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Home , Chagar Bazar, Halaf culture, Subartu, Tanjaro, Tell Aqab, Tell Halaf

The Archaeology of the of and Adjacent Access

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Archaeopress Archaeology

Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED www.archaeopress.com

ISBN 978 1 78491 393 9 ISBN 978 1 78491 394 6 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and the authors 2016 Access Cover illustration: Citadel, photo Jack Pascal

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Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 Contents

List of Figures and Tables...... iv

Authors’ details...... xii

Preface...... xvii

Archaeological investigations on the : Background, Framework and Results...... 1 Dara Al Yaqoobi, Abdullah Khorsheed Khader, Sangar Mohammed, Saber Hassan Hussein, Mary Shepperson and John MacGinnis

The site of Bazyan: historical and archaeological investigations...... 11 Narmin Amin Ali and Vincent Deroche

Short notes on research: The pottery sequences of Nader (Erbil) and Ashur (Qal’at Sherqat)...... 19 Claudia Beuger Access

New Evidence of Occupation in the Western Zagros foothills: Preliminary report of cave and rockshelter survey in the Sar Qaleh in the West of Kermanshah Province, ...... 29 Fereidoun Biglari and Sonia Shidrang

Activities of Sapienza-University of Rome in :Open Erbil, Sulaimaniyah and ...... 49 Carlo Giovanni Cereti and Luca Colliva

The Achaemenid Period Occupation at Tell ed-Daim in Iraqi Kurdistan...... 57 John Curtis and Farouk al-Rawi

‘Inscription D’ from ’s Aqueduct At Jerwān: Further Data and Insights...... 65 Frederick Mario Fales and Roswitha Del Fabbro

The Land of Archaeological Project: A Preliminary Overview on the Pottery and Settlement Patterns of the 3rd Millennium BC in the Northern Region of Iraqi Kurdistan...... 75 Katia Gavagnin

Animal husbandry and other human-animal interactions in Late Ubaid-Early northern Iraq: the faunal remains from the 2012 excavation season at Tell Nader...... 87 Hadjikoumis

HawArchaeopresssh-Kori and Char-Ghapi: Why the Sassanids built two monuments in the west of Kermanshah and the south of Iraqi Kurdistan...... 101 Ali Hozhabri

Across millennia of occupation: the Land of Nineveh Archaeological project in Iraqi Kurdistan: The and protohistory of the Upper rediscovered...... 125 Marco Iamoni

The Iraqi Institute: Education for Archaeological Research and Conservation...... 135 Jessica Johnson, Abdullah Khorsheed and Brian Michael Lione

i Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 Two seasons of excavations at Kunara (Upper Tanjaro): An Early and Middle city...... 139 Christine Kepinski and Aline Tenu

Excavations of the Chalcolithic Occupations at Salat Tepe on the Upper Tigris, Southeastern ...... 147 Tatsundo Koizumi, Minoru Yoneda, Shigeru Itoh and Koichi Kobayashi

Insights into the settlement history of Iraqi Kurdistan from the Upper Greater Zab Archaeological Reconnaissance Project...... 163 Rafał Koliński

Two Ottoman Trade Buildings (Qaisariya) in the Bazaar of Erbil from Building Archaeology to Refurbishment Planning...... 173 Dietmar Kurapkat

Ninevite 5 – culture or regional pottery style?...... 181 Dorota Ławecka

Back to the Land of Muṣaṣir/Ardini: Preliminary report on fieldwork (2005-2012)...... 189 Dlshad Marf Access

New Researches on the Assyrian Heartland: The Bash Tapa Excavation Project...... 201 Lionel Marti and Christophe Nicolle

Materials from French Excavations in Erbil Area (2011-2013): Qasr Shemamok...... 209 Maria Grazia Masetti-Rouault and Ilaria Calini Open

Current Investigations into the Early of the Zagros Foothills of Iraqi Kurdistan...... 219 Roger Matthews, Wendy Matthews and Kamal Rasheed Raheem

About Bakr Awa...... 229 Peter A. Miglus

Magnetic investigations in the Shahrizor Plain: Revealing the unseen in survey prospections...... 241 Simone Mühl and Jörg Fassbinder

The Bazaar of Erbil within the Context of Islamic Trade Routes and Trade Buildings...... 249 Martina Müller-Wiener and Anne Mollenhauer

Halaf Settlement in the Iraqi Kurdistan: the Shahrizor Survey Project...... 257 Olivier Nieuwenhuyse, Takahiro Odaka and Simone Mühl

ContextualizingArchaeopress Arbīl: Medieval urbanism in ...... 267 Karel Nováček

Filling the Gap: The Upper Tigris Region from the Fall of Nineveh to the Sasanians. Archaeological and Historical Overview Through the Data of the Land of Nineveh Archaeological Project...... 277 Rocco Palermo

Satu Qala: an Assessment of the Stratigraphy of the Site...... 297 Cinzia Pappi

ii Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 Helawa: A New Northern Ubaid/Late Chalcolithic Site in the Erbil Plain...... 309 Luca Peyronel, Agnese Vacca and Gioia Zenoni

From the banks of the Upper Tigris River to the Zagros Highlands. The first season (2013) of the Tübingen Eastern Ḫabur Archaeological Survey...... 323 Peter Pfälzner and Paola Sconzo

Gre Amer, Batman, on the Upper Tigris: A Rescue Project in the Ilısu Dam Reservoir in ...... 333 Gül Pulhan and Stuart Blaylock

In the Neo-Assyrian Border March of the Palace Herald: Geophysical Survey and Salvage Excavations at Gird-i Bazar and Qalat-i Dinka (Peshdar Plain Project 2015)...... 353 Karen Radner, Andrei Ašandulesei, Jörg Fassbinder, Tina Greenfield, Jean-Jacques Herr, Janoscha Kreppner and Andrea Squitieri

New investigations at Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan...... 369 Tim Reynolds, William Boismier, Lucy Farr, Chris Hunt, Dlshad Abdulmutalb and Graeme Barker Access Materials from French excavations in the Erbil area (2010): Kilik Mishik...... 373 Olivier Rouault and Ilaria Calini

Kurd Qaburstan, A Second Millennium BC Urban Site: First Results of the Johns Hopkins Project...... 385 Glenn M. Schwartz Open The Sirwan (Upper Diyala) Regional Project – First Results...... 403 Tevfik Emre Şerifoğlu, Claudia Glatz, Jesse Casana and Shwkr Muhammed Haydar

Tracking early urbanism in the hilly flanks of – three years of Danish archaeological investigations on the Rania Plain...... 411 Tim Boaz Bruun Skuldbøl and Carlo Colantoni

The Activities of the Italian Archaeological Mission in Iraqi Kurdistan (MAIKI): The survey area and the new evidence from Paikuli blocks documentation...... 417 Gianfilippo Terribili and Alessandro Tilia

The Kani Shaie Archaeological Project...... 427 André Tomé, Ricardo Cabral and Steve Renette

Philological and scientific analyses of tablets housed in ArchaeopressSulaimaniya (Slemani) Museum...... 435 Chikako Watanabe

‘Carrying the glory of the great battle’. The Gaugamela battlefield: ancient sources, modern views, and topographical problems...... 437 Kleanthis Zouboulakis

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Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 Halaf Settlement in the Iraqi Kurdistan: the Shahrizor Survey Project

Olivier Nieuwenhuyse, Takahiro Odaka and Simone Mühl

1. Introduction Halaf period (5900-5300 cal. BC)., Serious explorations of Halaf period sites had taken place in northern The archaeology of the Halaf period has seen a very already in the early decades of the 20th century, with significant increase over the past decades. This recent excavations at , and work almost exclusively focussed on Northern Syria (Mallowan 1936; Von Oppenheim and Schmidt 1943; and Southeastern Turkey, or Woolley 1934). However, until the 1980’s, many (Akkermans and Schwartz 2003; Nieuwenhuyse et archaeologists primarily based their interpretations al. 2013). As scholarship returns to Iraqi Kurdistan, of the Halaf cultural tradition on work in Northern prehistorians bring implicit expectations and assumptions Iraq. Important excavations had been conducted at that are shaped to a large extent by the latest work in Arpachiyah, Nineveh, Banahilk, Gawra and Songor, Upper Mesopotamia. At the same time, the various new among others (Campbell 1995; Fujii 1981; Gut 1995; projects are taking up the challenge of adapting the Kamada and Ohtsu 1993; Matsumoto and Yokoyama existing models to local expressions of the Halaf cultural 1995; Tobler 1950; WatsonAccess 1983). Soon after the Second idiom (Altaweel et al. 2012; Bonacossi and Iamoni World War, Iraqi archaeologists for the first time began 2015; Gavagnin et al. (forthcoming); Nieuwenhuyse et to systematically collect crucial information on Halaf al. 2016; Saber et al. 2014; Tsuneki et al. 2015; et al. settlement patterns, mapping the regional distribution, 2013). For the Halaf period, it is necessary to develop a densities and size range of Halaf sites (Directorate fine-tuned chronological system that is sensitive to local General of Antiquities 1970, 1976; Vértesalji internal sub-divisions in order to assess the significance et al. 1982). Ismail Hijara’s magnum opus perhaps of fluctuating site densities through time. The coarse- represents the culmination of this body of work (Hijara grained chronological framework currently available 1997).Open only permits a generalized slicing-up of later prehistory into ‘Pre-Halaf’, ‘Halaf’ and ‘Ubaid’. Such broad Since the mid 1980’s, political instability in Iraq has firmly chronological boundaries may well turn out to be less swung the regional focus back to Upper Mesopotamia. significant if these long periods can be split into more The past three decades have seen an unprecedented wave nuanced images of change and continuity. The ultimate of concerted research projects focussing explicitly on the aim is to develop local frameworks based on explicitly (Nieuwenhuyse et al. 2013). Tremendous described parameters so as to facilitate inter-regional progress was made in understanding localized material comparisons (Ball et al. 1989; Dittmann 1992; Ur 2010, culture sequences. For the first time since Mallowan 214-5; Wilkinson and Tucker 1995). devised his classic tri-partite chronology for the Halaf period, and in spite of continuing debates and a profound In this paper we would like to present the preliminary lack of consensus on specifics, Halaf scholars have been results from our ongoing investigation of the Halaf period relatively successful in integrating relative chronologies in the Shahrizor Valley, situated on the eastern side of with sound absolute dates (Akkermans 2014; Bernbeck Iraqi Kurdistan. Our work forms part of the Shahrizor and Nieuwenhuyse 2013; Campbell 1992; Cruells 2004, Survey Project (Altaweel et al. 2012; Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 2009, Cruells and Nieuwenhuyse 2005; Cruells et al. 2016). As a preliminary conclusion we argue that et al. 2004). As a result, the temporal dimension of the Late Neolithic communities in the Shahrizor actively Halaf period in Upper Mesopotamia is now relatively participated in, and contributed to, the broader, supra- well understood, at least in its broad outlines. local HalafArchaeopress stream of tradition, but did so in a regionally distinct manner. At the same time, we wish to highlight The new wave of research addressed a suite of long- some methodological issues in the usage of survey data standing research issues. These included the question of for later prehistoric periods such as the Halaf. We start Halaf origins, and its relations with contemporaneous with very briefly reviewing some recent work on Halaf cultural traditions such as the Hassuna and the settlement. (Akkermans 1989; Akkermans and Le Mière 1992; Akkermans and Verhoeven 1995; Cruells and 2. Recent Developments in Halaf Archaeology Nieuwenhuyse 2005; Le Mière and Picon 2008; Nieuwenhuyse 2007; Tekin 2013). Much of this work The past decades have seen important shifts in the addressed changes in ceramic style. This showed that geographic focus of archaeological research into the in the broader Upper Mesopotamian area, ceramic

257 Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 The Archaeology of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Adjacent Regions assemblages were transformed from being dominated runs in a northwestern-southeastern direction. Several by mostly plain, plant-tempered Coarse Ware, through small streams are fed by artesian and karstic springs, the a short-lived Transitional stage, to an assemblage latter containing sulphur in the north-eastern part of the dominated by fine, mineral-tempered Halaf Fine Ware plain. With an average precipitation of about 550 mm, (Le Mière and Nieuwenhuyse 1996). Intriguingly, during the region provides conditions eminently suitable for the Transitional (or Proto-Halaf) stage, the painted rain-fed , which is why it is also known as the pottery closely resembled Hassuna and Samarra painted ‘ of Kurdistan’. wares known from northern Iraq (Akkermans 1993; Campbell 1992; Nieuwenhuyse 2013). The final stages The archaeological and historical remains of the of the Halaf and its transformation into the Ubaid, too, plain were first described by adventurers, travellers were investigated with renewed vigour (Campbell and and historians of the early 19th century, who often Fletcher 2010; Karsgaard 2010; Özbal 2010; Özbal and had a research interest mainly in ancient . Gerritsen 2013). At several sites scholars excavated Archaeological survey investigations and salvage contexts attributed to the enigmatic Halaf Ubaid excavations were carried out during the late 1950s and Transitional period, including , , early 1960s by members of the Directorate General of Chagar Bazar, and Tell Zaidan (Davidson 1977; Gomez Antiquities in Baghdad at prominent urban sites such as Bach 2009, 2011; Gomez Bach et al. 2012; Stein 2009, Yasin Tepe and Bakrawa, but also at prehistoric mounds 2012; Tunca and Baghdo 2006). like Girda Rash and Tell Begom (also Begum). After decades of gruesome conflict caused by the Iran- Others research projects explored Halaf settlement. and the Anfal campaign, renewed salvage projects began Innovatively, regional surveys adopted systematic site in 2003 and 2004 by the local Directorate of Antiquities sampling and artefact analysis to explicitly focus on the in Sulaymaniyah (Saber etAccess al. 2014). Halaf as a distinct cultural-chronological entity with its own diachronic sub-divisions (Akkermans 1993; Becker Since 2009 the Directorate of Antiquities in Sulaymaniyah 2015; Campbell 1992; Kozbe 2013; Nieuwenhuyse has been cooperating with an international team from 2000; Nieuwenhuyse and Wilkinson 2007; Ur 2010). As the University of Munich, UCL London, University of a result, we now understand the Halaf cultural landscape Leiden and Heidelberg to survey archaeological sites in Upper Mesopotamia as very heterogeneous, mostly in the Shahrizor Plain (Mühl and Fassbinder, this vol., inhabited by mobile, semi-pastoralist groups that were FigureOpen 1.1). The project focuses on the archaeology, politically organized in a non-centralized fashion. Halaf history, and the past environmental conditions of this settlement in Upper Mesopotamia was characterised region and aims to reconstruct a viable material culture by a dispersed, low-density pattern of small (<1 ha), sequence for the later prehistoric periods (Altaweel et often inconspicuous and short-lived sites. Sub-regional al. 2012; Mühl 2010, 2012, 2013). This includes the settlement systems included a few larger mounds (ca. systematic surface collection of diagnostic sherds and 4-6 ha) with more permanent inhabitation, while across small finds, as well as carrying out limited soundings the region there are a few ‘mega sites’ (>15 ha). Rather at strategic sites to obtain sequences from stratigraphic than representing densely-inhabited ‘proto-urban’ contexts. The reconstruction of the paleoenvironment villages, however, the latter have been interpreted as includes geomorphological studies, off-site and onsite palimpsests of shifting site locations over the long sampling of paleobotanical remains, and involves term (Akkermans 2013). Finally, Upper Mesopotamian the analysis of speleothems. From a total of 295 sites surveys suggest increasing site densities, a sharper site- detected with remote sensing, eighty multi-period size differentiation, and a more prominent tell formation and single occupation sites were selected for physical by the later Halaf period (Akkermans 1993, 179-85; surveying. Of these, seven can be attributed to the Halaf Becker 2015; Campbell 1992; Nieuwenhuyse 2000). So period with certainty (Fig. 1). how does all this relate to Iraqi Kurdistan? 4. Reconstructing a Local Material Culture Assemblage 3. The Shahrizor Project ArchaeopressA first, essential step towards reconstructing the The study area presented here is the Shahrizor Plain, prehistory of the Shahrizor is building a local framework an intermountain valley at the headwaters of the Diyala for the interpretation of the material evidence collected River, bordering the chaîne magistrale of the western from the survey, mostly pottery sherds. Our team began (see Mühl and Fassbinder, this vol., with the classificatory framework for Late Neolithic fig. 1.1). The valley extends between the modern towns ceramics developed in Upper Mesopotamia (Le Mière of Arbat, Said Sadeq, Khurmal, and Halabja. The central 2000; Nieuwenhuyse 2000; Ur 2010, 214-5), adopting and southern parts of the plain are seasonally covered it to the Shahrizor evidence. Evidently, some of the by the Darband-i Khan Lake. Several perennial and ceramic types characteristic for Upper Mesopotamia seasonal water streams drain the plain and unite in the may not be present in the Shahrizor at all, or if they do lake. The biggest of these is the Tanjero River, which occur they may show locally distinct properties. The

258 Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 O. Nieuwenhuyse et al.: Halaf Settlement in the Iraqi Kurdistan

Figure 1. Numbers of later prehistoric sites per period in the Shahrizor Plain and estimated average site size according to the Shahrizor Survey (SSP) (after Mühl and Nieuwenhuyse in press). Access

Shahrizor has yielded diagnostic types not identified category may therefore be relevant for identifying the elsewhere. Finally, excavations at Halaf sites in Iraqi very early stages of the Halaf period. Kurdistan sometimes contained Late Neolithic wares that as of now have no parallel in the Shahrizor surface finds. HalafOpen Fine Ware This holds especially for the coarse, mineral-tempered wares occurring at several Halafian sites (e.g. Watson Similar to Halaf sites across northern Iraq and the Upper 1983, 549), which are difficult to distinguish from the Mesopotamian , the HFW from the Shahrizor grit-tempered hand-made wares from other periods was made of a relatively compact clay with few visible when found in non-stratified contexts. In preliminary inclusions (Fig. 2). This ware was mostly fully oxidized fashion we distinguish the following ceramic categories in the firing, resulting in buffish to orange surface for the Halaf period in the Shahrizor: Plant-tempered colours. Vessel shapes include a range of mostly convex- Coarse Ware, Halaf Fine Ware, Halaf Coarse Ware, and, sided bowls but also bowls with a carinated contour or potentially, Halaf-Ubaid-Transitional Fine Ware. with S-shaped walls. Halaf Fine Ware was very often painted, but additional decorative techniques found in the Plant-tempered Coarse Ware Shahrizor include various sorts of surface manipulation (Nieuwenhuyse et al. 2016; Wengrow et al. 2016). Coarse, plant-tempered ceramics characterise the earliest horizon in Iraqi Kurdistan but they continued Interestingly, preliminary impressions suggest that into the Hassuna/Samarra period (Lloyd and Safar 1945; the Halaf pottery from the Shahrizor mostly dates to Mortensen 1970; Tsuneki et al. 2015, 13). This thick- the Middle to Late Halaf. If corroborated by further walled category was prepared from clay containing study, this would fit with impressions emerging from visible quantities of plant inclusions, typically leaving renewed survey work on the Rania Plain, where the incompletelyArchaeopress oxidized dark-coloured cores. Mostly collected Halaf Fine Wares all seems to belong to roughly finished, it was sometimes decorated with red a later Halaf horizon (Tsuneki et al. 2015). In stark slips or paints. The Shahrizor Survey project yielded an contrast to northern Syria, the Shahrizor survey has so enigmatic Plant-tempered Coarse Ware base fragment far not revealed any ‘transitional’ material between the from Bestan Sur carrying an impression of coiled Hassuna/Samarra and the Halaf. None of the Shahrizor basketry (Nieuwenhuyse et al. 2012). This pottery is not sites presently investigated have yielded any examples commonly attributed to the Halaf period. However, in of the rather distinctive Early Halaf (Halaf Ia), as Upper Mesopotamia it certainly continued into the initial is known from excavations at , Tell stages of the Halaf period (Akkermans 1993; Le Mière Arbid Abyad and many other sites in Northern Syria. and Nieuwenhuyse 1996). As we still do not know how Nor can we unequivocally confirm the presence of the the transition to the Halaf manifested itself locally, this traditional Early Halaf (Halaf Ib), as is known from

259 Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 The Archaeology of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Adjacent Regions

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Figure 2. Shahrizor Survey Project. Examples of Late Neolithic pottery collected in the survey (Tell Qortas=SSP73) showing examples of Halaf Fine Ware and HUT Fine WareOpen (Photo S. Mühl, Shahrizor Survey Project).

Tell Arpachiyah. Possible explanations may include Tepe Marani (Nieuwenhuyse et al. 2016; Wengrow et al. one or several of the following: 1) a pattern of small, 2016). At these sites it comes from layers dated to the low Early Halaf mounds buried and invisible to modern final stages of the Halaf period and the so-called Halaf- surveys; 2) a lack of cultural continuity and a short-lived Ubaid-Transitional. abandonment of the valley; or, perhaps more likely, 3) a different type of transition not yet understood (and HUT Fine Ware hence, not yet visible). Local communities may have held on to Hassuna-Samarran styles for a longer period A locally well-attested ceramic category may be the of time, only adopting Halafian stylistic traits in their polychrome-painted pottery that Ismail Hijara (1997) ceramic repertoire at a later stage. already dated to a Halaf-Ubaid Transitional stage on Archaeopresscomparative grounds (Fig. 2). While it resembled Halaf Coarse Ware in many respects the iconic Late Halaf pottery from Tell Arpachiyah (Mallowan and Cruickshank-Rose HCW sherds are thicker compared to HFW and often 1935), it was sufficiently distinct to warrant a separate have incompletely oxidised cores. The containers were chronological slot post in dating the Arpachiyah finds. made of clay having many small mineral inclusions Hijara’s interpretation has recently found support in a and, occasionally, small plant particles. This category series of radiocarbon dates from Tepe Marani and Qalat may be difficult to identify with certainty in surface Said Ahmadan that place this category in the mid-late collections because it may resemble Ubaid and Late sixth millennium BC (Tsuneki et al. 2015; Wengrow Chalcolithic materials. So far it has been recovered from et al. 2016). It should be emphasized here that sherds stratified contexts only at Tell Begom (or Begum) and classified in this group do not always carry polychrome

260 Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 O. Nieuwenhuyse et al.: Halaf Settlement in the Iraqi Kurdistan painted decoration; monochrome paint also occurs, in press), as have the excavations at Gurga Chiya and while some HUT-FW sherds do not carry any decoration Tepe Marani (Wengrow et al. 2016). Qalat Said Ahmadan at all. Incised and impressed decoration is also found on the Rania Plain produced closely comparable pottery occasionally (Nieuwenhuyse et al. 2016; Tsuneki et al. (Tsuneki et al. 2015). 2015). 5. Emerging Halaf Settlement At first sight, the range of HUT-FW vessel shapes and decorative designs fall within the incredibly diverse Previous surveys of the Shahrizor region resulted in the range of Halaf-Ubaid-Transitional painted Fine Ware identification of just two Halaf sites, Tell Begom and Tell styles known from sites across northern Iraq and northern Sragon (Fig. 3); the Shahrizor Survey Project increased Syria (Cruells et al. 2013; Davidson 1977; Gomez Bach this to a total of seven (Fig. 4). With a total of twenty-two 2009, 2011; Tobler 1950). However, certain ceramic- identified sites, the sites are much better technological choices make this material distinctive, in represented by comparison. Taking into account the particular the use of clay containing plant inclusions. number of sites that have both Halaf and Ubaid period Clearly visible to the naked eye, these do not appear occupation, we estimate that several ‘transitional’ sites, to be accidental inclusions forming part of the natural both in a chronological and a ceramic-typological sense, clays selected by the potters, but intentionally added as will be discovered in the future. a temper. For making Halaf Fine Ware this has so far not been recorded from any of the Upper Mesopotamian Interestingly enough, only the number of sites increases Halaf sites. As well, the extraordinary versatility of the after the Halaf period, and not their estimated size (Fig. polychrome-painted designs known so far find no close 1). The average site size fluctuates within a rather narrow match elsewhere apart from in Iraqi Kurdistan itself. margin at ca. 2 ha; at singleAccess occupation sites it is mostly Within the Shahrizor, surface collections at Tell Qortas less than 1 ha. Some Halaf sites that continue into the produced very similar pottery (Mühl and Nieuwenhuyse Ubaid cover areas up to 3, and rarely 5 ha. Tell Begom

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Figure 3. Map of the Shahrizor showing the locations of Halaf sites known in the 1980’s. No. 203: Tell Sragon; no. 204; Tell Begom (after Hijara 1997: 90, fig. 99).

261 Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 The Archaeology of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Adjacent Regions

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Open Figure 4. Map of the Shahrizor showing the locations of later prehistoric (Neolithic, Halaf, Ubaid and Late Chalcolithic) sites attested in the Shahrizor Survey Project (after Mühl and Nieuwenhuyse in press).

would be an example of the latter. Such continuity in Ongoing geomorphological work in the region attests to settlement size might suggest a continuity in the overall a very significant Holocene sedimentation in the plain village lay out and building traditions. However, as no (Nieuwenhuyse et al. 2016). This may have caused the architectural remains dated to the Halaf period have so burial of a significant number of low settlement mounds far been properly excavated in our region, we remain ill that were probably characteristic for Halaf settlement. informed on the use of space, the size of the households Following the Upper Mesopotamian model, most of or the layoutArchaeopress of the local Halaf village in comparison with these would have been fairly small (less than 0.5 ha) Ubaid and Late Chalcolithic buildings and settlements and easily covered. The category of buried settlements (Forest 1999; Jasim 1985; Kubba 1998; Rothman 2002). may include large but relatively low mounds resulting from prolonged, but shifting, human settlement within Typically, sherd quantities for Neolithic sites are often a circumscribed location (Akkermans 2013; Bernbeck minimal. Five pieces or even less are not uncommon 2013). In other words, even a local Halaf ‘mega site’ at multi-period settlement mounds (Altaweel et al. might be easily missed (Iamoni forthcoming). More 2012, 20). Prehistoric flat sites, which comprise only prominent tell sites such as Tell Begom may or may not be one or few phases of occupation, usually produce typical for Halaf settlement in the Shahrizor: preliminary more pieces but never as much as later, historic sites. investigations suggest that this site may sit on a natural This raises the key issue of visibility of early sites. elevation in an early Holocene landscape that was

262 Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 O. Nieuwenhuyse et al.: Halaf Settlement in the Iraqi Kurdistan less flat than today. Future geomorphological study is (Nieuwenhuyse et al. 2016). Tell Begom itself is made essential to understand more fully the complex interplay up of a conical mound and a long elevated saddle-shaped between landscape formation, human settlement and lower town. A surface collection yielded a ceramic archaeological visibility. assemblage that in many respects closely reflects the sequence attested both in earlier Iraqi excavations and Taking the evidence for what it is, settlement intensity in more recent soundings (Nieuwenhuyse et al. 2016). appears to have been very low throughout the Late In addition to medieval and Bronze Age materials from Neolithic. Presently our analysis has not reached the uppermost layers, both the surface collection and the sufficient chronological sensitivity to allow for the excavations yielded material dating to the Late Halaf and identification of time trends during the Halaf. What the Ubaid periods, as well as levels dating to an early we can say presently is that the majority of the painted stage of the Late Chalcolithic. There can be little doubt Halaf Fine Ware studied appears to date to the Middle- that Tell Begom was a regionally important place in Late Late phases of the Halaf period according to the Halaf times. Upper Mesopotamian framework, also termed Halaf II (Campbell 1992). Possibly this suggests an increase 6. Concluding Remarks in Halaf site density during the later Halaf, similar to the picture in Upper Mesopotamia (Akkermans 1993; The Shahrizor plain holds great promise for researching Becker 2015; Campbell 1992; Nieuwenhuyse 2000). the Halaf period. At the same time, the renewed survey It may also mean, alternatively, that Halaf cultural work now ongoing in the Shahrizor, as in other parts influences reached our region relatively late. of Iraqi Kurdistan, highlights the challenges in further interpretation. ArchaeologistsAccess are facing an urgent The number of sites where transitional Halaf-Ubaid need for local material sequences to make sense of pottery is tentatively identified remains rather low. So accumulating survey data (Tsuneki et al. 2015, 31). far just two sites yielded ‘Transitional’ diagnostics: Tell The issues of landscape formation and site visibility Begom and Qortas. This low number may reflect the low are particularly pertinent to the interpretation of Halaf visibility of Halaf sites in general. It is also possible, settlement. Compared to later periods, Halaf sites simply, that this image is realistic. The Shahrizor may are relatively ‘invisible’. In landscapes characterised have been very sparsely inhabited during this phase. by significant Holocene sedimentation, such as the However, a perhaps more likely explanation may lie in our Shahrizor,Open smaller, lower tell sites may be completely struggle with identifying the corresponding transitional overlooked, biasing socio-economic reconstructions pottery. In northern Syria, too, the HUT has been based on site densities and inter-site relationships. difficult to identify in regional surveys (Nieuwenhuyse 2000). Many potentially diagnostic types persisted over Situated on the eastern parts of the classic Mesopotamian long periods while distinctive, chronologically sensitive realm, later prehistoric communities in the Shahrizor transitional types may be the exception. certainly participated in the Halaf cultural tradition. However, they appear to have done so in a locally Unequivocal evidence of ‘Halaf centers’ – as distinct manner. For one, the local chronologies likely provisionally defined by sites of more than 5 ha in size differ from those in Upper Mesopotamia, especially at surrounded by smaller sites (Iamoni forthcoming) – is the onset of the Halaf. The absence so far of any signs rare. Yet, even if we emphasize that only excavation can of cultural continuity between the Hasuna/Samarra and inform us about relationships between sites, several more Halaf phases, and the apparent absence of unequivocally intensely-surveyed sample areas exhibit distinct, perhaps dated Early Halaf materials are intriguing given abundant clustered occupation patterns. One of these is situated visibility of these stylistic horizons across the Northern along Wadi Shamlu on the northern edge of the Darband-i Syrian plains. The absence of these diagnostics in the Khan Lake (Fig. 4: area A). Previous work had identified Shahrizor invites several explanations, certainly not just three sites; the Shahrizor Survey Project showed an mutually exclusive, including: a prevalence of mobile additional 27 mounds on both banks of Wadi Shamlu. groups resulting in the spread of small, low sites that now They seemArchaeopress to have formed smaller clusters surrounding lie deeply buried below later sedimentation; a temporary the middle-sized tell sites of Tell Begom, Gird-i Shamlu abandonment of the valley during the Early Halaf; or and Tell Qortas. The cluster around Tell Begom and the a local transitional horizon that we cannot yet identify. main site of Tell Qortas can in their entirety be dated to Tsuneki et al. (2015, 31) have recently suggested that the Halaf period, and continuing into the Ubaid and Late Halaf cultural influences reached the Rania Plain Chalcolithic periods. relatively late in the Halaf cultural sequence. Might a similar scenario apply to the Shahrizor? Tell Begom in fact consists of several small, low sites clustering around the main mound of Tell Begom. As to the later Halaf, the stunning polychrome-painted The pottery collected from this cluster mostly dates Halaf Fine Ware pottery from Tell Begom and Qortas to the Halaf, Ubaid, and Late Chalcolithic periods perhaps suggests a locally distinct approach to the

263 Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 The Archaeology of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Adjacent Regions production and consumption of painted ceramics during the state of research on the Late Neolithic in Upper the final stages of the period. Such local variability Mesopotamia.’ In Nieuwenhuyse et al. 2013, 17- operating within a shared repertoire of cultural forms 37. during the Halaf should of course not surprise us entirely. Bonacossi, D. M., and M. Iamoni. 2015. ‘Landscape Archaeologists working in the westernmost provinces and settlement in the Eastern Upper Iraqi Tigris and of the extraordinary Halaf distribution are familiar Navkur Plains: the Land of Nineveh Archaeological with a suite of ‘western’ or ‘Northern-Levantine’ Project, seasons 2012-2013.’ Iraq 77(1):9-39. local expressions of the Halaf idiom (Nieuwenhuyse Campbell, S. 1992. ‘Culture, Chronology and Change forthcoming; Özbal and Geritsen 2013; Tsuneki et al. in the Later Neolithic of North Mesopotamia.’ 2000). Further archaeometric studies of this intriguing Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Edinburgh. ceramic tradition is called for, in order to situate this Campbell, S. 1995. ‘The Halaf Pottery.’ In Excavations ‘Zagros’ tradition within the broader repertoire of the at Kharabeh Shattani, Vol. II, edited by D. Baird, S. Mesopotamian Halaf. Campbell, and T. Watkins: 55-90. Occasional Paper 18. Edinburgh: University of Edinburg. 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