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National Museum of Aleppo As a Model) Strategies for reconstructing and restructuring of museums in post-war places (National Museum of Aleppo as a Model) A dissertation submitted at the Faculty of Philosophy and History at the University of Bern for the doctoral degree by: Mohamad Fakhro (Idlib – Syria) 20/02/2020 Prof. Dr. Mirko Novák, Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften der Universität Bern and Dr. Lutz Martin, Stellvertretender Direktor, Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin Fakhro. Mohamad Hutmatten Str.12 D-79639 Grenzach-Wyhlen Bern, 25.11.2019 Original document saved on the web server of the University Library of Bern This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-No derivative works 2.5 Switzerland licence. To see the licence go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ch/ or write to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California 94105, USA Copyright Notice This document is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-No derivative works 2.5 Switzerland. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ch/ You are free: to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work Under the following conditions: Attribution. You must give the original author credit. Non-Commercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No derivative works. You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work.. For any reuse or distribution, you must take clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights according to Swiss law. The detailed license agreement can be found at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ch/legalcode.de Table of Contents List of Plans ......................................................................................................................viii List of Figures ...................................................................................................................ix List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................xiv Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................xvi Abstract ............................................................................................................................xvii 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................1 1.1 The museum ...........................................................................................................1 1.2 The importance of the museum ............................................................................1 1.3 History of archaeological museums in Syria .......................................................2 2. Syrian museums during the conflict ............................................................................4 2.1 Museums damage due to the armed conflict .......................................................4 2.1.1 Shells, clashes damage ....................................................................................5 2.1.2 Armed attack (occupation by the fighters) ......................................................5 2.1.3 Looting and theft .............................................................................................6 2.1.4 Terrorism .........................................................................................................8 2.2 Protection measures ..............................................................................................10 2.2.1 Directorate General of Antiquities & Museums .............................................10 2.2.1.1 Documentation and archiving ..........................................................10 2.2.1.2 Transporting artefacts ......................................................................11 2.2.1.3 Protection and enforcement .............................................................12 2.2.1.4 Confiscations ...................................................................................12 2.2.2 Non-governmental organizations ...................................................................12 2.2.3 International efforts ........................................................................................13 2.3 Houses of the archaeological missions .................................................................14 3. National Museum of Aleppo as a model ......................................................................17 3.1 History of National Museum of Aleppo ...............................................................17 3.2 An overview of the contents of the museum before the conflict ........................19 3.2.1 Prehistoric section ...........................................................................................21 3.2.2 Ancient Syrian Antiquities section .................................................................22 3.2.3 Classical section ..............................................................................................25 iii 3.2.4 Arabic-Islamic section .....................................................................................25 3.2.5 Modern Art section, mosaic hall, and garden of the museum .........................26 3.2.6 Warehouses (museum storages) ......................................................................27 3.3 National Museum of Aleppo during the conflict ....................................................28 3.3.1 Background of Aleppo war .............................................................................28 3.3.2 Museums of Aleppo under fire .......................................................................28 3.3.3 National Museum of Aleppo: risk types and threats .......................................30 3.3.4 Destruction and damage at National Museum of Aleppo ...............................30 3.3.5 Protection measures at National Museum of Aleppo ......................................31 3.3.5.1 Documentation .................................................................................31 3.3.5.2 Transfer of removable objects ..........................................................32 3.3.5.3 Immovable objects ...........................................................................32 3.3.5.4 Other measures .................................................................................33 3.3.5.5 Difficulties in protection efforts .......................................................34 3.5.5.6 Were the protection efforts at National Museum of Aleppo sufficient to preserve the artefacts? ..................................................34 4. Future (post-war) Strategies at the National Museum of Aleppo .............................35 4.1 Importance of the strategies ...................................................................................35 4.2 Lessons to be learnt from previous experience of similar situations ..................37 4.2.1 Beirut museum ...............................................................................................37 4.2.2 Iraqi museum of Baghdad ..............................................................................40 4.2.3 National Museum of Afghanistan (Kabul Museum) ......................................43 4.3 Experiences of Modern Museums ..........................................................................48 4.3.1 Bernisches Historisches Museum and Einstein Museum ...............................48 4.3.2 Antikenmuseum Basel and Sammlung Ludwig ………………………….....50 4.3.3 Museum Rietberg in Zurich ……..................................................................55 5. The restructuring scenario of the current building ...................................................62 5.1 Previous errors committed at the National Museum of Aleppo before the conflict ...................................................................................................62 5.2 Human resources in the restructuring phase .......................................................64 5.2.1 Training for the staff ......................................................................................66 iv 5.3 The New Permanent Exhibition ............................................................................68 5.3.1 Museum presentation ..................................................................................68 5.3.2 Museum entrance ........................................................................................69 5.3.3 Statues Reception ........................................................................................70 5.3.4 Prehistoric Section ......................................................................................75 5.3.4.1 Definition of the Prehistory ...........................................................75 5.3.4.2 Suggestions for the new presentation ............................................76 (Details of archaeological sites, artefacts, and achievements) 5.3.4.2.1 The first Axis: The Lower Paleolithic Period .................76 5.3.4.2.2 The second Axis: The Middle Paleolithic Period ............77 5.3.4.2.3 The third Axis: The Epipalaeolithic Period .....................78 5.3.4.2.4 The fourth Axis: The Neolithic Period ............................79 5.3.4.2.5 The fifth Axis: The Chalcolithic Period ..........................84 5.3.4.2.6 The sixth Axis: The
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