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Symbols and Objects on the Sealings from Kedesh A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Paul Lesperance IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Professor Andrea Berlin August 2010 © Paul Lesperance, 2010 Acknowledgements I have benefitted greatly from the aid and support of many people and organizations during the writing of this dissertation. I would especially like to thank my advisor, Professor Andrea Berlin, for all her help and advice at all stages of the production process as well as for suggesting the topic to me in the first place. I would also like to thank all the members of my dissertation committee (Professor Susan Herbert of the University of Michigan, as well as Professors Philip Sellew and Nita Krevans of the University of Minnesota) for all their help and support. During the writing process, I benefitted greatly from a George A. Barton fellowship to the W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research in Jerusalem in the fall of 2009. I would like to thank the fellowship committee for giving me such a wonderful and productive opportunity that helped me greatly in this endeavour as well as the staff of the Albright for their aid and support. I would also like to thank both Dr. Donald Ariel of the Israel Antiquities Authority for his aid in getting access to the material and his valuable advice in ways of looking at it and Peter Stone of the University of Cincinnati whose discussions on his work on the pottery from Kedesh helped to illuminate various curious aspects of my own. Any errors are, of course, my own. i Table of Contents List of Illustrations (Maps, Charts & Figures) iii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Other Archives 30 Chapter 3: The Catalogue 66 Anchors 76 Bucrania 91 Caduceus 117 Columns 127 Composites 135 Cornucopias 152 Ears 164 Floral Motifs 174 A Ligature 196 Lyres 199 Masks 212 Pilei of the Dioscuri 245 Shields 271 Stars 284 Thunderbolts 295 Vessels 320 Unknowns 345 Chapter 4: The Geographic Distribution of the Kedesh Symbol Motifs 351 Chapter 5: Observations on the Nature and Possible Meanings of the 388 Symbols of the Kedesh Sealings Chapter 6: Conclusion 414 Bibliography 418 Appendix The Kedesh Symbol Artist 445 ii List of Illustrations (Maps, Charts & Figures) * Maps: Number Description Page 2.1 The archives in the Ancient World 60 3.1 A map of the regions in the catalogue 73 3.2 The distribution of the plain anchor in the Persian period 87 3.3 The distribution of the plain anchor in the Hellenistic period 88 3.4 The distribution of anchors with horsehead protomes in the Hellenistic period 89 3.5 The distribution of anchors with dolphins in the Hellenistic period 90 3.6 The distribution of plain bucrania in the Persian period 105 3.6a Detail map showing the Aegean region 106 3.7 The distribution of bucrania with objects in the Persian period 107 3.7a Detail map showing the Aegean region 108 3.8 The distribution of plain bucrania in the Hellenistic period 110 3.8a Detail map showing the Aegean region 111 3.8b Detail map showing Italy 112 3.9 The distribution of bucrania with objects in the Hellenistic period 114 3.9a Detail map showing the Aegean region 115 3.9b Detail map showing Italy 116 3.10 The distribution of caducei in the Persian period 125 3.11 The distribution of caducei in the Hellenistic period 126 3.12 The distribution of columns in the Persian period 133 3.13 The distribution of columns in the Hellenistic period 134 3.14 The distribution of janiform heads in the Persian period 148 3.15 The distribution of janiform heads in the Hellenistic period 149 * Please note that this list does not include the photographs and line drawings of each individual seal that are integrated into that seal’s catalogue entry. iii 3.16 The distribution of composite eagles in the Hellenistic period 150 3.17 The distribution of composite hippocamps in the Hellenistic period 151 3.18 The distribution of possible cornucopias in the Persian period 162 3.19 The distribution of cornucopias in the Hellenistic period 163 3.20 The distribution of ears in the Persian period 171 3.21 The distribution of ears in the Hellenistic period 172 3.22 The distribution of ears with hands in the Hellenistic period 173 3.23 The distribution of flowers in the Persian period 190 3.24 The distribution of flowers in the Hellenistic period 191 3.25 The distribution of (eight-petal) rosettes in the Persian period 192 3.25a Detail map showing the Aegean region 193 3.26 The distribution of (eight-petal) rosettes in the Hellenistic period 194 3.26a Detail map showing the Aegean region 195 3.27 The distribution of ligatures in the Hellenistic period 198 3.28 The distribution of lyres in the Persian period 207 3.28a Detail map showing the Aegean region 208 3.29 The distribution of lyres in the Hellenistic period 209 3.29a Detail map showing the Aegean region 210 3.29b Detail map showing Italy 211 3.30 The distribution of New Comedy slave masks 237 3.30a Detail map showing the Aegean region 238 3.30b Detail map showing Italy 239 3.31 The distribution of satyr masks in the Persian period 240 3.32 The distribution of satyr masks in the Hellenistic period 241 3.32a Detail map showing the Aegean region 242 3.33 The distribution of Phoenician masks in the Persian period 243 iv 3.34 The distribution of Phoenician masks in the Hellenistic period 244 3.35 The distribution of pilei in the Persian period 265 3.36 The distribution of pilei flanking an item in the Persian period 266 3.37 The distribution of pilei in the Hellenistic period 267 3.37a Detail map showing the Aegean region 268 3.38 The distribution of pilei flanking an item in the Hellenistic period 269 3.38a Detail map showing the Aegean region 270 3.39 The distribution of oval shields in the Persian period 280 3.39a Detail map showing the Aegean region 281 3.40 The distribution of oval shields in the Hellenistic period 282 3.40 Detail map showing the Aegean region 283 3.41 The distribution of single stars in the Persian period 291 3.41a Detail map showing the Aegean region 292 3.42 The distribution of single stars in the Hellenistic period 293 3.42a Detail map showing the Aegean region 294 3.43 The distribution of plain thunderbolts in the Persian period 308 3.43a Detail map showing the Aegean region 309 3.43b Detail map showing Italy 310 3.44 The distribution of winged thunderbolts in the Persian period 311 3.44a Detail map showing the Aegean region 312 3.44b Detail map showing Italy 313 3.45 The distribution of plain thunderbolts in the Hellenistic period 314 3.45a Detail map showing the Aegean region 315 3.45b Detail map showing Italy 316 3.46 The distribution of winged thunderbolts in the Hellenistic period 317 3.46a Detail map showing the Aegean region 318 3.46b Detail map showing Italy 319 3.47 The distribution of kantharoi in the Persian period 333 3.47a Detail map showing the Aegean region 334 3.48 The distribution of kantharoi in the Hellenistic period 335 3.48a Detail map showing the Aegean region 336 v 3.49 The distribution of Panathenaic amphora with Palm branch in the Persian period 338 3.49a Detail map showing the Aegean region 339 3.50 The distribution of Panathenaic amphora with Palm branch in the Persian period 341 3.50a Detail map showing the Aegean region 342 3.50b Detail map showing Italy 343 3.51 The distribution of lagynoi in the Hellenistic period 344 3.52 The distribution of UNK2 (as scene of slave on altar) in the Hellenistic period 349 3.53 The distribution of UNK1 (as pyramid capped baetyl) in the Persian period 350 4.1 Sites with multiple occurrences in significant regions (more than 10 total occurrences) in the Persian period 358 4.2 Sites with multiple occurrences in significant regions (more than 40 total occurrences) in the Persian period 372 Charts: Number Description Page 3.1 The distribution of the plain anchor in the Persian period 86 3.2 The distribution of the plain anchor in the Hellenistic period 87 3.3 The distribution of anchors with horsehead protomes in the Hellenistic period 88 3.4 The distribution of anchors with dolphins in the Hellenistic period 91 3.5 The distribution of plain bucrania in the Persian period 105 3.6 The distribution of bucrania with objects in the Persian period 107 3.7 The distribution of plain bucrania in the Hellenistic period 110 3.8 The distribution of bucrania with objects in the Hellenistic period 113 3.9 The distribution of caducei in the Persian period 125 vi 3.10 The distribution of caducei in the Hellenistic period 126 3.11 The distribution of columns in the Persian period 132 3.12 The distribution of columns in the Hellenistic period 133 3.13 The distribution of janiform heads in the Persian period 148 3.14 The distribution of janiform heads in the Hellenistic period 149 3.15 The distribution of composite hippocamps in the Hellenistic period 150 3.16 The distribution of possible cornucopias in the Persian period 161 3.17 The distribution of cornucopias in the Hellenistic period 162 3.18 The distribution of ears in the Persian period 170 3.19 The distribution of ears in the Hellenistic period 171 3.20 The distribution of ears with hands in the Hellenistic period 172 3.21 The distribution of flowers in the Persian period 190 3.22 The distribution of flowers in the Hellenistic period 191 3.23 The distribution of (eight-petal) rosettes in the Persian period 192 3.24 The distribution of (eight-petal) rosettes in the Hellenistic period 194 3.25 The distribution of ligatures in the Hellenistic period
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  • Plinius Senior Naturalis Historia Liber V

    Plinius Senior Naturalis Historia Liber V

    PLINIUS SENIOR NATURALIS HISTORIA LIBER V 1 Africam Graeci Libyam appellavere et mare ante eam Libycum; Aegyptio finitur, nec alia pars terrarum pauciores recipit sinus, longe ab occidente litorum obliquo spatio. populorum eius oppidorumque nomina vel maxime sunt ineffabilia praeterquam ipsorum linguis, et alias castella ferme inhabitant. 2 Principio terrarum Mauretaniae appellantur, usque ad C. Caesarem Germanici filium regna, saevitia eius in duas divisae provincias. promunturium oceani extumum Ampelusia nominatur a Graecis. oppida fuere Lissa et Cottae ultra columnas Herculis, nunc est Tingi, quondam ab Antaeo conditum, postea a Claudio Caesare, cum coloniam faceret, appellatum Traducta Iulia. abest a Baelone oppido Baeticae proximo traiectu XXX. ab eo XXV in ora oceani colonia Augusti Iulia Constantia Zulil, regum dicioni exempta et iura in Baeticam petere iussa. ab ea XXXV colonia a Claudio Caesare facta Lixos, vel fabulosissime antiquis narrata: 3 ibi regia Antaei certamenque cum Hercule et Hesperidum horti. adfunditur autem aestuarium e mari flexuoso meatu, in quo dracones custodiae instar fuisse nunc interpretantur. amplectitur intra se insulam, quam solam e vicino tractu aliquanto excelsiore non tamen aestus maris inundant. exstat in ea et ara Herculis nec praeter oleastros aliud ex narrato illo aurifero nemore. 4 minus profecto mirentur portentosa Graeciae mendacia de his et amne Lixo prodita qui cogitent nostros nuperque paulo minus monstrifica quaedam de iisdem tradidisse, praevalidam hanc urbem maioremque Magna Carthagine, praeterea ex adverso eius sitam et prope inmenso tractu ab Tingi, quaeque alia Cornelius Nepos avidissime credidit. 5 ab Lixo XL in mediterraneo altera Augusta colonia est Babba, Iulia Campestris appellata, et tertia Banasa LXXV p., Valentia cognominata.