary to bring it to its final form. Above all, he has brought a sympathetic sensitivity to bear on his readings and has always encouraged me to express my meaning without regard to any external considerations. I am deeply grateful for his supportive understanding. The fine skills of Leona Capeless have made the technical work of copyediting a pleasure for the author and have greatly helped the book. My sincerest thanks to her. My project assistants Nancy Isenberg and Nancy MacLean have earned my gratitude for the many ways in which they have made research and technical work easier for me. They may possibly be rewarded for their years of effort in having learned more about the Ancient Near East than they ever thought they needed to know. I am grateful also for the work Leslie Schwalm did in copying the photos and to my project assistant Renee DeSantis for her care in helping me read proofs.

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